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Estuary English UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA MARIBOR ODDELEK ZA ANGLISTIKO IN AMERIKANISTIKO ESTUARY ENGLISH MENTOR: AVTOR: PROF. DR. NADA ŠABEC JASNA SVENŠEK MARIBOR, JANUAR 2009 Jasna Svenšek: Estuary English ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank my mentor, Prof. Dr. Nada Šabec, for all her support, guidance and time she spent helping me to write this paper properly, for every information and advice she has given me and for her encouragement when I needed it. A special ‘thank you’ goes to my family, my husband and my son, who have believed in me and my success and have always been very understanding and were there for me whenever I needed them. 2 Jasna Svenšek: Estuary English IZJAVA Podpisana Jasna Svenšek, rojena 14.06.1981 v Mariboru, študentka Filozofske fakultete v Mariboru, smer angleški jezik s književnostjo, izjavljam, da je diplomsko delo z naslovom ESTUARY ENGLISH pri mentorici prof. dr. Nadi Šabec avtorsko delo. V diplomskem delu so uporabljeni viri in literatura korektno navedeni; teksti niso prepisani brez navedbe avtorjev. Jasna Svenšek 3 Jasna Svenšek: Estuary English CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 6 2. METHODOLOGY................................................................................. 10 3. ESTUARY ENGLISH (EE) ................................................................... 11 3.1. THE ORIGINS OF THE TERM ‘ESTUARY ENGLISH’ ................ 11 3.2. THE APPROPRIATENESS OF THE TERM ................................. 12 3.3. THE MAIN REASONS FOR THE SPREAD OF EE...................... 17 3.3.1. OVERCOMING THE CLASS BARRIERS.............................. 17 3.3.2. INFLUENCE OF LONDON.................................................... 18 3.3.3. GEOGRAPHICAL MOBILITY ................................................ 19 3.3.4. SOCIAL MOBILITY................................................................ 19 3.3.5. INFLUENCE OF PEER GROUPS ......................................... 20 3.3.6. THE SPREAD OF COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS............... 21 3.3.7. INFLUENCE OF THE MEDIA AND ROLE MODELS ............ 21 3.4. ‘BETWEEN COCKNEY AND RP’ ................................................. 24 3.5. THE FUTURE OF ESTUARY ENGLISH....................................... 26 4. ESTUARY ENGLISH VS. RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION .................. 28 4.1. THE HISTORY OF RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION (RP) ............. 28 4.2. SOME PHONETIC FEATURES OF RP........................................ 35 4.2.1. VOWELS ............................................................................... 35 4.2.2. CONSONANTS ..................................................................... 39 4.2.3. PHONETIC CHANGES IN RP............................................... 40 4.3. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ESTUARY ENGLISH ................... 47 4.3.1. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RP AND EE ........................................................................................................ 50 5. ESTUARY ENGLISH ON TELEVISION............................................... 52 5.1. EASTENDERS ............................................................................. 53 5.1.1. HISTORY OF THE SERIES .................................................. 53 5.1.2. CRITIQUES........................................................................... 54 5.1.3. CHARACTERS...................................................................... 55 6. LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 57 6.1. FEATURES OBSERVED.............................................................. 57 6.2. THE RESULTS............................................................................. 60 4 Jasna Svenšek: Estuary English 6.3. INTERPRETATION ................................................................... 62 7. CONCLUSION..................................................................................... 65 LITERATURE....................................................................................... 66 SUMMARY........................................................................................... 69 5 Jasna Svenšek: Estuary English “Language is a city to the building of which every human being brought a stone.” Ralph Waldo Emerson 1. INTRODUCTION Language is a living thing. It changes constantly as do people who speak it. Some of the changes are rapid and some take a lot of time to be accepted by the speakers; some changes may even never be accepted. Recently (in the past few decades), changes in languages are even quicker because of the increased mobility of people. They move from one city to another, between counties, states, countries, etc., in order to find better living conditions, better jobs or other reasons. Among other things, people take their language with them and that language changes in interaction with other languages. There are also other reasons for language change. One of them is to increase one’s popularity. Teenagers, for example, in order to be accepted by their peers, change their language habits according to the given situation. Politicians change their language in order to be accepted by a broader range of people, to “get to their hearts”. The same is true of media. Language is a powerful tool. Using it in a right manner means getting you where you want to be. For many students of English as a second language and English as a foreign language, the Received Pronunciation (RP, also called Oxford English, Standard English or Queen’s English) represents the target variety. Teachers of English all over the world frequently choose the Received Pronunciation as the model for their students. The changes in the Received Pronunciation are therefore very important for them, if they do not want to sound “posh”, “old-fashioned” or “conservative”. 6 Jasna Svenšek: Estuary English As any other world language, the English language has many accents too, and they are not all treated equally – some of the accents are thought of as more desirable than others and some are despised and low-estimated. It could be said that the way you speak determines who you are. The situation concerning accents in the English language was described as early as in 1916 by George Bernard Shaw in the preface to Pygmalion : “It is impossible for an Englishman to open his mouth without making some other Englishman hate or despise him.” (Shaw, 1916). More recent description of the same situation is provided by Neal Ascherson (1994). He describes the power of the accents in Britain in the following way, “For at least a century, accent in England has been two things: a vertical indicator about geographical origins, and a horizontal caste-mark separating ‘top people’ from the rest.” (Neil Ascherson, 1994) With the term “top people” Ascherson refers to those speaking with Received Pronunciation, without an accent, and those having accents are “the rest”. However, having no accent might sometimes be really confusing. Ascherson describes the reaction of an RP speaker when someone asks him or her a simple question “Where do you come from”: “/…/ the result, in this case, is a slight, very awkward silence. Eventually there may be a sort of reply: ‘I spent a lot of my holidays in Leicestershire, as a child’, or something like that. /…/ Only people with accents come from places: from Bristol, or Hertfordshire, or Walsall.” (Ascherson, 1994) The variety of English pronunciation that has recently been discussed the most, by linguists and other people, is Estuary English (EE). 7 Jasna Svenšek: Estuary English Since the term was first mentioned in David Rosewarne’s article Estuary English in 1984, a lot has been said about the variety, many articles have been written and many discussions have been held, but there still remain many questions, assumptions and hypotheses. Some people see it as a “cancer” that is poisoning especially young English speakers, “We are plagued with idiots on radio and television who speak English like the dregs of humanity, to the detriment of our children. Like the Ko-Ko in The Mikado, I have a ‘little list’, except that is not so little, of those who should be banned for inflicting their barbaric accents and misuse of English language on viewers and listeners.” (Connelly, 1993, quoted in Altendorf, 2003: 1) Others see the development of Estuary English as an opportunity for a society where a person will not be judged according to their accent: “At best, it could mean a quite different society in which a voice carries authority by its words, not by its vowels.” (Ascherson, 1994) Although different authors do not agree in defining what Estuary English is (an accent, a dialect, etc.), they all agree on one thing: that it is spreading rapidly, becoming more and more popular and it will at least continue to change today’s Received Pronunciation considerably if it can not substitute it. The paper will focus on general characteristics of Estuary English: its history, who spoke it and where it was spoken in the past, who speaks it today and how it is different from and similar to Received Pronunciation. The second part will focus on the use of Estuary English today. I decided to find out how often (if at all) Estuary English is used in the media, in my case on television. 8 Jasna Svenšek: Estuary English I will analyse six episodes of a popular TV soap EastEnders where I will try to find features of Estuary English. The main aim of the paper is not to discover something new about Estuary English, but to present the topic of Estuary English to those
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