DOCSLIB.ORG

Portuguese History Storyboard

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Portuguese History Storyboard Portuguese history storyboard Cláudia Martins [email protected] Instituto Politécnico de Bragança Escola Superior de Educação Abstract This paper intends to present relevant facts about the Portuguese culture and history, so as to enable a better understanding of who the Portuguese are and provide an overall perspective of the course of history in this westernmost part of Europe. Although the choice of historical facts was subjective by nature, it is believed it achieves the aim of presenting information in a critical but blithesome way, with a view to also deconstructing national stereotypes, such as that Portuguese people are always late or are crazy about football. Finally, it focuses on some information about the Portuguese language mainly to serve as a term of comparison with other European languages. Keywords: Portuguese culture, Portuguese language, historical facts, national symbols and icons. Introduction This paper starts with providing a brief introduction to Portugal, by focusing on general information about aspects such as our governmental system and suffrage, national languages, territory and climate, literacy and education, and national 146 Elisabete Silva, Clarisse Pais, Luís S. Pais holidays. Then five historical events of the utmost importance for the history of Portugal will be referred to, namely the independence of the kingdom in the 12th century, the two main struggles to regain independence towards Spain due to the succession crises (in the 14th century and then in the 17th century), the liberal revolution of the 19th century, the birth of the Republic at the beginning of the 20th century and the right-wing dictatorship which was overthrown by the Carnation Revolution of 1974. Thirdly, it shall focus on a group of national symbols and icons that enhance the characterisation of the Portuguese people and their cultural and historical contexts. This choice of symbols and icons follows a European Union publication (López-Menchero & Milano 2011) intended to describe each of its nations. Finally, the last part will cover some basic aspects about the Portuguese language, namely where Portuguese is spoken and its varieties, the origins of the language and its Indo-European family, the alphabet it uses and some features of its phonological system in terms of consonants, vowels and diphthongs. As a final note, it should be emphasised that this paper is not a research paper based on Portuguese culture and language, but rather a very personal selection of historical and cultural issues that intends to provide an in-depth perspective of Portugal’s history throughout 6 centuries, without neglecting the modern times. Despite the conversational tone, academic concerns have been followed and information is to be considered trustworthy and reliable in historical terms. 1. Brief Introduction to the Country As a Portuguese citizen, it is quite a thorny issue to introduce one’s own country. Therefore, for the first image of Portugal, CIA Factbook (2012: online) was selected, which will aid us throughout this first introduction part: Following its heyday as a global maritime power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of its wealthiest colony of Brazil in 1822. A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of the next six decades, repressive governments ran the country. In 1974, a left-wing military coup installed broad democratic reforms. The following year, Portugal granted independence to all of its African colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered the EC (now the EU) in 1986. (CIA 2012: online) Portugal consists of a Republic, i.e. a government based on representatives and a president elected by the people, and comprehends mainland Portugal and the archipelagos of Madeira and Azores. It also included the African colonies and East Timor or Timor Lorosae until 1975 (though they were unlawfully occupied by Indonesia until they became a sovereign country in 2002) and Macau, which was finally ceded to China in 1999. Her well-known capital is Lisbon, as it always Teaching Crossroads: 7th IPB Erasmus Week 147 was during the period of the Portuguese empire, though there were times when the capital shifted to other cities, such as Coimbra. In administrative terms, it is divided into 18 districts: Aveiro, Açores, Beja, Braga, Bragança, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Évora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira, Portalegre, Porto, Santarém, Setúbal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real and Viseu, covering an area of 92,090 sq km and a coastline of 1,793 km. As far as the official languages are concerned, Portuguese and Mirandese must be mentioned. An interesting fact about our national language is that Portugal has always presented herself as a monolingual country, the oldest in Europe to have one common language for the whole of her population. However, when