ANNUAL REPORT 2018 - 2019 CIFAR is a Canadian-based global charitable organization that convenes extraordinary minds to address the most important questions facing science and humanity.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2 Message from our Chair 3 Message from our President & CEO 4 The CIFAR Model 6 Global Call for Ideas 10 Research Programs 12 Life & Health 14 Individuals & Society 16 Earth & Space 17 Information & Matter

25 Research Workshops

25 Highly Cited Researchers 26 Research Stats

28 CIFAR Pan - Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy

32 AI & Society 36 Next Generation Initiatives 40 Knowledge Mobilization 44 Public Engagement 46 Strategic Communications 48 Partnerships & Supporters

52 CIFAR Performance Measurement & Evaluation Strategy Framework

53 Financial Overview & Appendices 75 Selected Research Citations By building long-term, interdisciplinary, global communities of collaboration, CIFAR provides the world’s top researchers with an unparalleled environment of trust, transparency and knowledge sharing. Our time-tested model has inspired new directions of inquiry, created a culture of risk-taking, accelerated discovery, and yielded breakthroughs across borders and academic disciplines. Through knowledge mobilization, we are catalysts for change in industry, government and society. In 2017, the Government of Canada appointed CIFAR to develop and lead the Pan- Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy, the world’s first national AI strategy.

CIFAR’s community of fellows, scholars and advisors includes 19 Nobel laureates and more than 400 of the world’s most cited researchers from 23 countries. CIFAR is supported by the Governments of Canada, British Columbia, Alberta and Québec as well as international partner organizations, individuals, foundations and corporations. MESSAGE FROM OUR CHAIR

With many complex and urgent challenges facing the world, from climate change and populism to antibiotic resistance and rising inequality, we need interdisciplinary collaboration now more than ever.

Over the past five years as chair of CIFAR’s Board of Directors, I have learned a lot about effective collaboration. CIFAR’s unique model (see p.4-5) has enabled researchers to come together across disciplines and borders to make progress on some of the most pressing global challenges. At the core of these collaborations is trust, which CIFAR has built with leaders, supporters, and researchers from around the world.

There are organizations that bring together top researchers from around the world; organizations that are committed to developing the next generation of research leaders, and connecting research to global thought leaders outside of academia; and organizations that are committed to sharing with the public the knowledge that has been gained through the research process. CIFAR is the only organization that brings these components together. CIFAR’s time-tested model inspires new directions of inquiry, accelerates discovery and yields breakthroughs across borders and academic disciplines. It works.

“CIFAR’s unique model has enabled As my tenure as the chair of the board comes to an end, I am optimistic about the impact CIFAR will continue to researchers to come together across have on the world stage. I am excited to see how these disciplines and borders to make research collaborations will grow and foster the next progress on some of the most pressing generation of talent. global challenges. At the core of these CIFAR’s unique strengths are well aligned with the current collaborations is trust, which CIFAR era of complex scientific questions and growing societal has built with leaders, supporters, and challenges. Therefore, the opportunity and our responsibility researchers from around the world.” is to accelerate our work and enhance our global impact. Support will allow CIFAR to build on the world’s research excellence and broaden our outreach and engagement to worldwide benefit — for today, tomorrow and generations to come.

BARBARA STYMIEST Chair, CIFAR Board of Directors

2 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 MESSAGE FROM OUR PRESIDENT & CEO

Research is the most powerful way to understand ourselves and the world

One of the characteristics of our shared humanity is a deep curiosity about the world. We want to make sense of ourselves and the Universe we inhabit. Researchers working on the most important questions of our time have the ability to inform our experience of the world. And the fruits of research have given us the power to alter or control the world around us.

Simply put, science is the best way humanity has come up with to understand the physical, biological and social world we live in.

Take, for example, Victoria Kaspi (McGill University), director of CIFAR’s Gravity & the Extreme Universe program. She and her team are using the revolutionary Canadian radio telescope, the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME), to research the origins of fast radio bursts (FRBs). FRBs are mysterious and brief bursts of radio waves from space — the origins and numbers of which mobilization. We create global communities of top scientists remain shrouded in mystery. Victoria’s research, and that and scholars in which our fellows are encouraged to take of her collaborators, is very exciting and promises to reveal risks, offer constructive criticism and explore bold new important information about galaxies far beyond our own. ideas in collaboration with their distinguished colleagues. The knowledge they create today is transforming our The freedom to pursue ideas and important, complex and understanding of the world, resulting in advances and new risky questions is what characterizes CIFAR and our fellows technologies that are improving lives, informing public and advisors. Barbara Sherwood Lollar (University of Toronto) policies and shedding light on the amazing world we live in. is the co-director of one of our new programs, Earth 4D: Subsurface Science & Exploration. Barbara is on a quest to CIFAR’s 13 research programs address aspects of Life & understand the origins of the oldest water on our planet. Health, Individuals & Society, Information & Matter, and Earth Earlier this year, she was awarded the $1-million Herzberg & Space. CIFAR’s research portfolio, which you can read Gold Medal, one of the most prestigious science awards in more about on page 10, is focused around these four themes. Canada, for her groundbreaking research. I am proud to share with you the CIFAR 2018–2019 Annual Despite the popular image of scientific research as a lonely Report. In the pages ahead, you’ll read about the many and solitary pursuit, punctuated by ‘Eureka!’ moments, highlights, successes and milestones we’ve experienced research today is highly collaborative. Finding the right over the past year. Together, they demonstrate the value collaborators is critical — some of the world’s most important of supporting fundamental research at the highest level, discoveries have come from teams of investigators across helping us to imagine what the future could look like. Thank disciplines. Jim Watson and Francis Crick (double helix you to everyone who has played a role in supporting CIFAR structure of DNA); Frederick Banting, Charles Best and — our Board of Directors, many donors and partners, our John Macleod (discovery of insulin); and the CHIME team fellows, advisors, advisory council members and our staff. of CIFAR fellows — these are just a few examples of the power of collaboration.

And that’s why CIFAR and our unique model for supporting scientific research has been so successful and so important. We give researchers the freedom to explore important questions by providing long-term, structured and ongoing DR. ALAN BERNSTEIN, OC, OOnt, PhD, FRSC/MSRC opportunities for collaboration and knowledge President & CEO

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 3 THE CIFAR MODEL

CIFAR is a Canadian-based global charitable organization that convenes extraordinary minds to address the most important questions facing science and humanity.

CIFAR is built on five interconnected pillars of excellence:

CIFAR NEXT RESEARCH PAN - CANADIAN ARTIFICIAL KNOWLEDGE PUBLIC GENERATION MOBILIZATION ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMS INTELLIGENCE INITIATIVES STRATEGY

The CIFAR Model refers to four mutually reinforcing characteristics of the research environment that we create for our programs.

THE MODEL

Global, interdisciplinary research networks “Without CIFAR, Canada would not be a leader in global AI research… CIFAR played a critical role in supporting my work MOST IMPORTANT Open QUESTIONS Sustained and deserves credit for funding many of inquiry FACING SCIENCE long-term & HUMANITY commitment Canada’s biggest breakthroughs in artificial intelligence research.” *

Environment that fosters risk taking, trust, and collaboration

Individually these characteristics are not unique, but in with a sustained long-term commitment. We provide combination they create a powerful and differentiated administrative backing, facilitate meetings and support approach to research that distinguishes CIFAR from collaborations within and across programs by offering universities, funding agencies and other research-based catalyst funding ($25,000 to $50,000 CAD) to accelerate organizations. Our sustained commitment, our problem- progress on high-risk emerging directions of inquiry. Our goal based interdisciplinary approach and the global communities is to foster risk-taking, trust, transparency and collaboration that we create — this combination is unparalleled and unique between fellows, resulting in a global community that in the world. This is why CIFAR plays a critical role in the shares early thinking, preliminary findings and data prior to global research ecosystem, a role that has never been more publication. Program members provide and acquire advice timely and important. and criticism among peers in a supportive, constructive atmosphere, frequently resulting in breakthroughs in Each of CIFAR’s 13 research programs (see p. 10) addresses knowledge and understanding. complex global questions. CIFAR provides these programs

*Geoffrey Hinton, pioneer of deep learning and artificial intelligence, CIFAR distinguished fellow and advisor to the Learning in Machines & Brains program, ACM A.M. Turing Award recipient, vice president and engineering fellow at Google, chief scientific advisor at the Vector Institute, and professor emeritus at the University of Toronto.

4 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 Many aspects of the CIFAR model are valued by our complex and important questions. We also focus on 400 fellows, scholars and advisors. Our focus on impact — driving innovation in the economy and providing complex, important problems and on collaboration and evidence and understanding to inform the development of interdisciplinarity, combined with our sustained commitment public policy. to our programs, and to the outstanding colleagues who come together to make up CIFAR’s “dream teams” — this CIFAR’s current research programs are well on their way to has been referred to as “CIFAR’s gift to the world.” remarkable advances that will change science and the world. This work includes: IMPACT AND SOCIETAL BENEFITS • Transforming our understanding of machine learning and CIFAR’s unique model has catalyzed many transformative artificial intelligence by developing algorithms and systems advances in our 37-year history. The best-known is CIFAR’s that mimic the human brain. role in the development of deep learning, currently the • Bridging the gap between animal models and human most powerful form of Artificial Intelligence (AI), in the development to reframe the notion of “nature and nurture” 2000s. In a program called Neural Computation and into a more nuanced notion of “gene-environment Adaptive Perception, led by Geoffrey Hinton, CIFAR brought interplay.” This builds on the idea that genes are not simply together an interdisciplinary and international group turned on and off but are attuned to our environment. of computer scientists, mathematicians, psychologists, neurophysiologists and others to try to understand how • Leading a renaissance in political economy and shaping humans learn, by modelling learning in machines. That effort policy dialogues in an effort to increase growth and reduce led to deep learning and unleashed the current worldwide poverty. revolution in AI. • Developing and testing new materials that take advantage of the quirks of quantum physics to transfer energy more CIFAR’s impact is made at all stages of the research process, efficiently. These materials will allow more powerful from early inquiry to the ways in which new knowledge is computers, less expensive electricity generation, and many applied. Because we are fundamentally a convenor and not a other transformative technologies. significant funder of top researchers from around the world, our goal is transformative, not incremental, advances. • Inventing new mathematical tools capable of correcting errors and simplifying simulations, paving the way for large- What the world needs is profound advances in knowledge scale quantum computers. and understanding. • Understanding and visualizing every genetic interaction in We view our role in the global research ecosystem as one a yeast cell, leading to new methods for interpreting human that builds on the excellence that exists within universities genetic data. and research organizations, by creating global communities See “Research Programs” p. 10 -25 and “Knowledge of the world’s top minds. We set our sights high, expecting Mobilization” p. 40-43 for advances achieved in 2018–2019. profound advances in humanity’s understanding of the most

Irene Bloemraad, co-director of the new program, Boundaries, Membership & Belonging, delivered an inspiring presentation of her research to 200+ guests at the Global Call Celebration in Toronto, Ont., at the Carlu in May 2019. Read more about the Global Call on p. 7.

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 5 CIFAR co-director Barbara Sherwood Lollar (Earth 4D: Subsurface Science & Exploration) is the recipient of one of science's most prestigious awards, the Herzberg Gold Medal for Science & Engineering. 6 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 GLOBAL CALL FOR IDEAS

In November 2017, CIFAR announced its second Global Call for Ideas, inviting the global research community to submit proposals for new programs that address complex, fundamental questions of importance to the world. Proposals were required to be novel, bold and potentially transformative, to warrant the creation of a sustained interdisciplinary and collaborative research program. The Global Call has resulted in a dynamic renewed portfolio of 13 research programs for 2019 onward.

REVIEW PROCESS THIRD ROUND CIFAR’s second Global Call for Ideas engaged In January 2019, the third review round was expert reviewers from around the world over a completed by the International Assessment two-year period. In January 2018, CIFAR received Panel, which advanced 18 proposals to the CIFAR 103 letters of intent (LOIs) from researchers in more Research Council in February 2019. The Research than 50 countries who were interested in launching Council recommended eight programs (four new new CIFAR programs. These were reviewed by and four renewing) to the CIFAR Board members of CIFAR’s International Review Body. of Directors.

FIRST ROUND CONCLUSION In April 2018, with input from CIFAR’s Research In March 2019, CIFAR’s Board of Directors Council, they were narrowed down to 12 shortlisted approved the eight recommended programs. LOIs. All shortlisted applicants were invited to organize a workshop with leading researchers and Two programs were not renewed and will conclude potential program members, to expand and deepen activities before the end of 2020: Institutions, their LOIs into full proposals. Organizations & Growth and Genetic Networks. One program, Successful Societies (which was not In parallel, six of CIFAR’s existing programs up for renewal), self-selected to retire from the (Institutions, Organizations & Growth; Genetic CIFAR research portfolio in November 2019. Networks; Learning in Machines & Brains; Child & Brain Development; Quantum Information Science; In 2013, CIFAR launched a bold new way to solicit ideas and teams for new programs: the Global Call for Quantum Materials) were due for their five-year Ideas. This novel approach works in tandem with our renewal evaluation in the fall of 2018. As part of review of current programs. It has three goals: their review, each of these programs submitted a proposal outlining their research goals for the next 1. to introduce CIFAR to new ideas from anyone, anywhere; five years. Given the more than 10-year history of each program, CIFAR encouraged them to make 2. to instill a competitive philosophy, ensuring that significant shifts in research direction, leadership "the very best ideas, either from our current portfolio or in response to the Global Call, are and membership, to embark on the most relevant, truly the very best, as judged by international compelling questions for the next five years. groups of outstanding investigators from around the world"; and SECOND ROUND 3. to adopt a ‘portfolio’ approach to our suite of The 12 new proposals and the six proposals programs. This will foster program balance for renewal were each reviewed by a distinct and possible synergies. Through our portfolio expert review panel of eminent researchers of research programs, we aim to reflect newly with appropriate subject matter expertise. emerging opportunities for inquiry and respond to the increasing complexity and urgency of global challenges.

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 7 REVIEW CRITERIA PROGRAM LEADERSHIP AND MEMBERSHIP The criteria used to assess the proposals included the The majority of CIFAR program co-directors are new to following questions: the role. The new portfolio (including new, renewed, and continuing programs) increases the number of female • Is the research question fundamentally important co-directors from four to eight. Gender representation and high-risk? is also increased across the new programs, with members who identify as women accounting for 40 per cent of the • Is the research potentially transformative to many total membership. areas of research? • Is the proposed core membership and vision for EQUITY, DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION membership suitably interdisciplinary and diverse? IN RESEARCH • Can the proposed leadership guide the program? CIFAR is committed to equity, diversity and inclusion. We recognize that bringing together individuals from diverse The review panels also considered the potential for synergy backgrounds, perspectives and experiences is integral to between programs, new partnerships and knowledge advancing excellence and increasing the impact of our mobilization opportunities, and called for both Canadian organization. In fact, integral to the CIFAR model is the and international representation in program membership. importance of diversity of disciplines and perspectives to solve global challenges. Diversity is integral to advancing The Research Council carefully considered these criteria and knowledge and to increasing CIFAR's impact. weighed them with additional factors such as diversity and balance in CIFAR’s portfolio of programs. The new portfolio In 2019, CIFAR officially endorsed the federal government’s maintains the CIFAR tradition of supporting a wide range of Dimensions: Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Canada charter. programs from a disciplinary-breadth point of view, as well The program and charter, inspired by the U.K.’s Athena as supporting programs in areas that have been traditionally SWAN program, encourages research institutions across important to CIFAR and that further develop Canadian the country to recognize that “equity, diversity and inclusion research excellence. The programs were also selected based strengthen the research community, the quality, relevance on their potential for positive societal impact. and impact of research, and the opportunities for the full pool of potential participants.” By signing the charter, institutions agree to take concrete, measurable steps to increase equity, diversity and inclusion.

GLOBAL CALL FOR IDEAS TIMELINE

LOI SUBMISSIONS INTERNAL REVIEW GLOBAL CALL WORKSHOPS GLOBAL CALL Reviewed January 21, 2018 Top 28 LOIs compiled June - September 2018 PROPOSALS DUE October 1, 2018

2018

EXTERNAL REVIEW RESEARCH COUNCIL LOI RENEWING PROGRAM LOIs sent to external reviewers RECOMMENDATIONS PROPOSALS DUE 12 LOIs recommended for full August 2018 proposal development

PROPOSALS REVIEWERS

103 238 64 LETTERS OF INTENT REVIEWERS ON THE ESTEEMED (LOIs ) INTERNATIONAL REVIEWERS REVIEW BODY REVIEWED 18 PROPOSALS

177 WORKSHOP 13 14 GLOBAL CALL LOIs RECEIVED INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS FROM MORE ASSESSMENT COUNCIL (IN - PERSON AND FOR IDEAS THAN 50 PANEL MEMBERS MEMBERS BY THE NUMBERS COUNTRIES VIRTUAL)

8 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 CIFAR’S NEW RESEARCH PORTFOLIO CIFAR’s new portfolio of 13 research programs, listed below with director(s), officially launched on July 1, 2019. The programs address critical questions across four interdisciplinary theme areas: Life & Health, Individuals & Society, Earth & Space and Information & Matter:

LIFE INDIVIDUALS EARTH INFORMATION & HEALTH & SOCIETY & SPACE & MATTER

FUNGAL KINGDOM: AZRIELI BRAIN, MIND & EARTH 4D: SUBSURFACE BIO-INSPIRED THREATS & CONSCIOUSNESS SCIENCE & SOLAR ENERGY OPPORTUNITIES* Melvyn Goodale (Western EXPLORATION* Edward Sargent (University Leah Cowen (University of University) and Adrian Owen Jack Mustard (Brown of Toronto) Toronto) and Joseph Heitman (Western University) University) and Barbara (Duke University) Sherwood Lollar LEARNING IN BOUNDARIES, (University of Toronto) MACHINES & BRAINS HUMANS & THE MEMBERSHIP & Yoshua Bengio (Canada CIFAR MICROBIOME BELONGING* GRAVITY & THE AI Chair, Mila and Université B. Brett Finlay (University of Irene Bloemraad (University EXTREME UNIVERSE de Montréal) and Yann LeCun British Columbia), Melissa of California, Berkeley) Victoria Kaspi (Facebook AI Research and Melby (University of Delaware) and Will Kymlicka (McGill University) New York University); and Janet Rossant (University (Queen’s University) Associate Director: Hugo of Toronto) Larochelle (Canada CIFAR CHILD & BRAIN AI Chair, Google and Université MOLECULAR DEVELOPMENT de Montréal) ARCHITECTURE Takao Hensch (Harvard OF LIFE University) and Candice Odgers QUANTUM Oliver Ernst (University of (University of California, Irvine) INFORMATION SCIENCE Toronto) and R.J. Dwayne Miller David Poulin (Université (University of Toronto, Max INNOVATION, EQUITY de Sherbrooke) and Planck Institute) & THE FUTURE OF Aephraim Steinberg PROSPERITY* (University of Toronto) Dan Breznitz (University of Toronto), Susan Helper (Case QUANTUM MATERIALS Western Reserve University) Leon Balents (Kavli Institute) Associate Director: Amos Zehavi and Louis Taillefer (Université (Tel Aviv University) de Sherbrooke)

EXTERNAL REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL ASSESSMENT CIFAR BOARD DECISION GLOBAL CALL GLOBAL CALL PROPOSALS PANEL RECOMMENDATION Final decision made after receiving PROPOSALS DUE October to December 2018 Review and rank of all 18 proposals recommendations from CIFAR's October 1, 2018 January 17-18 and 21-22, 2019 President. Spring 2019

2019

EXPERT PANEL REVIEWS RESEARCH COUNCIL OF RENEWING PROGRAMS FINAL RECOMMENDATION September to December 2018 February 13,2019

RESULTS

4 PROGRAMS RENEWED

4 13 NEW TOTAL PROGRAMS PROGRAMS 40% CREATED OF NEW PROGRAM MEMBERS NEW AND RENEWED IDENTIFY AS 157 APPOINTMENTS OF WOMEN CIFAR DIRECTORS, FELLOWS, AND ADVISORS**

*New research programs that begin July 1, 2019. Programs do not have activity to report in 2018-19. **Programs and appointments became official on July 1, 2019. CIFAR Fellows, Associate Fellows, and Advisors were announced July 15, 2019.

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 9

RESEARCH PROGRAMS

We live in extraordinary times. Scientific advances are unprecedented. So is the impact that convergence and interdisciplinarity are having on the pace of these advances. At the same time, the most exciting scientific questions and the great challenges of our time are not bound by political or disciplinary borders. Climate change, quantum computing, populism and xenophobia, AI and what it means to be human, the origins of the Universe, racism, antibiotic resistance, mental illness and the relationship between brain and mind — these, among others, are global in scale and scope. Addressing these exciting and existential challenges demands a collaborative, interdisciplinary and international approach.

CIFAR provides an environment of open inquiry for the most extraordinary minds of our time, giving them the long - term commitment they need to take risks, explore radical new ideas and see those ideas become reality.

Building on the excellence of the world ’s most prestigious universities and research organizations, we convene global research communities that span these important institutions and we provide those communities with the structure they need to pursue high -risk questions. As noted earlier, our portfolio of research programs is focused on four broad themes. The following pages provide profiles of each CIFAR program that was active in 2018 –2019 (i.e., our four renewed, five continuing and three concluding programs), showing research goals, collaborations and highlights.

LIFE & HEALTH // INDIVIDUALS & SOCIETY // EARTH & SPACE // INFORMATION & MATTER LIFE & HEALTH HUMANS & THE MICROBIOME

How do microbes that live in and on us affect our health, development and even behaviour?

OVERVIEW & GOALS PROGRAM DIRECTORS Microorganisms cover our skin and fill our guts. These bacteria, viruses and fungi — collectively B. BRETT FINLAY called the human microbiome — were until recently only considered interesting if they led to University of British Columbia disease. But a growing body of research shows that a properly functioning microbiome has JANET ROSSANT tremendous impact on human health. Hospital for Sick Children & University of Toronto This program brings anthropologists, biologists and other scholars together to provide biocultural context to host-microbiome interactions. The team will open up new understanding of the roots of disease, issues of early development, our susceptibility to future 2014 13 pandemics, and even human behaviour. FOUNDED FELLOWS The program focuses on three major areas related to the microbiome: its effect on human development — focusing on birth and death, the “bookends” of life; understanding the microbiome as a community instead of as individual organisms; and interrogating the effect 3 of the environment on the microbiome. CIFAR AZRIELI 6 CIFAR GLOBAL ADVISORS SCHOLARS RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS • In active collaboration, program members from across anthropology, philosophy and biology co-authored a series of provocative pieces in Bioessays in 2019 1,2*. The essays 256 challenge the field and will serve as a major reference in the future. PROGRAM - RELATED PUBLICATIONS* • The microbiome is known to be involved in many diseases traditionally viewed as non­ communicable (e.g., obesity, asthma, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, depression, stress and cardiovascular disease). At the same time, microbiomes are shared between family MEETINGS IN 2018 -2019 members and close contacts, independent of human genetics. A subgroup of the program SEPTEMBER 2018 is developing an opinion piece for a high-profile journal on whether there might Toronto, Ont., Canada; be communicable forms of these diseases. MARCH 2019 Victoria, B.C., Canada NEW COLLABORATIONS • The labs of Janet Rossant, Sven Pettersson (Karolinska Institute) and B. Brett Finlay RESEARCH PARTNERS collaborated to show that the microbiome affects brain stem cell development. Brain Canada Foundation (Canada Brain Research Fund) A manuscript is currently in preparation to publish this major finding. Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé (FRQS) Genome British Columbia Genome Canada “What makes CIFAR so unique is its commitment to cultivate creative and unexpected dialogue across disciplines and SUPPORTERS researchers, and its patience in allowing those dialogues Canada Life, Manulife, Trottier Family Foundation, an anonymous donor to take shape and to bear fruit.” TAMARA GILES-VERNICK Institut Pasteur

* Selected research citations for all programs may be found on p. 75 12 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 LIFE & HEALTH MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE OF LIFE

How does life originate and what are the processes that make it possible?

