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Symbol of Conquest, Alliance, and Hegemony
SYMBOL OF CONQUEST, ALLIANCE, AND HEGEMONY: THE IMAGE OF THE CROSS IN COLONIAL MEXICO by ZACHARY WINGERD Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON August 2008 Copyright © by Zachary Wingerd 2008 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I offer thanks to Dr. Dennis Reinhartz, Dr. Kenneth Philp, Dr. Richard Francaviglia, and Dr. Joseph Bastien who agreed to sit on my dissertation committee and guide my research and writing. Special thanks are given to Dr. Douglas Richmond who encouraged my topic from the very beginning and as the committee chair actively supported my endeavor. May 1, 2008 iii DEDICATED TO MY LOVING WIFE AND SONS Lindsey, Josh, and Jamie iv ABSTRACT SYMBOL OF CONQUEST, ALLIANCE, AND HEGEMONY: THE IMAGE OF THE CROSS IN COLONIAL MEXICO Zachary Wingerd, PhD. The University of Texas at Arlington, 2008 Supervising Professor: Douglas Richmond The universality of the cross image within the transatlantic confrontation meant not only a hegemony of culture, but of symbolism. The symbol of the cross existed in both European and American societies hundreds of years before Columbus. In both cultures, the cross was integral in religious ceremony, priestly decoration, and cosmic maps. As a symbol of life and death, of human and divine suffering, of religious and political acquiescence, no other image in transatlantic history has held such a perennial, powerful message as the cross. For colonial Mexico, which felt the brunt of Spanish initiative, the symbol of the cross penetrated the autochthonous culture out of which the independent nation and indigenous church were born. -
Los Viajes Del Caballero Inglés John Breval a España Y Portugal: Novedades Arqueológicas Y Epigráficas De 1726
Los viajes del caballero inglés John Breval a España y Portugal: novedades arqueológicas y epigráficas de 1726 ALICIA M.ª CANTO* Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas (Arist., Nicom. I, 4; Cerv., Quixot., 2.51) RESUMENLa accidentada vida del caballero John D. Breval (c. 1680-1738), clasicista del Tri- nity College de Cambridge, conocido literato inglés y preceptor de nobles en el «Grand Tour», incluyó una etapa como militar y hombre de confianza del Duque de Marlborough. Como militar y preceptor, viajó al sur de Portugal y España en tres ocasiones, entre 1708 y 1716. A su paso por muchas ciudades del Alentejo y Andalucía tomó múltiples notas sobre sus anti- güedades y copió 49 inscripciones romanas, la mayor parte de las cuales por autopsia. En 1726, al publicar en Londres sus Remarks on several parts of Europe (dedicado al futuro conde de Cholmondeley), incluyó al final sus notas ibéricas, acompañadas de un nutrido aparato de textos antiguos y bibliografía de su época. En este trabajo presentamos, además de algu- nas novedades biográficas sobre el autor, la traducción al español de los citados capítulos, acompañada de nuestro estudio crítico. Los epígrafes y los detalles sobre ellos que transmite Breval resultan ser un valioso testimonio para nuevas lecturas, consideración de falsos como auténticos, etc. Nuestra investigación sirve, pues, para devolver a John D. Breval su buen cré- dito como transmisor de inscripciones romanas (damnatus por Theodor Mommsen y Emil Hübner en el CIL II), y junto con él también el del gran humanista portugués Andrés de Resende, muchas veces tachado de falsario, a nuestro juicio injustamente. -
The Jewish Fifth Column in the Clergy
PLOT AGAINST THE CHURCH: PART 4 THE JEWISH FIFTH COLUMN IN THE CLERGY By Maurice Pinay (1962) This volume includes sections IV, of Pinay's 'Plot Against the Church', which address the infiltration of the clergy by Occult secret societies. It was written before Vatican II in order to address the threat to the Church posed by the council. The book makes an excellent case using Church documents and 'Jewish histories', that the conspiracy to corrupt the Church from within has been active for over 2000 years. The long-standing conflict between occult infiltrators and Catholics has largely been ignored by Catholic historians. This is an important corrective. This version was translated from the original German and Spanish editions. Maurice Pinay is a pseudonym for the real authors, for a group of anonymous Catholic Bishops TABLE OF CONTENTS THE OCTOPUS STRANGLING CHRISTIANITY ........................................................................................ 4 ORIGIN OF THE "FIFTH COLUMN" ......................................................................................................... 6 THE FIFTH COLUMN IN ACTION .......................................................................................................... 12 JEWRY, FATHER OF THE GNOSTICS ................................................................................................... 18 THE JEW ARIUS AND HIS HERESY ..................................................................................................... 26 THE JEWS AS ALLIES OF JULIAN THE APOSTATE .............................................................................. -