Mirandese came to be recognised as the second official language in 1999, there was no legal document to be found stating that Portuguese was the first official language of the country, perhaps explained by the fact that everyone took it for granted. It was only in 2004 in the Lei constitutional no. 1/2004 of 24th July, within the context of the 6th constitutional revision (article 11), that Portuguese was enshrined as the first official language of the country. However, the Portuguese sign language spoken by about 30,000 people has not yet been acknowledged as an official language, despite the fact that the Portuguese constitution states the following in the law referred to above: “Proteger e valorizar a língua gestual portuguesa, enquanto expressão cultural e instrumento de acesso à educação e da igualdade de oportunidades” (DR I-A 2004: 4662) [to protect and appreciate the value of Portuguese sign language as a cultural manifestation and a tool to access education and equality of opportunities]. As for her climate, it is described as maritime temperate, usually cool and rainy in the north, and much warmer and drier in the south. For instance, while the north might bear 15ºC during the day, several places in the south will have splendid 20ºC. Nonetheless, there is also a difference between inland and coastal areas: Bragança often has 5 or 6ºC during winter days, whereas Porto will have 14ºC or 15ºC. This 10-degree difference can be understood in light of the mountain range of Marão that separates the region of Vila Real and the remaining of Trás-os-Montes (literally ‘behind the hills’), which also led to the widespread use of a proverb: “para além do Marão mandam os que lá estão”, that is ‘beyond Marão, those who are there are in charge’, as if they were unreachable, and maybe untamed, due to geological features. There are not many cases of natural hazards in Portugal, apart from volcanism in Azores, though sporadic occurrences of earthquakes can be accounted for, particularly in the south, such as the 1755 earthquake in Lisbon, preceded by a tidal wave. Portugal’s terrain is generally described as mountainous at the north of the Tagus River (rio Tejo) and rolling plains in the south. The main resources the country has to offer are fish, forests (i.e. cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land and hydropower (CIA 2012: online). Unfortunately, many of these resources, though still abundant, are 148 Elisabete Silva, Clarisse Pais, Luís S. Pais limited either because of European laws and restrictions, but also due to lack of national investment for the exploration of, for example, our fertile land or metals. The National Census conducted by Statistics Portugal (Instituto Nacional de Estatística) in 2011 states that our population is 10,561,614, of which 246,746 live in Azores and 267,785 in Madeira; 15% of the 10.5m people are between 0 and 14 years, 66% between the age of 15 and 64 and 19% 65 years or over (INE 2011: 11). In 2009, the Portuguese’s life expectancy was situated at the age of 79.2, though for males it was 76.1 years and for females 82.1, concurrent with the European average and tendency (PORDATA 2011: online). The ethnic groups are classified as Mediterranean stock, black-African descent immigrants, especially from the former colonies, since 1990, East Europeans and lately Chinese. In terms of religion, Portuguese are said to be mainly Roman Catholic, an impressive 94% of people, which is highly doubtful, and the remaining 6% for other religious beliefs. (CIA 2012: online) The literacy in Portugal, that is those who are aged 15 and over that can read and write, is of 93.3% – 95.5% males and 91.3% females (CIA 2012: online). This concept of literacy can be greatly criticised, since it does not cover the extent of the ability to read: is it to be able to interpret a text and be critical about it? Not to mention the ability to grapple with official documents. The Portuguese government is based on a Parliamentary Democracy, a system that nevertheless is turning out to be flawed and leading to a great deal of dissatisfaction, expressed in the high (and frightening) numbers of abstention at the several most recent elections. People are demanding a more participatory system, where they can actually see their governors fulfil their election promises and care for their interests and needs, which is not happening at present. Suffrage is universal and comprehends those over 18 years of age, a situation that only changed after the 1974 coup. In the 1934 “elections”, all autonomous citizens over 21 could vote and be elected; however, the illiterate could vote only if they had paid their taxes – the astounding amount of 100 escudos (the old currency) – and women could also if they possessed secondary education, a technical or higher education degree; this curtailment in clear violation of the law no.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Science of String Instruments