OVERVIEW & GOALS Until recently, we could only understand the processes of life by looking at static pictures of PROGRAM DIRECTORS its building blocks. Life, however, is dynamic, and biological processes are in constant flux. OLIVER ERNST University of Toronto The Molecular Architecture of Life program uses new technology like ultrafast imaging and a unique interdisciplinary approach to address questions about the nature and origin of life. R. J. DWAYNE MILLER University of Toronto & Max Planck Institute for the Structure of The program is building expertise in biophysics, biochemistry and structural biology, with the Dynamics of Matter ultimate goal of developing a technical roadmap for a global project to make a molecular map of the cell, where every molecule’s structure and function is understood.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 2014 14 • R.J. Dwayne Miller, Oliver Ernst and Rachel Martin (University of California, Irvine) FOUNDED FELLOWS developed a new way to use tabletop electron sources to determine the structure of proteins.3 The new approach is more cost effective, uses significantly less sample, and provides results more quickly than existing methods. This technology could revolutionize chemistry and drug discovery. 3 CIFAR AZRIELI 4 CIFAR GLOBAL • R.J. Dwayne Miller and Ken Kaye (Harvard University), with support from the CIFAR ADVISORS SCHOLARS Catalyst Fund, overcame long-standing technical barriers and developed the technology to image DNA directly. NEW COLLABORATIONS 164 • Paul Wiseman (McGill University) and Daniel Figeys (University of Ottawa) collaborated PROGRAM - RELATED with Michel Bouvier (Université de Montréal) to image receptors on cells important to PUBLICATIONS metabolism and to track how they change on living cells in real time.

• Using cryo-electron microscopy, Krzysztof Palczewski (University of California, Irvine), MEETINGS IN 2018 - 2019 Oliver Ernst and Wolfgang Baumeister (University of Toronto & Max Planck Institute of OCTOBER 2018 Biochemistry) have gleaned new insights about the structure and organization of the eye Toronto, Ont., Canada pigment rhodopsin, which is crucial to understanding the basis of colour vision. 4,5,6 APRIL 2019 Orford, Que., Canada

“CIFAR is a transformative organization that is having a significant impact on knowledge advancement by SUPPORTER Canada Life transgressing the borders between disciplines.” MICHEL BOUVIER Université de Montréal

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 13 INDIVIDUALS & SOCIETY AZRIELI BRAIN, MIND & CONSCIOUSNESS

What are the origins and mechanisms of consciousness?

OVERVIEW & GOALS PROGRAM DIRECTORS The quality of our consciousness is what sets us apart from other species, and seems to be one MELVYN GOODALE of the defining traits of being human. Yet the nature of consciousness remains a mystery. The Western University Azrieli Brain, Mind & Consciousness program grapples with the fundamental underpinnings ADRIAN OWEN of consciousness, and relates the findings to biology on the one hand, and to philosophical Western University questions on the other.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS • Axel Cleeremans (Université libre de Bruxelles), Stanislas Dehaene (Collège de 2014 20 France), Melvyn Goodale and Adrian Owen (both at Western University), Robert FOUNDED FELLOWS Kentridge (Durham University), Sid Kouider and Catherine Tallon-Baudry (both at École normale supérieure), and Anil Seth (University of Sussex), collaborated on a widely circulated opinion piece in the journal Nature Human Behaviour, entitled “Opportunities 3 and Challenges for a Maturing Science of Consciousness.” 7 They argued that, although CIFAR AZRIELI 5 the problem of consciousness might seem abstract, the study of consciousness has many CIFAR GLOBAL ADVISORS medical, scientific, ethical, legal and societal consequences. SCHOLARS • Sid Kouider and collaborators demonstrated that, during sleep, the brain can still selectively process external auditory information during short periods of time. Preliminary 3 results for this project were presented at a CIFAR meeting several years ago, and the CIFAR ASSOCIATE FELLOWS group provided valuable feedback that led to the publication of this research in 2019 in Nature Human Behaviour. 8 310 • Robert Zatorre (McGill University), Adrian Owen, Ani Patel (Tufts University), and Mor PROGRAM - RELATED Regev (McGill University) are receiving support from the CIFAR Catalyst Fund to study PUBLICATIONS how the brains of two people are synchronized with each other when they are thinking about the same thing.

MEETINGS IN 2018 -2019 NEW COLLABORATIONS DECEMBER 2018 Montebello, Que., Canada • Lisa Saksida (Western University) and Sheena Josselyn (Hospital for Sick Children) are JUNE 2019 combining their complementary skills in state-of-the-art mouse behavioural assessment London, Ont., Canada (Saksida) and advanced optogenetic techniques to observe and manipulate cell and circuit function in behaving mice (Josselyn) to develop a mouse model of the brain basis of metacognition. RESEARCH PARTNERS Brain Canada Foundation (Canada Brain Research Fund) “CIFAR program meetings are the most intellectually pure Western University part of my academic life — a time to reflect with brilliant colleagues on vexing scientific problems and to gain new perspectives on my research and field.” SUPPORTERS NICHOLAS TURK-BROWNE Azrieli Foundation, Canada Life, Yale University Henry White Kinnear Foundation, Richard M. Ivey, Michael and Sonja Koerner, The Lawrence and Judith Tanenbaum Family Foundation

14 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 INDIVIDUALS & SOCIETY CHILD & BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

How do childhood experiences affect lifelong health?

OVERVIEW & GOALS One child is born to a wealthy family. Another is born into a family living in poverty. The child born into wealth will probably live a longer and healthier life — but not always. Some children PROGRAM DIRECTORS born into poverty have a resilience that enables them to thrive throughout their lives despite W. THOMAS BOYCE the hardships they experienced when very young. University of California, San Francisco & Institute of Medicine The Child & Brain Development program examines the effect of the early environment on MARLA B. SOKOLOWSKI University of Toronto children, and how adversity can have lifelong effects on health and development. Over the past decade, program members have transformed our understanding of the interplay between nature and nurture, and generated important findings related to the biological underpinnings of our early experiences as children. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 2003 17 • The Child & Brain Development program received approval for a special volume in the 2019 FOUNDED FELLOWS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). Entitled “Timing Brain Development: Epigenetics and Experience,” the volume explores four collaborative perspective pieces and eight original data papers, many reflecting Child & Brain Development collaborations. Program advisor Gene Robinson (University of Illinois at 1 Urbana–Champaign) and co-directors W. Thomas Boyce and Marla B. Sokolowski are CIFAR AZRIELI 4 CIFAR editing the volume. GLOBAL SCHOLARS ADVISORS • Co-director W. Thomas Boyce published a book inspired by the Child, Brain & Development program: The Orchid and the Dandelion: Why some children struggle and how all can thrive (Penguin Random House, 2019).9 Boyce presents a new dichotomy of resilience in children: “dandelion” children (hardy, resilient, healthy), who are able to survive 1 and flourish under most circumstances, and “orchid” children (sensitive, susceptible, fragile), ASSOCIATE FELLOWS who, given the right support, can thrive as much as, if not more than, other children. His work introduces a paradigm shift in how we understand children for their unique sensibilities, challenges and gifts. 290 NEW COLLABORATIONS PROGRAM - RELATED • Working with fellows Takao Hensch (Harvard University) and Janet Werker , Rebecca Reh PUBLICATIONS (both at the University of British Columbia), a postdoctoral fellow supported through the CIFAR Catalyst Fund, found an EEG biomarker of critical periods in human infants, a discovery she had previously made in working with mice as a graduate student in MEETINGS IN 2018 -2019 Hensch’s lab. 10 OCTOBER 2018 Toronto, Ont., Canada FEBRUARY 2019 Cambridge, Mass., United States JUNE 2019 “For each of us, leading the Child & Brain Development program Vancouver, B.C., Canada has been, without exaggeration, the most gratifying and rewarding activity of our entire professional lives… We believe that CIFAR is a SUPPORTERS scientific institution with no parallel—and thus no equivalent impact— George Weston Ltd., Canada Life, among other organizations in the developed world.” The Joan and Clifford Hatch Foundation, The W. Garfield W. THOMAS BOYCE Weston Foundation, an University of California, San Francisco & Institute of Medicine anonymous donor

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 15 EARTH & SPACE GRAVITY & THE EXTREME UNIVERSE

What is the nature of extreme gravity, and how can it help us understand the origin and evolution of the Universe?

OVERVIEW & GOALS PROGRAM DIRECTOR CIFAR’s Gravity & the Extreme Universe program unites world-leading researchers from VICTORIA KASPI physics and astronomy to take advantage of the wealth of new information provided by McGill University gravitational waves. The program seeks to understand the nature of extreme gravity, the origin and evolution of the Universe, and the structure of compact objects such as black holes and neutron stars, as well as profound questions about fundamental physics and astrophysics. 1986 17 Program members are particularly interested in solving the mystery of fast radio bursts FOUNDED FELLOWS (FRBs), measuring the rate of expansion of the Universe and understanding “cold dark matter” cosmology. They also drive state-of-the-art in instrument design and data processing, with key roles in the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME), the Simons 5 Observatory, CMB-S4 and other instruments at the South Pole and in Chile. CIFAR AZRIELI 6 CIFAR GLOBAL RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS ADVISORS SCHOLARS • The CHIME telescope, with direct involvement from Gravity & the Extreme Universe fellows Matt Dobbs (McGill University), Mark Halpern (University of British Columbia), 12 Gary Hinshaw (University of British Columbia), Ue-Li Pen (University of Toronto), Scott ASSOCIATE FELLOWS Ransom (National Radio Astronomy Observatory), Kendrick Smith (Perimeter Institute), Ingrid Stairs (University of British Columbia) and program director Victoria Kaspi (McGill University) detected FRBs with frequencies as low as 400 MHz and one repeating FRB. 486 These detections were reported in two papers published in Nature in January 2019 and PROGRAM - RELATED provide new clues about the origins of these mysterious astrophysical phenomena. 11,12 PUBLICATIONS More repeating FRB detections have been made and are expected to be published soon. • CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Daryl Haggard (McGill University) and Maria Drout MEETINGS IN 2018 - 2019 (University of Toronto) were the first to identify the aftermath of a double neutron star MAY 2019 merger. They contributed to the understanding of the nature of the collision and resultant Kelowna, B.C., Canada ejecta by following up on gravitational-wave sources with electromagnetic instruments.13 • Fellow Matias Zaldarriaga (Institute for Advanced Study) found new binary black hole mergers in public LIGO (advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) data, including an event with the highest spin to date. This is important because many theorists believe that spin is a crucial characteristic for understanding how binary black hole systems form in the first place.

NEW COLLABORATIONS • The CHIME/FRB collaboration, with significant input from Gravity & the Extreme Universe CHIME program members, has come together to build additional instruments for CHIME that will be able to pinpoint the location of FRBs. The collaboration recently received a planning SUPPORTER grant from the Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation. R. Howard Webster Foundation • A group including CIFAR fellows Matt Dobbs, Victoria Kaspi, Ue-Li Pen and Kendrick Smith, CIFAR associate fellow Neil Turok (Perimeter Institute) and CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar Adrian Liu (McGill University) are designing a major new radio telescope, CHORD, for submission in the next Canada Foundation for Innovation competition.

16 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 INFORMATION & MATTER BIO-INSPIRED SOLAR ENERGY

What can nature teach us about using energy from the sun?

OVERVIEW & GOALS This program brings together researchers from across disciplines to work on questions that could PROGRAM DIRECTOR lead to more efficient solar panels, better batteries, new green fuels, and other technologies that EDWARD SARGENT will feed the world’s need for energy without contributing to climate change. University of Toronto

This year, program members sought insight from biological systems to inform advances in artificial solar-to-electricity and solar-to-fuels energy conversion. The team explored how energy moves around in photosynthetic systems once sunlight is absorbed, how excitons 14 migrate efficiently over long distances, and how these insights could enhance solar harvesting 2014 FOUNDED FELLOWS devices such as solar cells. The team examined how enzymes turn energy, such as excited electrons, into stored chemical form, such as sugars in plants, or, in artificial systems of interest, fuels and chemical feedstocks. The group is looking at how biological systems achieve high specificity, or synthesis of a single chemical product — an important challenge in solar fuels. 4 CIFAR AZRIELI 5 CIFAR RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS GLOBAL ADVISORS • Gregory Scholes (Princeton University), working with Edward Sargent (University of SCHOLARS Toronto), gained insight into the ultrafast dynamics of exciton motion in next-generation solar materials known as reduced-dimensional perovskites. The work clarified our understanding of the ultrafast transport of energy (including subpicosecond, a frontier research capability available in the Scholes group) in these advanced materials.14 318 PROGRAM - RELATED • Thomas Mallouk (Pennsylvania State University) and Curtis Berlinguette (University of PUBLICATIONS

British Columbia) generated a major advance in systems/devices for the conversion of CO2 into a fuel/feedstock, CO, using an innovative membrane technology advanced by the Mallouk group.15 MEETINGS IN 2018 -2019 OCTOBER 2018 • Karl Leo (Institut für Angewandte Photophysik), working with CIFAR meeting guest Koen Montréal, Que., Canada van de Waal (HAN University), developed new insights into how charge can be mobilized in MARCH 2019 16 Princeton, N.J., United States — organic semiconductor devices towards ever improved efficiencies. held in partnership with BioLEC FREC (BioInspired Light- Escalated Chemistry (BIoLEC) NEW COLLABORATIONS Energy Frontier Research Center) • CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar Nathaniel Gabor (University of California, Riverside), at Princeton University CIFAR senior advisor Richard Cogdell (University of Glasgow) and CIFAR fellow Rienk van Grondelle (VU University) have examined how spectral effects and noise inform our understanding of photosynthetic mechanisms and strategies. RESEARCH PARTNERS Fonds de recherche du Québec — Nature et technologies (FRQNT) Genome Canada “CIFAR opens doors and provides a new window into present Ontario Genomics and future scientific opportunities by casting a wide net to bring in the best and brightest in our field, and in allied subjects.” SUPPORTERS CHRISTOPHER CHANG Arthur J.E. Child Foundation Endowment Fund at the Calgary University of California, Berkeley Foundation, Chisholm Thomson Family Foundation, Charles Hantho, Jerry and Geraldine Heffernan, Ivey Foundation, Max Bell Foundation, Metcalf Foundation

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 17 INFORMATION & MATTER LEARNING IN MACHINES & BRAINS

How do we understand intelligence and build intelligent machines?

OVERVIEW & GOALS PROGRAM DIRECTORS CIFAR’s Learning in Machines & Brains program has played a central role in the revolution in YOSHUA BENGIO the development of artificial neural networks, inspired by the human brain and leading to the Université de Montréal development of the powerful technique of deep learning. The success of this program has YANN LECUN led to its five-year renewal with a focus on expanding our understanding of the fundamental Facebook AI Research & New York University computational and mathematical principles that enable intelligence through learning, whether in brains or in machines. ASSOCIATE PROGRAM DIRECTOR HUGO LAROCHELLE Major goals for the year ahead include examining how agents learn, as opposed to taking on Google & Université de Montréal the role of passive observers of data. The research will also examine meta-learning, by which agents can be optimized towards fast learning adaptation when provided with just a few examples. The program has strengthened research in areas related to cognitive science and child development, with topics such as attention, consciousness, memory causality, planning 2004 27 and reasoning gaining more prominence. FOUNDED FELLOWS RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS • James DiCarlo, with Pouya Bashivan and Kohitij Kar (all at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), published research on deep artificial neural networks (ANNs), which represent 1 17 CIFAR AZRIELI 6 today’s most accurate models of the primate brain's ventral visual stream. The method CIFAR GLOBAL demonstrates how today’s ANN models could be used in noninvasive clinical settings to ADVISORS SCHOLARS noninvasively establish set desired internal brain states at neuron-level resolution and produce more control. The work has the potential to influence clinical applications in various 14 diseases, including depression. ASSOCIATE FELLOWS • Aaron Courville and Yoshua Bengio (both are Canada CIFAR AI Chairs and are at the Université de Montréal) published a paper on systematic generalization.18 421 PROGRAM - RELATED NEW COLLABORATIONS PUBLICATIONS • Working with the Allen Institute for Brain Science, Joel Zylberberg (University of Colorado Denver), Yoshua Bengio (Canada CIFAR AI Chair, Mila, and Université de Montréal) and Blake Richards (Canada CIFAR AI Chair and McGill University) are exploring how MEETINGS IN 2018 - 2019 deep learning ideas can be used to form testable hypotheses about the brain, using data DECEMBER 2018 collected from the visual cortex of mice to examine their response to surprising stimuli. Montréal, Que., Canada MAY 2019 • Josef Sivic and Francis Bach (both at Inria, France) are collaborating on a project that New Orleans, La., United States involves optimization for reinforcement learning. • Max Welling (University of Amsterdam) and David Fleet (Canada CIFAR AI Chair and RESEARCH PARTNERS University of Toronto) have started a collaboration on Cryo-EM, to use machine learning to Brain Canada Foundation (Canada Brain Research Fund) extract 3D structure from molecular imaging. Inria

SUPPORTERS Bristol Gate Capital Partners Inc., Facebook, Céline and Jacques Lamarre

18 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 INFORMATION & MATTER QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE

How do we harness the power of quantum mechanics to improve information processing?

OVERVIEW & GOALS Quantum Information Science focuses on the fundamental questions underlying the power and applications of quantum information. This includes applications such as quantum PROGRAM DIRECTORS simulation; the power of quantum information ideas for better understanding fundamental DAVID POULIN physics and novel quantum materials; the power of small quantum devices; and promising Université de Sherbrooke applications such as quantum machine learning. AEPHRAIM STEINBERG University of Toronto With a five-year renewal, the Quantum Information Science program will now include research aimed at applications and research that builds on the foundation and basic theory of quantum mechanics. Program members are also investigating new techniques for quantum simulations and examining new fields of application for these simulations. 2002 26 RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS FOUNDED FELLOWS • In an article published in 2019, Robert Raussendorf (University of British Columbia) and collaborators corroborate the notion of computational phases of matter, where physical phases of quantum states coincide with regions of uniform computational power. 19 This research provides the first example of a quantum phase of matter in which every state is a 1 4 resource for universal quantum computation, important for understanding the relations CIFAR AZRIELI GLOBAL CIFAR between symmetries, quantum phases of matter and quantum computation. SCHOLARS ADVISORS • A new paradigm for quantum computing has been uncovered, known as coherent Ising machines (CIMs). Alexander Lvovsky’s group (Oxford University) have discovered that CIMs can be efficiently simulated and can outperform classical computers.20 Program 7 members are exploring different paradigms for information processing that could form ASSOCIATE FELLOWS the basis of quantum computers, and are simulating them with classical algorithms. • A collaboration between three CIFAR fellows — Aephraim Steinberg (University of 117 Toronto), Barry Sanders (University of Calgary) and Stacey Jeffrey (University of PROGRAM - RELATED Waterloo) — resulted in the first experimental proof-of-principle technique for making PUBLICATIONS cloud quantum computing completely secure. 21

• Thomas Jennewein’s group (University of Waterloo) invented an entirely new direction for qubit encoding in free-space quantum communications by using time-bin encoding rather than the established polarized encoding. The method is paving the way for other novel quantum protocols that traditionally use fibre-optical solutions to consider performing them over free-space channels. 22

NEW COLLABORATIONS • Following the May 2019 program meeting, Alexander Lvovsky (Oxford University) Aephraim Steinberg and David Poulin (Université de Sherbrooke) initiated a new form of quantum process tomography using deep neural networks. Bei Zeng (University of Guelph) and Raymond Laflamme (University of Waterloo) collaborated on observing fermion pair instability of MEETINGS IN 2018 -2019 the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model on a quantum spin simulator. OCTOBER 2018 Toronto, Ont., Canada MAY 2019 Montréal, Que., Canada

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 19 INFORMATION & MATTER QUANTUM MATERIALS

How could quantum technologies transform our society?

OVERVIEW & GOALS PROGRAM DIRECTOR This program explores the fundamental science behind quantum matter — the resource for LOUIS TAILLEFER quantum technologies that have the potential to define the 21st century. These technologies Université de Sherbrooke could impact the development of room-temperature superconductors that would carry electricity without power loss and revolutionize power transmission. And they might accelerate the development of quantum computers that would exploit the entanglement 1987 of multiple electrons, resulting in new ways to manipulate information. FOUNDED (FORMERLY SUPERCONDUCTIVITY) Over the past year, program members have explored three principal themes: 1) cuprate superconductors, with a particular focus on the critical point where the pseudogap phase ends: elucidating the underlying mechanisms would shed light on what interactions cause 1 high-temperature superconductivity; 2) spin liquids, where more candidate materials are 32 CIFAR AZRIELI being discovered; 3) topological materials: in particular, the possibility of Majorana modes, FELLOWS GLOBAL which could form the basis for topologically protected quantum computation. The Quantum SCHOLARS Materials program has been renewed and this new research direction involving tungsten ditelluride will become a major focus in the program.

6 28 RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS CIFAR ASSOCIATE ADVISORS FELLOWS • Several important advances were made in exploring the critical point of the pseudogap phase: Louis Taillefer’s group showed that the same signature — a drop in carrier density — is observed not only in the Hall number but also in the other properties of cuprates, in MEETINGS IN 2018 -2019 particular, the thermal conductivity at very low temperature. 23 NOVEMBER 2018 • Leon Balents (University of California, Santa Barbara) demonstrated that it is possible to Toronto, Ont., Canada — held in partnership with the Gordon couple the Majorana modes at the surface with the phonons of the bulk to enable and Betty Moore Foundation actual measurement.24 APRIL 2019 Vancouver, B.C., Canada • Hae-Young Kee (University of Toronto) showed that there is a mechanism by which Majorana particles can survive in a strong magnetic field. 25 • Josh Folk (University of British Columbia) and collaborators have observed that tungsten 306 ditelluride is a topological insulator that can be gated to superconductivity, offering the first PROGRAM - RELATED PUBLICATIONS known experimental platform where transitions between the two states can be controlled in real-time, a single device. 26

NEW COLLABORATIONS • CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar Kate Ross (Colorado State University) and fellow Hae-Young Kee (University of Toronto) formed a collaboration to find new Kitaev spin liquids.27 Theorist and fellow Subir Sachdev (Harvard University) and experimentalist and fellow Louis Taillefer (Université de Sherbrooke) formed a new collaboration to elucidate the origin of the giant thermal Hall conductivity observed in cuprates by Taillefer’s group.

Louis Tailleffer

RESEARCH PARTNERS Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

20 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 The following programs are concluding activities in the calendar year 2019.

GENETIC NETWORKS

INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS & GROWTH

SUCCESSFUL SOCIETIES GENETIC NETWORKS

How do the interactions among genes influence health & development?

OVERVIEW & GOALS PROGRAM DIRECTORS For 14 years, CIFAR’s Genetic Networks program has charted the myriad genetic and molecular interactions that underpin the correct functioning of complex biological systems. CHARLES M. BOONE University of Toronto The program has brought geneticists together with molecular and computational biologists FREDERICK P. ROTH who have expertise in a wide variety of species, from yeasts, fruit flies, worms and mice to University of Toronto humans. Fellows in the Genetic Networks program have used deep learning to better predict how genetic changes affect human disease — an example of synergy across the CIFAR portfolio of programs.

