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12 Nations.Txt 3/25/2010 the Most Famous Ruler of This Country Won The

12 Nations.Txt 3/25/2010 the Most Famous Ruler of This Country Won The

12_Nations.txt 3/25/2010

The famous ruler of this country won the Battle of Velbuzd in 1330 and married a princess of the nation defeated there, Helen. Theodore Metochites arranged the marriage of the five-year-old princess Simonis to one ruler of this country. One ruler of this country changed his title after capturing Serres, and a despot of Serres, John Ugljesa (oog-lye- sha), joined his brother in defeat at the battle of Chernomen. That leader, Vukashin, had a son who died at the battle of Rovine while allied with Mircea (meer-chuh) the Old of . The most famous ruler of this land had the sobriquet "Silni," promulgated the Zakonik and allied with the Byzantine John Cantacuzenus before conquering and . That king was succeeded by his son Urosh, and himself succeeded his father Milutin. Famously ruled by Stefan Dushan, under Lazar Hrebeljanovic it would suffer defeat by the Ottomans at the field of Kosovo. FTP, name this country whose modern day capital is . Answer: Serbia (08Terrapin)

This kingdom broke the treaty of Tudilen when its king James I conquered Caudete and Villena. This kingdom was founded by the son of Sancho the Great, Ramiro I, who added to it the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. In 1591, Felipe II invaded this kingdom so as to suppress a revolt there. Alfonso V of this kingdom conquered Naples and Sardinia in the , and Alfonso I conquered , which became its capital. Its fueros were abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees of Philip V, as punishment for siding with Charles VI in the War of the Spanish Succession. This kingdom was joined with Catalonia and gained control of Navarre before the marriage of its king Ferdinand II to Isabella united this kingdom with Castile. For 10 points, name this Spanish kingdom, the homeland of Henry VIII's first wife. Answer: (08CC)

Mikhail Tukhachevsky and Semyon Budyonny saw defeat near this city, for which a code-breaking lieutenant was awarded the Virtuti Militari. The KOR movement started after a brutally ended strike in this city's district of Ursus, and the largest single massacre in the country this city is in happened in its district of Wola. Grigoriy Rosen assisted Hans von Diebitsch in a battle fought on the outskirts of this city, which saw the storming of the Belweder Palace in the prelude to the centered here. The Henrician Articles included the articles of the namesake Confederation of this city, which was the center of the Congress Kingdom, the bulk of an entity created as part of the Treaty of Tilsit by Bonaparte, its namesake Grand Duchy. Also home to the Sejm parliament of its home country, it was the namesake of an organization which included Albania, Romania, and the U.S.S.R. For 10 points, name this city that saw the best known Jewish Ghetto uprising in World War 2, the capital of . Answer: [or Warszawa] (08CC)

One political movement in this country grew out of the Kokoomus Party and took its name from a town where a communist rally was broken up. The fascist Lapua Movement exploited sentiments similar to this country’s earlier Fennoman movement. Edwin Linkomies and Antti Hackzell acted as its prime minsters, and in 1918, prince Frederick Charles of Hesse was elected as its king - though he never got to reign. During this country’s most famous conflicts it was led by Risko Ryti, who was succeeded as president by the man who revived and reinforced the Enckell line, which was subsequently known by his name, Mannerheim. This country’s Karelia region was the source of two conflicts with its neighbor . For 10 points, identify this northern European country that fought in the Winter and Continuation Wars. Answer: Finland (08CC)

Robert Rothschild helped draft the 1957 Treaties of as a diplomat of this nation, which was the home of “school war” as subsidies were increased for private institutions between 1950 and 195** The Ten Days Campaign was an attempt to suppress the independence movement in this nation, which was also the home of a 1966 coal mine strike. Baudouin refused to give Royal Assent to the liberalization of this nation’s abortion laws in 1990, while Martens led the Christian Democrat-Liberal coalition as prime minister here. This nation’s power over the Congo Free State was attributed to Leopold II, while this nation was invaded by during its advance on in . FTP, name this nation whose deaths at Ypres were memorialized in “In Flanders Fields”.

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Answer: Belgium (09EFT)

The earliest records of this polity are indicative of military successes for its ruler Cynric and his successor Ceawlin, and one ruler of this polity was the subject of a biography by Asser. The land controlled by this polity was reduced when Cynegils lost the provinces of Hwicce to Penda, and centuries later this polity would throw off the control of a neighboring kingdom when its ruler Egbert defeated Beornwulf. Archbishop Dunstan advised another ruler of this kingdom, Edgar, who absorbed the Danelaw, but the most famous ruler of this polity won the Battle of Edington over the Danes and signed the treaty of Wedmore with them, thereby establishing control over southern . For ten points, identify this Saxon kingdom of pre-Norman England which coexisted with Mercia and Northumbria and was famously ruled by Alfred the Great. Answer: Wessex (09EFT)

One non-Mozart composer from this country used Twinkle Twinkle Little Star as the basis for a work subtitled “For the enjoyment of humorous people and for the annoyance of others,” his Variations on a Nursery Tune, and also created the comic opera, Aunt Simona. Another of this country's composers experimented with rhythm syllables, a moveable- do system, and some namesake hand signals to develop with Jeno Adam a musical education program that was later applied to this country's schools. That man's own musical contributions include the Laudes Organi, the Peacock Variations, and an opera beginning with a “musical sneeze” that sees a series of stories vibrantly related by a (*) cavalrymen who single-handedly vanquishes Napoleon. One composer from this nation created for his favored student Sophie Menter a piano concerto “in the of” this country, and was inspired by Mazeppa in the fourth of his Transcendental Etudes. Producing the composer of Hary Janos, Zoltan Kodaly, FTP, identify this European country, home to Erno Dohnanyi, Franz Liszt, and Bela Bartok. Answer: (TXTerrapin)

This empire won at Ridanieh, but lost at Vaslui. Its admirals included one nicknamed “Red Beard,” the nemesis of Andrea Dorea. The “Auspicious Incident” preceded its reforms, including the Tanzimat and a constitution reiterating its ruler’s claim to spiritual authority over followers of his religion. The target of rebellions by Ypsilanti and , it levied the devshirmeh, a paid in Christian babies. Its decline was the subject of the Congress of , where it was called the “Sick Man of .” FTP, name this loser of World War I based in . Answer: (prompt on the Sublime Porte or the Turk or the Great Turk or ) (08HFT)

This country’s forces won the 1920 Battle of Maysalun, but were targeted in a 1925-1927 revolt against its possession of territory promised to it by Mark Sykes. It signed the 1962 Evian agreements, which accepted the independence of a country led by Ahmed Ben Bella that it had conquered in 1930. This country’s earlier defeats in the included the Battle of the Nile, won by Horatio Nelson, and the 1954 Battle of Algiers. FTP, identify this country that colonized Syria, Morocco, Lebanon, and Algeria. Answer: France (08HFT)

Men fired from this entity included John Paton Davies, John Carter Vincent, and John Stewart Service, but no one ever identified all 205 of its employees who were mentioned in a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia. Dean Acheson defended the “China Hands” who had worked under him at this entity, but their resignation was demanded by John Foster Dulles. Joe McCarthy never produced a complete list of communist sympathizers in, FTP, what US department that has also been headed by Cordell Hull, George Marshall, Henry Kissinger, and Madeleine Albright? Answer: State Department (08HFT)

One of this city’s mayors, Karl Lueger, famously declared that it was up to him to define who was Jewish, and this city was the capital of Patriotic Front leader Englebert Dolfuss before his assassination. Its most iconic building is the reconstructed St. Stephen’s Cathedral, while the Tiergarten contains the world’s oldest zoo and is part of its Schonbrunn Palace, seat of government for such men as Franz Josef I and Klemens Von Metternich. FTP, identify this city on the

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Danube and namesake of an 1815 Congress that is now the capital of . Answer: (accept Wien) (08HFT)

This country fought against American troops at Raisin River and ’s Lane, and it agreed in the 1871 Washington Treaty to submit to arbitration regarding a ship built at Birkenhead in 186** This country agreed with the US not to colonize the Mosquito Coast in a treaty later superseded by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty. This loser at Horseshoe Bend ended a boundary dispute in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty and agreed to demilitarize the Great Lakes in the Rush- Bagot Treaty. FTP, name this European country that signed Jay’s Treaty and the Treaty of Ghent. Answer: (or England; or Great Britain; or Britain) (08HFT)

This country defeated Marshal Koniecpolski at the Battle of Dirshau and forced its southern neighbor to sign the Treaty of Altmark, and it had earlier invaded its earlier neighbor to force the Treaty of Stolbovo. Chancellors such as Axel Oxenstierna served its Vasa after its independence from the Kalmar Union, and, in 1901, one member of its Bernadotte Dynasty gave a prize to Sully Prudhomme, but its most famous may be Gustavus Adophus, who fought in the Thirty Years’ War. FTP, name this Scandinavian country with capital at . Answer: Sweden (accept Sverige from a proud Swede) (08HFT)

This country’s national anthem was titled “Risen from the Ruins,” and this country exported a brand of plastic car called the Trabant. This country’s Parliament, the People’s Chamber, had a large number of fake opposition parties. All of these parties were controlled by the majority SED Party, whose leaders included Krenz, Honnecker, and Ulbricht. The records of this country’s secret police force, the Stasi, have recently been opened to its former residents. For ten points, name this Communist country that built a wall to prevent people from escaping its capital, Berlin. Answer: East Germany [or Deutsche Demokratische Republik; or DDR; or German Democratic ; or GDR] (09HFT)

Henri Pirenne analyzed trade patterns in this geographic feature to form his namesake thesis, while Janet Abu-Lughod discussed its continuity in many of her works, following on the research of the leader of the Annales School, who wrote about the “world” of it in the age of Philip II. In addition to appearing in the works of Ferdinand Braudel, this body of water saw the British navy chase the Goeben at the beginning of World War I and the Holy League defeat the Ottoman Empire at the . FTP, identify this sea once dominated by the . Answer: (08HFT)

A period of political instability in this country was known as the “Years of Lead” and saw one of its Prime Ministers murdered by a Communist terrorist group called the Red Brigades. One attempt to make this country independent failed after the victory of General Radetzky of Austria at the Battle of Novara. This country gained the Lower Tyrol after defecting from the Triple Alliance to the Triple Entente, and its independence was the result of collaboration between Count Cavour and the adventurer Garibaldi. For 10 points, name this member of the once ruled by Benito Mussolini, whose capital is Rome. Answer: [or Italia] (09HFT)

This empire's "Tulip Era" saw major reforms, and its army was modernized during the “Auspicious Incident.” Its second most important official worked in a building called the “Sublime Porte” and had the title “Grand Vizier." It won the Battle of Mohacs against Hungary, but was defeated by King Jan Sobieski of Poland when it tried to capture Vienna. Its leaders include one nicknamed “the Magnificent,” and under Mehmet II, this empire captured in 1453 and renamed it Instanbul. For ten points, name this Islamic empire in modern-day Turkey. Answer: Ottoman Empire [or Osmanli Beylik; or Osmanli Devleti; accept Sublime Porte until mention] (09HFT)

According to legend, this country’s current flag was adopted after it fell from the sky during a war against . This country signed the Treaty of Stralsund when its king, Valdemar IV, was defeated by the Hanseatic League. During the

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Thirty Years War, this country fought on the Protestant side under King Christian IV. English kings from this country included Sweyn Forkbeard, and it lost a war against Bismarck over control of Schleswig and Holstein, which form its southern border with Germany. For 10 points, name this country with capital Copenhagen. Answer: Denmark (09HFT)

During the , this city and Jerusalem signed the Pactum Warmundi alliance. This city disputed King Imre I of Hungary for control of Zara. The League of Cambrai was formed against this city. Under its leader Enrico Dandalo, this city funded the , which ultimately sacked Constantinople. Its patron saint is Mark, for whom its cathedral is named. It was founded by Romans who escaped the Goths by moving to a marsh, and its leaders were called doges. For 10 points, name this northern Italian city famous for its gondolas and canals. Answer: Most Serene Republic of [or Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia; prompt on “La Serenissima”] (09HFT)

