The Jewish Fifth Column in the Clergy

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Jewish Fifth Column in the Clergy PLOT AGAINST THE CHURCH: PART 4 THE JEWISH FIFTH COLUMN IN THE CLERGY By Maurice Pinay (1962) This volume includes sections IV, of Pinay's 'Plot Against the Church', which address the infiltration of the clergy by Occult secret societies. It was written before Vatican II in order to address the threat to the Church posed by the council. The book makes an excellent case using Church documents and 'Jewish histories', that the conspiracy to corrupt the Church from within has been active for over 2000 years. The long-standing conflict between occult infiltrators and Catholics has largely been ignored by Catholic historians. This is an important corrective. This version was translated from the original German and Spanish editions. Maurice Pinay is a pseudonym for the real authors, for a group of anonymous Catholic Bishops TABLE OF CONTENTS THE OCTOPUS STRANGLING CHRISTIANITY ........................................................................................ 4 ORIGIN OF THE "FIFTH COLUMN" ......................................................................................................... 6 THE FIFTH COLUMN IN ACTION .......................................................................................................... 12 JEWRY, FATHER OF THE GNOSTICS ................................................................................................... 18 THE JEW ARIUS AND HIS HERESY ..................................................................................................... 26 THE JEWS AS ALLIES OF JULIAN THE APOSTATE ............................................................................... 36 JOHN CHRYSOSTOM AND AMBROSE CONDEMN THE JEWS ............................................................... 39 CYRIL OF ALEXANDRIA EXPELS THE JEWS ........................................................................................ 45 BARBARIAN INVASION — TRIUMPH OF THE ARIAN JEWS .................................................................. 52 CATHOLIC VICTORY ............................................................................................................................ 56 THIRD COUNCIL OF TOLEDO REMOVES JEWS FROM PUBLIC OFFICES ............................................ 60 FOURTH TOLEDO COUNCIL EXCOMMUNICATES CLERGY SUPPORTING JEWS ................................. 62 CONDEMNATION OF NEGLIGENT KINGS AND CLERGY WHO FAIL TO RESIST CRYPTO-JEWRY ........ 70 THE CHURCH COMBATS SECRET JEWRY. ......................................................................................... 76 SIXTEENTH COUNCIL OF TOLEDO SET TO DESTROY FIFTH COLUMN ............................................... 86 SEVENTEENTH COUNCIL OF TOLEDO PUNISHES JEWISH CONSPIRACIES WITH SLAVERY ............... 89 CHRISTIAN-JEWISH RECONCILIATION PRELUDE TO COLLAPSE ........................................................ 94 THE JEWS BETRAY THEIR MOST LOYAL FRIENDS .......................................................................... 100 THE CHURCH COUNCILS FIGHT JEWRY ........................................................................................... 110 ATTEMPT TO BRING HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER JEWISH RULE ................................................. 117 THE COUNCIL OF MEAUX COMBATS OPEN AND SECRET JEWS ...................................................... 126 JEWISH TERROR IN CASTILE IN THE 14TH CENTURY ...................................................................... 132 THE JEWS BETRAY THEIR MOST MAGNANIMOUS PROTECTORS .................................................... 140 JEWISH INFILTRATION IN THE CLERGY ............................................................................................. 144 A JEWISH CARDINAL BECOMES POPE 1 ............................................................................................. 155 Page SAINTS BERNARD AND NORBERT FREE THE CHURCH FROM THE JEWISH ANTIPOPE .................... 162 A JEWISH-REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION IN THE 12TH CENTURY ........................................................ 168 JEWISH REVOLUTIONS. SECULAR ATTACKS ON TRADITIONS OF THE CHURCH .............................. 173 SECRET JEWRY AND THE ALBIGENSIAN HERESY ............................................................................ 182 DANGEROUS ENEMIES OF THE CHURCH: JEWS AND THE WALDENSES .......................................... 191 GREGORY VII DESTROYS A JEWISH THEOCRACY IN NORTH ITALY ................................................ 194 JEWISH 'FIFTH COLUMN' IN RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH ............................................................ 197 JEWS SPREAD THE CULT OF SATAN ................................................................................................ 202 JEWISH REVOLUTIONARIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES .......................................................................... 204 BISHOPS ACCUSED OF WORSHIPPING LUCIFER .............................................................................. 209 THIRD LATERAN COUNCIL REBUKES CLERGY WHO FAIL TO OPPOSE HERETICS .......................... 213 FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL IMPOSES RESTRICTIONS ON JEWS. ................................................... 