    The Science of String Instruments Thomas D. Rossing Editor The Science of String Instruments Editor Thomas D. Rossing Stanford University Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) Stanford, CA 94302-8180, USA [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4419-7109-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7110-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7110-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 Introduction............................................................... 1 Thomas D. Rossing 2 Plucked Strings ........................................................... 11 Thomas D. Rossing 3 Guitars and Lutes ........................................................ 19 Thomas D. Rossing and Graham Caldersmith 4 Portuguese Guitar ........................................................ 47 Octavio Inacio 5 Banjo ...................................................................... 59 James Rae 6 Mandolin Family Instruments........................................... 77 David J. Cohen and Thomas D. Rossing 7 Psalteries and Zithers .................................................... 99 Andres Peekna and Thomas D.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 17, 2011 448 the Portuguese Revolution of 1 December
    David Tengwall 448 The Portuguese Revolution of 1 December 1640: A Reappraisal David Tengwall Anne Arundel Community College In the last few years (since1990) it has been very interesting and also very encouraging to note the increase coverage/interest being given to the neglected topic of the Portuguese Revolution/Restauração, 1640-68 (Fernando J. Bouza Álvarez, Luís Miguel Oliveira Andrade, Fernando Dores Costa, Leonor Freire Costa, Mafalda Soares da Cunha, Eduardo d’Oliveira Franca, Rafael Valladares, and Lorraine White, among many others). Historians, political scientists, and writers in general, not only from Portugal but throughout the academic world, have begun to re-examine this very important military, political, and even economic event within the context of the seventeenth century. Very significant was the recently held conference at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy in December 2003 that set out to place the Portuguese uprising within the context of seventeenth century European revolutions. Using Jack Goldstone’s 1991 work, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World as a foundation, several of the attendees sought other “interpretations” of the Portuguese uprising. New interpretations have been produced regarding not only how this uprising could have taken place, but more importantly why. What were the motives that would compel Portuguese nationalists to risk virtually everything in a war against a country that, although in the midst of a major decline, was still a vastly superior country militarily, economically, and politically? As a result of a very fortunate meeting between professors Leonor Freire Costa and Mafalda Soares da Cunha and myself at the Society for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies Conference (Lexington, KY, 2006), a marvelous discussion/debate arose regarding the Portuguese Revolution/Restauração and João IV, and the realization (from all three of us) that there were possible varying interpretations regarding these and other topics centering around the uprising of 1640.
    [Show full text]
  • Portugal's Colonized Colonialism
    JOÃO M. PaRaSKEVa1 PORTUgAL’S COLONiZED COLONiALiSM A Prospering Calibanian Paradoxal Identity2 A PaRadOxIcaL IdENtItY In this chapter attempts to challenge a lethal commonsensical commonsense set of discourses and practices constructed by António Salazar’s dictatorship regime that ‘Portugal will always be an African nation.’ It is an analysis over the way ideology underlies social, cultural and political discourse and racist actions. In so doing we were able, not only to demystify how such despotic claim is deeply rooted within the very marrow of Portuguese capitalist colonial and neo-colonial strategy which was (and still is) framed by what we might call a ‘paradox identity framework,’ but also to denounce how curriculum content—via textbooks—has judicial record perpetuating an intricate reracializing political scaffold that positively tries to crystallize and legitimize a particular kind of western hegemony. We end our analyses claiming for the need to work within the critical race theory platform as a way to debunk the endemic western ‘we.’ In one of his flamboyant and ostentatious remarks the Portuguese dictator António Salazar claimed that ‘Portugal will always be an African nation.’ Such a despotic statement requires cautious consideration of two things in particular. First, it is important to understand in depth the reasons why António Salazar and ‘his regime[s of truth]’ claimed such an identity and, second, in understanding these reasons, one has to analyze how schooling has perpetuated what one might call a bizarre reracializing policy. A good way to start this radical critical analysis is to clarify specific political particularities of the Portuguese dictatorship epoch.