2005 2020 Program members have made major progress in mapping genetic interactions. Partial network FOUNDED CLOSING maps now exist for several model organisms, including two different yeast species and the nematode worm. Work on genetic network mapping in cultured human cells is also underway.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 14 • The lab of Stephen Scherer (Hospital for Sick Children) has significantly impacted clinical FELLOWS genetic testing protocols and funding in hospital-based diagnostic laboratories across Ontario, as well as in Canada and the United States. • Andrew Fraser's (University of Toronto) lab has developed high-throughput high-content 2 assays measuring the responses of worm phenotypes to drugs. This work has been done CIFAR AZRIELI 2 CIFAR in collaboration with scientists at the Japanese institute RIKEN, who have decades of GLOBAL ADVISORS experience purifying natural products with drug-like properties. These are now being SCHOLARS screened in assays to find both new biological tools and key new drugs to combat parasitic diseases. 265 • The lab of Maitreya Dunham (University of Washington) has been mapping the mutations PROGRAM - RELATED and resulting evolution of the genetic interactions of identical gene-copies. The process of PUBLICATIONS mutating and changing genetic interactions is believed to play a profound role in evolution and disease susceptibility. 28, 29, 30

MEETINGS IN 2018 -2019 NEW COLLABORATIONS NOVEMBER 2018 Toronto, Ont., Canada • In collaboration with Jason Moffat, Charles M. Boone and Brenda Andrews (all at APRIL 2019 the University of Toronto), the laboratory of Chad Myers (University of Minnesota) has Santa Cruz, Calif., United States redoubled its efforts to systematically map genetic interactions in human cells.31 Taking place over the past year, this research leverages recent developments in CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology and represents an opportunity to translate insights about how to tackle these systems-level questions, derived from yeast work, to humans.

PROGRAM CONTRIBUTIONS The Genetic Networks program created a hub for researchers across the biological sciences to address fundamental questions about the influence of genes on health and disease. With several proof-of-principle genetic networks now mapped, biologists are reshaping their ideas about genes and are working towards interpreting more complex human genetic interactions. The program’s combination of creative thinking and rigorous methodology has led to many transformative and highly influential discoveries.

22 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS & GROWTH

Why are some countries rich and others poor?

OVERVIEW & GOALS Throughout history, economies around the world have developed with varying degrees of PROGRAM DIRECTORS success. How well they perform over time is influenced by systems of governance, such as TORSTEN PERSSON the political institutions, laws and even cultural norms that guide the exchange of wealth and Stockholm University FRANCESCO TREBBI power in society. The relations run both ways: as countries develop, this also brings about University of British Columbia change in their institutions.

Fellows in the program have been at the forefront of integrating the role of political institutions and the ways in which societies are organized, to understand prospects for economic growth 2004 2020 and development. Their research has contributed significantly to a new understanding of FOUNDED CLOSING institutions as dynamic forces instead of static entities, with the ability to affect citizens, communities and global development, and to be shaped by them.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 19 • Program members have been working with collaborators to explore how exposure to FELLOWS different ancient governance structures has manifested itself in different local state capacities and levels of prosperity. Melissa Dell (Harvard University) has examined how these themes played out in Vietnam over the last two centuries.32 Mauricio Dreilichman (University of British Columbia) has examined how the Spanish state found new and 1 CIFAR AZRIELI 3 33 CIFAR different ways to finance its activities under the rule of Philip II in the 16th century. Philippe GLOBAL ADVISORS Aghion (Collège de France) has examined how military rivalries with neighbouring countries SCHOLARS appear to have been a major historical force behind the expansion of educational systems across the world.34 4 NEW COLLABORATIONS ASSOCIATE FELLOWS • Members of the program have raised awareness of the interaction between formal institutions and cultures or social norms as an important but under-researched topic in the social sciences. For example, Francesco Trebbi worked with Eric Weese (Kobe University) to devise a method for estimating unobserved coalitions between militant 118 factions in internal struggles for power, and successfully applied it to the conflicts in PROGRAM - RELATED PUBLICATIONS Afghanistan and Pakistan (Trebbi and Weese, 2018). 35

PROGRAM CONTRIBUTIONS MEETINGS IN 2018 -2019 Since 2004, this program explored the impact of institutions such as governments, legal OCTOBER 2018 systems and corporations on economic growth. It developed a better understanding of Toronto, Ont., Canada the features of society that are conducive to thriving economies, and how it impacts the APRIL 2019 Toronto, Ont., Canada growth rate of countries over time. The work of the scholars in this program transformed JUNE 2019 the quantitative approach to analyzing the drivers of growth and innovation, the impacts Bonn, Germany — joint meeting of institutions and cultures, and the determinations of institutional change. Influenced in with briq Institute on Behavior & Inequality part by this program, international organizations and federal governments around the world are thinking differently about patterns of growth and development. SUPPORTERS BMO Financial Group, Jon and Laura Hantho

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 23 SUCCESSFUL SOCIETIES

Why are some societies more successful than others?

OVERVIEW & GOALS PROGRAM DIRECTORS Successful societies are those that create conditions that lead to better health, well-being and MICHÈLE LAMONT resilience for individuals and communities. This program has aimed to identify the cultural and Harvard University social frameworks that put societies on a path toward greater and more equitable prosperity. PAUL PIERSON Looking beyond economic analysis, it has examined how an individual’s sense of identity and University of California, Berkley belonging within a culture can affect overall economic, physical and psychological well-being.

The Successful Societies program has brought together academics from sociology, political science, political philosophy, history, economics, and organizational, cultural and social 2002 2019 psychology to share insights and create new understandings about how societal structures FOUNDED CLOSING facilitate or inhibit the flourishing of a society.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS • In its final year, the program has explored inequality with a focus on the obstacles to building 10 broad social solidarities in contemporary society. The interdisciplinary nature of the group FELLOWS has been an enormous asset in these explorations. This can be seen in the program’s final major collaborative effort, a special issue of Dædalus, on “Inequality as a Multidimensional Process,” published in summer 2019.36 This issue builds on several of the central themes that 3 have been explored by program members regarding the identification of cultural and social CIFAR AZRIELI 6 frameworks that put societies on a path toward greater and more equitable prosperity in the CIFAR GLOBAL face of increasingly persistent inequality. ADVISORS SCHOLARS • One core tenet of the program, as illustrated in the Dædalus issue, is to explore how critical psychological, cultural, economic and political processes contribute to or inhibit 3 the formation of broad social solidarities. In one example, program members explored the ASSOCIATE FELLOWS significant role that spatial context plays in many of these processes in societies that are increasingly geographically sorted. Characteristics of the local community can influence which particular cultural or psychological processes, related to solidarity, are triggered 421 or suppressed. PROGRAM -RELATED • Political polarization also emerged as a closely linked theme. Rising polarization often PUBLICATIONS undercuts the prospects for confronting inequality, since it generates gridlock and often feeds into an “us versus them” political dichotomy that undermines the preconditions for social solidarity. As a group, Successful Societies fellows have explored the political, MEETINGS IN 2018 -2019 economic, cultural and psychological conditions that foster or attenuate polarization. JANUARY 2019 Palo Alto, Calif., United States — held in partnership with the PROGRAM CONTRIBUTIONS Center for Advanced Study in Throughout its history, the program has provided a broad framework for research and analysis, the Behavioral Sciences (CASBS) while also providing insights that directly inform debate about hard questions with public at Stanford University; MAY 2019 policy implications around the globe. Among the influential publications to result from work Banff, Alta., Canada in the program, two volumes were published by Cambridge University Press: Successful Societies: How Institutions and Culture Affect Health (2009) and Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era (2013), and a third is currently in publication: a special issue on “Inequality as a SUPPORTER Multidimensional Process” in Daedalus (2019), the journal of the American Academy of Arts BMO Financial Group and Sciences. Through discussions, presentations, and roundtables, fellows have informed policy around early childhood education, immigration, health policy and more.

24 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 RESEARCH WORKSHOPS

CIFAR’s research workshops are designed to bring together researchers and CIFAR partner organizations from around the world to explore key questions of global importance that are timely, high-risk, or have potential for advancement through interdisciplinary collaboration. Two workshops were held in 2018–2019:

Researchers and policy leaders from six countries (Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Kenya, Israel, Australia) attended this engaging workshop on biosecurity and transnational environmental crime.

BIOSECURITY & TRANSNATIONAL INDIGENOUS PRACTICES OF AUTHORITY ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME & PEOPLEHOOD Led by Peter Stoett (Ontario Tech University) Led by Paige Raibmon (University of British Columbia) January 11–12, 2019, Toronto, Ont., Canada May 13–15, 2019, Vancouver, B.C., Canada

Researchers from numerous disciplines gathered to discuss Held at the University of British Columbia, this workshop sought the state of transnational environmental crime and efforts to to reframe actions that reproduce Indigenous authority globally, eradicate it today, with a specific focus on problems and issues thereby informing concepts of “authority” that are central to law, related to biosecurity, such as the spread of invasive species, history, literature and politics. During the workshop, scholars — climate change, biodiversity, land use change and human both indigenous and non-indigenous — discussed Indigenous security. Workshop participants developed a communiqué sovereignty, what it is and how it is understood and presented. calling on governments to take stronger action related to the They shared their research with peers from a diverse set of transnational environmental crime/biosecurity nexus. disciplines and geographic locations.

HIGHLY CITED RESEARCHERS

On November 27, 2018, Clarivate Analytics published its them in long-term, interdisciplinary networks and focusing on annual Highly Cited Researchers report. Forty-one (11 per cent) questions of global significance that do not fit typical university of CIFAR’s 2018 fellows, advisors and CIFAR Azrieli structures and cultures. Global Scholars were included, representing 11 of the 13 CIFAR research programs that were active in that year. See While we recognize that there is no single definitive tool for Appendix F for further details and the list of CIFAR researchers. measuring research excellence and that different citation practices are used across various fields of scholarship, the Highly The Clarivate analysis identifies influential researchers as Cited Researchers list is one among many useful resources that determined by their peers around the globe — those who have are used to acknowledge and identify excellence. The criteria for consistently received recognition in the form of high citation inclusion in this listing are relevant to only a fraction of CIFAR’s counts over a decade. community of fellows.

CIFAR fellows and CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars are among the most lauded researchers in the world. CIFAR complements and amplifies the work of prestigious institutions by connecting

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 25 RESEARCH STATS 2018 - 2019

INTERNATIONAL REACH OF THE GLOBAL CALL*

Africa

Asia

Australia

Europe

North America

South America

Argentina Cameroon Finland Israel New Zealand Russia Switzerland United Australia Canada France Italy Nigeria Saudi Arabia Thailand Kingdom Austria Chile Germany Jamaica Norway Senegal The Netherlands United States Bangladesh China Honduras Japan Pakistan Singapore Turkey** Vietnam Barbados Denmark Hong Kong Kazakhstan Peru South Africa Uganda Belgium El Salvador Hungary Malaysia Poland Spain United Arab Brazil Ethiopia India Nepal Portugal Sweden Emirates

INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CIFAR RESEARCHERS

61 2 18 1

375 49% 51%

293

North America Europe Asia Based in Canada Based outside of Canada

Australia Africa

RESEARCHERS REPRESENT CONVENING EXTRAORDINARY MINDS

Canadian International events days of event participants institutions institutions hosted meetings from across 22 120 90 163 3,000 the globe

*Individuals from the following countries were involved in submitting proposals, participating in workshops, or contributing to the adjudication process for the Global Call. **As defined by the Council of Europe.

26 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 RESEARCH EXCELLENCE

Major publications Awards Major * ** co-authored by two 71 & honours 2,540 publications 18% or more fellows

CIFAR RESEARCHERS IN THE TOP 1%***

of all fellows, of senior fellows, of CIFAR 60% advisors, and 58% of advisors fellows, and 70% Azrieli Global CIFAR Azrieli 59% associate fellows Scholars Global Scholars

CIFAR’S RESEARCH COMMUNITY IN 2018-2019, CIFAR’S COMMUNITY GREW BY

72 “CIFAR ’s support of astrophysics research in Canada has helped foster 375 219 high profile projects like Institutions CHIME. Innovative and 57 12 cost- effective projects like this help Canada maintain 27 an outsized role in the field of astrophysics and cosmology.” GARY HINSHAW Fellows CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars University of British Columbia Countries Advisors Associate Fellows 5

CANADIAN AI RESEARCH EXCELLENCE IN 2018-2019 CANADA CIFAR AI CHAIRS BY THE NUMBERS

20 472 Canadian researchers 663 23 retained awards and peer-reviewed trainees honours to papers across supervised across Canada CIFAR CONVENING EXTRAORDINARY MINDS Canada's AI Institutes researchers recruited AI Chairs AI research to Canada institutes**** 23

* See Appendix A on p. 57 **Self-reported # of peer-reviewed journal articles & conference papers, books & book chapters, and publicly released working papers, white papers or policy reports for 2018-2019. (Source: Program Member Annual Reports, 2019) ***Percentage of CIFAR researchers contributing to the top 1% of most-cited papers at the world level from 2012-2016. These statistics were produced by Science-Metrix using data from Scopus (Elsevier). **** Amii (Alberta), Mila (Montréal), Vector Institute (Toronto)

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 27 The Association for Computing Machinery named Yann LeCun, Geoffrey Hinton, and Yoshua Bengio (pictured left to right) recipients of the ACM A.M. Turing Award. They were presented with the award at the ACM annual Awards Banquet on June 15, 2019 in San Francisco, Calif.

28 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 CIFAR PAN-CANADIAN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY

In 2017, CIFAR worked with the Government of Canada, and with CIFAR fellows who are considered to be among the world’s leaders in AI, to develop a national AI strategy. The main goals of the strategy would be to maintain Canada’s position as one of the world’s leading nations in AI science and its applications in the economy, in government and in other areas of science; and to address the societal impacts of this disruptive new science.

The resulting $125-million Pan-Canadian AI • to develop global thought leadership on the Strategy — the world’s first national AI Strategy — economic, ethical, policy and legal implications is a close collaboration among CIFAR and three of advances in artificial intelligence; and national centres of excellence for AI research and • to support a national research community on innovation: Amii in Edmonton, Mila in Montréal and artificial intelligence. the Vector Institute in Toronto, as well as other AI institutions and industries across Canada. On April 6, 2019, the first AICan Bulletin was issued by CIFAR in collaboration with the AI Institutes The year 2018–2019 marked the second year of the (Amii, Mila and the Vector Institute). strategy’s five-year mandate. Significant progress was achieved toward its four objectives: The AICan Bulletin is Canada’s bilingual, bi­ • to increase the number of outstanding artificial monthly AI research and innovation newsletter. The intelligence researchers and skilled graduates newsletter grew by 600 subscribers in its first two in Canada; issues, signalling national interest in Canada's AI ecosystem. • to establish interconnected nodes of scientific excellence at Canada’s three major centres for The first AICan Annual Report was published in artificial intelligence, in Edmonton, Montréal April 2019 and can be downloaded at cifar.ca/ai. and Toronto;

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 29 CANADA CIFAR AI CHAIRS TRAINING THE NEXT GENERATION OF The Canada CIFAR AI Chairs program is the cornerstone AI LEADERS of the CIFAR Pan-Canadian AI Strategy. A total of $86.5 In 2018–2019, CIFAR worked in close collaboration with million has been earmarked for this program. The goal of the the AI Institutes and universities across Canada to develop Chairs program is to recruit and to retain in Canada some and support a series of AI summer schools, with the goal of of the world’s leading researchers in AI and provide them providing young people with the skills and expertise they with long-term, dedicated research funding to support their need to embark on careers in AI. research programs and help them train the next generation of AI leaders. • In July 2018, the 14th annual CIFAR Deep Learning/ Reinforcement Learning Summer School was hosted In the first year of the program, CIFAR and the AI Institutes, in by the Vector Institute, the Rotman School of partnership with 12 university and hospital partners across the Management (University of Toronto) and CIFAR country, named 46 Canada CIFAR AI Chairs. The first cohort (see p.39 for more information). of 29 chairs were appointed at the first annual meeting of • In July 2018, CIFAR supported AI4ALL’s Invent the the Pan-Canadian AI Strategy, AICan 2018, held in Montréal Future program, a two-week summer camp held at in December. The Honourable David Lametti, Minister of Simon Fraser University. The program brought Grade 11 Justice (former Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of girls from across B.C. and Canada to Vancouver to learn Innovation, Science and Economic Development) joined the basics of machine learning and how it is being applied CIFAR President & CEO Dr. Alan Bernstein and Dr. Elissa in real-world settings. Strome, AVP Research and Executive Director of the Pan- Canadian AI Strategy, to kick off AICan 2018 and announce • In May 2019, CIFAR partnered with the OSMO Foundation the 29 chairs. The program named an additional 17 Canada on the AI For Good Summer Lab, a seven-week training CIFAR AI Chairs in April 2019. program for undergraduate women in STEM fields, to provide them with mentorship as well as new skills and expertise in AI. Canada CIFAR AI Chairs are pioneering new research in fields such as: • AI for drug discovery CIFAR AI4GOOD NATIONAL TRAINING • AI for genomics and disease prediction PROGRAM — ADVANCING EQUITY, DIVERSITY • AI for materials discovery & INCLUSION (EDI) IN AI • Artificial neural networks Advancing equity, diversity and inclusion in AI is a strategic • Autonomous vehicles priority for CIFAR and the Pan-Canadian AI Strategy. All of • Computer vision the AI training programs that we partner with have a focus • Deep learning on engaging under-represented groups and/or developing • Human-AI interaction AI-based products and services that deliver a positive • Natural language processing social benefit. • Precision medicine • Reinforcement learning Across Canada, a growing number of initiatives have been • Security and privacy established with a focus on AI and Data Science for Social • Societal implications of AI Good. In April 2019, CIFAR held a workshop for the leaders of these initiatives, to explore opportunities for collaboration.

ACM A.M. TURING AWARD, THE “NOBEL PRIZE” OF COMPUTING, HONOURS THREE CIFAR FELLOWS

CIFAR Fellows Yoshua Bengio, Geoffrey Hinton and Yann an artificial intelligence approach using neural networks, LeCun were jointly awarded the prestigious A.M. Turing which are loosely modelled on the way the human brain Award for their development of deep learning. The award works. Their work together led to a number of advances, is often referred to as the “Nobel Prize of Computing,” and including the breakthrough AI technique called deep is given by the Association for Computing Machinery for learning, which is now integral to computer vision, speech major contributions of lasting importance to computing. recognition, natural language processing and robotics. It carries a $1 - million prize. Hinton, often referred to as the “godfather” of AI, is a CIFAR Distinguished Fellow and sits on the Learning Bengio, Hinton and LeCun came together at CIFAR in in Machines & Brains’ Advisory Committee, while 2004 when Hinton founded what is now the Learning in Bengio and LeCun are CIFAR fellows and co -directors. Machines & Brains program. The fellows were interested in

30 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 As a result, this community of leaders has come together • CIFAR Deep Learning/Reinforcement Learning under a new national training program: CIFAR AI4Good. Summer School (CIFAR; Amii; Mila; Vector Institute) • CIFAR OSMO AI For Good Summer Lab (CIFAR and CIFAR convenes the group quarterly to facilitate the sharing OSMO Foundation) of best practices and curricula, and to identify strategic opportunities to align and integrate activities across • CIFAR Summer Institute on AI Societal Impacts, complementary programs. We also curate resources that Governance and Ethics may be of use to our partner training programs, including (CIFAR; UCLA, Amii) an inventory of international “AI4Good” data sets that are • Policy and Data Science Program (McGill University) suitable for machine learning projects and training. CIFAR • IVADO International Summer School on Bias also leads communications and outreach to the Canadian AI and Discrimination in AI (IVADO and Mila) community and undertakes strategic communications and marketing about our partner training programs. The founding • Data Science for Social Good (University of partners of CIFAR’s AI4Good National Training Program are: British Columbia)

• Invent the Future/AI For All (Simon Fraser University)

“CIFAR has been instrumental in establishing Canada as a world-renowned centre for machine learning research. The story of how CIFAR supported Canadian researchers through the dark days of neural networks through to their re-emergence is incredible.

While machine learning is at the core of my research program, I have collaborated with agronomists, biologists, economists, geo-spatial information specialists and environmental scientists. I will leverage the Canada CIFAR AI Chair to build innovative and responsible AI systems to solve problems that are important to society.”

GRAHAM TAYLOR Canada CIFAR AI Chair & Fellow (Learning in Machines & Brains), Vector Institute, NextCanada, and University of Guelph

ENGAGEMENT: CIFAR AND THE AI INSTITUTES

246

WORKSHOPS, CONFERENCES AND TRAINING SESSIONS

66 261

AI INDUSTRY STUDENTS ENGAGED PARTNERS THROUGH THE CIFAR AI4GOOD NATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM

Elissa Strome, CIFAR Associate Vice COLABORATION & EXCHANGE President Research & Executive Director, Pan-Canadian AI Strategy, was a member of a panel at the EXPANDED OUR CIFAR DEEP LEARNING/ C2 conference in Montréal that REINFORCEMENT LEARNING SUMMER SCHOOL examined issues of bias in AI (and TO 250 STUDENTS FROM 20 COUNTRIES how the Pan - Canadian AI Strategy will address this).

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 31 Candice Odgers (University of California, Irvine) is leading Generation AI, an AI & Society workshop which explores how AI could shape child development.

32 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 AI & SOCIETY

The AI & Society program is the fourth objective of the CIFAR Pan-Canadian AI Strategy and supports the strategy’s pillar of developing global thought leadership on the economic, ethical, policy, and legal implications of advances in artificial intelligence.

In the past two years, CIFAR completed two separate calls for AI & Society workshops, as well as an AI Futures Policy Labs workshop series.

AI & SOCIETY WORKSHOPS knowledge and culture? These workshops brought The first international call for AI & Society Indigenous ways of making and maintaining workshops was announced in October 2017 and relationships with human and non-human kin provided funding and support for new teams to to bear on the question of how to build ethical explore the ethical, social, legal and economic relationships with AI. impacts of AI developments. Each of the workshops convened international and interdisciplinary teams Proposal Team: Jason Edward Lewis (Concordia from research, government, NGOs and the private University), Angie Abdilla (Old Ways, New sector, to develop new insights and a non-academic Indigenous knowledge consulting, Australia), Ōiwiʻ publication that would contribute to future AI Parker Jones (Oxford University) and Fox Harrell practice and/or policy. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

In August 2018, CIFAR launched a second GENERATION AI: REDUCING INEQUALITY international call for workshops, in partnership with AND ENHANCING DIGITAL INCLUSION VIA France’s National Centre for Scientific Research SMART DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENTAL (CNRS) and UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), SCIENCE — MAY 2019 to fund new proposals led by experts across Though children comprise one-third of the world’s Canada, France and the U.K. on important societal Internet users, online algorithms have not been issues arising from new technologies. constructed to consider this especially vulnerable population, particularly those exposed to high CIFAR, in partnership with the British Consulate- levels of poverty and inequality. The first workshop General Toronto and the Consulate General of in this two-workshop series brought together an France, hosted a reception on May 13 to celebrate interdisciplinary team from machine learning, the launch of the AI & Society workshops. The pediatrics, psychology and cultural anthropology, event brought together researchers, government to focus on AI as a potential amplifier of inequality officials and donors from Canada, France and the and to inform a research policy agenda that will United Kingdom. bring these issues to the forefront of scientific, policy, legal and public discussions. The following workshops took place in the United States, Canada and the U.K.: Proposal Team: Candice Odgers (Co-director of the CIFAR Child & Brain Development program; INDIGENOUS PROTOCOL & AI — MARCH University of California, Irvine), Anna Goldenberg AND MAY 2019 (Lebovic Fellow in the CIFAR Child & Brain How do we broaden discussions about the role Development program; University of Toronto), of technology in society, and how can these Ronald Dahl (University of California, Berkeley) conversations be informed by Indigenous and Mizuko Ito (University of California, Irvine)

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 33 FAIRNESS, INTERPRETABILITY AND PRIVACY FOR LAB LOCATIONS AND DATES ALGORITHMIC SYSTEMS — JUNE 2019 • Edmonton, September 20, 2018 Addressing themes of AI safety and privacy, this workshop • Vancouver, October 18, 2018 investigated how algorithms in consumer services can be • Ottawa, November 26, 2018 ethically and safely deployed. • Montréal, February 5, 2019

The agenda was informed by the perspectives (Labs that took place during the reporting period, of lawyers, ethicists and technology experts, and July 1, 2018 to June 30, 2019) transcended national and disciplinary boundaries.