These two countries fought each other at Bisamberg, where Charles of defeated Count Thokoly. These two countries once disputed the Bergenland, which forms their border, and one agreement between these countries was the Ausgleich of 186** These countries lost large amounts of land when they were forced to sign the treaties of St. Germain and Trianon, and they both lost their heir to the throne when Gavrilo Princip assassinated Franz Ferdinand. For 10 points, name these two European countries whose collective empire was part of the and whose capitals are Vienna and . Answer: Austria and Hungary [or Osterreich and Ungarn; or Ausztria and Magyarorszag] (09HFT)

One conference at this location was said to “dance, but never move.” During the revolutions of 1848, the people of this city forced the resignation of Klemens Wenzel from his position as minister of state. Turkish forces attempting to seize this place were forced back by an early winter, and fortifications built after that allowed the withstanding of a second attack until forces under Jan Sobieski could save the day. For 10 points, name this home of the Eastern Hapsburgs, also the capital of Austria. Answer: Vienna (HSAPQ4)

This country was scandalized by Harden-Eulenberg Affair, which outed many of its leaders as homosexuals. Gunboat diplomacy from this country sparked the Agadir and Tangier crises. This country’s colonies included Togo, Cameroon, and Namibia. This country built the Kiel Canal, and an alliance against it was called the Triple Entente. During the , this country split into the DDR and FDR, more commonly called the East and West versions of this country. During World War One it was ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm and led the Central Powers. For ten points, name this European country with capital at Berlin. Answer: Germany [or Deutschland] (09HFT)

King Alexander the Glorious of this country died after falling off a cliff and was replaced by John Balliol. The Order of the Thistle is the highest honor that can be given in this country, and the Babington Plot led to the execution of this country’s most famous queen. Along with France, this country formed the Auld Alliance, and it once won the Battle of Bannockburn against Edward II of England. Also the homeland of James I and the , for 10 points, name this home of William Wallace and Robert the Bruce, a northern neighbor of England. Answer: Scotland [or Dileag; or Alba] (HSAPQ4)

Britain agreed to subsidize ’s government as part of the 1743 treaty of this city that allied Britain with Austria and Sardinia. This city had given its name to an 1122 agreement between Calixtus II and Henry V that ended the . At a later congress in this city, Johann Eck cross-examined a monk whose safe passage had been arranged by Frederick III of and who was declared a heretic by Charles V. FTP, identify this German city whose 1521 Diet denounced Martin Luther. Answer: Worms (08HFT)

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This government’s “Foundation for the Study of Human Programs” kept track of school grades for a selective breeding program. This government conducted the Vel’d’hiy raids, which sent people to the Dracy concentration camp. Its secret police was called the Milice, and its prime minister was named Laval. Its slogan was “Work, Family, Fatherland,” which replaced the more familiar “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.” For 10 points, name this government led by General Petain, which was pro-Nazi and led France after its surrender to Germany in World War II. Answer: [or French State; or État Français] (09HFT)

This nation suffered defeat in the Thirty Days’ War of 189?. It was ruled by the Colonels between 1967 and 1974, and was led into World War II by John Metaxas. This nation gained independence following a revolution led by the Ypsilanti brothers, a conflict against the Ottoman empire that witnessed the , the Massacre at , and the death of Lord Byron. Currently struggling for control of Cyprus with Turkey, for 10 points, name this southernmost nation of the Balkan peninsula, home to the cities of and . Answer: [or the Hellenic Republic] (HSAPQ4)

One king of this country carved the Jelling Stone, and another signed the Treaty of Stralsund. After the St. Brice’s Day Massacre, Sweyn Forkbeard of this country invaded England. Under King Christian IV, this country joined the Thirty Years’ War, whose second phase is named for it. This country made England pay a tax known as its “geld” before it was defeated by Alfred the Great. In 1864, this country lost Schleswig-Holstein following the first war planned by Bismarck. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country with capital at Copenhagen. Answer: Denmark [or Danmark; or Dane-land] (HSAPQ4)

A castle was built on the site of this city by John de Courci in 1177, and its modern history began with the establishment of fortifications by Arthur Chichester. Through the patronage of William III, this city became a center of linen production developed by Huguenot refugees. In this city, Harland and Wolff designed the Titanic, and Ian Paisley opposed a 1998 agreement named for this city signed on Good Friday. For 10 points, name this city that was plagued by sectarian fighting during a period known as “the Troubles,” the capital of Northern Ireland. Answer: Belfast (HSAPQ4)

One act governing this island was known as Poyning’s Law. The Phoenix Park murders took place on this island, and some of its inhabitants idolized the “Manchester Martyrs.” Robert Emmet led a failed rebellion here, while another rebellion took over a post office during the week after Easter in 19** A police force known as the Black and Tans patrolled this island until part of it was granted independence in 19** For 10 points, name this island whose namesake Republican Army terrorized Ulster and whose independent part has capital at Dublin. Answer: Ireland (HSAPQ4)

This country was once ruled by the Arpad dynasty, while its later ruler was the son of the famous general . Sulieyman the Magnificent conquered this country by defeating its Jagiellon king Louis II at 1526’s Battle of Mohacs. After World War I, this country was forced to sign the , which separated it from its former partner in the Habsburg dual monarchy. Also invaded by the in 1956 to depose Imre Nagy, for 10 points, name this Central European nation whose capital is Budapest. Answer: Hungary [or Magyarorszag; or Transleithania; prompt on Pannonia] (HSAPQ4)

The death of this polity’s king Maximilian Joseph led to this region’s namesake war of succession, which is also called the Potato War. This region was awarded Voralberg and the Tirol by the Treaty of Pressburg. Kurt Eisner deposed the son of this entity’s Mad King Ludwig after World War I, and this present-day state saw the birth of the Nazi movement, including a Beer Hall Putsch in this state’s capital. For 10 points, name this largest state in Germany, which holds the annual Oktoberfest celebration in its capital of . Answer: [or Bayern] (HSAPQ4)

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A war of succession in this country was mostly ended by the Treaty of Vienna in 173** Its most well known dynasty came about after a neighboring Grand Duke married into the throne of this country, and one king helped eliminate the Teutonic at the . This home to the Jagiellon Dynasty underwent several namesake partitions during the eighteenth century, including one orchestrated by Catherine the Great. For 10 points, name this European country home to the Gdansk Shipyard, where Solidarity was founded in 1980 by Walesa. Answer: Poland (HSAPQ4)

The Copper Riots occurred here in 1662, and was killed in this city after leading a revolt south of here. Mathias Rust landed his airplane in this city, which was was burned by in 157** It was removed as the seat of power in (*) 1712 after a rival city was constructed on the Baltic, and was evacuated after the Battle of Borodino. This city was the home of Boris Gudonov and the capital city during the rule of dictators like Khrushchev. For 10 points, name this city that has been the capital of Russia since 19** Answer: [or Moskva] (HSAPQ3)

This country has enjoyed good commercial relations with Britain since the Methuen Treaty and previously was ruled by several kings descended from the British noblewoman , who married into this country’s ruling . It was ruled by the (*) Braganza Dynasty during the 1755 earthquake which leveled its capital. In the twentieth century, this country fell under the dictatorship of Antonio Salazar and lost its colonies of Goa, Mozambique, and Angola. For 10 points, name this country whose explorer Pedro Cabral colonized . Answer: (HSAPQ3)

This country’s conversion to Lutheranism was secured after the internal Count’s Feud of the . Earlier, its king Valdemar IV fought the Hanseatic League. Its king Christian X agreed to plans by this country’s government to resist the entrenchment of (*) Nazi rule during its occupation. For several centuries, this country had intermittent wars with Germany over control of Schleswig-Holstein. For 10 points, name this country where, in 2005, the Jyllands-Posten newspaper published several inflammatory cartoons of Mohammed. Answer: Denmark (HSAPQ3)

This state made peace with its neighbors under the rule of Géza, two decades after Otto I defeated it at Lechfeld. This country achieved equal status in the Ausgleich and was greatly reduced in size by the Treaty of Trianon. Its fifteenth- century leaders included the anti-Ottoman generals (*) Matthias Corvinus and János Hunyadi. Once ruled by the Árpád dynasty of Stephen I, the reforms of Imre Nagy (NAJ) led to a 1956 Soviet invasion of this country. For 10 points, name this Central European state which originated as the final settling-place of the Magyars. Answer: Hungary [or word forms; or the Magyars state before it is mentioned] (HSAPQ3)

The Peace of Westphalia forced this country to give up . The influence of Alexander von Bach waned after this nation lost the battles of Magenta and Solferino to Napoleon III, and the Christian leader at Lepanto was known as Juan of this nation. Kurt (*) Schuschnigg succeeded an assassinated ruler of this nation. The death of Engelbert Dolfuss allowed this nation to violate the treaty of St. Germain and participate in the Anschluss with Germany. For 10 points, name this country, once ruled by Hapsburgs like Joseph II. Answer: Austria [or Osterreich] (HSAPQ3)

This nation’s westernmost reaches constitute the historical region of Banat, whose primary city is Timisoara. Its western border is also home to the large river gorge known as the Iron Gate. This nation was the site of the Nazi internment camp known as Targu Jiu, which is now a major tourist attraction thanks to its sculptures by (*) Constantin Brancusi. That city lies at the base of the , which divide this nation’s regions of Moldavia and Wallachia from . For 10 points, name this Eastern European country with capital at Bucharest. Answer: Romania (HSAPQ3)

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The Cabochiens supported this polity in a war that it fought against Bernard VII and the Armagnacs. The Great Privilege ended its control of the , and Maximilian I, the first Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor, came to prominence by marrying this place’s heir, Mary the Rich. Its decline began after the saw the death of Charles the (*) Bold, the son of Philip the Good, whose reign here saw the capture of Joan of Arc during this polity’s alliance with England in the Hundred Years’ War. For 10 points, name this duchy in eastern France. Answer: Duchy of Burgundy (HSAPQ3)

A papal approval for a crusade prompted the Desmond rebellion in this polity. Its National Land League sought rights for tenant farmers, and its “National Invincibles” killed Thomas Henry Burke and Lord Cavendish in this country’s Phoenix Park murders. One event here hit its low point during “Black ’47” and saw its citizens escape via (*) “coffin boats.” The Troubles, a terrorist struggle over six counties in its north, led to the formation of its namesake Republican Army. For 10 points, name this island, home to the Easter Uprising and a namesake potato famine. Answer: Ireland (HSAPQ3)

This city's independence was recognized in the 1183 Peace of Constance, and Napoleon made it the capital of the Cisalpine Republic in 179** From 305 to 402 CE, it served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire, and it was destroyed in 1183 by Frederick I. Its namesake (*) edict from Constantine I granted religious toleration, and it was plagued by the feud of the Guelfs and Ghibellines. For 10 points, name this northern Italian city that was ruled from 1450 to 1535 by the Sforza family. Answer: [or Milano] (HSAPQ3)

Most of its population was killed in 1**8 by Bat . By the terms of 1667's Treaty of Andrusovo, this city became part of an autonomous Cossack state. Simon Peltyura declared an independent nation here in 1918, and The Tale of Bygone Years claims that this city was founded by the brothers Shchek, Kiy, and Khoriv. Oleg of Novgorod made it capital of the first East Slavic state in 882 CE, and the nearby (*) ravine of Babi Yar was the site of a massacre by Nazis during World War II. For 10 points, name this foremost city of the Rus, the capital of Ukraine. Answer: Kiev (HSAPQ3)

. The Aunus Expedition was launched by this nation against its eastern neighbor, with whom it would sign the Treaty of , and Frederick Charles of Hessen would have become king of this nation had Germany won World War I. The Battle of Tampere occurred during a civil war here fought between factions known as the White and Red Guards. This nation lost Petsamo in the (*) and fought against the Soviet Union along the Mannerheim Line during the . For 10 points, name this country now led by Tarja Halonen from Helsinki. Answer: Finland (HSAPQ3)

Eunuchs who held power in this polity included Joseph Bringas and a man known as “the chamberlain” whose nephew would win the Battle of Kleidion. Claimants to this state’s throne ruled in Trebizond, , and Nicaea after it was replaced by the (*) Empire. It was later restored by Michael Palaeologus, and among its more successful rulers were Basil the Bulgar-Slayer and Justinian. For 10 points, name this empire which ceased to exist after Mehmed II captured Constantinople, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire. Answer: [accept Byzantium; accept Eastern Roman Empire before it is read; prompt on Roman Empire or equivalent] (HSAPQ3)

