Los Viajes Del Caballero Inglés John Breval a España Y Portugal: Novedades Arqueológicas Y Epigráficas De 1726

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Los Viajes Del Caballero Inglés John Breval a España Y Portugal: Novedades Arqueológicas Y Epigráficas De 1726 Los viajes del caballero inglés John Breval a España y Portugal: novedades arqueológicas y epigráficas de 1726 ALICIA M.ª CANTO* Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas (Arist., Nicom. I, 4; Cerv., Quixot., 2.51) RESUMENLa accidentada vida del caballero John D. Breval (c. 1680-1738), clasicista del Tri- nity College de Cambridge, conocido literato inglés y preceptor de nobles en el «Grand Tour», incluyó una etapa como militar y hombre de confianza del Duque de Marlborough. Como militar y preceptor, viajó al sur de Portugal y España en tres ocasiones, entre 1708 y 1716. A su paso por muchas ciudades del Alentejo y Andalucía tomó múltiples notas sobre sus anti- güedades y copió 49 inscripciones romanas, la mayor parte de las cuales por autopsia. En 1726, al publicar en Londres sus Remarks on several parts of Europe (dedicado al futuro conde de Cholmondeley), incluyó al final sus notas ibéricas, acompañadas de un nutrido aparato de textos antiguos y bibliografía de su época. En este trabajo presentamos, además de algu- nas novedades biográficas sobre el autor, la traducción al español de los citados capítulos, acompañada de nuestro estudio crítico. Los epígrafes y los detalles sobre ellos que transmite Breval resultan ser un valioso testimonio para nuevas lecturas, consideración de falsos como auténticos, etc. Nuestra investigación sirve, pues, para devolver a John D. Breval su buen cré- dito como transmisor de inscripciones romanas (damnatus por Theodor Mommsen y Emil Hübner en el CIL II), y junto con él también el del gran humanista portugués Andrés de Resende, muchas veces tachado de falsario, a nuestro juicio injustamente. Otras conclusio- nes de posible interés para Portugal se producen aquí, como poder precisar cerca de Beja el debatido escenario de la batalla de Ourique (1139), o recordar un poco conocido documento que demostraría que el rey don Sebastián I no murió realmente en la batalla de Alcazarqui- vir, el 4 de agosto de 1578. ABSTRACTJohn D. Breval, Esq. (c. 1680-1738) was an English classicist and writer, based at the Trinity College, Cambridge. His eventful life as a soldier and right-hand man of the Duke of Marlborough, and later as mentor of various aristocrats during the “Grand Tour”, took him to the south of Portugal and Spain on three different occasions, between 1708 and 1716. During these expeditions he visited several cities of the Alentejo and Andalusia, where he took detailed notes of its antiquities and depicted 49 Roman inscriptions. In his Remarks REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE Arqueologia.volume 7.número 2.2004,p.265-364 265 Alicia M.ª Canto Los viajes del caballero inglés John Breval a España y Portugal:novedades arqueológicas y epigráficas de 1726 on Several Parts of Europe (1726), dedicated to the future count of Cholmondeley, Breval pub- lished his Iberian notes, accompanied by a nourished collection of ancient texts and con- temporary bibliography. This paper presents, amongst some biographical novelties about Breval, the Spanish translation and critical review of these Iberian chapters. The accurate and detailed information that Breval offers on the epigraphs has served as invaluable testimony for new readings, and to consider as authentic inscriptions that were believed to be false. This research rebuts the unfounded judgments made by Theodor Mommsen and Emil Hübner (in CIL II) and re-establishes John D. Breval as a good transmitter of Roman inscriptions. Fur- thermore, it helps to refute some groundless attacks made on the great Portuguese huma- nist André de Resende, often critiziced as a falsifier by other researchers. Further conclusions of possible interest to Portugal are also presented here. This includes the location of the debated scene of the battle of Ourique (1139) near Beja, and the recovery of a relatively unknown document that appears to demonstrate that King Sebastián I of Portugal did not die in the battle of Al Kasr al Kebir (4th August 1578) as has been widely accepted. 1. Introducción REMARKS on several PARTS of EUROPE: Relating chiefly to the HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES and GEO- GRAPHY, of THOSE COUNTRIES through which the AUTHOR has travel’d; AS France, the Low Coun- tries, Lorrain, Alsatia, Germany, Savoy, Tirol, Switzerland, Italy, Spain and Portugal. Illustrated with Several MAPS, PLANS, and above Forty COPPER PLATES. Tal fue el largo título que, al uso de la época, eligió John D. Breval, Esq., antiguo miembro del Trinity College de Cambridge, para la obra, dividida en dos parts o libros y con cerca de 40 graba- dos en planchas de cobre, que publicó en 1726 en Londres, en la imprenta que Bernard Lin- tot tenía en la Fleetstreet, at the Cross-keys between the Temple-Gates (Fig. I). Dedicaba su obra al Right Honourable George, Lord viscount Malpas, joven noble2 del que «había tenido la suerte de ser compañero de viajes» y preceptor. En efecto, al comienzo del libro II (que incluye una culta cita de Virgilio3), en la página frontera de estos créditos iniciales, un grabado muestra una escena de gabinete anticuario (Fig. II), de ambientación completamente grecorro- mana, que sin duda transcurre en un escenario real; en Cholmondeley Castle, según puede leerse en el plano que un Genius alado muestra a una benévola Minerva. Rodean a dos caba- Fig. I Página inicial del volumen II del primer tomo o entrega de las Remarks on several Parts of Europe de John Breval, London, 1726. Foto Biblioteca Nacional de España, sign. 3/74590. 