Proposal Team: Adrian Weller (The Alan Turing Institute), WORKSHOP PARTNERS Nozha Boujemaa (INRIA) and Jonathan Schaeffer • ATB Financial (University of Alberta) • Microsoft Canada • Element AI AI-POWERED INFORMATION ECOSYSTEMS AND DEMOCRACY — JUNE 2019 The potential risks that AI poses to democratic institutions LAB PARTICIPANTS BY SECTOR are not well understood, partly due to the tension between 3.8% Other 51.5% Public Policy/ potential benefits and harms to society. This workshop Government convened diverse groups of researchers from academia and industry with practitioners and civil society representatives. 14.4% Private The goal was to encourage collaborations between those who are developing the tools and those with expertise in policy, civil rights and democratic values.

Proposal Team: Derek A. S. Ruths (McGill University), Seda Guerses (University of Leuven), Alexandra Olteanu (Microsoft Research) and Joris Hoboken (Vrije Universiteit Brussels and University of Amsterdam) 14.4% Research AI FUTURES POLICY LABS In January 2018, CIFAR partnered with the Brookfield Institute for Innovation + Entrepreneurship (BII+E) to 15.9% Not-for-profit develop and host a series of AI Futures Policy Labs. The aim was to help emerging policy leaders in Canada’s public, private, academic and not-for-profit sectors prepare for the opportunities and challenges that accompany the rapid development of AI. A series of five workshops took place between June 2018 and February 2019, engaging policy innovators in conversation about the public policy implications of AI. AI & SOCIETY BY THE NUMBERS The AI Futures Policy Labs engaged more than 125 policy-makers in five Canadian cities: Toronto, Edmonton, Vancouver, Ottawa and Montréal. CIFAR and BII+E published the recommendations and findings collected over the course of the labs in a final report, Exploring the Future of AI Policy in Canada. The report summarized ecommendations made by participants and addressed themes clustered in 300 6 8 areas including AI anti-trust mechanisms, data governance, PEOPLE ENGAGED INSTITUTIONAL PUBLICATIONS public education, consumer protection and AI regulation THROUGH CIFAR AI & PARTNERS ENGAGED SEE cifar.ca/ai SOCIETY PROGRAMS and legislation.

34 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 AI & SOCIETY PROGRAM PUBLICATIONS WITH CANADIAN AI POLICY INITIATIVES CIFAR AS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR/AUTHOR AI ADVISORY COUNCIL • Exploring the Future of AI Policy in Canada report, It was announced on May 14, 2019, that the Advisory Council May 2019 on Artificial Intelligence will advise the Government of Canada on building Canada’s strengths and global leadership • Building an AI World: Report on National and Regional in AI, identifying opportunities to create economic growth that AI Strategies, November 2018 benefits all Canadians and ensuring that AI advancements • Accountability in AI: Promoting Greater Social Trust report, reflect Canadians’ values. Leading CIFAR researchers, December 2018 partners and experts are members of the council.

The CIFAR AI & Society team attended and participated • MONTRÉAL DECLARATION FOR RESPONSIBLE in several national and international conferences and DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE roundtables in 2018–2019: An initiative of Université de Montréal, this sets out to establish principles and recommendations for ethical AI. • The G7 AI Multistakeholder Conference, December The declaration was announced on November 3, 2018. 6, 2018, Montréal, Que., Canada. The team developed a discussion paper on accountability in collaboration with • THE STANDARDS COUNCIL OF CANADA’S the Government of Japan. CANADIAN DATA GOVERNANCE STANDARDIZATION COLLABORATIVE • The Global Data Commons, Global Governance of AI The collaborative launched on May 30, 2019, with the Roundtable and World Government Summit, February mission of building a comprehensive roadmap of data 7–12, 2019, Dubai, UAE, as well as the UNICEF Toward governance standards, to help industry and citizens Global Guidance on AI and Child Rights, June 26–27, benefit from the growing supply of data, and to manage 2019, New York, N.Y., United States. security and privacy risks. • The IDRC AI for Development (AI4D) Workshop, February 25-26, 2019 Mexico City, Mexico • CIO STRATEGY COUNCIL The council’s mandate is to provide a forum for chief • The Open Government Partnership, May 31, 2019, information officers to focus on collectively transforming, Ottawa, Ont., Canada. CIFAR presented on the AI shaping and influencing the Canadian information Futures Policy Labs, resulting in the development of an AI technology ecosystem. The council is leading the Futures Policy Lab focused on rural issues, to take place in development of standards for the use and application December 2019. of AI-based decision-making systems. • The TD Canada Trust Responsible AI in Financial Services roundtable, June 12, 2019, Toronto, Ont., Canada INTERNATIONAL AI POLICY INITIATIVES • OECD PRINCIPLES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE “Learning more about AI [and] having terms The principles promote AI that is innovative, trustworthy and that respects human rights and democratic values. explained in a more accessible way [was the They were adopted on May 22, 2019, by OECD member most valuable component of the day]. Having countries. The group has released a book, Artificial imagination encouraged was also very useful Intelligence in Society (OECD Publishing, 2019), which and valuable in the exercises- helped to examines the uses and impacts of AI, to support the realize how AI is/will be used and why we need development of the right policy responses. to prepare.” • GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP ON AI LAB PARTICIPANT (ANONYMOUS SURVEY) Announced by Prime Minister Trudeau (Canada) and President Macron (France) on June 7, 2018, the Global AI POLICY IN CANADA AND AROUND Partnership on AI has a mission to support and guide the responsible adoption of AI that is human-centric and THE WORLD grounded in human rights, inclusion, diversity, innovation In 2018–2019, CIFAR contributed to national and and economic growth. international initiatives that are working toward the responsible, ethical and economic stewardship of AI:

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 35 The CIFAR Deep Learning/ Reinforcement Learning Summer School attracted 270 trainees from 20 countries.

36 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 NEXT GENERATION INITIATIVES

CIFAR’s Next Generation Initiatives enable exceptional early career researchers from across Canada and around the world to engage with our fellows, develop their leadership skills, and become catalysts for change beyond their academic environments. These initiatives engage graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and assistant professors.

NEXT GENERATION INITIATIVES 2018–2019 • CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars program • Summer & Winter Schools • CIFAR Pan-Canadian AI Strategy’s National Program of Activities (see p.30)

Next Generation Initiatives leverage the energy, enthusiasm and ability of early career researchers to take a fresh look at important questions within CIFAR’s research programs, while providing participants with the skills and opportunities to become tomorrow’s research leaders.

CIFAR FELLOWS SUPERVISED 1,430 GRADUATE STUDENTS AND 706 POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWS IN 2018–2019.

351 PHD STUDENTS GRADUATED DURING THE YEAR.

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 37 CIFAR AZRIELI GLOBAL SCHOLARS PROGRAM

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 12 CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars in 2018 – 2019 cohort CIFAR supports the development of CIFAR Azrieli Global 2016 Scholars through its collaborative research Catalyst Fund. This FOUNDED 45 CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars since program inception* fund is designed to catalyze innovative, high-risk, collaborative projects led by two or more global scholars. In the past year, a number of compelling Catalyst Fund–supported projects have * COUNTRIES REPRESENTED (BY CITIZENSHIP): resulted from cross-disciplinary discussions sparked during the 17 Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Finland, Ghana, India, Ireland, Israel, Korea, Mauritius, Singapore, 2017 and 2018 Azrieli Global Scholar annual meetings: Spain, United Kingdom,United States, Vietnam • Natalie Bau (Institutions, Organizations & Growth, 2016, UCLA), Raul Sanchez de la Sierra (Institutions, SUPPORTED BY 1 The Azrieli Foundation and the Love Organizations & Growth, 2016, University of California, Meeting in Family Leadership Development Fund 2018 – 2019 Berkeley), Sara Lowes (Institutions, Organizations & Growth, 2017, Bocconi University), Katherine McAuliffe OVERVIEW & GOALS (Azrieli Brain, Mind & Consciousness, 2017, Boston The CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars program nurtures the College) and Kristin Laurin (Successful Societies, development of early career researchers at a pivotal time in their 2017, University of British Columbia) are developing an growth and aims to position them as tomorrow’s research leaders. interdisciplinary workshop to explore the evolution of cultural norms and preferences and how they affect human CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars are researchers within the first behaviour — a theme relevant to a wide range of problems. five years of a full-time academic position based anywhere in • Nir Bar-Gill (Quantum Information Science, 2016, Hebrew the world. They become full members of one of CIFAR’s University of Jerusalem) and Gabriela Schlau-Cohen research programs for a two-year period, and each receive $100,000 CAD in unrestricted research support. (Bio-inspired Solar Energy, 2016, Massachusetts Institute of Technology) have launched a collaboration that includes In 2018–2019, the program completed its fourth annual PhD students from each of their labs. Their project aims application cycle. CIFAR received 217 eligible applications to develop a hybrid DNA-scaffolded platform for room- from 37 countries. A group of 25 candidates were shortlisted temperature quantum information processing, by using by CIFAR fellows and advisors (five candidates for each of the excitonic quantum circuits to mediate solid-state qubits five programs participating in this year’s cycle: Gravity & the consisting of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) colour centres Extreme Universe; Azrieli Brain, Mind & Consciousness; Humans in diamonds. & the Microbiome; Molecular Architecture of Life; and Bio­ • Ami Citri (Child & Brain Development, 2016, Hebrew inspired Solar Energy). All shortlisted candidates participated University of Jerusalem) and Kieran O’Donnell (Child & in a selection meeting held in King City, Ont., on June 26 and 27, 2019. A group of 14 new CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars were Brain Development, 2016, McGill University) are working selected, and they have been publicly announced in fall 2019. with fellows in the Child & Brain Development program on a project to develop a machine learning algorithm that can LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES analyze epigenetic data. With two PhD students, the team A total of 19 CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars took part in leadership has collated data from 800 children, from birth to 18 years development opportunities supported by the Love Family of age, and is now interpreting results from the algorithm’s Leadership Development Fund. This financial support gives network inference of the data. scholars access to one-on-one coaching, online resources, • Craig Chapman (Azrieli Brain, Mind & Consciousness, and courses or conferences to help further develop their 2016, University of Alberta) and Katherine McAuliffe communication, leadership or other skills beyond the scope (Azrieli Brain, Mind & Consciousness, 2017, Boston of training that is offered at the Azrieli Global Scholar annual College) are collaborating to advance knowledge about meetings. This year, more specifically, the fund supported decision-making in children. This project builds on the 19 scholars in activities that included participating in 360° Chapman’s work on using movements to reveal new assessments, receiving editorial support, receiving coaching for aspects of decision-making and McAuliffe’s work on public talks, attending the Science and Technology in Society (STS) Forum in Kyoto, Japan, and participating in a pilot live fairness judgments in children. webinar focused on “harnessing the power of social media to • Gabriela Schlau-Cohen (Bio-inspired Solar Energy, enhance awareness of your research, build relationships and 2016, Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and influence others.” Prineha Narang (Bio-inspired Solar Energy, 2018, * across first three cohorts

38 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 Harvard University) have launched a project to study the specializes in science communication training, with a focus photophysics of green algae, bridging the mesoscale on advancing education at the intersection of art, science dynamics in photosynthesis to the underlying quantum and engineering. mechanical phenomena. Michèle Lamont, CIFAR senior fellow and program co- ANNUAL MEETING HIGHLIGHTS director and professor of sociology at Harvard University, The 2019 Annual Meeting, held in Banff, Alta., from May attended the meeting as a distinguished mentor, sharing 6 to 8, placed a special focus on science communications. personal experiences and insights from her path to Special guest facilitators Jay Ingram and Mary Anne Moser, leadership in her field. co-founders of the charitable organization Beakerhead, facilitated a two-and-a-half-day interactive workshop aimed Valerie Young, author of The Secret Thoughts of Successful at helping the CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars become more Women, attended the meeting and led a session on effective and productive communicators. Beakerhead identifying and overcoming Imposter Syndrome.

SUMMER & WINTER SCHOOLS

Several CIFAR research programs hold annual summer or winter AZRIELI BRAIN, MIND & CONSCIOUSNESS schools for graduate and postdoctoral trainees. The schools WINTER SCHOOL ON THE NEUROSCIENCE are typically organized by selected trainees or by CIFAR Azrieli OF CONSCIOUSNESS Global Scholars in the program, with logistical support provided December 2–5, 2018, Montebello, Que. by CIFAR staff. Organizers invite CIFAR fellows and other This winter school for senior PhD students and postdoctoral distinguished researchers to lecture on cutting-edge topics not fellows featured interactive lectures with six top yet covered in regular university curricula. Some schools may researchers in the field, including three CIFAR fellows or include facilitated workshops in selected areas of leadership advisors. Each presentation examined various aspects of development, such as science communications. The schools are conscious processing. often held just prior to a program meeting, in the same location, so that many of the trainees and lecturers can attend both. Topics included: • the role of memory as a means of becoming conscious of QUANTUM MATERIALS SUMMER SCHOOL past experiences by replaying them; April 8–10, 2019, Vancouver, B.C. Jointly held by CIFAR and the Max Planck-UBC-UTokyo • the functional organization of the brain and how this may Centre for Quantum Materials on the theme of two- contribute to conscious experiences; dimensional materials and van der Waals heterostructures, • whether we are, or can be, aware of our own unconscious including graphene. Attended by 108 graduate students and experiences, and those of others; postdoctoral fellows from five countries, the school featured lectures by six leading experts from around the world, • the neural correlates of different conscious states, and how interspersed with shorter student talks. Trainees also had the these may have evolved, examined through consideration opportunity to present their work at a poster session and to of consciousness in non-human animals. enjoy some social group outings for informal networking. Participants also delivered flash talks on their own work, and CIFAR DEEP LEARNING/REINFORCEMENT worked in small groups, each led by one of the lecturers, LEARNING SUMMER SCHOOL to prepare and deliver short group presentations. The July 25–August 3, 2018, Toronto, Ont. winter school concluded with two intensive professional CIFAR co-hosted the annual summer school with the Vector development workshops. Renowned Canadian Institute (Toronto), with support from Amii (Edmonton) science journalist Jay Ingram facilitated a bootcamp on and Mila (Montréal). Lectures were given by 26 of the communicating science to non-specialist audiences, and top researchers in the field, including nine CIFAR fellows CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Katherine McAuliffe and Craig and Canada CIFAR AI Chairs, on topics including neural Chapman led a panel discussion on early-career work-life networks, generative models and optimization. This summer balance. There were 29 participants at the winter school, school, a joint initiative of the CIFAR Pan-Canadian AI from six countries. Strategy and the CIFAR Learning in Machines & Brains program, drew 270 trainees from 20 countries.

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 39 Practitioners from across academia, public policy, healthcare, and industry convene at CIFAR events. Theresa Betancourt (pictured), an expert in child welfare, addressed a gathering at the Canadian embassy in the United Kingdom in 2016.

40 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 KNOWLEDGE MOBILIZATION

By connecting our research programs to global thought leaders outside of academia, we enrich research and stimulate new social, economic, and technological innovations.

KNOWLEDGE MOBILIZATION AT CIFAR

At CIFAR, we work with our research programs from own way. Ultimately, we seek to drive new insights the earliest stages of their five-year terms to identify and innovations that will transform research, society, unique opportunities for societal impact and create policy, technology, and the economy. tailored roadmaps for how to get there. These roadmaps start by understanding the landscape CIFAR’s Knowledge Mobilization team is in which a research program is operating and by committed to engagements of the highest developing exploratory conversations between quality. In 2018–2019 the team developed a new our research programs and relevant national and visual framework to help internal and external international experts in key sectors, including stakeholders understand the core elements government, industry, health, and civil society. of a research program’s five-year knowledge mobilization plan. The team also built a number Throughout a program’s term, we build of templates and tools to improve planning and opportunities for high quality, mutually beneficial performance measurement processes. These and sustained dialogue across research and include a framework for monitoring the progress practice. Through these conversations, we aim to of a program’s five-year roadmap to societal broaden perspectives, create opportunities for impact and a survey for evaluating the impact cross-sector collaboration, and develop new ideas of knowledge mobilization activities on and ways of thinking about issues that could not be CIFAR fellows. achieved if each sector was tackling an issue in its

KNOWLEDGE MOBILIZATION BY THE NUMBERS

64 FROM HEALTH 52 & WELL- BEING CIFAR PROGRAM MEMBERS PARTICIPATED 65 FROM INDUSTRY 262 18 FROM 11 GLOBAL THOUGHT EVENTS & INTERNATIONAL LEADERS ENGAGED ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT 7 FROM INTERNATIONAL 115 PUBLIC POLICY PARTNERS

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 41 HEALTH & WELL-BEING INDUSTRY Today’s challenging and transforming health care Industry is undergoing significant change with the environment requires leaders in health to stay at the forefront introduction of disruptive technologies, intensifying of knowledge and to collaborate across sectors. CIFAR globalization and the pace at which new ideas are emerging works with a range of health-related communities — from every day. CIFAR works with corporate research leaders public health to precision medicine — to connect them with and entrepreneurs from many sectors, including cleantech, the latest research advances emerging from our research biotech, AI and natural resources — to tap into research programs. In 2018–2019 these efforts included hosting or driving future technological disruption. In 2018–2019 these participating in three knowledge mobilization events: efforts included hosting or participating in five knowledge mobilization events: THE HUMAN MICROBIOME & PUBLIC HEALTH: SUPPORTING HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT AND AGING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ENERGY SYMPOSIUM Toronto, Ont., Canada, September 25, 2018 Washington, D.C., United States, February 27, 2019 In partnership with the Dalla Lana School of Public Health This symposium identified how the use of artificial and with support from the Public Health Agency of Canada, intelligence in the energy sector could broaden collaboration CIFAR hosted a roundtable with members of the Humans between Canada and the United States, particularly between & the Microbiome program, which explored how current Natural Resources Canada, the Department of Energy, knowledge of the microbiome in the context of chronic industry and academic partners. Fiona Cunningham, CIFAR disease and the built environment informs public health director of innovation, moderated the event. policies and programs that support healthy development and aging. BUILDING A MAP OF THE CELL: THE IMPACT OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ON DRUG DISCOVERY AND DISEASE DETECTION Montréal, Que., Canada, April 15, 2019 “[I] Really enjoyed participating in the meeting. The Molecular Architecture of Life program hosted The quality of the panel and knowledge was a roundtable on a key research area that will inform excellent. [I] made some new contacts and improvements in drug discovery: investigating what spatial have many new possible collaborations to and temporal imaging tools are available and required to follow up on.” produce a molecular map of the cell. ANONYMOUS FEEDBACK ETHICAL AI New Orleans, La., United States, May 4–5, 2019 The Learning in Machines & Brains program hosted a THE FUTURE OF GENETIC NETWORKS IN workshop that explored three key ethical themes: ethical DECODING COMPLEX DISEASE design of machine learning, bias in machine learning systems Santa Cruz, Calif., United States, April 3, 2019 and fake content generation. The Genetic Networks program hosted a one-day multisectoral workshop that explored how genetic networks ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANES IN CO2 ELECTROLYSIS could help advance our ability to interpret the genome. Pittsburgh, Pa., United States, May 15, 2019 The Bio-inspired Solar Energy program convened a THE FUTURE OF THE MICROBIOME IN roundtable with industry experts to advance breakthroughs PUBLIC HEALTH in carbon conversion technologies with the potential to Ottawa, Ont., Canada, April 30–May 2, 2019 simultaneously reduce our carbon footprint and contribute The Humans & the Microbiome program was invited to to the production of higher-value chemicals. present a panel session on the future of the microbiome in public health at the Public Health 2019 conference. Amy THE FUTURE OF NEUROSCIENCE AND VR Cook, CIFAR senior director of Knowledge Mobilization, New York City, N.Y., United States, May 22–23, 2019 moderated the panel. The Azrieli Brain, Mind & Consciousness program held a two-day workshop with senior virtual reality (VR) content and technology developers to explore the intersection of brain and consciousness research with VR technology and to identify unique opportunities for collaboration. 42 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC POLICY Countries around the world face an array of dynamic and The world’s biggest challenges — climate change, global complex development challenges as reflected in the UN’s security, sustainable and inclusive economic growth and Sustainable Development Goals. CIFAR reaches out to the protection of human rights — require well-informed, leaders in international development, NGOs and the broader concerted and co-ordinated efforts by governments, public civil society — from child well-being to fragile states — to institutions, NGOs and the private sector. CIFAR engages share the scholarship in our research programs. In 2018– with stakeholders inside and outside of government to 2019 these efforts included co-hosting one knowledge promote understanding of the emerging science and mobilization event: scholarship in our research programs and the implications for policy. In 2018–2019, CIFAR was invited to four knowledge “This type of meeting of minds is far too rare; we mobilization events: rarely get a dialogue between policy, practice GOVERNMENT OF CANADA’S DEPUTY MINISTER and research, and I found it invaluable.” TASK FORCE ON DIVERSITY AND INCLUSIVENESS ANONYMOUS FEEDBACK Ottawa, Ont., Canada, February 22, 2019 CIFAR Fellows Will Kymlicka, Paige Raibmon, Leanne ADVERSITIES, DEVELOPMENT AND Son Hing and Anne Wilson from the Successful Societies NEW INTERVENTIONS program presented key program-generated insights and Ottawa, Ont., Canada, March 28, 2019 engaged in discussion with senior government officials about The Child & Brain Development program held a roundtable the drivers of persistent inequalities in Canada. in partnership with the Aga Khan Foundation Canada and the International Development Research Centre on PRESENTATION TO MINISTRY OF IMMIGRATION, the impact of early adversity (e.g., poverty, malnutrition, REFUGEES AND CITIZENSHIP institutionalization) on child and brain development in the Ottawa, Ont., Canada, February 22, 2019 developing world. Successful Societies Fellow Will Kymlicka was invited to present to Canada’s Ministry of Immigration, Refugees “The CIFAR workshop was by far the best and and Citizenship on leading work related to solidarity and diversity in Canada. most useful workshop I have attended in the last few years.” INNOVATION, SCIENCE AND ECONOMIC ANONYMOUS FEEDBACK DEVELOPMENT (ISED) ROUNDTABLE Ottawa, Ont., Canada, February 22, 2019 The Ministry of Innovation, Science and Economic Development invited Leanne Son Hing and Anne Wilson from the Successful Societies program to present on their work related to gender equality and workplace diversity, and PARTICIPANT RATINGS OF CIFAR’S to engage in a roundtable discussion with deputy ministers KNOWLEDGE MOBILIZATION EVENTS: and senior staff from across the department.

97% GOOD OR EXCELLENT IMPACT OF SCIENCE CONFERENCE 89% INCREASE THEIR UNDERSTANDING Berlin, Germany, June 7, 2019 92% PROVIDED NEW IDEAS Roundtable on “Bridging fundamental researchers with 98% HELPED MAKE RELEVANT NEW CONNECTIONS key non-academic communities to catalyze change.” CIFAR proposed and then co-developed the roundtable in collaboration with the European University Association and the Kone Foundation.

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 43 CIFAR Program Director Victoria Kaspi (Gravity & the Extreme Universe), left, gives a talk to a captivated audience on the mysterious phenomena known as fast radio bursts at the CIFAR Massey Talk in Toronto, October 11, 2018.