This city became a capital under the rule of Countess Matilda after serving as a Roman garrison near the town of Faesulae. It adopted the constitution named “Ordinances of Justice,” and the cloth workers here led the Revolt of the Ciompi. Its pro-Papal Guelph party split into White and Black factions, and the Bonfire of the Vanities held here was instigated by Savonarola. Ruled by a family that included Cosimo and Lorenzo the Magnificent, for 10 points, name this Tuscan city in Italy, home to the Medicis. Answer: Florence [or Firenze; or Florentia] (HSAPQ2)

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Ibrahim ibn Ya’kub claimed this state ruled by the was the most powerful of a particular Eastern European ethnic group. The first bishopric here was at Poznan, and Boleslaw the Second fought with bishop Stanislaus, who developed a cult here. Its union with occurred during the that ruled here, and their combined forces defeated the Teutonic Knights at Tannenburg. Partitioned by Catherine the Great, for 10 points, name this nation that was invaded by the Nazis to spark World War Two, home to the Warsaw Ghetto. Answer: Republic of Poland [or Rzeczpospolita Polska] (HSAPQ2)

It was divided into nine banovine prefectures by king Alexander I, and the country that became this nation was the site of murders during a Skupstina session in 192** The Magyars here were given autonomy in the Vojvodina province, and this country’s third incarnation was the site of a NATO bombing campaign after an “ethnic cleansing” campaign occurred here. Falling apart into nations like Macedonia and Slovenia, for 10 points, name this defunct nation, once ruled by Josip Tito and Slobodan Milosevic, which was home to Serbs and Bosnians. Answer: Yugoslavia (HSAPQ2)

This nation concluded a treaty with envoy John Methuen in 1703 that became the basis for its trade with England. The War of the Two Brothers in this nation led to the exile of Prince Michael, and Amnesty International was formed in response to the actions of this nation's dictator Antonio Salazar. This country decolonized Cape Verde and Mozambique in 1975, and its ruling houses included the Aviz and Braganzas. For 10 points, name this Iberian nation, the home of Prince Henry the Navigator. Answer: Portugal (HSAPQ2)

17. The 1380 Battle of Kulikovo occurred near this city and, and in 1610 a Swedish army occupied this city to bail out Vasili Shuisky. The Nazi Operation Typhoon was a plan to capture this city, and the capital was moved from here in 1712. This city was burned to the ground after General Kutuzov won the 1812 Battle of Borodino, which prevented Napoleon Bonaparte from occupying it, and the foundation for the Kremlin was laid here in 1367. For 10 points, name this city which in 1918 became the capital of Russia again. Answer: Moscow (HSAPQ1)

13. Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeated the natives here at Mons Graupius in 84 CE, and the Beaker Folk migrated here around 1800 BCE. Somerled led a revolt against the Norse here, and the 1320 Declaration of Arbroath committed nobles to its independence. This region’s King Aidan was supported by St. Columba, who converted its population, and its king was captured at the 1341 Battle of Neville’s Cross. In 843, this region’s King Kenneth I became the king of the Picts, and King David I united it in 1124. For 10 points, name this polity, the home to Robert the Bruce. Answer: Scotland (HSAPQ1)

One leader of this country established a standing mercenary army under Black John Haugwitz, the so-called Black Army, and was known for his symbol of a raven. In addition to Matthias Corvinus, it was ruled by Ferenc Szalasi and the Arrow Cross Party after Germany’s Operation Panzerfaust. It experienced a in 1919 under Bela Kun. Imre Nagy (NAJ) presided over its failed 1956 revolution, crushed by a Soviet invasion. For 10 points, name this nation that was once part of a Dual Monarchy with Austria. Answer: Hungary (HSAPQ2)

17. Ibn Abbad led a failed rebellion designed to prevent Frederick II from purging this place of , and the led to Angevin rule until this island’s namesake Vespers. Operation Husky, designed to liberate this island from Axis control, was the first Allied excursion back into Europe during World War II, and Archimedes’s inventions temporarily defended this island’s city of Syracuse from Roman attacks. For 10 points, name this island, an Italian possession southeast of Sardinia, which is still home to the Mafia. Answer: (HSAPQ1)

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13. One king of this country won the , and this country's prime minister Marcelo Caetano was overthrown by the after succeeding longtime dictator Antonio Salazar. This country's succeeded its Aviz dynasty, which patronized explorers like Pedro Cabral, Bartholomew Diaz, and Vaso da Gama. Once ruled by a family including Prince Henry the Navigator, for 10 points, name this country on the , the colonizer of Brazil and site of a 1755 earthquake in . Answer: Portugal (HSAPQ1)

13. The Union of Krevo and the Union of Lublin formed a commonwealth between it and Lithuania, though that state was ended by a series of divisions, splitting it between Austria, , and Russia. Occasionally referred to as its “Fourth Partition” was its division by Molotov and Ribbentrop in 1939, and a shipyard strike here in 1980 was led by Lech Walesa and resulted in the Solidarity movement.. For 10 points, identify this nation, which, while occupied by the Nazis, saw a substantial uprising in 1944 in the capital, Warsaw. Answer: Poland [prompt on Lithuania before it is read] (HSAPQ1)

1. Prior to World War II, this country’s Rexist Party became a fascist organization under the leadership of Leon Degrelle, and the St. Michael’s Agreement of 1992 turned this nation into a federal state. King Albert I led this country’s resistance to German invasion in World War I, and King Leopold II gained international condemnation over his harsh rule of the Congo Free State. For 10 points, name this country that joined the Netherlands and Luxembourg to form the Benelux Economic Union in 1948, with its capital at Brussels. Answer: Belgium (HSAPQ1)

21. The origins of this former nation were laid at the Pittsburgh Convention of 1918, and Thomas Masaryk and Edvard Benes were among its leaders. In the Spring of 1968, this nation experienced a brief period of liberalization that was ended when Alexandr Dubcek was removed from power, and this country’s region of was annexed by in 1938. For 10 points, name this former Central European nation that broke into two following the Velvet Divorce, which came after the playwright Vaclav Havel helped lead the Velvet Revolution in 1989, a country whose capital was . Answer: Czechoslovakia [do not accept or prompt on “” or “”] (HSAPQ1)

9. In 1448, residents of this city rebelled against Frederick II Irontooth. One meeting here was convoked by Count Gyula Andrassy and revised the Treaty of San Stefano. Another meeting here established free navigation on the Niger, created the Congo Free State, and sparked the scramble for . In addition to that 1885 conference, this capital of the was divided into four quadrants among the Allies after World War II. For 10 points, name this German city, the location of a wall torn down in 1989. Answer: Berlin (HSAPQ1)

1. This country’s Lapua Movement succeeded in banning Communist activities, and a 1918 civil war saw Gustav Mannerheim’s government forces emerge victorious. The Continuation War, which saw this country aid Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union, was a sequel to the Winter War in which the Soviet Union preemptively invaded this country. The 1975 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe led to some “Accords” named after this country’s capital. For 10 points, name this country led by Tarja Halonen, whose major city is Helsinki. Answer: Finland (HSAPQ1)

1. This nation’s early history is described in the Landnamabok, and the end of the in this nation is generally marked by the 1550 beheading of Bishop Jon Arason. Known during parts of its history as Thule, the United States took defensive responsibility of this country in 1941 following the German occupation of Denmark. For 10 points, name this nation, whose is the oldest legislative body in Europe and whose first recorded settler, Ingolfr Arnarson, named his homestead Reykjavik.

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Answer: (HSAPQ1)

3. From 1953 to 1986, this city was led by Gaston Defferre, and this city’s Panier district and Old Port were dynamited by its German occupiers during World War II due to its resistance activity. This city was the center of the French Connection heroine smuggling scheme, and during the French Revolution, volunteers from this city sang the “War Song of the Valley,” which was renamed for this city. For 10 points, identify this French port city, the namesake of the French national anthem. Answer: Marseilles [do not accept or prompt on “Marseillaise”] (HSAPQ1)

National parks of this nation include the Bukk, Ferto-Hansag and Aggtelek caves while its peaks include Zengo, Pilis and Irott-ko. Notable regions of this country are Vas and Baranya while wine is grown in the Tokaj. Among its mountain ranges are the Zemplen, Koszeg and Villany while in the Matra range lie its two highest peaks, Galyateto and Kekes. The bodies of water in this nation include Lake Velence and the thermal Lake Heviz while the Sio and Zala rivers form its Lake Balaton, the largest in . Gyor, Pecs and Debrecen are among the largest cities in, for 10 points, which nation with capital at Budapest. Answer: Republic of Hungary (08IO)

"The Farmer King" was an epithet given to the infrastructure-obssessed King Denis of this country, and one of its most important leaders is known for having a Jewish advisor, Jehuda Cresques. The papal bull Aeterni regis divided colonial sovereignties between this polity and Castile by ratifying the Treaty of Alcacovas. The Tavora Conspiracy to kill its king led to the expulsion of Jesuits from this country, which provided the wife to (*) Charles II of England and later saw its dictatorship fall in the Carnation Revolution. For 10 points, identify this nation whose Aviz Dynasty included Henry the Navigator, the colonizers of Mozambique and Brazil. Answer: Portugal (09PB)

The leader of this country’s LIF party was forced to resign when it was revealed that he had been a lobbyist for the European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company. In 2003, this European country convoked a constitutional convention, but none of its proposed changes were enacted. In October 2008, a controversial governor in this country was (*) killed in a car accident; that governor caused a 1999 crisis when his Freedom Party became part of the ruling coalition, leading to fear that the far right could return to power here. For 10 points, name this home of Jorg Haider, a German-speaking country that was the birthplace of Arnold Schwarzenegger. Answer: Austria [or Osterreich] (09PB)

A man named for his origins in this city founded the Monastery of the Caves. Prior to being the seat of Symon Petlyura’s short-lived governemnt, this city was taken over by the Menshevik-dominated Central Rada, and it was first made prominent under Oleg the Varangian. Basil the Bulgar-Slayer’s (*) sister Anna married the grand prince of this city, Vladimir, who converted to Christianity. Noted massacre site Babi Yar is on the outskirts of this city, and the adjectival form of this city’s name is often attached to the medieval state of Rus. For 10 points, name this city, now the seat of power for Yulia Tymoshenko and Victor Yuschenko following the Orange Revolution. Answer: Kiev (09Terrapin)

One of these countries defeated the other in the Battle of the Lines of and the Battle of Montes Claros to win the Acclamation War. These countries signed the Treaty of to end the War of the Oranges, and settled territorial disputes with the 1761 Treaty of El Pardo and the first treaty of San Ildefonso. One of these countries (*) relinquished its claims to the Moluccas to the other in the . In 1580, one of these countries invaded the other after a succession crisis caused by the death of King Sebastian. For 10 points, name these European countries that divided up the New World in the , the two primary members of the sixty-year whose respective cities include and Lisbon. Answer: and Portugal (09Terrapin)

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A horrible incident in this country's history occurred under the command of , whose Goumier troops enacted a campaign of mass-rape that rendered a portion of the population so-called “Moroccaned women.” That incident saw Juin advance through the Bernhardt and Gustav Lines while main forces carried out Operation Strangle and Operation Diadem. Part of this present-day country also saw a conflict in which defeated Charles the Lame, helping the (*) Michael VIII Palaeologus-backed Peter of Aragon in the wake of a rebellion against Charles I Anjou, that may have been initiated by another assault on the female population. The wife of Collatinus sister of Lucius Junius Brutus was another victim of violence against women in this country, which saw a rebellion against the son of Priscus, Tarqin the Proud, who had attacked her. FTP, identify this modern day country whose less fortunate historic females have included Lucretia and some Sabine Women attacked by the Romans. Answer: Italy (prompt on “Morocco” before “Moroccaned women” (09Terrapin)

This country’s neighbor had a political party called the Hats, which instigated a war in which Peter Lacy invaded this country. That conflict that ended with the Treaty of Abo, which resulted in this nation’s occupation. The traitorous Gustav Otto Douglas was the governor of this country during one occupation period that also saw Mikhail Golitsyn act as its governor. In addition to being occupied in the Lesser and Greater Wraths, this country was invaded by Great Britain during (*) World War II during raids on its cities of Kirkenes and Petsamo. The Mainila incident precipitated a war in which this country was invaded, and that war saw this country capitulate to the Treaty of Moscow and give up parts of Karelia. 10 points, name this country that constructed the Mannerheim Line to defend itself from Russia in the Continuation and Winter Wars. Answer: Finland [or Suomi] (TXTerrapin)