Portuguese History Storyboard
Portuguese history storyboard Cláudia Martins [email protected] Instituto Politécnico de Bragança Escola Superior de Educação Abstract This paper intends to present relevant facts about the Portuguese culture and history, so as to enable a better understanding of who the Portuguese are and provide an overall perspective of the course of history in this westernmost part of Europe. Although the choice of historical facts was subjective by nature, it is believed it achieves the aim of presenting information in a critical but blithesome way, with a view to also deconstructing national stereotypes, such as that Portuguese people are always late or are crazy about football. Finally, it focuses on some information about the Portuguese language mainly to serve as a term of comparison with other European languages. Keywords: Portuguese culture, Portuguese language, historical facts, national symbols and icons. Introduction This paper starts with providing a brief introduction to Portugal, by focusing on general information about aspects such as our governmental system and suffrage, national languages, territory and climate, literacy and education, and national 146 Elisabete Silva, Clarisse Pais, Luís S. Pais holidays. Then five historical events of the utmost importance for the history of Portugal will be referred to, namely the independence of the kingdom in the 12th century, the two main struggles to regain independence towards Spain due to the succession crises (in the 14th century and then in the 17th century), the liberal revolution of the 19th century, the birth of the Republic at the beginning of the 20th century and the right-wing dictatorship which was overthrown by the Carnation Revolution of 1974. -
Moorish Spain 711 to 1492 BATTLE of GUADALETE to FALL of GRANADA Era Summary—Moorish Spain
Moorish Spain 711 to 1492 BATTLE OF GUADALETE TO FALL OF GRANADA Era Summary—Moorish Spain The Moors of Spain—In 623 the followers of Mohammed began a campaign of conquest, and within sixty years were masters of Arabia, Palestine, Syria, Persia, Egypt, and all of North Africa. In many of these formerly Christian regions the people converted to Islam, and the Umayyad dynasty, based in Damascus, held sway. By 710, when Roderic came to the throne of the Visigoths as the result of a civil war, the region of North Africa directly across from Spain was held by Musa bin Nusair, an Arab general. Several Visigoth refugees, who had fled to North Africa, asked Musa to help them overthrow Roderic, so he sent an army under Tariq ibn Ziyad. A great battle was fought at the Guadalete River, and the Moors won an overwhelming victory against the divided Visigoths. Although several towns held out against the Moslems, there was no organized resistance, and within a few years the Moslems had captured almost all of the Peninsula and were working their way into Gaul. Their advance was checked, not by the Visigoths, but by the Franks, at the battle of Tours. The only region of the Spanish peninsula that held off the Moslem hordes was a mountainous region in the Northwest called Asturias, founded by Pelayo of Asturias, a Visigoth noble. The population of Asturias was not Visigoth however, but a collection of Roman Spaniards, Visigoths, Franks, and Suevis who fled from the Moslem persecutions. Forty years after the first establishment of the Moorish empire in Spain, there was a great civil war involving the leadership of the Caliphate of Damascus. -
The Rise of Spain
The Rise of Spain While southern and central Spain were under Arab rule, small, independent Christian states like Aragon*, Navarre*, Catalonia* or Castile* had survived the Muslim expansion in the shelter of the Pyrenees*. When the Christian sense of mission grew at the time of the Crusades*, it also showed effects on these states in the north of Spain. Freeing the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim control came 5 to be seen as a religious deed. Powered by this motivation and supported by struggles among leading Arab families, Christian reconquest (=the Reconquista) turned into a successful movement. Of course, the expulsion of the Arabs left space for new powers, so religious zeal was combined with political motives from the start. A brilliant example of this is Rodrigo Diaz, called “El Cid” (=Arabic for “Lord”). This marvellous knight had played a crucial role in the conquest of the important Arab city of 10 Toledo* in 1095. Soon after, however, he entered the Moors’ service because they granted him the lands he had conquered. In this way, El Cid was able to create his own kingdom of Valencia* on the east coast of Spain. However, soon after his death, Valencia’s military strength crumbled and the kingdom was integrated into Aragon. On the other hand, other newly developing kingdoms of the Reconquista proved to be long lasting. The best example is Portugal. In 1139, Alfonso proclaimed 15 himself king after he had inflicted a decisive victory on the Muslims in the battle of Ourique in the southwest of Spain. Originally, Alfonso had only been Count of Portucale* and a vassal to the king of Castile. -