44 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT

Scientific literacy is critical to our everyday lives and even more so as the challenges facing society — such as mass immigration, climate change and terrorism — become more complex. Building on the work of our outstanding cadre of scientists and scholars, CIFAR has embarked on a new phase of growth that includes more robust public programming. In spring 2018, we entered into an agreement with The Walrus to sponsor four public lectures: three across Canada and one in New York City in 2019-2020.

HIGHLIGHTS OF ACTIVITY IN 2018-2019 MaRS’s Wired Differentmagazine and as an insert in Air Canada’s enRoute magazine. CIFAR MASSEY TALK 2018: SOLVING THE MYSTERY OF FAST RADIO BURSTS MaRS unveiled an online and print exhibit in October 11, 2018, Toronto, Ont., Canada celebration of Canada’s innovators. A portrait of The CIFAR Massey Talk was delivered by CIFAR President & CEO Dr. Alan Bernstein was Victoria Kaspi, CIFAR fellow and director of the among the 11 “Portraits of Innovation” on display Gravity & the Extreme Universe program. Kaspi, — the work of Christopher Wahl, one of Canada’s a distinguished astrophysicist at McGill University, leading portrait photographers. The exhibit was talked about solving the mysteries of the Universe featured on digital displays at Toronto’s Lester B. and the strange phenomenon known as fast radio Pearson Airport and in the MaRS atrium for the bursts (FRBs). She explained what little is known duration of Collision and throughout the summer. about these brilliant flashes of light, which appear to More than 70 Collision attendees participated be the result of cataclysmic events that took place in the CIFAR Open House, designed to provide billions of years ago in the farthest reaches of the an introduction to the CIFAR Pan-Canadian AI known Universe. Kaspi also shared the team’s latest Strategy and the CIFAR Learning in Machines & progress with the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Brains program. Mapping Experiment (CHIME) telescope, located near Penticton, British Columbia, which many GLOBAL CALL FOR IDEAS: consider to be the world’s best FRB detector. A CELEBRATION OF EXCELLENCE May 22, 2019, Toronto, Ont., Canada COLLISION In celebration of our new research portfolio, May 20–23, 2019, Toronto, Ont., Canada CIFAR hosted a special Global Call for Ideas Collision kicked off with 25,000 attendees, making celebration at The Carlu in Toronto. The it the largest tech conference in North America. celebration featured engaging talks by three of CIFAR partnered with MaRS to participate in a our distinguished research program directors: number of activities, engaging with hundreds of Irene Bloemraad (Boundaries, Membership & international researchers, technology companies, Belonging), David Poulin (Quantum Information investors and media. Two high-profile magazine Science) and Barbara Sherwood Lollar features — “CIFAR: Addressing science and (Earth 4D: Subsurface Science & Exploration). humanity’s most important questions” and “Why More than 200 guests were in attendance. Canada can win the global AI race” — appeared in

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 45 STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS

CIFAR's strategic communications team is committed to getting the word out when and where it counts the most — bringing the research from our programs and outcomes of our initiatives to the world.

TOP 10 NEWS STORIES ONLINE ENGAGEMENT Our top news stories of 2018–2019 demonstrate how CIFAR We connect with the CIFAR community online through is creating space for research that has the potential to CIFAR’s News & Ideas, Reach magazine, cifar.ca and CIFAR’s transform what we know about the world. social media channels on Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn.

• Four lessons for starting a research lab - Science Magazine, August 9, 2018 • New era of astronomy uncovers clues about the cosmos ­ The Conversation, August 28, 2018 • Artificial fly brain can tell who’s who - ScienceDaily, October 25, 2018

• CIFAR – This is how Canada funds its AI leadership ­ Forbes, December 3, 2018

• CIFAR Names first 29 Chairs to Artificial Intelligence 3,562 print copies of Reach Cohort - Techvibes, December 3, 2018 magazine were delivered to readers in 52 countries, in 2019. • Innovation Nation: AI godfathers gave Canada an early edge — but we could end up being left in the dust - Financial Post, February 20, 2019 • Toronto tech: why Canada is attracting the ‘best’ people ­ Financial Times, February 26, 2019 NEWS & IDEAS • Turing Award Won by 3 Pioneers in Artificial Intelligence - News & Ideas, CIFAR's monthly e-newsletter, has an open- New York Times, March 27, 2019 rate of 30.6 per cent (6.5 per cent above the average for not- • Barbara Sherwood Lollar, diviner of ancient water, for-profit organizations*), which equates to 24,077 unique wins top Canadian science prize - Globe and Mail, readers per issue. May 6, 2019 *According to Mailchimp, not-for-profits have an average open-rate of 24.11 per cent. • Are you an Orchid or a Dandelion? With Top Psychiatrist Dr. Tom Boyce - Under The Skin with Russell Brand, MOST-READ STORIES IN 2018-19 May 28, 2019 • CIFAR announces new research programs and AI Chairs • RBC funding, Nobel Prize once again recognize history of CIFAR excellence • World’s largest sleep study concludes you probably need more sleep

46 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 CIFAR.CA BY THE NUMBERS SOCIAL MEDIA STATS Almost 200,000 unique users visited cifar.ca in the past year, for a total of 601,243 total pageviews and 494,138 unique pageviews. Our website attracts a global audience: LinkedIn Facebook Twitter 1,168 new followers 527 new followers 2,748 new followers U.K.: 8,099 5,988 total followers 2,429 total followers 9,968 total followers 56 posts 100 posts 1,463 posts Canada: 71,436 Germany: 4,486

TOP TWEETS

France: 7,882 China: 6,072 Japan: 3,045

India: United States: 8,158 41,723

Indonesia: 2,954

Brazil: 2,553

MOST-READ STORIES ON CIFAR.CA • For #ThrowbackThursday, how about this blast from the From connecting the world’s top AI pioneers, to recognizing past: @geoffreyhinton solving equations at a whiteboard, the next generation of research talent, to uncovering the date unknown. #tbt steps of an exciting discovery — our most-read stories Image credit: Tammy O’Dwyer @VectorInst @UofT reflect a growing interest and curiosity in AI and groundbreaking research: • Q & A with Yoshua Bengio • For #WorldBookDay, a selection of our favourite reads by our fellows and friends from across the physical and social • Building a Fly Brain in a Computer sciences: pic.twitter.com/6x5XhTYENG • Making a Moral Machine • Doina Precup is an expert on reinforcement learning with • CIFAR announces new research programs and AI chairs high uncertainty. She is a CCAI Chair, a Senior Fellow in the Learning in Machines & Brains program, Associate • 29 Researchers named to first cohort of Canada AI Chairs Prof @McGillU, leader of @DeepMindAI in #mtl and • Where does the brain do math? faculty @MILAMontreal. #WomenInSTEM • Announcing the 2018 Class of CIFAR Azrieli Global • Dr. Tom Boyce, fellow in the CIFAR Child & Brain Scholars Development program, was on the @rustyrockets podcast #UnderTheSkin chatting about his work on • Turing Award Honours CIFAR’s Pioneers of AI pediatric health. • The Surprising Benefits of Bride Price for Women • How to Build a Research Lab

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 47 Participants at the 2019 CIFAR OSMO AI For Good Summer Labs developed unique projects that use AI for good, such as detecting gender bias in commercials, using media analysis to tackle climate change, and tracking chronic pain management.

48 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 PARTNERSHIPS & SUPPORTERS

CIFAR has a broad portfolio of research partnerships with key international and Canadian organizations, including UK Research and Innovation, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Brain Canada, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Inria, Fonds de recherche du Québec, Genome Canada, Genome British Columbia, Ontario Genomics, and Western University. These partnerships build on shared research interests and goals and provide a platform for exchanging ideas and building collaborative networks.

NEW MEMORANDUMS OF AGREEMENT the national program of activities as part of the (MOUs) AND LETTERS OF INTENT (LOIs) CIFAR Pan-Canadian AI Strategy. The partnership The Max Planck ETH Center for Learning Systems will reinforce the strategy’s commitment to (CLS) and CIFAR’s Learning in Machines & Brains supporting research and training opportunities program signed an LOI in December 2018. The that advance equity, diversity and inclusion in AI. agreement lays the groundwork for CLS and CIFAR researchers to come together in summer schools, In October 2018, the RBC Foundation announced workshops and other events, and for exchange a $1-million contribution to CIFAR to support its visits between students, postdoctoral fellows national activities and advance AI research and and faculty. Launched in 2015, the CLS — a joint training, with a particular focus on the social and research centre of the Max Planck Society and ETH ethical implications of AI. The partnership with Zurich — brings together leading researchers who RBC will help CIFAR to advance its AI research study the theoretical principles of learning and and training initiatives under the Pan-Canadian apply these principles to real machines. Learning AI Strategy. in Machines & Brains Advisor Bernhard Schölkopf (Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems) is a In July 2018, CIFAR signed an agreement with the co-lead of the CLS. French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and UK Research and Innovation MOUs FOR THE CIFAR PAN-CANADIAN (UKRI) to launch eight AI & Society workshops. AI STRATEGY Administered by CIFAR, the joint workshops will CIFAR entered into an MOU with the OSMO provide CAD $400,000 in funding and support to Foundation in February 2019 to partner on the AI bring together new international teams to explore For Good Summer Lab, an initiative that provides the ethical, social, legal and economic potential undergraduate women in STEM fields with impacts of AI developments, and an associated exposure to training and networking opportunities research agenda. in AI. The partnership will support the expansion of the AI For Good Summer Lab across multiple PROGRAM ENGAGEMENTS WITH locations in Canada over three years, and will GLOBAL PARTNERS provide the next generation of women in AI with enhanced support, opportunities and connections QUANTUM MATERIALS PROGRAM MEETING to develop AI leadership, with an emphasis on IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE GORDON AND making a positive impact on society. CIFAR will BETTY MOORE FOUNDATION provide financial and in-kind support of $300,000 CIFAR's November 2018 Quantum Materials over three years to support and grow the program. program meeting was held in partnership with Through its partnership with CIFAR, the AI For the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and Good Summer Lab program will be included under its program in Emergent Phenomena in Quantum

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 49 Systems (EPiQS). The support was provided as affiliated with CIFAR’s Quantum Materials program part of CIFAR’s multi-year partnership agreement members or with the Gordon and Betty Moore with the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The Foundation’s EPiQS initiative. Many of them also meeting, which was held alongside the review of the attended the Quantum Materials program meeting, Quantum Materials program, had a broad theme of held in Vancouver from April 11 to 13. “novel states of quantum matter.” QUANTUM CAVITIES WORKSHOP IN SUCCESSFUL SOCIETIES CO-HOSTED BY THE PARTNERSHIP WITH THE INSTITUT CENTER FOR ADVANCED STUDY IN QUANTIQUE THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES (CASBS) CIFAR and the Institut Quantique at the Université Program members met at the Center for de Sherbrooke co-hosted a quantum cavities Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences workshop in Orford, Que., from June 9 to 12, 2019. (CASBS) at Stanford University on January 11 and 12, This is the fifth quantum cavities workshop that 2019. It was an opportunity for fellows and advisors CIFAR has hosted or co-hosted; the first one was to share recent work with CASBS researchers and held in 2010. Participants included researchers from to lay the foundation for future collaborations across North America and Europe, who gained an within and beyond the program between CIFAR opportunity to forge new collaborations. and CASBS. CIFAR fellows and CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars highlighted key continuing themes, INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS & GROWTH particularly with respect to economic inequalities, JOINT MEETING WITH BRIQ INSTITUTE ON political polarization and the rise of populism. BEHAVIOR & INEQUALITY CIFAR held its June 2019 Institutions, Organizations BIO-INSPIRED SOLAR ENERGY PROGRAM & Growth program meeting in Bonn, Germany, MEETING IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE in partnership with briq Institute on Behavior & BIOLEC ENERGY FRONTIER RESEARCH Inequality. Launched in 2015 and funded by the CENTER (EFRC) Deutsche Post Foundation, briq seeks to advance The March 2019 meeting of the Bio-inspired thinking about the sources and consequences of Solar Energy program was held in partnership inequality, and to push the frontiers of behavioural with the BioInspired Light-Escalated Chemistry economics research. Its research focus includes (BIoLEC) Energy Frontier Research Center understanding individual decision-making and (EFRC), based at Princeton University. Several behaviour, the causes and consequences of researchers from BIoLEC attended the meeting, inequality, and early childhood development and including CIFAR Fellows Greg Scholes and the formation of socio-emotional and cognitive skills. Gabriela Schlau-Cohen, who are both principal investigators at the centre. The meeting focused on GOVERNMENT SUPPORT the overlap between the research interests of the In 2018–2019, CIFAR was generously supported centre and of the Bio-inspired Solar Energy program. by the Governments of Canada, British Columbia, In addition, members mapped out the priority Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec. research areas for the program as it approached its five-year review. On December 3, 2018, CIFAR signed its inaugural agreement with the Ministère de l'Économie et QUANTUM MATERIALS SUMMER SCHOOL de l'Innovation (MEI) du Québec, for $1.6 million 2019 IN PARTNERSHIP WITH MAX PLANCK- over four years. This agreement will increase co­ UBC-UTOKYO CENTRE FOR QUANTUM operation between CIFAR and Quebec’s research MATERIALS (CQM) and innovation ecosystem, while encouraging wider Held at the University of British Columbia from involvement by fellows and scientific actors in April 8 to 10, the summer school covered a range the province. of topics related to 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures, addressing both the fundamentals and the latest progress in the field. The summer school was attended by approximately 100 students and postdoctoral fellows of researchers who are

50 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 Naomi Azrieli & Dr. Alan Bernstein at a CIFAR event in 2016.

“Every field of human endeavour — from the environment, to medicine, to social well-being, and more — benefits from a world-class research system.”

NAOMI AZRIELI, Chair and CEO, The Azrieli Foundation CIFAR PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT & EVALUATION STRATEGY FRAMEWORK

CIFAR is committed to being a learning organization that It provides accountability for relevance, alignment and strives to achieve the highest standards in scientific research performance, as well as a guiding reference tool to learn from, and discovery. To ensure that our activities optimize outcome assess, and improve upon effectiveness and efficiency. and impact, CIFAR developed a Performance Measurement and Evaluation Strategy Framework (PMESF) in May 2018. The logic model presented below, along with a theory of This Framework outlines our monitoring indicator data to change, form part of our PMESF. Indicators that illustrate that assess and manage our activities and lays the foundation for CIFAR is on track with our target outputs and key outcomes our periodic and more comprehensive evaluations. are reported on throughout this Annual Report.

SHORT- TERM INTERMEDIATE - LONG -TERM ULTIMATE ACTIVITIES OUTPUTS OUTCOMES TERM OUTCOMES OUTCOMES IMPACT

Complex research Diverse research Advancing questions of global portfolio is focused on interdisciplinary importance identified global challenges knowledge creation Portfolio of research CIFAR approach Programs with High-quality programs is addressing accelerates knowledge outstanding innovative, complex, global advances in key areas researchers from interdisciplinary challenges and develops new around the world built research programs research communities and reviewed have long-term commitments, open exchange Research enhancing of knowledge and interactions facilitated deepening synergies

Partnerships Resources leveraged + with governments, network expanded research organizations, industry + foundations established

Pan-Canadian AI Development, Enhanced visibility Translation of AI research Strategy program of attraction and in AI research and discoveries in the public CIFAR- activities implemented retention of AI talent training; New insights and private sector leads supported and chairs hired in Canada; Increased about implications to socio-economic research productivity in AI of AI benefits; Canada’s enriches our research; Increased international profile understanding collaboration across and capacity to generate of the world Canada world-class AI research and informs and innovation is innovators enhanced who apply transformative Exceptional, diverse Early career Global scholars’ Early career researchers knowledge Supporting global scholars researchers careers are from Global Academy to global long-term engaged and have increased accelerated by become changemakers challenges growth of next selected knowledge, research enhancing knowledge, in academia, policy, generation collaborations and skills, training and and/or business initiatives networks, leadership networks skills and experiences Opportunities for Trainees and mentorship, program next-generation engagement and researchers leadership training developed provided

Knowledge Mobilization plans for Driving societal programs developed Increasingly focused Communities begin innovating on ideas impact through quality engagements to develop new innovations in practice, knowledge with thought leaders policies, programs and products mobilization in target sectors; Key sectors early and Communities iteratively engaged are developing and regularly engaged Pan-Canadian AI Strategy's AI & Society program implemented

52 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW & APPENDICES

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 53 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW

CIFAR’s revenue totaled $46.7 million for the year, an increase of $16.7 million (56%) over 2018. The year-over-year increase consisted of $17.1 million for the CIFAR Pan-Canadian AI Strategy.

CIFAR expenses totaled $46.8 million, an increase of 18 million (63%), of which direct program spending totaled $43.8 million, up $17.6 million (67%), for the 14 research programs supported within the year, knowledge mobilization efforts, the CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program and the CIFAR Pan-Canadian AI Strategy. Non-program spending totaled $3 million, up $0.4 million (18%) for advancement, governance and administration to support the organization.

Total assets at the end of the year totaled $35 million, represented primarily by cash and short-term deposits ($1.7 million), accounts receivable ($2.7 million), equipment and leasehold improvement ($1.9 million) and investments ($28.2 million). Net assets after accounting for liabilities were $20.8 million.

The audited financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2019 are available at www.cifar.ca/accountability.

REVENUE EXPENSES

Total: $46,714,365 Total: $30,037,999 Total: $46,834,817 Total: $28,812,722 Governance & Administration: Governance & Administration: Corporations: 2% Corporations: 3% 2% 2% Investment: 2% Next Generation: 4% Individuals: 3% Investment: 4% Advancement: Next Generation: 8% Foundations:6% Individuals: 6% 5% Knowledge Advancement: Partnerships: 7% Mobilization & 7% Foundations: Communications: 8% 16% Knowledge Mobilization & Communications: Federal: 10% Operational:15% Partnerships: 12% Knowledge Creation: 31%

Provincial: 16% Federal: Operational: 23%

Knowledge Creation: 52%

Provincial: Federal: 23% Pan Canadian Pan Canadian AI Strategy: AI Strategy: 49% 50%

Federal: Pan Canadian Pan Canadian AI Strategy: AI Strategy: 21% 19%

2019 2018 2019 2018

54 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS Year ended June 30, 2019

2019 (000s) 2018 (000s) REVENUE GOVERNMENT FUNDING Federal Operational funding 7,000 7,000 Pan-Canadian AI Strategy 22,823 5,723 Provincial 7,450 7,044

37,273 19,767

PARTNERSHIPS Research organizations 3,027 2,643 Universities and others 171 245

3,198 2,888 PRIVATE SECTOR Corporations 895 853 Foundations 2,941 3,488 Individuals 1,353 1,779

5,189 6,120

Investment income 1,054 1,574

46,714 30,349

EXPENSES PROGRAM EXPENSES Knowledge creation 14,586 15,161 Pan-Canadian AI Strategy 23,460 6,018 Knowledge mobilization and communications 3,940 2,803 Next generation 1,801 2,250

43,787 26,232

NON-PROGRAM EXPENSES 3,048 2,581

46,835 28,813

(Deficiency) surplus of revenue over expenses from operations (121) 1,536 Unrealized gain (loss) on investments 16 (40)

(DEFICIENCY) SURPLUS OF REVENUE OVER EXPENSES (105) 1,496

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 55 CONDENSED BALANCE SHEET Year ended June 30, 2019

2019 (000s) 2018 (000s) ASSETS Cash 1,658 2,110 Investments 8,500 9,000 Accounts receivable 2,650 2,777 Prepaid expenses 234 230

13,042 14,117

Investments 19,745 18,688 Property, equipment and leasehold improvements 1,510 1,566 Intangible assets 348 120

34,645 34,491

LIABILITIES Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 8,122 5,139 Deferred revenue 4,549 5,708 Deferred tenant allowance 40 40

12,711 10,887

Deferred revenue 868 2,393 Deferred tenant allowance 281 321

13,860 13,601

NET ASSETS Invested in property, equipment, leasehold improvements and intangible assets 1,537 1,325 Externally restricted endowment fund 500 474 Internally restricted reserve 10,000 10,000

Unrestricted 8,748 9,091

20,785 20,890

34,645 34,491

56 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 APPENDIX A MAJOR AWARDS & HONOURS RECEIVED

In 2018/2019, CIFAR fellows and advisors received 71 major awards and honours. AWARDS A. M. TURING AWARD ELAINE BENNETT RESEARCH IEEE CIS NEURAL MIFAL HAPAIS SCIENCE (Association for Computing PRIZE (American Economics NETWORKS PIONEER AWARD LANDAU PRIZE IN Machinery, United States) Association) (IEEE Computational IMMUNOLOGY (Israel) YOSHUA BENGIO (Université MELISSA DELL (Harvard Intelligence Society) ERAN ELINAV (Weizmann de Montréal and Mila) Learning in University) Institutions, YOSHUA BENGIO (Université Institute of Science) Humans Machines & Brains and Canada Organizations & Growth de Montréal and Mila) Learning in & the Microbiome CIFAR AI Chair Machines & Brains and Canada EMERGING LEADER AWARD CIFAR AI Chair MIT TECH REVIEW GEOFFREY HINTON (Google, (Mark Foundation for Cancer INNOVATORS UNDER 35 Vector Institute and University Research, United States) IUPAC DISTINGUISHED (United States) of Toronto) Learning in Machines WOMEN IN CHEMISTRY OR & Brains HANNAH CARTER (University PRINEHA NARANG (Harvard of California, San Diego) Genetic CHEMICAL ENGINEERING University) Bio-inspired Solar YANN LECUN (Facebook Networks and CIFAR Azrieli (International Union of Pure Energy and CIFAR Azrieli AI Research and New York Global Scholar and Applied Chemistry) Global Scholar University) Learning in DAME CAROL ROBINSON Machines & Brains EPS PRIZE FOR LASER (University of Oxford) Molecular MOORE INVENTOR FELLOW SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS Architecture of Life (Gordon and Betty Moore ADELIS BRAIN RESEARCH (European Physical Society) Foundation, United States) AWARD (Adelis Foundation, KAMERLINGH ONNES PRIZE Israel) R. J. DWAYNE MILLER PRINEHA NARANG (Harvard (University of Toronto) (International Conference on the University) Bio-inspired Solar YANIV ZIV (Weizmann Institute Molecular Architecture of Life Materials and Mechanisms Energy and CIFAR Azrieli of Science) Azrieli Brain, Mind & of Superconductivity) Global Scholar Consciousness GOLD MEDAL OF THE ROYAL LOUIS TAILLEFER (Université de SWEDISH ACADEMY OF Sherbrooke) Quantum Materials N. R. SEN YOUNG ANDREW CARNEGIE ENGINEERING SCIENCES RESEARCHER AWARD FELLOWSHIP (Carnegie KILLAM PRIZE FOR THE (Indian Association for General Corporation of New York) TORSTEN PERSSON (Stockholm University) Institutions, HEALTH SCIENCES Relativity and Gravitation) MICHÈLE LAMONT (Harvard Organizations & Growth (Canada Council for the Arts) AJITH PARAMESWARAN University) Successful Societies STEPHEN SCHERER (Hospital (International Centre for GOVERNOR GENERAL’S for Sick Children, Toronto) Theoretical Sciences) Gravity & CAN YOUNG INVESTIGATOR INNOVATION AWARD (Canada) Genetic Networks the Extreme Universe and CIFAR AWARD (Canadian Association Azrieli Global Scholar for Neuroscience) JOELLE PINEAU (McGill University and Mila) Learning in KILLAM PRIZE FOR THE BLAKE RICHARDS (McGill Machines & Brains and Canada NATURAL SCIENCES NOVOZYMES PRIZE (Denmark) University and Mila) Learning in CIFAR AI Chair (Canada Council for the Arts) DAME CAROL ROBINSON Machines & Brains and Canada YOSHUA BENGIO (Université (University of Oxford) Molecular CIFAR AI Chair GRUBER COSMOLOGY PRIZE de Montréal and Mila) Learning in Architecture of Life (Gruber Foundation, United States) Machines & Brains and Canada CAP/DCMMP BROCKHOUSE CIFAR AI Chair PAVLOVIAN RESEARCH MEDAL (Canadian Association JOSEPH SILK (University AWARD (Pavlovian Society, of Physicists) of Oxford) Gravity & the Extreme Universe KILLAM RESEARCH United States) GRAEME LUKE (McMaster FELLOWSHIP SHEENA JOSSELYN (Hospital University) Quantum Materials (Canada Council for the Arts) HENRY NORRIS RUSSELL for Sick Children, Toronto) Azrieli LECTURESHIP (American MATT DOBBS (McGill University) Program in Brain, Mind CAP MEDAL FOR LIFETIME Astronomical Society) Gravity & the Extreme Universe & Consciousness ACHIEVEMENT IN PHYSICS (Canadian Association JOSEPH SILK (University MICIUS QUANTUM PRIZE POSTDOCTORAL of Physicists) of Oxford) Gravity & the Extreme Universe (Micius Quantum INNOVATION AND DOUG BONN (University Foundation, China) EXCELLENCE AWARD of British Columbia) (Carnegie Institution for HFSP CAREER DEVELOPMENT CHARLES H. BENNETT Quantum Materials Science, United States) AWARD (Human Frontiers of (IBM Corporation) Quantum Science Program, Europe) Information Science MARIA DROUT (University of Toronto) Gravity & the NAAMA GEVA-ZATORSKY GILLES BRASSARD (Université Extreme Universe and CIFAR (Technion) Humans & the de Montréal) Quantum Azrieli Global Scholar Microbiome and CIFAR Information Science Azrieli Global Scholar