One abortive revolt in this modern-day country was led by its Social Democratic Party and saw its members meet at the historical Cave of Shio, which was constructed under a man who defeated Ilghazi, David the Builder. This site of the failed August Uprising saw an evacuation of its citizens, prompted by this country's refusal to assist the White Russians, overseen by Britain in its coastal city of in 19** In ancient times, this victorious nation at the Battle of Didgori was ruled by the Chosroids and the (*) Pharnavzians, while the of Iberia ruled until the supplanted by the Bagratids More recently, it was ruled by a "State Council" under a mand deposed in its Rose Rebellion, . Mikheil Saakashvilli oversees the government of, FTP, what birthplace of , which has been mired in conflict over the disputed reasons of and ? Answer: Republic of [or Georgian Sakartvelo or Georgian Sakartvelos Respublika] (TXTerrapin)

One polity on this island was established by Abo Hafs Omer Al-Baloty, who had fled from Moorish Spain after his unsuccessful Al-Rabed revolt against Al-Hakam I. This island was home to a rebellion led by Ioannis Vlachos, commemorated in a local epic poem known as “The Song of Daskalogiannis”. The Prussian-born Geissler Pasha helped Omer Pasha brutally put down a rebellion here led by Demetrios Mavrocordatos that started at the Fair of Omalos, known as this island’s “great revolt”, which included a massacre at the Monastery. For a time this island was stabilized by the 1878 Pact of Halepa. Originally falling to the Turks after the , during World War Two it was the target of Operation Mercury, a costly airborne invasion by Nazi Germany. For ten points, name this Greek island once home to bull-jumping and the Minoans. Answer: [accept: Krete, Kriti, Griti] (09EuroHis)

One bishop of this city was martyred while trying to convert the , and had previously converted a pagan king at Esztergom. Apart from St. Adalbert, other early residents of this city include the ruler who won the Battle of Kressenbrunn and the semi-mythical founder Libuse. The architect Matthias of Arras built several cathedrals in this city, such as Our Lady of Tyn and St. Vitus. One treaty named after this city ended the Swedish phase of the Thirty Years War, and it was the site of an 1848 conference that wrote the song “Hey, Slavs!”, the anthem of the Pan-Slavic movement. An uprising in this city resulted in a disagreement over whether angels or a pile of dung under the Hradcany had saved the lives of some Habsburg officials. For ten points, name this city where locals sometimes throw people out

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of windows, the capital of the Kingdom of and the Czech Republic. Answer: Prague [accept: Praha] (09EuroHis)

One Duke of this place was victorious at the Battle of Bisamberg, while a Prince of this place stretched his lines out over five miles to prevent an outflanking at the , but was still defeated by an oblique attack led by . That man, Prince Charles, was the son of Duke Leopold Joseph the Good, who regained control of this place under the Treaty of Ryswick. Under Duke Charles V, it merged with the Duchy of Bar. At the end of the War of the Polish Succession, the losing claimant to the Polish throne became Duke of this place, and it later merged with the Bishoprics of , , and Verdun. Holy Roman Emperor Francis III was a Duke of this place who married Maria Theresa, merging its dynasty with the Habsburgs. For ten points, name this partially German region of France with historical capital at Nancy, often grouped with Alsace. Answer: Lorraine [under no circumstances accept Alsace-Lorraine] (09EuroHis)

Legend says that when this region’s capital was besieged by the , Saint Czeslaw (chess-swav) summoned a fireball to defeat them, though he was unable to save its Duke, Henry II, from being slaughtered by those same Mongols at the Battle of . Other battles fought here include the victory of Field Marshal Schwerin at Mollowitz. One uprising in this region was put down by the French generals Henri Le Rond and Jules Gratier and ended in a brokered cease-fire along the Korfanty line. That was one of three early 20th century uprisings in this region’s famous coal mines, all of which were attempts by the Slavic minority to secede and join Poland, which the Soviets eventually let them do. For ten points, name this area contested by Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great, the main Prussian conquest of the War of the Austrian Succession. Answer: [accept: Shlunsk, Shlask, Schlesien, Slezsko] (09EuroHis)

A 1606 treaty named for this city recognized the Protestant prince Stephan Bocskay [botch-kay] as ruler of his home country. A 1980 conference in this city resulted in the CISG [SIS-gee], the treaty governing international contracts, and this city lends its name to the international treaty on how to agree to a treaty. A 1961 Kennedy-Khrushchev summit was held at its rococo palace. A 1940 arbitration held in this city awarded control of Transylvania to Hungary. This city was home to the unsuccessful pro-fascist July Putsch, which resulted in the death of Chancellor Englebert Dollfuss. Another treaty agreed to here sought to create a “sentinel on the Rhine” by giving land to Prussia. Notable mayors include Karl Lueger, known for his anti-semitism. For ten points, name this city home to an 1815 Congress, the capital of Austria. Answer: Vienna [accept: Wien] (09EuroHis)

The legendary musician and merchant Sadko is said to be from this city. When this city was a republic, it was ruled by an official called the Posadnik, and other officials included the thousandman, a popularly elected leader of its militia. In the late 11th century, this city was ruled by the eldest son of Gytha of Wessex, daughter of Harold Godwinson. Earlier, it had sheltered a number of Norwegian kings, including Olaf I and Harald Hardrade. Also known as Holmgard, King Oleg of this place conquered its southern neighbor, and after a famine it was annexed in 1478 by a ruler known as the “gatherer of lands”, Ivan III. For ten points, name this second city of the Kievan Rus state, which shares its name with a more recent city formerly called Gorky. Answer: Novgorod (09EuroHis)

One 20th century dictator from this country had a famous horse named “Chestnut”. That leader also promoted the Prometheus Plan to weaken one of its neighbors, while some of its former leaders were tried at the Trial of the Sixteen. Treaties that this country was forced to sign include the Peace of Altmark, which followed the Battle of Dirshau, as well as the Peace of Altranstadt. This country forced the Treaty of Duelino on its eastern neighbor, and political prisoners from this country staged the Baikal Uprising in 186** Communist rulers from this country include and Wladyslaw Gomulka (vwad-i-swav gom-uwka), and its military history includes a decisive charge by winged , though far less decisive was its liberum veto, under which any noble could block a government action, abolished under

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its Constitution of May ** For ten points, name this European country with a red and white flag and capital at Warsaw. Answer: Poland [accept: Polska] (09EuroHis)

Poor citizens of this city can sleep for free in the Fuggerai, named for a local merchant family. A 1634 siege of this city was the result of the Battle of Nordlingen, and a 955 siege of this city led by and Sur was broken by Otto the Great at the . An unsuccessful 1458 agreement between Catholics and Protestants is known as this city’s “interim”, and it was replaced by the Interim. This city also lends its name to a document that restates the Torgau Articles, written by Philipp Melanchthon and known as this city’s “Confession”. For ten points, name this city where “Cuius Regio, Eius Religio” was proclaimed in a namesake 1555 peace. Answer: (09EuroHis)

A pagan temple in this city was famously turned into its Romanesque Rotunda di San Lorenzo, built with bricks in the local style and to emulate the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Alberti constructed a church to house a relic of Christ's blood, the Basilica di Sant'Andrea, in this home to Corregio's Metamorphoses series and the Feast of Cupid and Psyche, the latter by a man who also depicted trumpeting angels above as the titular group is crushed by pillars in The Fall of the Giants. That artist, Giulio Romano, was commissioned to construct this city's Palazzo Te, considered the epitome of Mannerist architecture, by its Duke Federico II. Its most famous building, an extension of the Castle of St. George, includes the Room of Archers and a room bounded by the “Meeting” and “Court” scenes most famous for a group of angels and a peacock who pear over the railing from an open section of sky painted to resemble an oculus. It is home to numerous works commissioned for the ruling Gonzaga family including Mantegna's Camera degli Sposi, the bridal chamber of the Ducal Palace. FTP, identify this Italian city in where Gilda is stabbed and “La donna e mobile” is sung in Verdi's Rigoletto, a city located East of Milan in . Answer: Mantua (CO09)

100 Nazi-sponsored activists that campaigned against this country's government were led by Ernst Neumann and Theodor von Sass. It saw a massive book-smuggling operation carried out by Masiulis and Bielinis in response to a Konstantin Kaufman ban of the use of the Latin alphabet by this country's language, and while serving as ambassador to this country, Chiune Sugihara issued thousands of passports to Jews. One prime minister of this nation from the Peasant Populist Party here, Kazys Grinius, was deposed in a coup led by Augustinas Voldemaras and the former head of the Taryba, Antanas (*) Smetona. This country was led by the one-time fascist Iron Wolf party and had much earlier won the Battle of Saule under the leadership of Mindaugas and fought a civil war after signing a treaty with the Teutonic Knights, which resulted in the crowning of the Great. For 10 points, name this Baltic nation which united with Poland at the Union of Lublin. Answer: Lithuania (CO09)

Ten million guelders were exchanged for Maastricht in one treaty of this name, which confirmed the Treaty of Muenster in granting the United Provinces sovereignty over the Scheldt Estuary. In another treaty of this name, Louis XV granted troops from the Irish regiments to serve under Charles Edward Stuart. One treaty by this name proved inconsequential when kicked the shit out of Bavaria despite a secret French alliance, and a later treaty here established the Kingdom of Algarve as part of a three-way partition of Portugal following the (*) . Another treaty of this name resulted in a rebellion that was suppressed by Alejandro O'Reilly after the power transfer of a polity governed by Charles Philippe Aubry from France to Spain in 1762; that transferred polity being Louisiana. Another treaty of this name ceded three duchies to Empress Marie-Louise and mandated exile in Elba for Napoleon. For 10 points, name this location that also saw an edict by Louis XIV that revoked the . Answer: Fontainebleau (CO09)

A ruler of this state once reversed his monastic abdication to lead a coup against his son, who had reverted to paganism. During the decline of this polity, a pig farmer named Ivaylo occupied the capital for three years. That was followed by the rule of the weak Terter and Shishman . This states was overrun following the Battle of

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Velbuzhd, where it lost to Stefan Dušan. Founded by the sons of (*) Kubrat, rulers of its Asen Dynasty included Kaloyan. This state’s leader Tervel was an ally of Justinian II, though later relations with the Byazantine Empire soured and Nicephorus I’s skull was made into a goblet by this state’s ruler Krum. It was Christianized under Boris I, and Simeon I built up its tile-working capital of Preslav, though this khanate’s best-known ruler may be Samuel, who died of shock after seeing the soldiers blinded by his Byzantine opponent For 10 points, name this medieval empire where the Bogomil heresy arose, and whose inhabitants were notably “slain” by Basil II. Answer: (CO09)

According to legend, anyone who wrongfully wears the crown of this kingdom will die within one year, which some credit with the death of Nazi governor Reinhard Heydich during World War II. Its only king named Henry had the nickname “the Carinthian.” Another of its kings was the namesake of Konigsberg and led an expedition against the Old Prussians; that ruler was defeated at the Battle of Marchfeld. Two rival claimants to this kingdom signed the Peace of , under which its kingship was shared by George Podebrady and an invader from the south. Long ruled by the Presmyslid Dynasty, its notable kings include Ottokar the Great, Good King Wenceslaus, and an Elector of the Palatine whose defeat at the Battle of White Mountain earned him the nickname “winter king;” that king, Frederick, was elected to oppose the Habsburgs, who forced Catholicism on this kingdom during the Thirty Years War. For 10 points, name this now-defunct European kingdom once home to Jan Hus, with capital at Prague. Answer: (08MO)