Morocco in the Early Atlantic World, 1415-1603 A
MOROCCO IN THE EARLY ATLANTIC WORLD, 1415-1603 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Earnest W. Porta, Jr., J.D. Washington, DC June 20, 2018 Copyright 2018 by Earnest W. Porta, Jr. All Rights Reserved ii MOROCCO IN THE EARLY ATLANTIC WORLD, 1415-1603 Earnest W. Porta, Jr., J.D. Dissertation Advisor: Osama Abi-Mershed, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Over the last several decades, a growing number of historians have conceptualized the Atlantic world as an explanatory analytical framework, useful for studying processes of interaction and exchange. Stretching temporally from the 15th into the 19th century, the Atlantic world framework encompasses more than simply the history of four continents that happen to be geographically situated around what we now recognize as the Atlantic basin. It offers instead a means for examining and understanding the transformative impacts that arose from the interaction of European, African, and American cultures following the European transatlantic voyages of the 15th and 16th centuries. Though it has not been extensively studied from this perspective, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Morocco possessed geopolitical characteristics that uniquely situated it within not only the Islamic world, but the developing Atlantic world as well. This study considers Morocco’s involvement in the early Atlantic world by examining three specific phases of its involvement. The first phase lasts approximately one hundred years and begins with the Portuguese invasion of Ceuta in 1415, considered by some to mark the beginning of European overseas expansion. -
Aquilo a Que Se Convencionou Chamar De «Real»
_______________________________________________________ NÚMERO 2 | DEZEMBRO 2012 __________________________________________________________________ ÍNDICE Editorial Helder Godinho | Na morte de Gilbert Durand Joël Thomas | In Memoriam, Gilbert Durand (1921-2012): le jeu des harmoniques Traços Joël Thomas | Les intuitions de la civilisation antique, au miroir de la systémique et des neurosciences Yvette Centeno | A gema de ovo – O ovo alquímico Figuras Célia Pinto | Visões do fim no Sermão de Quarta Feira de Cinza de Padre António Vieira Isabel Barros Dias | Cartografia, Imagologia e Mapas antropomórficos. A imagem geográfica como ponto de encontro entre Ciência e Imaginário Izilda Johanson | Bergson - O imaginário e o trabalho de construção do real Marco Settimini | Voyance, croyance, connaissance: Rimbaud «critique» de la Science Margarida Santos Alpalhão | Enciclopédias, utopias e outras Imagens do Mundo Sérgio Prazeres | Significância e felicidade. Sistema significativo À Margem (em torno da música) Luís Carlos Gonçalves | Figuras do exílio em Milan Kundera Marie Ève Letízia | A Percepção do «Milagre» de Ourique no romance histórico contemporâneo Yvette Centeno | De Novalis (1772-1801) a Schubert (1797-1828) Yvette Centeno | Richard Wagner, o ciclo do Anel do Nibelungo 1 Actualidades do Imaginário Carlos C. Carreto | A rede CRI2i: para uma internacionalização dos estudos sobre o imaginário Notas de Leitura Ana Paiva Morais | Voix des Mythes, Science des Civilisations. Hommage à Philippe Walter - Fleur Vigneron & Kôji Watanable (dir.), (2012) Horácio Ruivo | Claude-Gilbert Dubois, Mythologies de L'occident. Les bases religieuses de la culture occidentale (2007) Isabel Barros Dias | Transports. Mélanges offerts à Joël Thomas - textes réunis par Mireille Courrént, Ghislaine Jay-Robert & Thierry Eloi (2012) 2 EDITORIAL CIÊNCIA E IMAGINÁRIO: DIÁLOGOS CRUZADOS Carlos F. -
Mortem Et Gloriam Army Lists Use the Army Lists to Create Your Own Customised Armies Using the Mortem Et Gloriam Army Builder
Army Lists Reconquista Contents Early Catalan and Aragon 988 to 1149 CE Taifa Andalusian 1017 to 1110 CE Feudal Navarrese 1035 to 1327 CE Feudal Castile, León and Portuguese 1037 to 1349 CE Feudal French 1046 to 1149 CE Almoravid 1054 to 1147 CE Almohad 1130 to 1269 CE Taifa of Murcia 1147 to 1172 CE Early Crown of Aragon 1150 to 1336 CE Northern Medieval French 1150 to 1337 CE Southern Medieval French 1150 to 1337 CE Medieval Granadine 1228 to 1492 CE Medieval Navarrese 1328 to 1379 CE Crown of Aragon 1336 to 1479 CE Medieval Castilian 1350 to 1476 CE Medieval Portuguese 1350 to 1500 CE Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder. There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted, and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Unless specified otherwise, all elements in a UG must be classified identically. Unless specified otherwise, if an optional characteristic is taken, it must be taken by all the elements in the UG for which that optional characteristic is available. 5. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. -
History, Nation and Politics: the Middle Ages in Modern Portugal (1890-1947)