    [Show full text]
  • Portuguese Perspectives and Approaches
    GLOBAL FORUM ON MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT Manila, Philippines, 27-30 October 2008-10-22 Roundtable 1: Migration, Development and Human Rights Roundtable Session 1.2 EMPOWERING MIGRANTS AND DIASPORA TO CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOPMENT Portuguese Perspectives and Approaches 1- Introduction Portugal has had a long history of migration flows ever since it has initiated the maritime discoveries in the 15th century. Fundamental changes have occurred along all these centuries, making our Diaspora a true universal movement. In the last decades of the 20th century, Portugal witnessed a deep transformation in its population structure, and from a being a country of origin of migration, Portugal became also a hosting country. Apart from the increase in the number of immigrants, significant modifications in the structure of foreign nationals in Portugal occurred, going beyond the traditional scope of immigration model in Portugal. There are now immigrants coming from various continents - from Africa, and not only from the Portuguese Speaking African countries, from America, mainly from Brazil and Europe, mainly from Central and Eastern Europe. Over the last thirty years, our country has been faced with an ethnic and cultural diversity within its national borders, with the urgent need to adapt itself to a new reality. Given the cultural and social profile of the Portuguese people, its Diaspora history and its innate capacity to dialogue with other countries and cultures, it has been possible to develop a model of intercultural society, where the cultural and religious elements do coexist and interact. Migration is a multidimensional phenomenon that requires a holistic approach and Portugal is firmly committed to debate the maximization of the development benefits of migration.
    [Show full text]
  • Mouzinho Da Silveira and the Political Culture of Portuguese Liberalism
    This article was downloaded by: [b-on: Biblioteca do conhecimento online UL] On: 03 June 2014, At: 04:32 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK History of European Ideas Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rhei20 Mouzinho da Silveira and the Political Culture of Portuguese Liberalism, 1820–1832 Nuno Gonçalo Monteiroa a Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal Published online: 02 Jun 2014. To cite this article: Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro (2014): Mouzinho da Silveira and the Political Culture of Portuguese Liberalism, 1820–1832, History of European Ideas, DOI: 10.1080/01916599.2014.914311 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2014.914311 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
    [Show full text]
  • Exile, Diplomacy and Texts: Exchanges Between Iberia and the British Isles, 1500–1767
    Exile, Diplomacy and Texts Intersections Interdisciplinary Studies in Early Modern Culture General Editor Karl A.E. Enenkel (Chair of Medieval and Neo-Latin Literature Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster e-mail: kenen_01@uni_muenster.de) Editorial Board W. van Anrooij (University of Leiden) W. de Boer (Miami University) Chr. Göttler (University of Bern) J.L. de Jong (University of Groningen) W.S. Melion (Emory University) R. Seidel (Goethe University Frankfurt am Main) P.J. Smith (University of Leiden) J. Thompson (Queen’s University Belfast) A. Traninger (Freie Universität Berlin) C. Zittel (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice / University of Stuttgart) C. Zwierlein (Freie Universität Berlin) volume 74 – 2021 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/inte Exile, Diplomacy and Texts Exchanges between Iberia and the British Isles, 1500–1767 Edited by Ana Sáez-Hidalgo Berta Cano-Echevarría LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. This volume has been benefited from financial support of the research project “Exilio, diplomacia y transmisión textual: Redes de intercambio entre la Península Ibérica y las Islas Británicas en la Edad Moderna,” from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación, the Spanish Research Agency (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad).
    [Show full text]
  • Symbol of Conquest, Alliance, and Hegemony
    SYMBOL OF CONQUEST, ALLIANCE, AND HEGEMONY: THE IMAGE OF THE CROSS IN COLONIAL MEXICO by ZACHARY WINGERD Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON August 2008 Copyright © by Zachary Wingerd 2008 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I offer thanks to Dr. Dennis Reinhartz, Dr. Kenneth Philp, Dr. Richard Francaviglia, and Dr. Joseph Bastien who agreed to sit on my dissertation committee and guide my research and writing. Special thanks are given to Dr. Douglas Richmond who encouraged my topic from the very beginning and as the committee chair actively supported my endeavor. May 1, 2008 iii DEDICATED TO MY LOVING WIFE AND SONS Lindsey, Josh, and Jamie iv ABSTRACT SYMBOL OF CONQUEST, ALLIANCE, AND HEGEMONY: THE IMAGE OF THE CROSS IN COLONIAL MEXICO Zachary Wingerd, PhD. The University of Texas at Arlington, 2008 Supervising Professor: Douglas Richmond The universality of the cross image within the transatlantic confrontation meant not only a hegemony of culture, but of symbolism. The symbol of the cross existed in both European and American societies hundreds of years before Columbus. In both cultures, the cross was integral in religious ceremony, priestly decoration, and cosmic maps. As a symbol of life and death, of human and divine suffering, of religious and political acquiescence, no other image in transatlantic history has held such a perennial, powerful message as the cross. For colonial Mexico, which felt the brunt of Spanish initiative, the symbol of the cross penetrated the autochthonous culture out of which the independent nation and indigenous church were born.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Portuguese Royal Chronicles. Topics in a Discourse of Identity and Power