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 57 PRIX ACFAS ADRIEN- SCIALOG FELLOW (Research WILHELM EXNER MEDAL WISSENSCHAFTSPREIS DES POULIOT (Canada) Corporation for Science (Austrian Association of STIFTERVERBANDS (Max LOUIS TAILLEFER (Université de Advancement, United States) Entrepreneurs) Planck Society and Stifterverband, Sherbrooke) Quantum Materials NATHANIEL GABOR (University THOMAS JENNEWEIN Germany) of California, Riverside) Bio- (University of Waterloo) Quantum WOLFGANG BAUMEISTER RAYMOND AND BEVERLY inspired Solar Energy and CIFAR Information Science (Max Planck Institute of SACKLER INTERNATIONAL Azrieli Global Scholar Biochemistry) Molecular GREGOR WEIHS (University of PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY (Israel) Architecture of Life GABRIELA SCHLAU-COHEN Innsbruck) Quantum Information CHRISTOPHER CHANG (Massachusetts Institute of Science (University of California, Berkeley) Technology) Bio-inspired Solar WISTEM2D SCHOLARS AWARD (Johnson & Johnson, Bio-inspired Solar Energy Energy WILLIAM JAMES FELLOW United States) AWARD (Association for RUTHERFORD MEMORIAL STEIN & MOORE AWARD Psychological Science, NAAMA GEVA-ZATORSKY MEDAL IN PHYSICS (Royal (The Protein Society, United States) (Technion) Humans & the Society of Canada) Microbiome and CIFAR Azrieli United States) JANET WERKER (University of Global Scholar ALEXANDRE BLAIS (Université DAME CAROL ROBINSON British Columbia) Azrieli Brain, de Sherbrooke) Quantum (University of Oxford) Molecular Mind & Consciousness and Child & WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM Information Science and Architecture of Life Brain Development Quantum Materials YOUNG SCIENTIST PRINEHA NARANG (Harvard University) Bio-inspired Solar Energy and CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar

HONOURS

FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN FELLOW OF THE ROYAL GABRIEL KOTLIAR (Rutgers CANADA RESEARCH CHAIR ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER SOCIETY OF CANADA University) Quantum Materials (In total, CIFAR researchers hold RESEARCH ACADEMY 28 Canada Research Chairs.) ANDREA DAMASCELLI GENE ROBINSON (University of ERIC WIESCHAUS (Princeton (University of British Columbia) Illinois, Urbana-Champaign) Child BRENDAN FREY (University of University) Humans & the Quantum Materials & Brain Development Toronto) Genetic Networks and Microbiome Learning in Machines & Brains PAUL FRANKLAND (Hospital AMIR YACOBY (Harvard for Sick Children, Toronto) Child & University) Quantum Information MARZYEH GHASSEMI FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN Brain Development Science (University of Toronto and Vector PHYSICAL SOCIETY Institute) Canada CIFAR AI Chair SHEENA JOSSELYN (Hospital YOICHI ANDO (University of for Sick Children, Toronto) NAMED AMONG 8 BEST GARY HINSHAW (University of Cologne) Quantum Materials Azrieli Program in Brain, Mind & YOUNG ECONOMISTS OF THE British Columbia) Gravity & the ALEXANDRE BLAIS (Université Consciousness DECADE (The Economist, UK) Extreme Universe de Sherbrooke) Quantum (Harvard MELISSA DELL LINDSAY LEBLANC (University Information Science and FELLOW OF THE SOCIETY University) Institutions, of Alberta) Quantum Materials Quantum Materials OF EXPERIMENTAL Organizations & Growth JOSEPH MACIEJKO (University HAE-YOUNG KEE (University of PSYCHOLOGISTS (United States) of Alberta) Quantum Materials Toronto) Quantum Materials MELVYN GOODALE (Western ORDER OF CANADA – University) Azrieli Program in COMPANION HOI-KWONG LO (University of Brain, Mind & Consciousness (Google Toronto) Quantum Information GEOFFREY HINTON and University of Toronto) Science HONORARY FELLOW OF Learning in Machines & Brains INGRID STAIRS (University of THE INDIAN ACADEMY OF British Columbia) Gravity & the SCIENCES ORDER OF CANADA – Extreme Universe SUBIR SACHDEV (Harvard MEMBER University) Quantum Materials ISABELLE PERETZ (Université FELLOW OF THE OPTICAL de Montréal) Azrieli Program in SOCIETY OF AMERICA MEMBER OF THE U.S. Brain, Mind & Consciousness HOI-KWONG LO (University NATIONAL ACADEMY of Toronto) Quantum Information OF MEDICINE ORDER OF THE BRITISH Science CHARLES A. NELSON (Boston EMPIRE – OFFICER Children’s Hospital) Child & Brain ADRIAN OWEN (Western FELLOW OF THE ROYAL Development University) Azrieli Program in SOCIETY (United Kingdom) Brain, Mind & Consciousness GREG SCHOLES (Princeton MEMBER OF THE U.S. University) Bio-inspired Solar NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ORDRE NATIONAL DU Energy SCIENCES QUÉBEC – CHEVALIER LEON BALENTS (University PHILIPPE GROS (McGill of California, Santa Barbara) University) Humans & the Quantum Materials Microbiome

58 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 APPENDIX B BOARD, COUNCILS & EXECUTIVE BOARD OF DIRECTORS The Board of Directors is responsible for the overall governance of CIFAR, and is composed of distinguished individuals drawn from the Canadian business, research and professional communities.

BARBARA STYMIEST (Chair) SCOTT BONHAM JORDAN JACOBS BRUCE H. MITCHELL Corporate Director, Toronto, Ont. Corporate Director, San Managing Partner & Co-founder, President and CEO, Permian Francisco, Calif. Radical Ventures, Toronto, Ont. Industries Limited, Toronto, Ont. ALAN BERNSTEIN, OC President & CEO, CIFAR JEAN-GUY DESJARDINS, JACQUELINE KOERNER GILLES G. OUELLETTE Toronto, Ont. CM Chairman & CEO, Fiera Capital Founder & Past Chair, Ecotrust Group Head, BMO Wealth Corporation, Montréal, Que. Canada, Vancouver, BC Management, BMO Financial ANTONIA MAIONI Group, Toronto, Ont. (Vice-chair) Dean, Faculty of Arts, OLIVIER DESMARAIS STEPHEN D. LISTER McGill University, Montréal, Que. Senior Vice-President, Managing Partner, Imperial LAWRENCE PENTLAND Power Corporation of Canada, Capital, Toronto, Ont. Former President, Dell Canada WILLIAM L. YOUNG Montréal, Que. and Latin America, Toronto, Ont. (Vice-chair) Chairman of the JASON MCLEAN Board,Magna International, BRENDA EATON President & CEO, McLean Group, HUGO F. SONNENSCHEIN Boston, Mass. Corporate Director, Victoria, BC Vancouver, BC President Emeritus & Distinguished Professor, University DAVID A. DODGE, OC MORTEN N. FRIIS A. ANNE MCLELLAN, PC, OC of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. (Immediate Past Chair), Senior Non-Executive Director, Royal Senior Advisor, Bennet Jones LLP, Advisor Bennett, Jones LLP, Bank of Scotland, Toronto, Ont. Edmonton, Alta. DAMON WILLIAMS Ottawa, Ont. CEO, RBC Global Asset ANTHONY R.M. GRAHAM PATRICIA MEREDITH Management, Toronto, Ont. Vice Chairman, Wittington Clarkson Centre for Board, Investments, Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Effectiveness, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.

EXECUTIVE TEAM CIFAR is led by Dr. Alan Bernstein, President & Chief Executive Officer. Dr. Bernstein reports to the Board and is responsible for developing and leading CIFAR’s overall strategic direction. Reporting to the President is the executive team.

DR. ALAN BERNSTEIN, REBECCA FINLAY DR. ELISSA STROME OC, OOnt, PhD, FRSC/MSRC Vice-President, Engagement & Public Policy Associate Vice-President, Research & President & Chief Executive Officer Executive Director, CIFAR Pan-Canadian DR. JOHN W. HEPBURN Artificial Intelligence Strategy PAULINE YICK Vice-President, Research & Partnerships Chief Financial & Administrative Officer CATHERINE RIDDELL KARA SPENCE Vice-President, Strategic Communications Vice-President, Advancement (to June 2019)

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 59 PRESIDENT’S RESEARCH COUNCIL The Research Council is made up of eminent scholars from a wide range of disciplines. It is responsible for advising the President & Chief Executive Officer on formulating, developing and establishing high quality advanced research programs, and on the closure of programs when their work is deemed complete.

DR. ALAN BERNSTEIN, OC NITA A. FARAHANY EDWARD MCCAULEY THOMAS SUGRUE President & CEO, CIFAR, Canada Professor of Law, Professor of President and Vice-Chancellor, Affiliated Faculty, NYU Wagner, Philosophy, Duke University, University of Calgary, Canada Professor, NYU Department STEVEN BECKWITH United States of Social and Cultural Analysis, Professor, University of California, ANTOINE PETIT United States Berkeley, United States MARIE-JOSÉE HÉBERT Chairman and CEO, CNRS, Vice-rectrice à la recherche, (Centre national de la recherche D. LORNE TYRRELL SUZANNE BERGER à la découverte, à la création scientifique), France Professor and CIHR/GSK Chair Raphael Dorman and Helen et à l’innovation, Université de in Virology, University of Alberta, Starbuck Professor, Massachusetts Montréal, Canada JOHN PRESKILL Canada Institute of Technology, United Professor of Theoretical Physics, States ANTONIA MAIONI California Institute of Technology, Dean of Arts, McGill University, United States KAY DAVIES Canada Dr. Lee’s Professor of Anatomy, RÉMI QUIRION Director of the MRC Functional ANDREW MAYNARD Scientifique en chef, Genomics Unit, University of Director, Risk Innovation Lab, Gouvernement du Québec, Oxford, United Kingdom Professor, School for the Future Canada of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University, United States

COUNCIL OF ADVISORS The Council of Advisors assists the Board of Directors and the President & Chief Executive Officer by providing advice and counsel, as requested. It is composed of engaged past members of CIFAR’s Board of Directors, of the Research Council, and past participants in research programs.

PETER A. ALLEN JAMES D. FLECK, CC DAVID W. KERR BETTE M. STEPHENSON, OC President, Mercator Investments President, Fleck Management Managing Partner, Edper Financial Former MPP & Cabinet Minister, Ltd., Toronto Services Ltd., Toronto Group, Toronto Government of Ontario, Toronto

JAMES C. BAILLIE PIERRE FORTIN MICHAEL M. KOERNER, CM ALLAN R. TAYLOR, OC Senior Counsel, Torys LLP, Toronto Professor Emeritus, Department of President, Canada Overseas Former Chairman & CEO, Royal Economics, Université du Québec Investments Ltd., Toronto Bank of Canada, Toronto PATRICIA A. BAIRD, OC à Montréal University Killam Distinguished JACQUES LAMARRE, OC VICTOR L. YOUNG, OC Professor Emerita, University of REVA GERSTEIN, CC Strategic Advisor, Jacques Former Chairman & CEO, Fishery British Columbia, Vancouver Chancellor Emerita, Western Lamarre Management Inc., Products International, St. John’s University, Toronto Montreal MONA BANDEEN, CM President & Trustee, S. M. Blair J. LINDSAY GORDON CLAUDE LAMOUREUX, OC Family Foundation, Toronto Chancellor, University of British Past President & CEO, Ontario Columbia, Vancouver, BC Teachers’ Pension Plan, Toronto PETER BENTLEY Director & Chairman Emeritus, ALLAN E. GOTLIEB, CC MARGARET NORRIE Canfor Corporation, Vancouver Senior Business Advisor, Bennett McCAIN, CC Jones LLP, Toronto Former Lieutenant Governor of WILLIAM R.C. BLUNDELL,OC New Brunswick, Toronto Corporate Director, Toronto MAXINE GRANOVSKY GLUSKIN MARTHA C. PIPER, OC EVAN V. CHRAPKO Trustee, Ira Gluskin and Maxine Past President & Vice-Chancellor, CEO, The Crystal Cougar Group of Granovsky Gluskin Charitable University of British Columbia, Companies, Edmonton Foundation, Toronto Vancouver

PIERRE DUCROS RICHARD F. HASKAYNE, OC J. ROBERT S. PRICHARD, OC President, P. Ducros & Associates, Chairman, Haskayne and Partners, Chairman, Torys LLP, Toronto Westmount Calgary STEPHEN TOOPE JOHN T. FERGUSON, CM GERALD R. HEFFERNAN, OC Vice-Chancellor, University Founder, Chairman & CEO, President, G.R. Heffernan & of Cambridge Princeton Developments Ltd., Associates, Toronto Edmonton C. WILLIAM STANLEY RICHARD W. IVEY, CM Former CEO, Fundy GEORGE A. FIERHELLER, CM Chairman, Ivest Corporation Inc., Communications Inc., Rothesay, President, Four Halls Inc., Toronto Toronto New Brunswick

60 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 DIRECTORS EMERITI The Directors Emeriti is an honorary group of former long-standing Board members. They are friends of CIFAR, who have chosen to stay involved with the organization to provide intellectual insight and strategic advice.

CHAVIVA HOŠEK PIERRE DUCROS RICHARD W. IVEY BARBARA RAE President Emerita J. EYTON THE RIGHT HONOURABLE ROBERT RAE ROBIN L. ARMSTRONG DAVID L. JOHNSTON HAIG FARRIS C.C., C.M.M., C.D. RAYMOND ROYER PATRICIA BAIRD PETER FARWELL THOMAS E. KIERANS GUYLAINE SAUCIER MONA BANDEEN ANTHONY FELL JACQUES LAMARRE ARTHUR SAWCHUK RALPH BARFORD FRASER M. FELL CLAUDE LAMOUREUX HUGH SEGAL PETER BENTLEY JOHN FERGUSON ARTHUR LAU HELEN SINCLAIR WILLIAM R.C. BLUNDELL GEORGE A. FIERHELLER J. LECLAIR BARBARA SPARROW BEVERLEY BRENNAN CHARLES FISCHER V. LEE ANDREI SULZENKO BRIAN CANFIELD BRIAN FLEMMING MARTIN LIPPERT ALLAN R. TAYLOR DAVID W. CHOI CLAUDE FORGET PETER C. MAURICE CAROLE TAYLOR EVAN V CHRAPKO PIERRE FORTIN ARTHUR MAURO PAUL TELLIER ROBERT CHURCH KENNETH GEORGETTI TRINA MCQUEEN STEPHEN J. TOOPE F. ANTHONY COMPER REVA GERSTEIN PETER NICHOLSON ILSE TREURNICHT ALLAN R. CRAWFORD IRVING GERSTEIN FRANK O’DEA NORMAN WEBSTER MAUREEN KEMPSTON DARKES MAXINE ROGER PARKINSON LYNTON WILSON GRANOVSKY GLUSKIN MICHAEL DECTER MARTHA C. PIPER CHARLES WILLIAMS J. LINDSAY GORDON ROBERT DEXTER FRED POMEROY DOUGLAS WRIGHT CHARLES GOLD JAMES F. DINNING GERARD J. PROTTI GERALD R. HEFFERNAN BRUNO DUCHARME

CIFAR PAN-CANADIAN AI STRATEGY NATIONAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE DOINA PRECUP (Chair) MYRIAM CÔTÉ ROGER GROSSE VALERIE PISANO Canada CIFAR AI Chair; Assoc. Director AI for humanity, Mila Canada CIFAR AI Chair; Asst. President and CEO, Mila Professor of Computer Science, Professor of Computer Science, McGill University; CIFAR Fellow; GARTH GIBSON University of Toronto; faculty ELISSA STROME Mila faculty member President and CEO, Vector member, Vector Institute AVP Research and Executive Institute Director, Pan-Canadian AI MICHAEL BOWLING GREG MORI Strategy, CIFAR Professor of Computing Science, RANDY GOEBEL Professor of Computing Science, University of Alberta; Amii faculty Professor of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University; Research PETER VAN BEEK member University of Alberta; Amii faculty Director, Borealis AI Vancouver Professor of Computer Science, member Co-Director Waterloo AI Institute, University of Waterloo

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE

SHIRLEY TILGHMAN, OC, FRS YANN LECUN SEBASTIAN SEUNG MAX WELLING Chair; President Emerita, Co-Director, CIFAR Program in Advisor, CIFAR Program in CIFAR Fellow, Program in Princeton University; United States Learning in Machines & Brains; Learning in Machines & Brains; Learning in Machines & Brains; Chief AI Scientist, Facebook Evnin Professor in Neuroscience, Vice-President Technologies, JENNIFER CHAYES Professor, New York University, Professor of Computer Science, Qualcomm; Research Chair in Technical Fellow & Managing United States Princeton Neuroscience Institute; Machine Learning University of Director; Microsoft Research New Chief Research Scientist, Amsterdam, Netherlands England, New York City ANTOINE PETIT Samsung, United States and Montréal Member, CIFAR Research Council; President, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), France

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 61 APPENDIX C CIFAR SUPPORTERS

CIFAR is grateful to its partners and donors for helping to connect the best minds for a better world. CIFAR BENEFACTORS The Benefactors Circle recognizes the extraordinary philanthropic commitments of donors whose cumulative giving exceeds $1M since 1985. INDIVIDUALS The late Gerald G. Hatch Richard W. and Donna Ivey Joseph Lebovic Charitable Fund Margaret and Wallace McCain at the Jewish Foundation of Jerry Heffernan Michael and Sonja Koerner Anonymous (1) Greater Toronto Richard M. Ivey

CORPORATIONS, FOUNDATIONS & INSTITUTIONS

Azrieli Foundation Henry White Kinnear Foundation Manulife R. Howard Webster Foundation BMO Financial Group Ivey Foundation Max Bell Foundation Scotiabank Canadian Pacific Limited J.W. McConnell Family MD Robotics Vale Inco Limited Foundation CIBC Molson Foundation Anonymous (1) LAC Minerals Limited Facebook Power Corporation of Canada Lawson Foundation Glencore RBC

CURRENT SUPPORTERS This list recognizes annual contributions to CIFAR between July 1, 2018, and June 30, 2019, and current multi-year commitments of $10,000 or more.

*indicates donors who have given consecutively for five or more fiscal years

VISIONARIES $1M AND ABOVE $500,000-$999,999 $100,000 - $499,999 Jon and Nancy Love Fund Jerry Heffernan Richard M. Ivey Chisholm Thomson at Toronto Foundation Family Foundation Richard W. and Donna Ivey Michael and Sonja Koerner Barbara Stymiest David A. Dodge The Lawrence and Judith Trottier Family Foundation Tanenbaum Family Foundation George A. Fierheller Joseph Lebovic Charitable Fund The Estate of Beryl M. Ivey at the Jewish Foundation of Céline and Jacques Lamarre Greater Toronto

LEADERS $50,000 - $99,999 $25,000 - $49,999 Olivier Desmarais Patricia Meredith and Peter Bentley Arrell Family Foundation Stephen Karam Richard and Donna Ivey Fund Bruce H. Mitchell Foundation John and Mary Barnett at Toronto Foundation Kara M. Spence The Young Fund at Hamilton Alan Bernstein and Donald K. Johnson The Whitmer Trudel Community Foundation JoAnn Breitman Charitable Foundation Stephen Lister and Val and Dick Bradshaw Dr. Molly Rundle

KNOWLEDGE CIRCLE $10,000 - $24,999 Charles Hantho and Eileen Alfred G. Wirth James C. Baillie Joanne Cuthbertson Alvin and Mona Libin Mercier Janet and Bill Young Bill Blundell Derek and Adrienne Fisher Foundation Jon and Laura Hantho William L. Young and Pierre Boivin John F. and Judith I. Brenda Eaton Joe Heffernan Ruth T. Dowling Helliwell Scott Bonham Morten N. Friis Sheryl and David Kerr Jim Hinds $5,000 - $9,999 Barnie Cowan Lindsay Gordon Julia and Gilles Ouellette James C. Baillie & Rosamond Ivey David Dime Anthony R.M. Graham Elizabeth Kocmur Lawrence Pentland and Suzanne Ivey Cook Charles Fischer and Nancy and Richard Hamm Nora Aufreiter Frank and Julie Barker

62 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 Barbara L. Jackson and Allan Taylor Rebecca Finlay and Gordon Koch The Linda Judith Reed Foundation W. Robert Keyes Daniel Trefler John Hepburn Gail Regan Jacqueline Koerner Jane M. Wilson Marietta Hurst Peter G. Schmidt A. Anne McLellan Carol D. Kirsh Dr. Ananth Seshan $2,000 - $4,999 Midloch Foundation Arnaud Bellens Vahan and Susie Kololian Michael and Renae Tims C. Douglas Reekie Peter Bowie Peter Kruyt John Vivash Brian Shaw Tim Casgrain Claude Lamoureux Anonymous (3)

FRIENDS $1,000 - $1,999 Joan Johnston UP TO $499 David S. Goldbloom, OC, Simon Miles Beverley Brennan David Angell MD, FRCPC Troy and Rosalyn Lloyd R. Posno Janet E. Halliwell Manthorpe Dr. Patricia Baird Linda Gu in memory of Elaine Richinger Sara L. Johnson David H. Laidley Jennifer Mauro Harry Baumann Donald Rickerd Joanne Harack John and Sidney Madden Robert McGavin and Kerry Eric Beaulieu Jameel Shaikh Adams Dennis Heller Roger and Maureen John Burnett Carol Smart Parkinson Troy and Rosalyn Russell Hiscock Tracey Church Manthorpe T. Ann Smiley Catherine Riddell Nancy Howe Amy Cook Dr. Ronald Pearlman Michèle Thibodeau- Penny Rubinoff Atsushi Iriki Vaughn DiMarco DeGuire Elizabeth and Hugo D. Lorne Tyrrell Michael Kalles Sonnenschein Lesley Evans Steve Weber Pauline Yick Margaret Lefebvre Elissa Strome Kate Geddie Marion York Catherine Letendre- $500 - $999 Guillaume Gervais Kelly Zorzi David Hartwick Perreault Anonymous (8)