Boris Sheremetev angered this polity by attempting to bring Dimitrie Cantemir to power in one of its territories, leading to the battle of Stanilesti, in which this polity prevailed. Archduke Maximilian was defeated by this polity at Keresztes in a conflict that ended with the treaty of Zsitvatorok. That conflict pitted Rudolf II and Michael the Brave against this polity, and is alternately called the Thirteen Years’ War and the Long War. Istvan Dobo broke the conducted by this polity, ending Hungary’s Little War with it. This polity was the aggressor in a battle that killed Louis II of Hungary, and soldiers of this polity gave the title “Lion of Lechistan” to Jan III Sobieski for repeatedly stopping them. This empire also besieged the Knights Hospitalier on in 156** For 10 points, name this aggressor polity in the Battle of Mohacs, the , and the Battle of Lepanto. Answer: the Ottoman Empire/State [accept Turkey; or Turkish Empire/State] (09MO)

In the late 19th century, this country’s politics saw the “Transformation Movement” in which Conservative members of Parliament supported Liberal prime ministers. In the 1920’s, this country was home to a secessionist insurgent group called TIGR. The Acerbo Law reformed this country’s parliament, and the Irishwoman Violet Gibson attempted to assassinate a Prime Minister of this country. Operation Oak was a German commando raid against a target in this country led by Otto Skorzeny during World War II. One period in this country’s history is known as the “Salo Republic.” During an unstable period known as the “Days of Lead,” the Red Brigades kidnapped and killed this country’s Prime Minister. During World War II, German defenses in this country included the Bernhardt and Hitler lines, which made up the Winter Line, the breaching of which was an objective in the . For 10 points, name this country that has been led by Aldo Moro, Giuliano Amato, and Silvio Berlusconi. Answer: Italy (08MO)

The Bargello museum is located in this city, which also contains the Santo Spirito Basilica and the cathedral of San Lorenzo. Calcio Storico is traditionally played here, and this city is also home to the Explosion of the Cart celebration. The current mayor of this city was initially arrested, and then fined for ordering trees to be cut down to build its tram system, and has also sued Wikipedia for slander and libel; his name is Leonardo Domenici. The hills around this city include Poggio Imperiale and Carreggi, and are collectively called the Senese Clavey Hills. A bridge over the river running through it contains an elevated corridor to the Palazzo Pitti and is called the Ponte Vecchio. For 10 points, identify this city on the Arno historically ruled by the Medicis, the capital of Tuscany. Answer: Florence, Italy (08MO)

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A vassal of this kingdom, Raymond-Roger de Trencavel, died when one of its rulers failed to protect Carcassonne; that ruler was later killed at the Battle of Muret. Another of its rulers signed the Treaty of Corbeil with Louis IX. In 1238, that man, James the Conqueror, captured from the Almohads. Another ruler of this kingdom took advantage of unrest fermented by Giovanni da Procida to overthrow Charles of Anjou in the wake of the . A queen of this kingdom, Yolande, married Louis II of Anjou while the aforementioned ruler was Peter III. It later gained full control of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. FTP, name this kingdom of Spain, which was united by Ferdinand II with its longtime partner Castile. Answer: Aragon (CO08)

The beginning of the end for its independence was the Battle of Shelon River, where its poorly organized forces were routed by a force one-quarter its size. Its constituent political units were public assemblies known as vecha, and executive power may have been vested in a Council of Lords chaired by the Archbishop. Though it rose to prominence because of the fur trade, and was the site of the Hanseatic kontor of the Peterhof, its inability to feed itself made it dependent on the region of Vladimir-Suzdal for food, and it was annexed by Ivan III in 1478 to Muscovy. With a name meaning "New City," FTP, name this historic Russian city, led in the **th century by . Answer: Velikiy Novgorod (or Novgorod the Great) (CO07)

It established its independence in 1385, when John of Avis defeated John of Castile in the Battle of Aljubarrota. The victorious John, who ruled as John the Great, signed the 1386 with England, creating an alliance that was never broken. Nonetheless, it remained neutral during World War Two, under the iron rule of Antonio Salazar. For 10 points, name this country on the Iberian peninsula. Answer: Portugal

Its founder is considered to be Mindaugus, who received a crown from Pope Innocent IV in 1253. Because its nobles desired aid in the , it lost its independence in the Commonwealth of Two Peoples, also known as the Union of Lublin, in 1569. At its height, it held the cities of and Kiev. For ten points, name this grand duchy, whose great leaders included Vytautus and Jagiello, before it lost its independence to Poland. Answer: Lithuania

It began as an autonomous constitutional monarchy with the with its own legal system, parliament, and army. Nicholas I paid scant attention to its liberal constitution, however, and the Organic Statute of 1832 effected a true union with Russia. Nationalist sentiments led to the January Insurrection of 1863 in Warsaw, but the Russians soon crushed it, effectively ending any autonomy this state may have had. FTP name this kingdom set up as a Russian puppet state at Vienna in 1815. Answer: Congress Kingdom of Poland

Truly a hockey puck of history, it was subjugated by the Teutonic Knights in the early and the in the late 1500's. The Swedes took the sourthern portion, Livonia, in 1629 and the Russians got the rest from the Poles a century later. In 1918 it declared independence and first let the Germans oust the , then it ousted the Germans with British help only to be retaken by the U.S.S.R. 21 years laier. FTP name this mostly Lutheran country, independent (for now), with its capital at . Answer: Latvia

In 1194, it came under rule after the reign of King William the Bad, its last Norman king. In the it selected its first Aragonese king, Pedro III, and though it separated from Aragon in 1292 it remained associated with the Spanish Crown until the War of Spanish Succession. FTP, name this island kingdom of the central Mediterranean, which became part of Italy after being invaded by Guiseppe Garibaldi and features the cities of Messina and . Answer: the

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Heroes of this principality included the merchant Sadko and the giant Basil Buslaev. The high court of the posodnik had ten jurors, including one and a commoner from each kontsy. Although the Council of Notables dominated, it was officially governed by a veche, or town assembly, which accepted and dismissed the princes, a power gained with the expulsion of their hereditary ruler in 1136. In the 13th century, they defeated the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of the Ice, but in 1471 they surrendered to Ivan III of Moscow. FTP, name this Russian principality, whose most famous ruler was Alexander Nevsky. Answer: Novgorod

The region that now makes up this country was conquered by Rome in 58 BC, and afterwards was controlled by and Burgandy until the gained the region in 1033. The march towards independence started with a 1291 defensive league formed by the states of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden, which resulted in virtual independence from the Hapsburgs in 1499, with official independence recognized in the Peace of Westphalia. An alpine nation of 7 million divided into cantons, FTP, what is this country known for its neutrality? Answer: Switzerland

Originally a province of Scandinavia, its second incarnation reached its height under King Gundobad, but in 534 the Merovigians subjugated it. Broken up by the Treaty of Verdun and later by John the Good, its attempts to attain de facto independence were strengthened by dynastic marriages with the rulers of Flanders and reached their height under Duke , but his death in 1477 brought it back under French control. Known for supporting England during the Hundred Years War, FTP, identify this region with capital at Dijon whose name also identifies a type of wine. Answer: Burgundy

Henry II led the naval forces of this kingdom to a victory over the English at the battle of . Peter the Cruel was king of it for 35 years, and after regaining the throne with the help of the Black Prince, he was assassinated by his brother at Montiel. Peter's rule ended approximately 40 years before John II, one of its last kings, assumed the throne in 1406. The mother of Saint Louis, Blanche, was from this kingdom that ceased to exist following a famous 1479 marriage. FTP, the marriage of Isabella to Ferdinand of Aragon was the end of what Spanish kingdom? Answer: Castile

Having achieved independence in 992 CE, this city began the thirteenth century by taking the leading role in the Fourth Crusade, accumulating further wealth through a century-long glassblowing monopoly. It fought the forces of Pope Clement V in the War of the Ferrarese Succession and settled another longtime rivalry with the 1454 Peace of Lodi. Falling to Austria under the , it was later ceded to France, then quickly to the Kingdom of Italy, in the aftermath of the Seven Weeks War. FTP, name this city whose independent rulers included the Council of Wisdom, the Council of Ten, and the doges. Answer: Venice

Its name derives from a Celtic tribe that was expelled by the Macromanni circa 400 AD. Vratislav II was the first to obtain the region's title of King, and success struck in 1355, when this region's king was elevated to Holy Roman Emperor as Charles IV. Cyril and Methodius came west from to introduce Christianity to this historical country. A nationalist revival was suppressed in 1848, and it is now the largest part of its present country. FTP, name this region of central Europe that makes up the westernmost two-thirds of the Czech Republic. Answer: Bohemia

They have their origins in a fusion of Ugrian and Chuvash tribes. Employed by the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI in his own battles, they soon waged war with the Pechenegs, forcing them to move west under the leadership of Arpad. Turning to parts further west, they were defeated by in 933 and decisively by Otto I at Lechfeld in 955. Thus, they returned to their present day location and set up their own kingdom, which is now at the site of the country formed following the Treaty of Trianon. FTP, name this group that comprises 90% of modern-day Hungary.

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Answer: Magyars

It gained de facto independence from the in 798 and within a hundred years was on equal terms with neighbor Asturias. In the early Eleventh Century, its king Sancho III built an empire including all Christian Spain, from which Castile and Aragon were carved on his death. Centered around Pamplona, it was ruled by a series of French dynasties from 1234 to 1589. For 10 points--name this kingdom in the Pyrenees whose king became King of France in 1589. Answer: Navarre

Briefly united by Sitalces who set its capital at Komatini, this entity entered the Peloponnesian War on the side of Athens. After Sitalces' death it broke up into several chiefdoms, losing its land west of the Struma River to Macedon. Falling to Lysimachus after the death of Alexander the Great, conquering Romans gave half of this region to the province of Moesia. Known for its rich mines, FTP, name this historical region of Southeast Europe containing the cities of Serdica, Phillipopolis and Adrianople whose fierce warrior-natives included Spartacus. Answer:

Rock carvings in Alta in this country run continuously for four millennia starting around 6000 BC, indicating the retreat of the sea after the last Ice Age. However, lasting settlements and political organization did not begin until approximately 600 AD, as evidenced by hill forts and stone farmhouses. Local councils known as tings began meeting before 900 AD, leading to the development of regional lawmaking assemblies. An excess of population and increasing militarization and navigating prowess led to the Viking Age in, FTP, what Scandinavian nation first united by Harald I in the late 800's? Answer: Kingdom of Norway or Kongeriket Norge

After the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellonian line, the nobles in this nation elected Henry of Valois, the future Henry III of France, as king. Later elected rulers included members of the Swedish Vasa line, and from 1674 to 1696 the great John III Sobieski, who defeated the Turks seizing Vienna in 1683. For 10 points, name this nation which continued electing kings until it was partitioned out of existence. Answer: Poland

It is administered as a single city with the nearby resort of Sopot. Historic landmarks include the over 600-year old Gothic Church of St. Mary, one of the world's largest Protestant churches, and the Stare Miasto, or "Old Town," which lies on the river that runs through it. However its most notable site is the world famous Neufahrwasser, or Nowy Port. Once the capital of Pomerelia, it sits on a branch of the , alongside the Baltic Sea. FTP, name this site of Lech Walesa's shipyard strike, now a Polish port known in German as Danzig. Answer: Gdansk (accept early Danzig)

Subdivisions of these units of land were once called cantreds, but that term was superseded by divisions of them known as baronies. The Chief Herald of the nation in which these divisions of land lie has granted many of them coats of armor since 1943, including a seal that depicts Patrick Sarsfield outstretching his hand. Naas is the seat of government of one of these units. The King€™s and Queen€™s examples of these units were established during the British Plantations movement in their home country, and those ones are today known as Offaly and Laois. These units are subdivisions of larger provinces like Leinster, Munster, and Connacht. For 10 points, name these divisions of land that include Limerick, Tipperary, and Cork, and are located on the Emerald Isle. Answer: the counties of Ireland

A standoff between the navies of this country and the United States during a hurricane at Apia left over a hundred dead. A rebellion in one of this country's colonies was led by Kinjikitile Ngwale and was known as the Maji Maji rebellion. In 1897, this country seized territory, including Tsingtao, that would later be given to Japan in the settlement. One of this country's colonies saw the Battle of Waterberg, which led to the Herero and Namaqua genocide. One of this

17 12_Nations.txt 3/25/2010 country's leaders gave up Zanzibar in return for a narrow piece of land giving access to the Zambezi river, the Caprivi strip. For 10 points, name this country that colonized Nauru, Togoland and Cameroon, as well as Tanganyika and the future Namibia, all of which it lost by the . Answer: Germany [or Deutschland]