    Medieval Portuguese Royal Chronicles. Topics in a Discourse of Identity and Power Bernardo Vasconcelos e Sousa Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas Universidade Nova de Lisboa [email protected] Abstract It is only in the 15th century that the Portuguese royal chronicles assume their own unequivocal form. The following text analyses them as a discourse of the identity and power of the Crown. Three topics are selected by their importance and salience. These topics are the territory object of observation, the central subject of the narrative and the question of the authors of the historiographical accounts, or rather the position in which the chroniclers place themselves and the perspective they adopt for their description of events. Key words Portugal, historiography, medieval chronicles Resumo É apenas no século XV que a cronística régia portuguesa ganha a sua forma inequívoca. No texto seguinte analisam-se as respectivas crónicas como um discurso de identidade e de poder da Coroa. Assim, são seleccionados três tópicos pela sua importância e pelo relevo que lhes é dado. São eles o território objecto de observação, o sujeito central da narrativa e a questão dos autores dos relatos historiográficos, ou seja a posição em que os cronistas se colocam e a perspectiva que adoptam na descrição que fazem dos acontecimentos. Palavras-chave Portugal, historiografia, cronística medieval The medieval royal chronicle genre constitutes an accurate type of historiography in narrative form, promoted by the Crown and in which the central protagonist is the monarchy (usually the king himself, its supreme exponent). The discourse therefore centers on the deeds of the monarch and on the history of the royal institution that the king and his respective dynasty embody.
    [Show full text]
  • A Tale of Two Republics
    A Tale of Two Republics: Why Liberalism Succeeded in America but Faltered in Brazil Matthew Braz Honors 490: Senior Honors Seminar Professor Blais May 1, 2019 Braz1 The history of human civilization in the Western Hemisphere begins in when hunter gathers first stepped foot onto North America, and continued their march south to the tip of Patagonia. In a land diverse in geography and people, these human tribes would form new societies vying for resources to become the dominant power. And of all societies to flourish, the Mesoamerican civilizations including the Olmec and later the Aztec would rise as the most powerful empire in North America. South of Panama, the Inca would establish an empire in the Andes Mountains as the dominant power of South America. Yet the powerful Aztecs warriors and the high Incan forts would not withstand the guns nor devastating germs of European colonizers who would replace these native empires as the dominant power. Now it was the empires of Europe who were the true superpowers of the Western Hemisphere, establishing political, cultural, and economic control both continents. European colonialism would reshape the Western Hemisphere into a new world born from the ashes of Native People. Their former lands were fenced for European colonizers, of men and women who sought wealth that this new world provided. That wealth needed extraction, and so millions of enslaved people were chained and shipped from Africa towards the horrors of chattel slavery. The combination of these different people and cultures reshaped the Western Hemisphere, and the result of this clash of cultures is still evident today 527 years after Columbus arrived in Hispaniola.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Viajes Del Caballero Inglés John Breval a España Y Portugal: Novedades Arqueológicas Y Epigráficas De 1726
    Los viajes del caballero inglés John Breval a España y Portugal: novedades arqueológicas y epigráficas de 1726 ALICIA M.ª CANTO* Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas (Arist., Nicom. I, 4; Cerv., Quixot., 2.51) RESUMENLa accidentada vida del caballero John D. Breval (c. 1680-1738), clasicista del Tri- nity College de Cambridge, conocido literato inglés y preceptor de nobles en el «Grand Tour», incluyó una etapa como militar y hombre de confianza del Duque de Marlborough. Como militar y preceptor, viajó al sur de Portugal y España en tres ocasiones, entre 1708 y 1716. A su paso por muchas ciudades del Alentejo y Andalucía tomó múltiples notas sobre sus anti- güedades y copió 49 inscripciones romanas, la mayor parte de las cuales por autopsia. En 1726, al publicar en Londres sus Remarks on several parts of Europe (dedicado al futuro conde de Cholmondeley), incluyó al final sus notas ibéricas, acompañadas de un nutrido aparato de textos antiguos y bibliografía de su época. En este trabajo presentamos, además de algu- nas novedades biográficas sobre el autor, la traducción al español de los citados capítulos, acompañada de nuestro estudio crítico. Los epígrafes y los detalles sobre ellos que transmite Breval resultan ser un valioso testimonio para nuevas lecturas, consideración de falsos como auténticos, etc. Nuestra investigación sirve, pues, para devolver a John D. Breval su buen cré- dito como transmisor de inscripciones romanas (damnatus por Theodor Mommsen y Emil Hübner en el CIL II), y junto con él también el del gran humanista portugués Andrés de Resende, muchas veces tachado de falsario, a nuestro juicio injustamente.