History, Nation and Politics: the Middle Ages in Modern Portugal (1890-1947) Pedro Alexandre Guerreiro Martins Tese de Doutoramento em História Contemporânea Nome Completo do Autor Maio de 2016 Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em História Contemporânea, realizada sob a orientação científica do Professor Doutor José Manuel Viegas Neves e do Professor Doutor Valentin Groebner (Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät – Universität Luzern) Apoio financeiro da FCT (Bolsa de Doutoramento com a referência SFRH/BD/80398/2011) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the more than four years of research and writing for this dissertation, there were several people and institutions that helped me both on a professional and personal level and without which this project could not have been accomplished. First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Dr. José Neves and Dr. Valentin Groebner. Their support in the writing of the dissertation project and in the discussion of the several parts and versions of the text was essential to the completion of this task. A special acknowledgment to Dr. Groebner and to the staff of the University of Lucerne, for their courtesy in receiving me in Switzerland and support in all scientific and administrative requirements. Secondly, I would like to express my gratitude to all professors and researchers who, both in Portugal and abroad, gave me advice and references which were invaluable for this dissertation. I especially thank the assistance provided by professors Maria de Lurdes Rosa, Bernardo Vasconcelos e Sousa (FCSH-UNL) and David Matthews (Uni- versity of Manchester), whose knowledge of medieval history and of the uses of the Middle Ages was very important in the early stages of my project. -
Maritime Portugal and Renaissance Portraits of the Royal Court
Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective Volume 11 Number 1 Examining Complex Relationships in the Article 7 Portuguese Speaking World October 2016 Blending Myth and Reality: Maritime Portugal and Renaissance Portraits of the Royal Court Barbara von Barghahn George Washington University, Department of Fine Arts and Art History, Washington, DC, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi Part of the Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Art and Architecture Commons, and the Portuguese Literature Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Recommended Citation von Barghahn, Barbara (2016) "Blending Myth and Reality: Maritime Portugal and Renaissance Portraits of the Royal Court," Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective: Vol. 11 : No. 1 , Article 7. Available at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi/vol11/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Blending Myth and Reality: Maritime Portugal and Renaissance Portraits of the Royal Court Cover Page Footnote I only provide references, a very fine bibliography of sources. This article is available in Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi/ vol11/iss1/7 Barbara von Barghahn Journal of Global Initiatives Vol. 11, No. 1, 2016, pp. 9-42. Blending Myth and Reality: Maritime Portugal and Renaissance Portraits of the Royal Court Barbara von Barghahn George Washington University Abstract An incalculable loss of art was suffered by Portugal on November 1, 1755, when Lisbon was essentially leveled by a 9.0 earthquake that lasted six minutes and was followed by an immense tsunami. -
Tour Extension Itinerary – 'Western Andalucia' Overview
Tour Extension Itinerary – ‘Western Andalucia’ 3 days/3 nights Overview Our ‘Western Andalucía’ extension takes you to the area of Andalucía near the Portuguese Border, the Cities of Jerez de la Fronter ‘Jerez’, Cadiz, Arcos de la Frontera before returning for a final night in Málaga. Day 1: JEREZ After breakfast we depart for Jerez. Famous for Sherry, Flamenco and Andalucian Horses, Jerez is the 5th largest City in Andalucia. Jerez de la Frontera, or simply Jerez, is most definitely known for its production of Sherry in the Bodegas that dot the City and from the vineyards in the surrounding countryside. Wealthy merchants built palatial mansions in the centre of the City and their Sherry & Brandy Bodegas were established close by. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Vandals and the Visigoths ruled it until the Arabs conquered the area in 711. In the 11th century it briefly became the seat of an independent Taifa. Some years later 'Abdun ibn Muhammad united it with Arcos and ruled both until in 1053 it was annexed to Seville. In the 12th and 13th Centuries, when the Almohads conquered the city, Jerez underwent a period of great development, building its defence system and setting the current street layout of the old town. In 1231 the Battle of Jerez took place within the town's vicinity, Christian troops under the command of Álvaro Pérez de Castro, lord of the House of Castro and grandson of Alfonso VII, King of Castile and León, defeated the troops of the Emir Ibn Hud, despite the numerical superiority of the latter.