One author from this country wrote a work about a sculptor attempting to maintain the identity of James White, and another work about UNESCO engineer Walter Faber. Another author from this country wrote a novel whose title painter falls in love with both the widow Judith and the Count€™s daughter Dorothea. The home of the authors of I€™m Not Stiller and Green Henry also produced the author of a play in which Dr. von Zahnd looks over patients who call themselves Newton and Einstein. It is also the setting of a work whose title character, the son of Walter Furst, helps Baumgarten escape and saves his son from prison for refusing to bow to Gessler€™s cap. For 10 points, name this country, the home of Max Frisch, Gottfried Keller, Friedrich Durrenmatt, and the local hero William Tell. Answer: Switzerland

The citadel of this city was known as the Island. Its approach was defended by fortifications on the Epipolae Plateau. A man considered a savior of this city defeated Hicetes and had earlier killed his brother Timophanes. A ruler of this city besieged Motya and captured Rhegium. Timoleon fought to free this city, which won the Battle of Himera under the tyrant Gelon. The Spartan general Gyllipus defended this city from Athenians under Nicias during an expedition in the Peloponnesian War, and it was originally a Corinthian colony. It was also ruled by two tyrants named Dionysius. After the death of its ruler Hieron II, it was captured by Marcus Claudius Marcellus, whose forces killed its resident, Archimedes. For 10 points, name this important Greek city located on Sicily. Answer: Syracuse

The first king of this nation was not recognized by the pope until fifty years after his victory in the Battle of and his subsequent , and the death of another of its monarchs in the Battle of Three Kings led to foreign occupation. In the eighteenth century, the Tavora Affair occurred in this nation, and was an attempt to lessen the power of the aristocracy by the Marquis de Pombal. This country loosened control on its colonies after the Carnation Revolution, which brought the end of Antonio Salazar€™s . For 10 points, name this nation which had to rebuild after the 1755 earthquake which destroyed its capital, Lisbon. Answer: Portugal

The was formed by leaders who sought the independence of this country by unifying territories such as Shkodra and Janina. This country's national hero was a man who successfully led the seige of Berat and defended the castle of Kruja several times. Italy invaded this country during World War II when it was ruled by a man who claimed descent from Skanderbeg. A communist ruler of this country published recounted his meetings with Stalin in the book With Stalin and created a secret police called the Sigurimi. For 10 points, identify this Balkan nation which was ruled by Enver Hoxha from its capital at Tirana. Answer: Albania

A successful attack on this city, launched from a camp named Toron, was aided by early relief from James of Avesnes and "the fleet of Danemark". Another siege of this city saw large bounties given to men who were able to break off pieces of its Tower of the Flies and the Accursed Tower, which saw the transfer of troop command to Hugh III after Philip Augustus abandoned that siege. Gregory X attempted to relieve some defenders of this city which ultimately fell to Al-Ashraf Khalil, while an earlier siege was started by the newly released from prison Guy de Lusignan. After the fall of this city in 1291, the office of the King of Jerusalem moved to Cyprus. For 10 points, name this port city in the Holy Land successfully besieged by Richard I in the early days of the Third Crusade. Answer: Acre

This capital city of Henry the Illustrious in the early 13th century saw the training of a significant number of troops at its

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Albertstadt prior to World War I. Frederick the Great recognized Francis I as Holy Roman Emperor in a treaty named for this city that ended the . Home to many rulers of the Wettin line, the May Rising here marked the last of the Revolutions of 1848 and saw the attempted ousting of a king who ruled from this city, Frederick Augustus II. A battle named for this city saw the garrison of Laurent Gouvion-Saint-Cyr relieved by a long march by Napoleon, marking the emperor's last victory in Germany. The Marshall Inquiry condoned a decision by Arthur Harris to attack this "Florence on the " by the RAF and US Army Air Force. For 10 points, name this traditional capital of Saxony, notably firebombed in February 1945. Answer:

One ruler of this city, known as the Wise, fought Louis IV of Bavaria and was named Robert. The last duke of this city died at the Battle of Rignano while fighting against Ranulf II alongside Roger II. That man, Sergius VII, was a member of the Sergi dynasty. Louis the Great attacked this city in revenge for his brother Andrew, who had been married to Joan I of this place. After a victory at Ponte della Maddalena, Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo organized the Sanfedisti to overthrow the Parthenopean Republic in this city. Spain took control of this city after the battle of Garigliano, and Jan Hus opposed Baldassare Cossa's attempts to organize a crusade against a ruler of this city who controlled Innocent VII, Ladislaus. Henry II of Lorraine was opposed in a revolt by the fisherman Masaniello in this city. The Battle of Tolentino signaled the restoration of Ferdinand IV to power here. For 10 points, identify this Campanian city, once ruled by Joachim Murat. Answer: Naples or Napoli

Jean François de Rozier, the first hot-air balloon pilot, died in a fall from a balloon named for this place. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, this was the only town from which the Merchants Staples permitted English wool to be exported. A treaty named for this place gave control of Aquitaine to Edward III in return for Edward renouncing claims to the throne of France and promised the release from captivity of Jean II; that treaty is also known as the Treaty of Brétigny. The duke of Guise conquered it in 1558, thereby removing the last English foothold in France. In the wake of the Battle of Crécy, it was besieged by English troops until six of the town's leaders volunteered as hostages. For 10 points, name this French port which, in 1346, made heroes of those "burghers." Answer: Calais [accept Brétigny before it is read]

This city's position at the midpoint of two bridges four miles apart, Oldbridge and Bewley, enabled its defenders to protect its curtain walls as well as the West Gate and St. Lawrence Gate from Phelim O'Neill during the Eleven Years War. A later battle here culminated in the losing commander being beaten to death on St. Michael's Mount with his own wooden leg after that man, Arthur Aston, claimed that "he who could take" this place "could take Hell." Over a thousand survivors of the initial breach of the walls here were caught and killed in St. Peter's Church. Most of the losers were deported to Barbados after the literal decimation of its defenders in 1649, two months before a similar action at Wexford. For 10 points, name this fortress on the Boyne where forces of Oliver Cromwell committed a notorious massacre. Answer: Drogheda [or Droichead Átha]

This polity won the Battle of Maclodio while led by Francesco Foscari; that occurred in a conflict that concluded with the Peace of Lodi and was fought against Filippo Maria Visconti. The League of Cambrai was formed to oppose this polity, which had a government including the Council of Ten. In 1171 Manuel I ordered the arrest of all of this polity€™s citizens in his lands, and this polity led the siege of its rebellious vassal city, Zara. Enrico Dandolo led this polity during the Fourth Crusade, for which it was contracted to build a giant fleet. Alexius I granted this polity the right to trade without taxation in the Byzantine Empire. Styled the €œMost Serene Republic,€ it was a rival of Genoa for control of Mediterranean trade. For 10 points, name this Italian city-state that, like Genoa, was ruled by a Doge. Answer:

Shortly after this nation achieved independence, Sir Stephen Tallents settled the border with its southern neighbor, dividing the city of Valga. A major foreign policy concern for this country is reacquiring the former Petseri County, which

19 12_Nations.txt 3/25/2010 had been granted to this country in a 1920 treaty. Friedrich Kreutzwald was the first to document the Setu people found in its Voru County, and on this country's eastern coast and islands, the Rannarootslased, ethnic Swedes, form a small minority. With important ports like Sillamae, Ida-Viru County is this country's chief industrial area, though more economically and environmentally important are the facilities and power plants associated with this nation's oil shale reserves near the city of . The home of the city of Tartu, it is located to the west of the and to the north of Latvia. For 10 points, name this Baltic republic, whose economic hub is the capital . Answer: Estonia [or Eesti Varbariik]

A compulsory youth group in this nation had a uniform of green shirts and khaki pants. Antonio de Spinola€™s book about this country €œand the Future€ helped spark a coup here led by the Armed Forces Movement, which then set up the Junta of National Salvation. The PIDE secret police was active in this country during a period where its legislature included a Corporative Chamber. Oscar Carmona became president of this nation after the 1926 revolution. Marcello Caetano€™s government here followed that of a former economics professor, and was ended by the Carnation Revolution. The Estado Nova was created here under the leadership of Antonio Salazar. For 10 points, name this country earlier ruled by the Braganza family, like its former colony of Brazil. Answer: Portugal

Riots against this nation's government in the mid-80s culminated in the uprising of workers at the Red Star tractor works outside of Brasov in 1987, though its regime was finally toppled when protests over the arrest of Pastor Lázló Tökés crystallized into outright revolt, led primarily by the National Salvation Front. Earlier, it had been led by the Sigmaringen kings and the fascist Iron Guard. Ethnic violence broke out during the fall of communism in Tirgu Mures and was centered on its Hungarian minority. Its Ploesti oil fields were a Nazi objective in WWII, and on December 25, 1989, Ion Iliescu led a coup which saw the murder of its longtime Communist dictator, Nicolae Ceausescu. FTP, name this Eastern European country with capital Bucharest. Answer: Romania

The last parliament during the reign of Charles II was held in this city, though it only lasted for one week in 1681. In 1644 Charles I assembled a parliament in this city, which was the royalist capital at the time. Peter de Montfort was the leader of the so-called "Mad" Parliament which was held here during the reign of Henry III. That parliament created a namesake document which called for a council of 15 noblemen, though those "provisions" would be replaced by the Provisions of Westminster in 1259. FTP, name this English city which was also home to a 19th-century religious movement and a major university. Answer: Oxford

A force of these people defeated Eustathios Palatinos under Drogo, while another was crushed by Ilghazi at the Field of Blood. Another force of them, supposedly fighting for Michael , invaded Greece before being driven out by Alexius I. One of their leaders was ransomed by Danishmend Gazi after capturing and becoming the first king of during the . His father conquered much of , establishing a royal line in Sicily. In addition to Bohemond and Robert Guiscard, their leaders include a man known as "the bastard" before his defeat of Harold Godwinson at Hastings. For 10 points, name these people led by William the Conqueror. Answer: Normans [accept Italian Normans or Italo-Normans before "bastard" is read]

One ruler of this nation as well as Hungary had his head cut off as the result of an ill-conceived charge against the forces of Murad II at the , while another ruler of it defeated Ulrich von Jungingen with the help of Vytautus the Great, stomping the Teutonic Knights at Tannenberg. The Union of Lublin was signed at the instigation of another of its rulers, Sigismund II, as formal recognition of its union with Lithuania. Kara Mustafa's attempts to take Vienna were thwarted by another ruler of this nation, Jan III Sobieski. For 10 points, name this nation which was ruled by the Jagiellon dynasty and got partitioned a lot. Answer: Poland [accept Poland-Lithuania]

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After World War II, this city's suburbs were organized into the Five Finger Plan, upon which the suburban railroads were built. Despite having a natural namesake harbor, it remained outside of the Hanseatic League for centuries, developing its own network of maritime commerce. In later years, the Swedes, British, and Germans all attacked the city, but none of these attacks yielded any permanent change. Districts in this city include the Vesterbro and Frederiksberg, and the Amalienborg Palace, home to the Glücksburg . Located on the islands of Zeeland and Amager, for 10 points, name this largest city in Denmark, its national capital. Answer: Copenhagen, Denmark [or København]

This man proposed that his daughter marry Prince Hans of Denmark, but Hans died soon after arriving in this man's capitaly city. Among his early power plays was removing the Nagoi family to Uglich, and his foreign policy included a war against a neighboring power after the expiration of the Treaty of Plussa. He promoted his friend the Metropolitan Job, thus resulting in the creation of the Patriarchate, and Job would later convene the comission that made this man . He forced Fedor Nikitich Romanov, later known as Filaret, to become a monk, and this man's reign saw him oppose Grigory Otrepev by claiming that Grigory was a "False Dimitry." For 10 points, identify this boyar who in 1598 succeeded Ivan IV of Russia, and whose election saw the beginning of the "?" Answer: Boris Fyodorovich Godunov

The European Maritime Safety Agency is located in this city, as is the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiciton. Expo '98 was held in this city, which was at one point ruled by the children of Sabur the Slav. This city contains the "25th of April Bridge" connects the city to neighboring Almada, in addition to another bridge which is the longest in Europe. The western boundary of this city is marked by the Monsanto forest, and this city was built on a series of terraces on the slopes of the Mountains and on the banks of the Tagus River. Notable for having a major earthquake in 1755 and for being larger than Oporto, for 10 points, identify this city, the capital of Portugal. Answer: Lisbon (or Lisboa)