CORPORATIONS, FOUNDATIONS & INSTITUTIONS $10,000,000 Power Corporation The Henry White Kinnear The W. Garfield Weston Flair Foundation of Canada Foundation Foundation AND ABOVE Jacobs Foundation Azrieli Foundation RBC Foundation Ivey Foundation Western University Brain Canada Foundation The Joan and Clifford through the Canada Brain Anonymous Magna International Inc. UP TO $99,999 Hatch Foundation Research Fund Bristol Gate Capital $100,000 - $999,999 Manulife KPMG LLP Partners $1,000,000 - $9,999,999 Arthur J.E. Child Max Bell Foundation MAIC BMO Financial Group Foundation Endowment Clairvest Group Inc. Fund at the Calgary Metcalf Foundation The McLean Foundation Facebook CPA Canada in honour of Foundation R. Howard Webster The Miriam Foundation Genome Canada John Helliwell Canada Life Foundation and the See Things My Gordon and Betty Moore Crabtree Foundation Way Centre for Innovation Genome British Columbia SDSN Association Foundation Fiera Capital Corporation in Autism and Intellectual Disabilities George Weston Limited GOVERNMENT CIFAR wishes to thank the following governments for investing in CIFAR’s global excellence and innovation. CANADA $25,000,000 AND ABOVE $2,000,000 - $9,999,999 GOVERNMENT OF CANADA GOVERNMENT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada Ministry of Health Canadian Institutes of Health Research GOUVERNEMENT DU QUÉBEC $10,000,000 - $24,999,999 Ministère de l’Économie et de l’Innovation GOVERNMENT OF ONTARIO Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et culture

$1,000,000 - $1,999,999 GOVERNMENT OF ALBERTA Ministry of Economic Development and Trade

INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT OF FRANCE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM Centre national de la recherche scientifique UK Research and Innovation Inria

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 63 APPENDIX D PROGRAM ADVISORS, FELLOWS & CIFAR AZRIELI GLOBAL SCHOLARS

AZRIELI PROGRAM IN BRAIN, MIND & CONSCIOUSNESS TIM BAYNE ROBERT KENTRIDGE ANIRUDDH PATEL LAUREL TRAINOR (Monash University, Australia) (Durham University, United (Tufts University, United States) (McMaster University, Canada) Senior Fellow Kingdom) Senior Fellow Senior Fellow Senior Fellow

AXEL CLEEREMANS SID KOUIDER ISABELLE PERETZ NICHOLAS TURK-BROWNE (Université libre de Bruxelles, (École normale supérieure, (Université de Montréal, Canada) (Yale University, United States) Belgium) Senior Fellow France) Senior Fellow Associate Fellow Senior Fellow

STANISLAS DEHAENE RAFAEL MALACH MU-MING POO LUCINA UDDIN (CEA, France) Senior Fellow (Weizmann Institute of Science, (Chinese Academy of Sciences, (University of Miami, Israel) Tanenbaum Fellow China) Associate Fellow United States) CIFAR Azrieli DANIEL DENNETT Global Scholar (Tufts University, United MARCELLO MASSIMINI MOR REGEV States ) Advisor (University of Milan, Italy) (McGill University, Canada) SANDRA WAXMAN Senior Fellow Tanenbaum Postdoctoral Fellow (Northwestern University, United MELVYN GOODALE States) Associate Fellow (Western University, Canada) Ivey JASON MATTINGLEY LISA SAKSIDA Fellow and Program Co-Director (University of Queensland, (Western University, Canada) JANET WERKER Australia) Senior Fellow Senior Fellow (University of British ATSUSHI IRIKI Columbia, Canada) Advisory (RIKEN, Japan) Senior Fellow DAVID MENON ANIL SETH Committee Chair (University of Cambridge, (University of Sussex, United SHEENA JOSSELYN United Kingdom) Advisor Kingdom) Senior Fellow ROBERT ZATORRE (Hospital for Sick Children, (McGill University, Canada) Toronto, Canada) Senior Fellow KATHERINE MCAULIFFE DAVID SHERRY Senior Fellow (Boston College, United States) (Western University, NANCY KANWISHER CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar Canada) Advisor YANIV ZIV (Massachusetts Institute of (Weizmann Institute of Technology, United States) ADRIAN OWEN CATHERINE TALLON-BAUDRY Science, Israel) CIFAR Azrieli Advisor (Western University, (École normale supérieure, Global Scholar Canada) Koerner Fellow and France) Senior Fellow Program Co-Director

BIO-INSPIRED SOLAR ENERGY FRASER ARMSTRONG NATHANIEL GABOR THOMAS MALLOUK RIENK VAN GRONDELLE (University of Oxford, United (University of California, Riverside, (Pennsylvania State University, (Vrije University Amsterdam, Kingdom) Advisor United States) CIFAR Azrieli United States) Senior Fellow The Netherlands) Senior Fellow Global Scholar ALÁN ASPURU-GUZIK PRINEHA NARANG ALEKSANDRA VOJVODIC (University of Toronto, Canada) SHARON HAMMES-SCHIFFER (Harvard University, United States) (University of Pennsylvania, Lebovic Fellow (Yale University, United States) CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar United States) Fellow Senior Fellow CURTIS BERLINGUETTE EDWARD SARGENT VIVIAN YAM (University of British Columbia, OSAMU ISHITANI (University of Toronto, Canada) (University of Hong Kong, Canada) Senior Fellow (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Senior Fellow and Heffernan China) Advisor Japan) Advisor Program Director CHRISTOPHER CHANG JENNY YANG (University of California, Berkeley, SHAFFIQ JAFFER GABRIELA SCHLAU-COHEN (University of California, Irvine, United States) Senior Fellow (Total American Services, (Massachusetts Institute of United States) CIFAR Azrieli United States) Advisor Technology, United States) Fellow Global Scholar RICHARD COGDELL (University of Glasgow, MARIO LECLERC GREG SCHOLES PEIDONG YANG United Kingdom) Advisory (Université Laval, Canada) (Princeton University, United (University of California, Berkeley, Committee Chair Senior Fellow States) Senior Fellow United States) Senior Fellow

CATHERINE DRENNAN KARL LEO YOGESH SURENDRANATH (Massachusetts Institute of (Dresden University of Technology, (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States) Germany) Senior Fellow Technology, United States) Senior Fellow CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar

CHILD & BRAIN DEVELOPMENT NANCY ADLER W. THOMAS BOYCE BRIAN DIAS ANNA GOLDENBERG (University of California, San (University of California, San (Emory University, United States) (Hospital for Sick Children, Francisco, United States) Advisor Francisco, United States) Senior CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar Toronto, Canada) Lebovic Fellow Fellow and Program Director ELISABETH BINDER PAUL FRANKLAND MEGAN GUNNAR (Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, DAVID CLAYTON (Hospital for Sick Children, (University of Minnesota, Germany) Advisor (Queen Mary University of Toronto, Canada) Fellow United States) Associate Fellow London, United Kingdom) Senior Fellow 64 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 TAKAO HENSCH JOEL LEVINE CHARLES NELSON MARLA SOKOLOWSKI (Harvard University, United States) (University of Toronto, Mississauga, (Boston Children’s Hospital, (University of Toronto, Senior Fellow Canada) Senior Fellow United States) Senior Fellow Canada) Weston Fellow and Program Co-Director DANIELA KAUFER THOM MCDADE CANDICE ODGERS (University of California, Berkeley, (Northwestern University, (Duke University, United States) STEPHEN SUOMI United States) Fellow United States) Senior Fellow Senior Fellow (National Institutes of Health, United States) Senior Fellow MICHAEL KOBOR MICHAEL MEANEY GENE ROBINSON (University of British Columbia, (McGill University, Canada) (University of Illinois, Urbana- JANET WERKER Canada) Senior Fellow Senior Fellow Champaign, United States) (University of British Columbia, Advisor Canada) Senior Fellow BRYAN KOLB SARA MOSTAFAVI (University of Lethbridge, Canada) (University of British Columbia, SIR MICHAEL RUTTER Senior Fellow Canada) Fellow (King’s College London, United Kingdom) Advisory Committee Chair

GENETIC NETWORKS BRENDA ANDREWS MAITREYA DUNHAM TIMOTHY HUGHES OLGA TROYANSKAYA (University of Toronto, Canada) (University of Washington, (University of Toronto, (Princeton University, United Senior Fellow United States), Senior Fellow Canada) Senior Fellow States) Senior Fellow

CHARLES BOONE DOUGLAS FOWLER JASON MOFFAT MARIAN WALHOUT (University of Toronto, (University of Washington, (University of Toronto, (University of Massachusetts, Canada) Senior Fellow and United States) CIFAR Azrieli Canada) Senior Fellow United States) Senior Fellow Program Co-Director Global Scholar CHAD MYERS ROBERT WATERSTON DAVID BOTSTEIN ANDREW FRASER (University of Minnesota, (University of Washington, (California Life Company, United (University of Toronto, Canada) United States) Fellow United States) Advisor States) Advisory Committee Chair Fellow FREDERICK ROTH HANNAH CARTER BRENDAN FREY (University of Toronto, (University of California, (University of Toronto, Canada) Canada) Senior Fellow and San Diego, United States) Senior Fellow Program Co-Director CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar PHILIP HIETER STEPHEN SCHERER ARAVINDA CHAKRAVARTI (University of British Columbia, (Hospital for Sick Children, (New York University, United Canada) Senior Fellow Toronto, Canada) Senior Fellow States) Senior Fellow

GRAVITY & THE EXTREME UNIVERSE LARS BILDSTEN DARYL HAGGARD ROB MYERS SCOTT RANSOM (University of California, Santa (McGill University, Canada) (Perimeter Institute for Theoretical (National Radio Astronomy Barbara, United States) CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar Physics, Canada) Associate Fellow Observatory, United States) Associate Fellow Senior Fellow MARK HALPERN JULIO NAVARRO ROGER BLANDFORD (University of British Columbia, (University of Victoria, Canada) JOSEPH SILK (Stanford University, United Canada) Senior Fellow Senior Fellow (University of Oxford, United States) Advisor Kingdom) Associate Fellow GARY HINSHAW BARTH NETTERFIELD J. RICHARD BOND (University of British Columbia, (University of Toronto, Canada) EVA SILVERSTEIN (University of Toronto, Canada) Canada) Senior Fellow Senior Fellow (Stanford University, United Senior Fellow States) Advisor GILBERT HOLDER LYMAN PAGE SARAH BURKE-SPOLAOR (University of Illinois, Urbana- (Princeton University, DAVID SPERGEL (West Virginia University, United Champaign, United States) United States) Advisor (Princeton University, United States) CIFAR Azrieli Global Senior Fellow States) Associate Fellow Scholar AJITH PARAMESWARAN WERNER ISRAEL (Tata Institute of Fundamental INGRID STAIRS MARK CHEN (University of Victoria, Canada) Research, India) CIFAR Azrieli (University of British Columbia, (Queen’s University, Canada) Distinguished Fellow Global Scholar Canada) Senior Fellow Senior Fellow VASILIKI KALOGERA JOHN PEACOCK SCOTT TREMAINE MATTHEW CHOPTUIK (Northwestern University, United (University of Edinburgh, United (Institute for Advanced Study, (University of British Columbia, States) Senior Fellow Kingdom) Associate Fellow United States) Advisory Canada) Associate Fellow Committee Chair VICTORIA KASPI UE-LI PEN MATT DOBBS (McGill University, Canada) R. (University of Toronto, Canada) NEIL TUROK (McGill University, Canada) Howard Webster Foundation Senior Fellow (Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Senior Fellow Fellow and Program Director Physics, Canada) Associate Fellow HARALD PFEIFFER MARIA DROUT LUIS LEHNER (University of Toronto, Canada) WILLIAM UNRUH (University of Toronto, Canada) (University of Waterloo, Associate Fellow (University of British Columbia, CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar Canada) Senior Fellow Canada) Associate Fellow E. STERL PHINNEY RICHARD ELLIS ADRIAN LIU (California Institute of Technology, SIMON WHITE (University College London, (McGill University, Canada) United States) Associate Fellow (Max Planck Institute for United Kingdom) Associate Fellow CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar Astrophysics, Germany) Advisor FRANS PRETORIUS GABRIELA GONZALEZ ARTHUR MCDONALD (Princeton University, United MATIAS ZALDARRIAGA (Louisiana State University, United (Queen’s University, Canada) States) Senior Fellow (Institute for Advanced Study, States) Advisor Associate Fellow United States) Senior Fellow

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 65 HUMANS & THE MICROBIOME MARTIN BLASER TAMARA GILES-VERNICK MARGARET MCFALL-NGAI HENDRIK POINAR (Rutgers University, United (Institut Pasteur, France) Senior (University of Hawaii, Manoa, (McMaster University, Canada) States), Advisor Fellow United States) Advisory Senior Fellow Committee Chair THOMAS BOSCH PHILIPPE GROS TOBIAS REES (Kiel University, Germany), (McGill University, Canada), MELISSA MELBY (New School for Social Research Senior Fellow Trottier Fellow (University of Delaware, United and Berggruen Institute, United States) Advisor States) Fellow STANISLAV DUSKO EHRLICH KAREN GUILLEMIN (King’s College London, United (University of Oregon, United JESSICA METCALF JANET ROSSANT Kingdom), Advisor States), Senior Fellow (Colorado State University, United (Hospital for Sick Children, States) CIFAR Azrieli Global Toronto, Canada) Senior Fellow ERAN ELINAV FRÉDÉRIC KECK Scholar and Program Co-Director (Weizmann Institute of Science, (Centre national de la recherche Israel), Senior Fellow scientifique (CNRS), France), MARK NICHTER PHILIPPE SANSONETTI Fellow (University of Arizona, United (Institut Pasteur, France) B. BRETT FINLAY States) Advisor Senior Fellow (University of British Columbia, ALEXANDER KWARTENG Canada), Senior Fellow and (Kwame Nkrumah University of SVEN PETTERSSON ERIC WIESCHAUS Program Co-Director Science and Technology, Ghana), (Karolinska Institutet, Sweden) (Princeton University, United CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar Senior Fellow States) Advisor NAAMA GEVA-ZATORSKY (Technion, Israel), CIFAR Azrieli LIPING ZHAO Global Scholar (Rutgers University, United States) Senior Fellow

INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS & GROWTH DARON ACEMOGLU ROBERT BOYD ELHANAN HELPMAN ROGER MYERSON (Massachusetts Institute of (Arizona State University, United (Harvard University, United States) (University of Chicago, Technology, United States) States) Advisor Distinguished Fellow United States) Advisor Senior Fellow and Founding Program Director MELISSA DELL TORSTEN PERSSON PHILIPPE AGHION (Harvard University, United JOSEPH HENRICH (Stockholm University, (Collège de France, States) Associate Fellow (Harvard University, United Sweden) Senior Fellow France) Senior Fellow States) Senior Fellow and Program Director DANIEL DIERMEIER GEORGE AKERLOF (University of Chicago, United KIM HILL MARIT REHAVI (Georgetown University, States) Senior Fellow (Arizona State University, (University of British Columbia, United States) Senior Fellow United States) Senior Fellow Canada) Fellow MAURICIO DRELICHMAN SIWAN ANDERSON (University of British Columbia, MATTHEW JACKSON KENNETH SHEPSLE (University of British Columbia, Canada) Fellow (Stanford University, (Harvard University, Canada) Associate Fellow United States) Senior Fellow United States) Advisor JAMES FEARON ROLAND BENABOU (Stanford University, United RUIXUE JIA GUIDO TABELLINI (Princeton University, United States) Senior Fellow (University of California, (Bocconi University, Italy) States) Senior Fellow San Diego, United States) Senior Fellow PATRICK FRANCOIS Associate Fellow TIMOTHY BESLEY (University of British Columbia, FRANCESCO TREBBI (London School of Economics & Canada) Senior Fellow SARA LOWES (University of British Columbia, Political Science, UK) Senior Fellow (Bocconi University, Italy) Canada) Fellow and Associate THOMAS FUJIWARA CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar Program Director MATILDE BOMBARDINI (Princeton University, United (University of British Columbia, States) Associate Fellow JOEL MOKYR DANIEL TREFLER Canada) Fellow (Northwestern University, United (University of Toronto, Canada) AVNER GREIF States) Advisory Committee Chair Senior Fellow (Stanford University, United States) Senior Fellow

LEARNING IN MACHINES & BRAINS PIETER ABBEEL KYUNGHYUN CHO ROB FERGUS SURYA GANGULI (University of California, (New York University, (New York University, United (Stanford University, United Berkeley, United States) Advisor United States) CIFAR Azrieli States) Senior Fellow States) Associate Fellow Global Scholar FRANCIS BACH ILA FIETE ZAID HARCHAOUI (Inria, France) Senior Fellow AARON COURVILLE (Massachusetts Institute of (University of Washington, (Université de Montréal, Technology, United States) Senior United States) Associate Fellow MARC BELLEMARE Canada) Canada CIFAR AI Chair Fellow (McGill University, Canada) and Fellow GEOFFREY HINTON Canada CIFAR AI Chair and Fellow CHELSEA FINN (Google and University of NANDO DE FREITAS (University of California, Berkeley, Toronto, Canada) Advisor, YOSHUA BENGIO (University of Oxford, United United States) Fellow Distinguished Fellow and (Université de Montréal, Kingdom) Senior Fellow Founding Program Director DAVID FLEET Canada) Canada CIFAR AI JAMES DICARLO (University of Toronto, Canada) AAPO HYVÄRINEN Chair, Senior Fellow and (Massachusetts Institute of Canada CIFAR AI Chair and Senior (University of Helsinki, Finland) Program Co-Director Technology, United States) Fellow Associate Fellow Associate Fellow LEON BOTTOU BRENDAN FREY KONRAD KÖRDING (Facebook AI Research, EMMANUEL DUPOUX (University of Toronto, Canada) (University of Pennsylvania, France) Fellow (École normale supérieure, Senior Fellow United States) Associate Fellow France) Fellow 66 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 SIMON LACOSTE-JULIEN BRUNO OLSHAUSEN BERNHARD SCHÖLKOPF ANTONIO TORRALBA (Université de Montréal, Canada) (University of California, Berkeley, (Max Planck Institute for Intelligent (Massachusetts Institute of Canada CIFAR AI Chair and Fellow United States) Senior Fellow Systems, Germany) Advisory Technology, United States) Committee Chair Associate Fellow HUGO LAROCHELLE PIETRO PERONA (Google and Université de (California Institute of Technology, TERRENCE SEJNOWSKI RAQUEL URTASUN Sherbrooke, Canada) Canada United States) Advisor (Salk Institute for Biological (University of Toronto, Canada) CIFAR AI Chair, Fellow and Studies, United States) Advisor Fellow Associate Program Director JOELLE PINEAU (McGill University, Canada) SEBASTIAN SEUNG PASCAL VINCENT YANN LECUN Canada CIFAR AI Chair and Senior (Princeton University, United (Université de Montréal, Canada) (Facebook AI Research and Fellow States) Advisor Associate Fellow University of New York, United States) Senior Fellow and DOINA PRECUP EERO SIMONCELLI YAIR WEISS Program Co-Director (McGill University, Mila and (New York University, United (The Hebrew University of DeepMind Montreal, Canada) States) Associate Fellow Jerusalem, Israel) Senior Fellow HONGLAK LEE Canada CIFAR AI Chair and Senior (University of Michigan, United Fellow JOSEF SIVIC MAX WELLING States) Associate Fellow (Inria, France) Senior Fellow (University of Amsterdam, The BLAKE RICHARDS Netherlands) Senior Fellow CHRISTOPHER MANNING (McGill University, Canada) ILYA SUTSKEVER (Stanford University, United Canada CIFAR AI Chair and Fellow (OpenAI, United States) Associate CHRISTOPHER WILLIAMS States) Associate Fellow Fellow (University of Edinburgh, United RUSLAN SALAKHUTDINOV Kingdom) Associate Fellow ROLAND MEMISEVIC (Carnegie Mellon University, RICHARD SUTTON (Twenty Billion Neurons Inc., United States) Fellow (University of Alberta, Canada) RICHARD ZEMEL United States) Fellow Senior Fellow (University of Toronto, Canada) MARK SCHMIDT Senior Fellow ANDREW NG (University of British Columbia, (Stanford University, United Canada) Canada CIFAR AI Chair States) Associate Fellow and Associate Fellow

MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE OF LIFE ROBERT AUSTIN DANIEL FIGEYS R. J. DWAYNE MILLER JOHN VEDERAS (Princeton University, United (University of Ottawa, Canada) (University of Toronto, (University of Alberta, States) Advisor Senior Fellow Canada) Senior Fellow and Canada) Senior Fellow Program Co-Director WOLFGANG BAUMEISTER SIHYUN HAM YUE WAN (Max Planck Institute of (Sookmyung Women’s University, KRZYSZTOF PALCZEWSKI (Genome Institute of Singapore, Biochemistry, Germany) Senior South Korea) Senior Fellow (University of California, Irvine, Singapore) CIFAR Azrieli Fellow United States) Senior Fellow Global Scholar LEWIS KAY MICHEL BOUVIER (University of Toronto, Canada) LOIS POLLACK TANJA WEIL (Université de Montréal, Canada) Senior Fellow (Cornell University, United (Max Planck Institute for Polymer Senior Fellow States) Advisor Research, Germany) Senior Fellow BRIAN KOBILKA KHANH HUY BUI (Stanford University, United DAME CAROL ROBINSON PAUL WISEMAN (McGill University, Canada) States) Advisor (University of Oxford, United (McGill University, Canada) Senior CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar Kingdom) Senior Fellow Fellow MING LEI OLIVER ERNST (Shanghai Institute of Precision DAVID STUART HYUN YOUK (University of Toronto, Canada) Medicine, China) Senior Fellow (University of Oxford, (Delft University of Technology, Senior Fellow and Program United Kingdom) Advisory The Netherlands) CIFAR Azrieli Co-Director RACHEL MARTIN Committee Chair Global Scholar (University of California, Irvine, United States) Senior Fellow

QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE SCOTT AARONSON HARRY BUHRMAN DAVID CORY PETER HØYER (Massachusetts Institute of (Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, (University of Waterloo and (University of Calgary, Canada) Technology, United States) The Netherlands) Advisor Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Associate Fellow Associate Fellow Physics, Canada) Advisory PAOLA CAPPELLARO Committee Chair STACEY JEFFERY CHARLES BENNETT (Massachusetts Institute of (Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, (IBM Corporation, United States) Technology, United States) JOSEPH EMERSON The Netherlands) Fellow Advisor Associate Fellow (University of Waterloo, Canada) Fellow THOMAS JENNEWEIN ALEXANDRE BLAIS ANDREW CHILDS (University of Waterloo, Canada) (Université de Sherbrooke, (University of Maryland, United DAVID GOSSET Fellow Canada) Fellow States) Senior Fellow (University of Waterloo, Canada) Fellow RAYMOND LAFLAMME GILLES BRASSARD RICHARD CLEVE (University of Waterloo and (Université de Montréal, Canada) (University of Waterloo, Canada) DANIEL GOTTESMAN Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Senior Fellow Senior Fellow (Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Canada) Senior Fellow Physics, Canada) Senior Fellow and Founding Program Director RAFFI BUDAKIAN WILLIAM COISH (University of Waterloo, Canada) (McGill University, Canada) Fellow PATRICK HAYDEN DEBBIE LEUNG Senior Fellow (Stanford University, United (University of Waterloo, States) Senior Fellow Canada)Fellow

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 67 HOI-KWONG LO ROBERT RAUSSENDORF GUIFRE VIDAL AMIR YACOBY (University of Toronto, Canada) (University of British Columbia, (Perimeter Institute for Theoretical (Harvard University, Associate Fellow Canada) Fellow Physics, Canada) Fellow United States) Associate Fellow