266 REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE Arqueologia.volume 7.número 2.2004,p.265-364 Los viajes del caballero inglés John Breval a España y Portugal:novedades arqueológicas y epigráficas de 1726 Alicia M.ª Canto lleros estatuas, inscripciones en griego y latín, hermas, bustos, pequeños bronces escultóricos y monedas; quizá con ello se muestran muchos de los materiales que durante su periplo euro- peo el noble joven había adquirido y hecho tras- ladar a su país. Podemos suponer que el mayor de estos caballeros, de frente al espectador, es el preceptor y nuestro autor, John Breval. El más joven, que aparece de lado y señalando con un puntero algo sobre una estatua de Diana cazadora, ha de ser su benefactor y destinata- rio de la primera parte de la obra, el dominus del castillo y relevante aristócrata lord Malpas, futuro conde de Cholmondeley. La delineación de la lámina es de L. Che- ron, y el grabado de Elisha Kirkall, a quien se deben buena parte de los que ilustran esta pri- mera entrega. En ella relata sus Tours por los Países Bajos, norte de Francia, Alemania, Suiza, norte de Italia y, a partir de la pág. 312, las ano- taciones personales de tres viajes a España y Portugal, que realizó no como preceptor sino Fig. II Ilustración que acompaña a la anterior, grabada por como militar. El propio autor indica al intro- E. Kirkall, representando al autor, John D. Breval (de frente), escuchando al joven Lord vizconde de Malpas, futuro conde ducir el relato de la Península Ibérica lo que va de Cholmondeley, en el gabinete anticuario del castillo de este a ofrecer en él: «...la presente es en primer lugar título. Foto Biblioteca Nacional de España, ibid. una colección de fuentes antiguas y de monumentos poco conocidos para la mayoría de la Humanidad...». En 1738, el mismo año de la muerte de Breval, apareció un segundo volumen igualmente divi- dido en dos libros, cuyo título variaba4, y que incluía los comentarios y láminas de otros several Tours a partir de 1723, por Roma y sus alrededores, el sur de Francia y Sicilia. En esta ocasión lo dedicó al noble y erudito Charles, Duke of Richmond, Lenox and Aubigni (sic), nieto del rey Carlos II (que había sido protector de su padre). Ya en su título era también consciente de estar ofreciendo descripciones e ilustraciones de monumentos, sobre todo romanos, que hasta entonces nunca habían sido publicados; no en balde en la dedicatoria del vol. I (pág. V) indica expresamente que «the Investigation of Antiquity is my principal Aim throughout» y, de hecho, la de este autor británico resulta ser una de las mejores fuentes de información arqueológica para la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, y en lo gráfico muchas veces la única existente. El conjunto de las Remarks de John Breval compone uno de los más bellos, interesantes, y tam- bién pioneros ejemplos del género del viaje anticuario que muchos nobles y adinerados ingleses (como también franceses) supieron cultivar con esplendidez durante los siglos XVIII y XIX, y a los que debemos infinidad de noticias e imágenes de las antigüedades romanas de Europa y, más espe- cialmente, de España y Portugal5; dos naciones que en cambio, y por muy similares motivos, no se distinguieron en el campo de las crónicas viajeras, incluso por dentro de su propia nación6. Quizá el de John Breval sea también el más desconocido y el menos divulgado en ambos países7 a pesar de sus muchos valores, que lo harían muy digno de una reedición facsímil con las correspondien- tes traducciones, puesto que no sólo el texto, lleno de eruditas citaciones e interesantes descrip- REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE Arqueologia.volume 7.número 2.2004,p.265-364 267 Alicia M.ª Canto Los viajes del caballero inglés John Breval a España y Portugal:novedades arqueológicas y epigráficas de 1726 ciones, sino también algunas de sus láminas, son de gran interés tanto para nuestras arqueologías ibéricas como para la europea en general. Pero, mientras alguna institución lusa o española se anima a hacerlo8, valgan las presentes páginas para reivindicar la figura y la obra anticuaria, espe- cialmente la epigráfica, de este singular personaje. 2. John D. Breval: vida y obras Sobre la persona del autor, John Breval (c.
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