The Genoese admiral Emmanuele Pesagno was responsible for the buildup of this country's navy under King Dinis. The first major dynasty in this country was established after the defeat of the Count of Ourem, and one king of that dynasty gained a sobriquet after victories at Alcacer Ceguer and Arzila, before avenging a defeat of his father, King Edward. Philip Massinger's play Believe as You List treated the subject of the some four false versions of a monarch of this country that appeared after that monarch's army was slaughtered at Larache. Establishing bases in Goa, Malacca, and Hormuz, the end of this country's Aviz dynasty greatly weakened their colonial ambitions. For 10 points, name this country associated with explorers such as Da Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator. Answer: Portugal

In contemporary politics, this country's far right has seen such groups as MIEP, a break off of the Smallholder's Party. Historically, fascists in this country included the Palffy and Mesko-led "Green Shirts", but more successful was a revolt raised by the publishers of "Ten Commandments of the Storm Troopers", the Scythe Cross, which took power east of the Tisza and was led by Zoltan Boszomeny. This country's fascists' dreams were realized with the Vienna Concessions, including the Arrow Cross Party of Ferenc Szalasi, who led this nation after the Nazi-enforced deposing of its long-time "regent", Miklos Horthy. The revision of the Treaty of Trianon was a major issue in, for 10 points, what country, a former partner in the dual monarchy with Austria? Answer: Republic of Hungary [or Magyarorszag]

During World War II, resistance movements in this country included the Legality Party. Abdyl Ypi was unable to attend the Congress of Lushnjë, which reformed this country, because he was assassinated by the puppet government which ruled from Durrës. This modern state declared its independence in the Vlorë Proclamation, shortly after which it was ruled for six months by the German prince Wilhelm zu Wied. Riven by conflict between the traditionalist bajraktars and the liberalizing forces led by Fan Noli, it was later oppressed by a secret police called the Sigurimi. Since 1990, events in

21 12_Nations.txt 3/25/2010 this country have included the fall of Ramiz Alia's dictatorship and the bankrupting of most of its population during a 1997 wave of pyramid schemes. Invaded by Italy during World War II, this country was once ruled by King Zog. For 10 points, name this state which became an isolated outpost of the Communist world under its longtime ruler Enver Hoxha. Answer: Albania

On the day Nazi troops moved into this country, an afternoon newspaper printed all of its articles double-spaced in order to alert citizens to "read between the lines." Teenagers in this country formed their own partisan movement called the Churchill Gang, while other efforts were coordinated by the Freedom Council. The vast majority of Jews in this country were saved from an impending Nazi action by ambulance drivers who looked for Jewish names in phone books and used their vehicles to hide whomever they found. The Lutheran Church recognizes Kaj Munk, a pastor in this country who was killed after delivering an anti-Nazi sermon, as a martyr, and its other World War II figures included the collaborationist prime minister Erik Scavenius.After a German officer threatened to shoot anyone removing the swastika flag from this country's government headquarters, the king of this country volunteered to climb the flagpole himself. For 10 points, name this country where a false urban legend states that king, Christian X, wore a yellow star himself. Answer: Denmark

The commander-in-chief of this polity's army is the subject of a designed by Bertel Thorvaldsen. This polity's army defeated General Pahlen at the Battle of Zedtiltz, and had earlier won the Battle of Raszyn as part of an invasion of Austria. Nominally led by Frederich Augustus I of Saxony, this polity was created by an agreement signed in the Nemen River on a raft by France and Russia, the 1806 Treaty of Tilsit. After its demise, most of this polity was given to Russia, which turned it into the "Congress Kingdom." For 10 points, name this Napoleonic puppet state centered on the capital of Poland. Answer: Grand Duchy of Warsaw [or Ksiestwo Warszawskie; or Duche de Varsovie; or Herzogtum Warschau; or Varshavskoi Gerchogstv; prompt on Poland before Nemen is read and don't accept it after]

The printing press was introduced to this country by a learned king who issued a law code that prescribed blood payment as the penalty for every offense, Vakhtang VI of the Mukhranian dynasty. This country resisted the Mongols under the leadership of a king nicknamed "the Brilliant" after earlier rebelling against Persia under the leadership of Gorgasal and being Christianized by St. Nino. During its time as a client state of Byzantium, this country was ruled by the "kuropalates" or "guardian of the palace," a title which Ashot the Great held before founding the independent Bagratid dynasty here. This country's current capital was incorporated into the state during the campaigns of David the Builder, and many of its lands were later conquered by Queen Tamar. For 10 points, name this state whose "" elevated Mikhail Saakasvilli to power over Eduard Shevardnadze, and which was reconquered for the USSR by native son Joseph Stalin. Answer: Georgia [or Sak'art'velo]

This city is the subject of a chronicle written in the mid-15th century by Burkhart Zink and in 1084 and 1088, this city's bishop Siegfried, was twice deposed when it was taken by Welf of Bavaria. One controversy in this city was the result of the nepotistic appointment of Aaldbero as bishop here by his uncle, who is, along with Afra, the patron saint of this city, Ulrich. Ulrich organized the defense of this city during a siege which was prompted by the Liutpoldings, Liudolf and Conrad, though that siege ended with Otto I's victory at Lechfeld, in 955. This city lends its name to a 1548 "Interim" peace proposal of Charles V, and to another agreement which established "cuius regio, eius religio". For 10 points, name this city, which was the site of a "Confession" authored by Philip Melanchthon, which defined Lutheranism. Answer: Augsburg

In 1013, Zawi ben Ziri founded a kingdom at this city, which is protected by the Alcazaba Yidida and the fortress of Illora. In the sixteenth century, Aben Humaya led a revolt of the near this city. In 1238, Ibn al-Ahmar founded the

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Emirate of this city, which was ruled by the . Muhammad XII Boabdil was forced to surrender it after the fall of Málaga and Almería. Invaded by in 1265, its capture on January 2, 1492 ended the . For 10 points, name this last Moorish stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula, a Spanish city that contains the . Answer:

An ancient archaeological site in this modern-day country is a complex network of two-rut tracks named after the London rail station Clapham Junction. Another archaeological site in this country's Xaghra plateau was destroyed after being excavated by Otto Bayer, and survives only in drawings by Charles de Brochtroff, while its Ggantija Temple is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Margaritus of Brindisi was the first Count of this place. The storming of Fort St. Elmo was one of the key actions in the "great siege" of this place by a group that settled here at the behest of Charles V, and this archipelago contains Comino and Gozo. For 10 points, name this place where the battled the Turks after failures at Rhodes and Cyprus, with a modern-day capital at Valletta. Answer: Republic of

A conquest of this place by Ziyadat Allah I saw a sacking of Taormina, after which this place was controlled by the Aghlabid dynasty. The Mamertine mercenaries were brought here by Agathocles, and the Peace of Caltabellotta ended a war fought over this place that involved Charles the Lame and Roger of Lauria. That war began with a revolt led by John of Procida which fought against Charles of Anjou in favor of Peter III of Aragon. In addition to that revolt named for evening prayers, its namesake "Vespers," this place was grouped with Naples in the Kingdom of Two of this city. For 10 points, name this island separated by the Strait of Messina from mainland Italy. Answer: Sicily

An uprising in this locale against Joseph Radetzky was known as this city's "Five Days." The was called after a defeat of this city, though forces from here would later win the Battle of . The Treaty of Campo Formio recognized it as capital of the new Cisalpine Republic under Napoleon. Charles VIII of France was encouraged to invade Italy by a ruler of this city whose swarthy complexion resulted in him being called "Il Moro," and it was home to a coalition that fought Frederick Barbarossa, the . For 10 points, name this city whose Duchy was established by the Visconti family and later ruled by Sforza family. Answer: Milan

This was the birthplace of the traveling philosopher Altheides. The last and perhaps most famous person to hold the title of queen of this place was Catherine Cornaro, as the wife of James the Bastard. Another key figure in the history of this place took the name Dighenis. Its independence was ensured by the Zurich and London Agreement and its first vice president became Dr. Fazil Kucuk. The EOKA movement was led here by George Grivas and promoted the notion of , and a 1974 coup here by Sampson overthrew the rule of Makarios III. After the capture of Famagusta in 1571, it was transferred to Ottoman rule from its former status as a Crusader state. FTP, name this Mediterranean island disputed between Greece and Turkey. Answer: Cyprus

This people's first recorded major war with Rome was settled by the peace treaty of Cassius Vecellinus after the Battle of Lake Regillus, which established an equal alliance between Rome and their namesake League, which was centered on Aricia [uh-REE-kee-uh]. The second war lasted from 341 to 338, when the League and their allies the Volsci were crushed. After their political extinction, their name still referred to a form of second-class Roman citizenship. In the Aeneid, the husband of Amata and father of Lavinia is their namesake king, and the survival of their name is guaranteed by a compromise between Juno and Jupiter that explains why Romans don't speak Trojan. FTP, name this Italian people who have lent their name to the region of Italy containing Rome, and to the Western Hemisphere south of the Rio Grande. Answer:

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One of this country's most important leaders put down "the tippler's revolt," and two of its earlier rulers were known as "the Peopler" and the "Farmer King." This country signed the Treaty of Methuen in 1703, which hampered its industry, and its scandals included the Tavora Conspiracy and a civil war known as the War of the Two Brothers or the Liberal War. After victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota came the establishment of the Aviz Dynasty, while its later rulers would include the Queen Maria da Gloria. The Estado Novo was brought to an end here in 1974, most associated with the long-time rule of Antonio Salazar. Led by the Braganza family, FTP, identify this Iberian country with a capital at Lisbon. Answer: Portugal

This kingdom was partitioned under the Treaty of Tudillén, though its ruler Sancho the Wise was able to resist the agreement. Berengaria of this kingdom married the English king Richard I. One Joan of this kingdom was the mother of French kings Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV, and another was the daughter of Charles the Bad. Founded early on by Iñigo Arista, a queen of this kingdom wrote the Heptameron. A later ruler from here was advised by the Duke de Sully and was the victor at the who assassinated the Duke of Guise, winning the . FTP, name this long-independent state which was then absorbed into France by its native son, who became the French king Henry IV. Answer: Kingdom of Navarre [accept Pamplona]

A man from this city founded the Camaldolese offshoot of the Benedictines; that man, Saint Romualdo, is often known by a name reflecting his origin here. The Corsini Canal connects this city to the , which is today five miles away. Formerly, it was a thriving port, in its heyday replacing Misenum as the station of the imperial Roman fleet. This city-state was dominated in the by the Polenta family, who welcomed the exiled Dante Aligheri from Florence to this capital of Romagna. Its San Vitale basilica still contains a mosaic series of Justinian and Theodora's court, representing its time as the capital of Byzantine Italy. FTP, name this city to which the Western emperors moved after ruling from Milan, which then became the seat of power for the Gothic kingdom of Italy. Answer: Ravenna

During a 1568 revolt, this city's garrison allowed Aden Farax's band of 800 to breach a mud wall. That "Revolt of the Alpujarras" resulted in the displacement of up to 100,000 from this city's namesake region. Following his honeymoon with , Charles V had a palace constructed by Diego Machuca within the walls of this city's most famous structure. Under the Nasarids, it was capital of a namesake kingdom, which was eventually conquered by Los Reyes Catolicos. FTP, name this southern Spanish city, renowned as the home of the Alhambra and as the last Moorish outpost in Iberia during the Reconquista. Answer: Granada

One of the bloodiest battles in this nation's history occurred at Hauganes, and ended with the execution of Brandur. The greatest and in fact only naval battle in this nation's history took place two years earlier, and was known as "the Bay Battle." The civil war in which those battles were fought also included a battle in which Gissur the White and Kolbeinn the Young proved victorious in 1238. That period of conflict is known as the Age of the Sturlungs, which came to a conclusion with the signing of a so-called "" that put an end to this country's commonwealth, which had been founded in 930. FTP, name this island nation whose current republic was established in 1944 after it achieved independence from Denmark, which is governed by the Althing. Answer: Iceland