ALEXANDER LVOVSKY BARRY SANDERS THOMAS VIDICK ANDREW YAO (University of Calgary, (University of Calgary, Canada) (California Institute of Technology, (Tsinghua University, Canada) Fellow Senior Fellow United States) CIFAR Azrieli China) Advisor Global Scholar MICHELE MOSCA AEPHRAIM STEINBERG BEI ZENG (University of Waterloo and (University of Toronto, Canada) ANDREAS WALLRAFF (University of Guelph, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Senior Fellow and Program Co- (ETH Zürich, Switzerland) Canada) Fellow Physics, Canada) Senior Fellow Director Associate Fellow

MICHEL PIORO-LADRIÈRE BARBARA TERHAL JOHN WATROUS (Université de Sherbrooke, (RWTH Aachen University, (University of Waterloo, Canada) Canada) Fellow Germany) Associate Fellow Senior Fellow

DAVID POULIN WOLFGANG TITTEL GREGOR WEIHS (Université de Sherbrooke, (Delft University of Technology, (University of Innsbruck, Canada) Senior Fellow and The Netherlands) Senior Fellow Austria)Fellow Program Co-Director

QUANTUM MATERIALS IAN AFFLECK STEVE DODGE HAROLD HWANG JOSEPH MACIEJKO (University of British Columbia, (Simon Fraser University, Canada) (Stanford University, United (University of Alberta, Canada) Senior Fellow Associate Fellow States) Associate Fellow Canada) Fellow

YOICHI ANDO CLAUDIA FELSER TAKASHI IMAI ANDREW MACKENZIE (University of Cologne, Germany) (Max Planck Institute for Chemical (McMaster University, Canada) (Max Planck Institute for Chemical Associate Fellow Physics of Solids, Germany) Fellow Senior Fellow Physics of Solids, Germany) Advisor LEON BALENTS IAN FISHER STEPHEN JULIAN (University of California, Santa (Stanford University, United (University of Toronto, Canada) YOSHITERU MAENO Barbara, United States) Associate States) Associate Fellow Senior Fellow (Kyoto University, Japan) Associate Fellow Fellow JOSHUA FOLK CATHERINE KALLIN ALEXANDRE BLAIS (University of British Columbia, (McMaster University, Canada) JOCHEN MANNHART (Université de Sherbrooke, Canada) Fellow Senior Fellow (Max Planck Institute for Solid Canada) Fellow State Research, Germany) Advisor PATRICK FOURNIER HAE-YOUNG KEE IMMANUEL BLOCH (Université de Sherbrooke, (University of Toronto, Canada) ANDREW MILLIS (Max Planck Institute for Quantum Canada) Fellow Senior Fellow (Columbia University, United Optics, Germany) Associate Fellow States) Associate Fellow MARCEL FRANZ BERNHARD KEIMER DOUG BONN (University of British Columbia, (Max Planck Institute for Solid KATHRYN MOLER (University of British Columbia, Canada) Senior Fellow State Research, Germany) (Stanford University, United Canada) Senior Fellow Associate Fellow States) Associate Fellow BRUCE GAULIN COLLIN BROHOLM (McMaster University, Canada) YONG BAEK KIM SATORU NAKATSUJI (The Johns Hopkins University, Senior Fellow (University of Toronto, Canada) (University of Tokyo, Japan) Fellow United States) Associate Fellow Senior Fellow ANTOINE GEORGES JOHNPIERRE PAGLIONE DAVID BROUN (Collège de France, France) STEVEN KIVELSON (University of Maryland, United (Simon Fraser University, Canada) Advisor (Stanford University, United States) Associate Fellow Fellow States) Associate Fellow GUILLAUME GERVAIS ARUN PARAMEKANTI RAFFI BUDAKIAN (McGill University, Canada) Fellow GABRIEL KOTLIAR (University of Toronto, (University of Waterloo, Canada) (Rutgers University, United States) Canada) Fellow Senior Fellow MICHEL GINGRAS Associate Fellow (University of Waterloo, Canada CEDOMIR PETROVIC ROBERT CAVA Senior Fellow KARYN LE HUR (Brookhaven National Laboratory, (Princeton University, United (École Polytechnique and CNRS, United States) Associate Fellow States) Associate Fellow RICHARD GREENE France) Associate Fellow (University of Maryland, United CYRIL PROUST JUDY CHA States) Advisor LINDSAY LEBLANC (Laboratoire National des Champs (Yale University, United States) (University of Alberta, Canada) Magnetiques Intenses, France) CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar DAVID HAWTHORN Fellow Associate Fellow (University of Waterloo, Canada) ANDREA DAMASCELLI Fellow RUIXING LIANG SUBIR SACHDEV (University of British Columbia, (University of British Columbia, (Harvard University, United States) Canada) Senior Fellow JENNIFER HOFFMAN Canada) Senior Fellow Associate Fellow (Harvard University, United States) J.C. SÉAMUS DAVIS Associate Fellow GILBERT LONZARICH GEORGE SAWATZKY (Cornell University, United States) (University of Cambridge, United (University of British Columbia, Advisory Committee Chair RANDALL HULET Kingdom) Associate Fellow Canada) Senior Fellow (Rice University, United States) EUGENE DEMLER Associate Fellow GRAEME LUKE DOUGLAS SCALAPINO (Harvard University, United States) (McMaster University, Canada) (University of California, Associate Fellow Senior Fellow Santa Barbara, United States) Associate Fellow

68 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 JEFF SONIER JOSEPH THYWISSEN ANDRÉ-MARIE TREMBLAY CHRISTOPHER WIEBE (Simon Fraser University, Canada) (University of Toronto, (Université de Sherbrooke, (University of Winnipeg, Associate Fellow Canada) Fellow Canada) Senior Fellow Canada) Fellow

LOUIS TAILLEFER THOMAS TIMUSK JOHN WEI FEI ZHOU (Université de Sherbrooke, (McMaster University, Canada) (University of Toronto, Canada) (University of British Canada) Senior Fellow and Senior Fellow Associate Fellow Columbia, Canada) Fellow Program Director SENTHIL TODADRI HAI-HU WEN HIDENORI TAKAGI (Massachusetts Institute of (Nanjing University, China) (Max Planck Institute for Solid Technology, United States) Associate Fellow State Research, Germany) Advisor Associate Fellow

SUCCESSFUL SOCIETIES IRENE BLOEMRAAD JANE JENSON HAZEL MARKUS PRERNA SINGH (University of California, Berkeley, (Université de Montréal, Canada) (Stanford University, United (Brown University, United States) United States) Senior Fellow Associate Fellow States) Advisor Fellow

GÉRARD BOUCHARD KRISTI HEATHER KENYON PAUL PIERSON LEANNE SON HING (Université du Québec à (University of Winnipeg, Canada) (University of California, Berkeley, (University of Guelph, Canada) Chicoutimi, Canada) Advisor CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar United States) Senior Fellow and Senior Fellow Program Co-Director WENDY ESPELAND WILL KYMLICKA ANNE WILSON (Northwestern University, United (Queen’s University, Canada) FRANCESCA POLLETTA (Wilfrid Laurier University, States) Advisor Senior Fellow (University of California, Irvine, Canada) Fellow United States) Senior Fellow PETER GOUREVITCH MICHÈLE LAMONT (University of California, San (Harvard University, United States) PAIGE RAIBMON Diego, United States) Advisory Senior Fellow and Program (University of British Columbia, Committee Chair Co-Director Canada) Senior Fellow

DAVID GRUSKY KRISTIN LAURIN VIJAYENDRA RAO (Stanford University, United (University of British Columbia, (World Bank, Malaysia) Advisor States) Senior Fellow Canada) CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar WILLIAM SEWELL PETER HALL (University of Chicago, United (Harvard University, United States) PATRICK LE GALES States) Associate Fellow Associate Fellow and Founding (Sciences Po, France) Advisor Program Co-Director

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 69 APPENDIX E CANADA CIFAR AI CHAIRS

ALÁN ASPURU-GUZIK WILLIAM HAMILTON GUILLAUME RABUSSEAU (University of Toronto) (McGill University) Mila (Université de Montréal) Mila Vector Institute SIMON LACOSTE-JULIEN BLAKE RICHARDS JIMMY BA (Samsung & Université de Montréal) Mila (McGill University) Mila (University of Toronto) Vector Institute HUGO LAROCHELLE DANIEL ROY (Google Brain & Université de Montréal) Mila (University of Toronto, Scarborough & MARC BELLEMARE University of Toronto) Vector Institute (Google Brain & McGill University) KEVIN LEYTON-BROWN Mila (University of British Columbia) FRANK RUDZICZ Amii (Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, YOSHUA BENGIO St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto (Université de Montréal) Mila ALIREZA MAKHZANI & WinterLight Labs) Vector Institute (University of Toronto) JUAN-FELIPE CARRASQUILLA Vector Institute MARK SCHMIDT (University of Waterloo) (University of British Columbia) Amii Vector Institute AMIR-MASSOUD FARAHMAND (University of Toronto) LEONID SIGAL ANGEL CHANG Vector Institute (University of British Columbia) (Simon Fraser University) Amii Vector Institute IOANNIS MITLIAGKAS LAURENT CHARLIN (Université de Montréal) Mila JIAN TANG (HEC Montréal) Mila (HEC Montréal & Université de Montréal) Mila QUAID MORRIS JACKIE CHEUNG (University of Toronto) GRAHAM TAYLOR (McGill University) Mila Vector Institute (NextAI & University of Guelph) Vector Institute AARON COURVILLE SARA MOSTAFAVI (Université de Montréal) Mila (University of British Columbia) PASCAL VINCENT Vector Institute (Facebook AI Research, Montreal MURAT ERDOGDU & Université de Montréal) Mila (University of Toronto) SAGEEV OORE Vector Institute (Dalhousie University) BO WANG Vector Institute (Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Techna Institute SANJA FIDLER at the University Health Network & University (University of Toronto & N VIDIA) CHRISTOPHER PAL of Toronto) Vector Institute Vector Institute (Element AI, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal & Université de Montréal) Mila MARTHA WHITE DAVID FLEET (University of Alberta) Amii (University of Toronto, Scarborough) NICOLAS PAPERNOT Vector Institute (University of Toronto) FRANK WOOD Vector Institute (University of British Columbia) Mila ALONA FYSHE (University of Alberta) Amii LIAM PAULL JAMES WRIGHT (Université de Montréal) Mila (University of Alberta) Amii CHRISTIAN GAGNÉ (Université Laval) Mila JOELLE PINEAU (Facebook AI Research, Montreal MARZYEH GHASSEMI & McGill University) Mila (University of Toronto) Vector Institute PASCAL POUPART (University of Waterloo) Vector Institute GEOFFREY GORDON (Microsoft Research, Montreal DOINA PRECUP & McGill University) Mila (DeepMind, Montreal & McGill University) Mila

ROGER GROSSE REIHANEH RABBANY (University of Toronto) (McGill University) Mila Vector Institute

70 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 APPENDIX F HIGHLY CITED RESEARCHERS IN 2018/2019

Forty-one of CIFAR’s researchers have been identified as Highly Cited Researchers in Clarivate Analytics’ List of Highly Cited Researchers for 2018 (released November 2018.) This annual list recognizes influential researchers in the sciences and social sciences from around the world.

The 2018 list includes approximately 6,000 researchers — CIFAR researchers identified in 2015 and 22 in 2014. with roughly 4,000 researchers identified in specific fields, CIFAR’s Highly Cited Researchers for 2018 represent 11 and another 2,000 researchers identified across fields. These out of 13 CIFAR Programs (see table on the next page). scholars represent the most highly cited researchers in the sciences and social sciences over the 11-year period (2006- This year, Clarivate Analytics has added a new cross-field 2016). They are recognized for their exceptional research category in order to recognize researchers with substantial performance, authoring multiple highly cited papers. (Highly influence in several fields, but who do not have enough highly cited papers are defined as those that rank in the top 1% by cited papers in any one field to be chosen. Among CIFAR’s 41 citations for field and year in the Web of Science.)* Highly-Cited Researchers, 13 have been identified in this new Cross-Field category. As noted in the Executive Summary of Clarivate Analytics’ 2018 Report, the list “is a contribution to the identification CITATION SUPERSTARS of that small fraction of the researcher population that contributes disproportionately to extending the frontier and CIFAR Bio-Inspired Solar Energy Fellow Peidong Yang gaining for society knowledge and innovations that make the (University of California, Berkeley) is one of only 24 world healthier, richer, sustainable, and more secure.” researchers (or 0.6% of the Highly Cited Researchers identified in 2018) to appear across three fields. He is listed as a Highly Cited Researcher in Chemistry, Materials CIFAR MEMBERS ON THE 2018 LIST OF HIGHLY Science, and Physics. According to the Clarivate Analytics CITED RESEARCHERS report, the researchers named in three ESI fields are “... a Forty-one (or 11 %) of CIFAR’s current researchers (as of June group remarkable in both output and impact. The high 30, 2019) have been identified as Highly Cited Researchers level of performance of these two dozen warrants special for 2018. This is a slight increase from previous years with 28 recognition as citation superstars.”

CIFAR’S HIGHLY CITED RESEARCHERS BY PROGRAM

Quantum Materials Azrieli Brain, Mind & 11 Consciousness 2

Quantum Information Science 1 Molecular 6 Bio-inspired Architecture of Life 1 Solar Energy Learning in 41 TOTAL Machines & Brains*

Institutions, 2 Organizations 3 Child & Brain & Growth Development 4 Humans & the 7 Microbiome 2 Gravity & the Genetic Networks Extreme Universe

*Web of Science is predominately journal-based and may not be as valuable for fields that use alternate modes of dissemination or publish in journals that are not indexed by Web of Science. For example, While Geoffrey Hinton is on the Clarivate List of Highly Cited Researchers, Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun are not, despite having H-Indices of 146 and 117 respectively (at the time of printing).

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 71 HIGHLY CITED RESEARCHERS (2018): A SELECTION OF THE MOST-REPRESENTED INSTITUTIONS

INSTITUTION COUNTRY/REGION NUMBER HCRS (2018)

TOP 10 INSTITUTIONS REPRESENTED

1. Harvard Univ United States 186

2. Natl Inst Hlth USA United States 148

3. Stanford Univ United States 100

4. Chinese Acad Sciences China Mainland 99

5. Max Planck Society Germany 76

6. Univ Calif Berkeley United States 64

7. Univ Oxford United Kingdom 59

8. Univ Cambridge United Kingdom 53

9. Washington Univ St Louis United States 51

10. Univ Calif Los Angeles United States 47

OTHER NOTABLE INSTITUTIONS

MIT United States 45

Broad Institute United States 44

Johns Hopkins Univ United States 41

Univ British Columbia Canada 33

Yale Univ United States 31

Univ Toronto Canada 28

Caltech United States 25

HOW CIFAR COMPARES WITH OTHER cited researchers in the world, each with close to a INSTITUTIONS remarkable 300,000 and 200,000 citations, respectively. Boundaries, Membership & Belonging Fellow Will Kymlicka A list of the top 10 research institutions by their number of is also one of the most highly cited researchers with 63,769 Highly Cited Researchers is shown above, along with other citations. (Source: Google Scholar). notable mentions. CIFAR’s global community of fellows includes the most In 2018-2019, CIFAR’s community of researchers comprised highly cited and renowned researchers in the world. An 375 fellows, advisors and CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars. unequalled 11% are among the world’s most highly cited The number of CIFAR researchers on the Highly Cited researchers, and many more are recipients of the world’s most Researchers list (41) is comparable to other major institutions prestigious scientific awards and prizes. included in the list of Top 50 Institutions despite having a significantly smaller community of academic researchers. LEARNING IN MACHINES & BRAINS CIFAR is widely recognized for launching the current AI While we recognize that there is no single definitive tool for revolution. This year’s A.M. Turing Award winners, the measuring research excellence and that different citation “Nobel Prize” of the Computing Sciences — Geoffrey Hinton, practices are used across various fields of scholarship, the Yann LeCun and Yoshua Bengio — are all CIFAR members Highly Cited Researchers list is one among many useful and lead our program in Learning in Machines and Brains. resources that are used to acknowledge and identify CIFAR nurtured research during the “AI Winter” of the excellence. The criteria for inclusion in this listing are 1990s, supporting the founders of today’s AI revolution. relevant to only a fraction of CIFAR’s community of fellows. This rich history of excellence and risk taking are among the CIFAR’S COMMUNITY OF HIGHLY ingredients behind CIFAR’s catalytic role in launching the CITED RESEARCHERS AI revolution and why (in 2017) the government of Canada asked us to develop and lead the CIFAR Pan-Canadian CIFAR Learning in Machines & Brains Fellows Geoffrey Artificial Intelligence Strategy, the world’s first national Hinton and Yoshua Bengio are among the most highly AI strategy.

72 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 LIST OF CIFAR’S HIGHLY CITED RESEARCHERS (2018)

PROGRAM CIFAR CIFAR PROGRAM MEMBER MEMBERSHIP TYPE INSTITUTION FIELD TOTAL Azrieli Brain, Mind Stanislas Dehaene Senior Fellow Collège de France Cross-field 1 & Conciousness Lucina Uddin CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar University of Miami Neuroscience & Behavior 1 Total 2 Bio-inspired Solar Christopher Chang Senior Fellow University of Californa, Berkeley Chemistry 1 Energy Mario Leclerc Senior Fellow Laval University Cross-Field 1 Karl Leo Senior Fellow Technische Universität Dresden Cross-Field 1 Thomas Mallouk Senior Fellow University of Pennsylvania Cross-Field 1 Edward Sargent Program Director University of Toronto Materials Science 1 Peidong Yang Senior Fellow University of Californa, Berkeley Chemistry; Materials 1 Science; Physics Total 6 Child & Brain Nancy Adler Advisor University of California, San Francisco Social Sciences, general 1 Development Elisabeth Binder Advisor Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Cross-Field 1 Emory University Sir Michael Rutter Advisory Committee Chair King’s College London Cross-Field 1 Total 3 Gravity & the Richard Ellis Associate Fellow University College London Space Science 1 Extreme Universe Mark Halpern Senior Fellow University of British Columbia Space Science 1 Gary Hinshaw Senior Fellow University of British Columbia Space Science 1 Julio Navarro Senior Fellow University of Victoria Space Science 1 Lyman Page Advisor Princeton University Space Science 1 David Spergel Associate Fellow Princeton University Space Science 1 Simon White Advisor Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics Space Science 1 Total 7 Genetic Networks Aravinda Senior Fellow New York University, School of Medicine Molecular Biology 1 Chakravarti & Genetics Stephen Scherer Senior Fellow Hospital for Sick Children Molecular Biology 1 & Genetics Total 2 Humans & the Martin Blaser Advisor Rutgers University Cross-Field 1 Microbiome Stanislav Ehrlich Advisor INRA Biology & Biochemistry 1 B. Brett Finlay Program Co-Director University of British Columbia Microbiology 1 Liping Zhao Senior Fellow Rutgers University Cross-Field 1 Total 4 Institutions, Daron Acemoglu Senior Fellow Massachusetts Institute of Technology Economics & Business 1 Organizations Philippe Aghion Senior Fellow Harvard University; Collège de France Economics & Business 1 & Growth Total 2 Learning in Francis Bach Senior Fellow Inria Cross-Field 1 Machines & Brains Geoffrey Hinton Advisor University of Toronto Computer Science 1 Total 2 Molecular Brian Kobilka Advisor Stanford University Biology & Biochemistry 1 Architecture of Life Total 1 Quantum Amir Yacoby Associate Fellow Harvard University Physics 1 Information Science Total 1 Quantum Materials Leon Balents Program Co-Director University of California Santa Barbara Physics 1 Immanuel Bloch Associate Fellow Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics Physics 1 Doug Bonn Senior Fellow University of British Columbia Physics 1 Robert Cava Associate Fellow Princeton University Physics 1 Judy Cha CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar Yale University Cross-Field 1 Eugene Demler Associate Fellow Harvard University Physics 1 Claudia Felser Fellow Max Planck Institute for Chemical Cross-Field 1 Physics of Solids Ian Fisher Associate Fellow Stanford University Physics 1 Bernhard Keimer Associate Fellow Max Planck Institute for Solid State Cross-Field 1 Research Ruixing Liang Senior Fellow University of British Columbia Physics 1 Jochen Mannhart Advisor Max Planck Institute for Solid State Cross-Field 1 Research Total 11

GRAND TOTAL 41

CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 73 APPENDIX G PROGRAM SUPPORTERS

SUPPORTERS AZRIELI BRAIN, MIND CHILD & BRAIN INSTITUTIONS, PAN-CANADIAN & CONSCIOUSNESS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS & GROWTH AI STRATEGY Azrieli Foundation George Weston Limited BMO Financial Group Facebook Canada Life Canada Life Jon and Laura Hantho Government of Canada The Henry White Kinnear The Joan and Clifford Hatch RBC Foundation Foundation Foundation LEARNING IN MACHINES Richard M. Ivey & BRAINS The W. Garfield Weston CIFAR AZRIELI Bristol Gate Capital Partners Michael and Sonja Koerner Foundation GLOBAL SCHOLARS Facebook The Lawrence and Judith (one anonymous donor) Azrieli Foundation Tanenbaum Family Foundation Céline and Jacques Lamarre Love Family Leadership GRAVITY & THE Development Fund BIO-INSPIRED EXTREME UNIVERSE MOLECULAR (one anonymous donor) SOLAR ENERGY R. Howard Webster Foundation ARCHITECTURE OF LIFE Arthur J.E. Child Foundation Canada Life Endowment Fund at the Calgary GENETIC NETWORKS Foundation Canada Life KNOWLEDGE MOBILIZATION Chisholm Thomson Family SUCCESSFUL SOCIETIES Crabtree Foundation Foundation HUMANS & THE MICROBIOME BMO Financial Group Canada Life Charles Hantho Canada Life SDSN Association Jerry and Geraldine Heffernan Manulife (one anonymous donor) Ivey Foundation Trottier Family Foundation Max Bell Foundation (one anonymous donor) Metcalf Foundation

PARTNERS AZRIELI BRAIN, MIND HUMANS & THE MICROBIOME QUANTUM MATERIALS & CONSCIOUSNESS Brain Canada Foundation through Gordon and Betty Moore Brain Canada Foundation through the Canada Brain Research Fund Foundation the Canada Brain Research Fund Fonds de recherche du Québec – Western University Santé (FRQS) Genome British Columbia BIO-INSPIRED Genome Canada SOLAR ENERGY Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies (FRQNT) LEARNING IN MACHINES & BRAINS Genome Canada Brain Canada Foundation through Ontario Genomics the Canada Brain Research Fund Inria

74 | CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 Foo

SELECTED RESEARCH CITATIONS

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CIFAR Annual Report 2018 - 2019 | 75 PHOTO CREDITS

Cover: istock.com Pages 2 & 3: Michelle Bozzetto Page 5: Karen Whylie Page 6: Courtesy of the University of Toronto Page 9: Jen Steele Pages 10 to 24: Program illustrations, Kotryna Zukauskaite Page 16: Stuart Bish Page 19: Courtesy of Aephraim Steinberg Page 20: Courtesy of Louis Taillefer Page 28: Courtesy of Association for Computing Machinery (magazine); photography: Alexander Berg Page 31: Courtesy of C2 Montreal, photograph: S. Agnieszka Page 32: Courtesy of Candice Odgers Pages 36 & 37: Michelle - Andrea Girouard Page 40: Martina Lang Pages 42 & 43: Illustrations, Kotryna Zukauskaite Page 44: Karen Whylie Page 47: CIFAR archives Page 48: Courtesy of OSMO Foundation Page 51: Karen Whylie Centre MaRS, tour Ouest 661, av. University, bureau 505 Toronto (Ontario) M5G 1M1 cifar.ca/fr

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