    [Show full text]
  • TUNING a PORTUGUESE GUITAR's FINITE ELEMENT MODEL to a GIVEN SET of EXPERIMENTAL DATA Abstract 1 Introduction
    TUNING A PORTUGUESE GUITAR’S FINITE ELEMENT MODEL TO A GIVEN SET OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA Jorge Alberto dos Santos Luís1, Miguel de Matos Neves2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. ([email protected]) 2 LAETA, IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. ([email protected]) Abstract It is proposed an approach to the tuning the twelve strings of a Portuguese Guitar finite element model. This is motivated by the interest in predicting, in the design phase, what are the geometric characteristics including dimensions that allows to offer a certain set of modal characteristics, in this case focused on the first three frequencies associated with modes (0,0), (0,1) and (0,2) on the guitar's top. In addition to the top, it includes a part of the arm and twelve-string with the tuning methodology for tones B, A, E, B, A, D for the Portuguese guitar of Lisbon. As far as the author knowledge, there is not, in the current literature, a study with these characteristics, that is, a study linking the geometric modeling in Computer Aided Design (CAD) with modal analysis and pretension on the strings. The six pairs of strings are tuned to two decimal places, and the frequencies of the modes (0,0), (0,1) and (0,2) are fitted to the literature values. Based on the experimental work, carried out by other authors, this work has the objective to reproduce the behavior of tested guitars, through models created in CAD and tested by the Finite Element Method (FEM).
    [Show full text]
  • Romanesque Architecture and Arts
    INDEX 9 PREFACES 17 1ST CHAPTER 19 Romanesque architecture and arts 24 Romanesque style and territory: the Douro and Tâmega basins 31 Devotions 33 The manorial nobility of Tâmega and Douro 36 Romanesque legacies in Tâmega and Douro 36 Chronologies 40 Religious architecture 54 Funerary elements 56 Civil architecture 57 Territory and landscape in the Tâmega and Douro between the 19th and the 21st centuries 57 The administrative evolution of the territory 61 Contemporary interventions (19th-21st centuries) 69 2ND CHAPTER 71 Bridge of Fundo de Rua, Aboadela, Amarante 83 Memorial of Alpendorada, Alpendorada e Matos, Marco de Canaveses ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS omanesque architecture was developed between the late 10th century and the first two decades of the 11th century. During this period, there is a striking dynamism in the defi- Rnition of original plans, new building solutions and in the first architectural sculpture ex- periments, especially in the regions of Burgundy, Poitou, Auvergne (France) and Catalonia (Spain). However, it is between 1060 and 1080 that Romanesque architecture consolidates its main techni- cal and formal innovations. According to Barral i Altet, the plans of the Romanesque churches, despite their diversity, are well defined around 1100; simultaneously, sculpture invades the building, covering the capitals and decorating façades and cloisters. The Romanesque has been regarded as the first European style. While it is certain that Romanesque architecture and arts are a common phenomenon to the European kingdoms of that period, the truth is that one of its main stylistic characteristics is exactly its regional diversity. It is from this standpoint that we should understand Portuguese Romanesque architecture, which developed in Portugal from the late 11th century on- wards.
    [Show full text]