This polity falls in the Bishopric of Samland, a name taken from its native , founded in 1243. Its capital, built on the ruins of Tvankse, was named in honor of King Ottokar II of Bohemia who had supported its conquest by the Teutonic Knights in 1255. Yantarny, once the world's biggest amber mine, lies on its coast. Currently governed by Georgiy Boos and a threatened site of Iskander missile deployment, it contains the port of Baltiysk, which headquarters the Russian Baltic Fleet. The port of Sovetsk in this polity was once site of the town of Tilsit, of treaty fame. A sea route

24 12_Nations.txt 3/25/2010 linking this region with Ust-Luga was opened in 2006, critical as this territory is an exclave bordered by Poland and Lithuania. FTP, name this oblast whose capital contains a cathedral that holds Immanuel Kant's tomb and was formerly called Königsberg Answer: oblast (prompt on Königsberg before mention)

This polity had its ancient capital at Emain Macha, and after the fall of that city, was divided into the kingdoms of Aileach, Oriel, and . This polity also included Cavan and Monaghan, and in the former county of Fermanagh in this polity, the army of James II was routed at Newtownbutler. Fermanagh is also home to Loch Erne, while the Mull of Kintyre was separated by the North Channel from the county of Antrim. It also included the counties of Tyrconnell and Tyrone, home to Lough Neagh, while Antrim is the site of the famous Giant's Causeway. Also home to the counties of Down and Londonderry, for 10 points, name this historical region of Ireland which mostly forms the modern polity of Northern Ireland and gives its name to a cycle of stories involving Cu Chulainn. Answer: Ulster [do not accept or prompt on Northern Ireland]

In the late seventeenth century, this polity was bankrupted by an unsuccessful attempt to establish a colony in Panama, the Dari(n Scheme. The death at sea of The Maid of Norway set off a succession crisis here known as the "Great Cause," which was won by a man nicknamed "Empty Coat." That man, John Balliol, was taken captive after the Battle of Dunbar by England's Edward I, known as the "Hammer" of this kingdom's people. This kingdom ceased to exist in 1707 with the Acts of Union, when it was subsumed into Great Britain. For 10 points, name this kingdom whose kings included Kenneth MacAlpin and Robert the Bruce. Answer: Kingdom of Scotland [or Kingdom of the Scots]

After centuries of revolts, such as the Thokoly Uprising, limited autonomy for what is now this country was guaranteed in the Augsleich.This country's Nazi puppet government was led by the Arrow Cross Party, and in 1919 it was briefly led by the Soviet-style government of Bela Kun. Much of its territory was lost in the Treaty of Trianon, and under Imre Nagy (NAJ), this nation made a failed attempt to leave the in 1956. The medieval ancestor of this modern-day country was founded by Stephen I, leader of the Magyars. FTP, name this country which was nominally joined with Austria before World War I. Answer: Hungary or Magyarország

Purchased by the Florentine Acciaiuoli in 1390, it had earlier been center of a state whose official language was Catalan. Later, it was conquered by Navarrese mercenaries who had defeated Walter V of Brienne at Halymros. Walter had succeeded the French knightly family of de la Roche, which had held power here for over a hundred years. Its early prestige had greatly been checked by a 529 closure that dispersed intellectuals to distant Harran and Ctesiphon. Though Venice would twice launch attacks on this city, it would pass into Muslim hands in 1456. Finally returned to Christian rule in 1833, this is, FTP, what city, made capital in the same year by King Othon I but perhaps more famous for the Pnyx and the Areopagus and its ancient prowess under such leaders as Themistocles and Pericles? Answer: Athens or Athinai (accept Attica or the Duchy of Athens until "city" is mentioned)

One location by this name, southwest of Hobart, occupied the worst convicts of Van Diemen's Land producing lumber until 1877. Another was an early center of the oil industry near Beaumont, Texas. The third and most famous was occupied in 1897 as a response to German aggression in Kiaochow, even though it had been leased to another power under the treaty of Shimonoseki. That power, angered by plans to connect it to the Chinese Eastern Railway at Harbin, made it the target of a surprise attack in February 1904. FTP, Lushun is the current name of this site on China's Liaodong peninsula, once a Russian port on the Pacific and the principal strategic objective of the Russo-Japanese War. Answer: Port Arthur

It became an independent political entity after the war of Thuringian succession saw Henry I the Child found the Brabant dynasty. The Lutheran Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous split it among his four sons, who established capitals

25 12_Nations.txt 3/25/2010 at Rheinfels, Marburg, Kassel, and Darmstadt. In the northeast the Fulda River drains to the Weser past Bad Hersfeld, while the mountains of the south and west include the Odenwald and the Taunus. The capital of the current Bundesland is Wiesbaden, while its largest city is -am-Main. FTP, name this German region, notorious for supplying mercenaries to Britain during the American Revolution. Answer: Hesse (or: Hessen)

Though its navy sacked the port of Palermo in 1063, two centuries later it was unable to hold off its Genoese rivals, who defeated it at the battle of Meloria. Despite its Ghibelline leanings, which provided it with imperial support, it was unable to ward off its foes on land either, as it came under increasing hostile pressure from Lucca to the northeast. The church council held here in 1409 resulted the uneasy coexistence of three rival . Though it reasserted its rights for a brief period after the arrival of the French in 1494, the silting up of its harbor and the Florentine conquest in 1406 ended its existence as an independent power. FTP, identify this city in the valley of the Arno, the birthplace of Galileo but more famous for the uneven foundations of its campanile. Answer: Pisa

Hugh de Lacy was created the first earl of this region by King John. Lough Neagh in the center is the largest lake in the British Isles, surrounded by the mountains of Sperrin, Mourne, and Antrim. Rathlin Island in the north is only ten miles from the Mull of Kintyre in southwestern Scotland. Counties Monaghan, Cavan, and Donegal were separated from the rest of the province at partition. FTP, the remaining six counties of what province make up Northern Ireland? Answer: Ulster

This city's regional government consists of two separate areas: the city of half a million itself, and the city's port, which was founded in 1827 about 60 kilometers downstream and is now among the busiest in Europe. Located on the Weser river, it was recognized as an imperial free city in 1646, and joined the German Confederation as an autonomous republic in 1815; today it is the smallest of the sixteen Länder. For 10 points - identify this "free Hanseatic city" near the North Sea in northern Germany. Answer: Free Hanseatic City of Bremen or Freie Hansestadt Bremen

In the fifteenth century, it was the capital of the Duchy of and Napoleon created a Grand Duchy there in 1806. It became a royal capital in 1611 when Sigismund III moved there and was technically one between 1815 and 1830, although the king in question was also the ruler of its country's larger neighbor. Between the Third Partition of 1794 and 1806 the Prussians were in charge of, for 10 points, what city that in 1919 again became the capital of an independent Poland? Answer: Warsaw or Warszawa

In 1134, Alfonso the Warrior attempted to will this kingdom to the Templars and Hospitalers, but no one took him seriously. Its kings were vested by the Pope with the title "King of Sardinia" in the 1320's, part of its expansion in the Mediterranean which included the acquisition of Sicily in 1282. It was established as an independent kingdom in 1135 by Ramiro I, the son of the King of Navarre, and in 1137 it was united with and Catalonia. FTP, name this kingdom, which united with Castile to form modern Spain, and whose most famous resident may have been, Catherine, the first wife of Henry VIII. Answer: Aragon

Though virtual autonomy was secured for this region by nobles like Fernan Gonzalez, it was not made into a kingdom until it was given to Ferdinand I by his father Sancho III. Named for the numerous fortifications built there by Christians to oppose the , it was united with Leon by Ferdinand III, and later the vast privileges of the nobles were curbed by Peter the Cruel. Located in central and northern Spain, FTP, what was this kingdom that Isabella united with Aragon? Answer: Castile

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Its monarchy started in 1139, after Count Henry's son had himself crowned after the . That monarchy ended in 1580 when the country was unified with its eastern neighbor, but in 1640 Cardinal Richelieu sponsored a revolution that put King John IV on the throne and started the Braganza dynasty, later continued by Emperor Pedro in . England's longest-standing continental ally is, FTP, what elongated country that is useful for its proximity to its only land neighbor, Spain. Answer: Portugal

Economically important parts of this region include the coalmines around San Giovanni Valdarno and the renowned marble quarries of Carrera. Bordered by Latium, Umbria, Romagna, and Liguria, the Ombrone and Arno rivers supply water to the wine districts of Chianti, while other tourist centers include cities like Lucca, Pisa, and Siena. With capital at Florence, FTP, what is this region in west central Italy whose name is derived from its ancient Etruscan civilization? Answer: Tuscany

Shortly after the ouster of its most famous leader in favor of Etienne Flandin, it incorporated a policy of "attentisme", which translates as "wait and see". Incorporating a slogan of "Work, Family, and Fatherland," it survived for four years by never passing a constitution, being led by a series of politicians, including Marcel Deat and Jean Darlan, although its greatest security and independence was attained due to the cleverness of Pierre Laval. Nominally led by Marshall Petain, FTP, what was this German puppet state in southeastern France during WWII? Answer: Vichy France

In 1647 Masaniello led a revolt against its barons, while its final fate was decided at the battle of Volturno River in 1861. Its legitimacy had been bolstered in 1821 by the Congress of Laibach, at which Ferdinand I's absolute power was declared. Originally united in 1443 under Alfonso V, in the Peace of Utrecht it was ceded to the French Bourbons, who lost it 25 years later when Charles III reclaimed it. Finally taken as part of Garibaldi's campaign, FTP, name this Italian kingdom under which a single ruler controlled both Naples and Palermo. Answer: Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

An important center of trade and commerce, this was the port from which Jacques Cartier left France in 1608. Eighteen years later the French constructed a dyke across its harbor in order to prevent English aid from arriving after its citizens rebelled. One of the places de szretZ established by the Edict of Nantes, Cardinal Richelieu led the siege of this city, which was finally captured by the royalists in 1627. FTP name this Protestant stronghold in western France. Answer: La Rochelle

Its smaller settlements include the fishing port Marciana Marina, the resort town Marina di Campo, and the more centrally-located Poggio. Often carrying a batch of criminals to the penal colony at Porto Azzurro, the boat from Piombino needs only a half hour to cover the six miles lying between the capital at Portoferraio and the Italian mainland. FTP, name the Tyrrhenian island on which, between May 1814 and March 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte lived in exile. Answer: Elba

It was built by Azzo Adalbert, but by the 1070s it had come into the possession of Countess Matilda of Tuscany. She was the one who invited a German emperor to visit there in an event described by Lambert of Hersfeld, who claimed that he stood outside this castle in the snow for three days before being granted absolution on January 28. FTP, identify this castle in , where Henry IV was humiliated by Gregory VII, whose name has become a byword for penance. Answer: Canossa

The man for which it is named deserted Roderick, "the last of the Goths" and the king of Spain, in 711, the year he made the crossing for which he was immortalized. 993 years after Tariq ibn Siyad's Muslims took it, its owners were again

27 12_Nations.txt 3/25/2010 deprived of it, and the deprivers possess it to this day. FTP, name this English possession, the "mount of Tariq," or in the Arabic, "Jebel al-Tariq." Answer: Gibraltar

It was probably founded early in the 6th century under the leadership of Prince Cerdic and his son Cynric. During the next century it was usually ruled by other kingdoms, notably Mercia, Northumbria, and Kent. Early in the 9th century, King Egbert, having conquered Mercia, Northumbria, and several other kingdoms, including Essex and Kent, was acknowledged overlord of all England. During the reign of his grandson, Alfred the Great, the Danes, who had long harassed the , acknowledged its sovereignty over all English territory not under Danish rule. FTP, identify this Anglo-Saxon , located east of Cornwall, which shares its name with the setting of many of the writings of Thomas Hardy. Answer: Wessex

It was enthusiastically supported by the newspaper of Charles Maurras and adopted the "attentisme" foreign policy and the motto "Work, family, fatherland." The United States sent William D. Leahy as ambassador to to this government, whose members included Marcel Déat, and Fernand de Brinon. Its secret police was headed by Joseph Darnand after being created by Pierre Laval. It was created after Operation Anton, and was headed by Henri Philippe Pétain. FTP, name this French government controlled by Nazi Germany. Answer: Vichy France [accept Vichy regime or similar answers; prompt on "French State" or "État Français"]

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