218 MONKS, NUNS AND PRELATES AS SECRET JEWS ........................................................................... 223 JEWISH INFILTRATION OF JESUIT ORDER ........................................................................................ 237 CONSPIRACIES AGAINST HISTORY AND THE RITES ......................................................................... 244 ERRORS OF THE NAZIS AND IMPERIALISTS ...................................................................................... 247 APPENDIX: INTRODUCTORY NOTES ................................................................................................. 252 HERITAGE HISTORY EDITOR’S NOTE This volume is composed of the fourth (and longest) section of Maurice Pinay's Plot Against the Church. It focuses on a widely misunderstood topic: the long struggle of faithful Catholics against the treachery and interference of malicious Jews, especially those who have infiltrated the Church and harmed her from within. Virtually all Modern Church histories avoid the topic, either by failing to disclose any treachery by Jewish actors, or by failing to identify the semitic background of certain heretics, or by dismissing long-standing Christian distrust of Jews as mere superstition or prejudice. Contemporary Christians who consider themselves well educated may be shocked to find out just how serious and long- standing the Church's problem with "Jewish" subversion really is. The information in this book is a badly needed corrective to the 'bowdlerized', pro-Jewish Catholic histories that are found in virtually all modern Catholic institutions. Pinay's book was published in 1962, prior the Second Vatican Council. It's purpose was to warn Catholics of the danger posed by enemies of the Church who have infiltrated her ranks, and intend harm. Since the book was written in the early sixties, the first few sections of the book focuses largely on the problem of "Communism" and world revolutions, since those were the visible crises on the minds of most people at the time. The authors point out that almost all the Communist and revolutionary movements rocking governments around the world were the work of Jewish agitators and intellectuals. They are aware they will be called "anti-Semitic" but want to establish the malice and perfidity of certain elements of the Semitic peoples beyond a shadow of a doubt before recounting the long struggle of the Catholic Church against 'The Synagogue of Satan'. 2 Page The three sections of 'Plot Against the Church' that address the Jewish threat in terms of political subversion are I: "The Force Behind Communism", II: "The Power Behind Freemasonry", and III: "The Synagogue of Satan". The material in these section, addressing diverse aspects of the 'Jewish Problem' is covered in numerous other books. The volume include only Part IV: "The Jewish Fifth Column in the Clergy", because that is of most immediate interest in terms of Ecclesiastical History and corruption specific to the Catholic Church. Because this book deals with controversial topics, we recommend reading some of the introductory material listed in the Appendix. They are so voluminous we have moved them to the end of the book rather than the preface. Most were written by origin authors, translators, or publishers. These include introductions to the following Editions: English Online Edition, American Edition, Italian Edition, Austrian Edition, German Edition, Spanish Edition. DEDICATION To the Immaculate Heart of the Virgin Mary, Mother of God; to St. Joseph, Protector of the Universal Church; to St. Michael the Archangel, Prince of the Supernatural Host in the struggle against Satan, the first Naturalist; to St. Thomas Aquinas, the Catholic Church's Teacher of Order; and to St. Anthony of Padua, "Hammer of the Heretics." "In our time more than ever before, the chief strength of the wicked lies in the cowardice and weakness of good men . All the strength of Satan's reign is due to the easy-going weakness of Catholics. Oh! if I might ask the Divine Redeemer, as the prophet Zachary did in spirit: What are those wounds in the midst of Thy hands? The answer would not be doubtful: With these was I wounded in the house of them that loved Me. I was wounded by My friends, who did nothing to defend Me, and who, on every occasion, made themselves the accomplices of My adversaries. And this reproach can be levelled at the weak and timid Catholics
Recommended publications
  • Myth-Making and the Historical Imagination: an Investigation of the Historiography of Islamic Iberia Through Castilian Literature
    Myth-making and the Historical Imagination: An Investigation of the Historiography of Islamic Iberia Through Castilian Literature Gaston Jean-Xavier Arze Springfield, Virginia BA English, University of Virginia, 2017 A Thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Religious Studies University of Virginia December, 2018 Dr. Ahmed H. al-Rahim Dr. E. Michael Gerli 2 1. Introduction A historical narrative is thus necessarily a mixture of adequately and inadequately explained events, a congeries of established and inferred facts, at once a representation that is an interpretation and an interpretation that passes for an explanation of the whole process mirrored in the narrative. Hayden White, Tropics of Discourse (1978). The history of Islam in Spain is a deeply contested historical narrative, whose interpretation has significant implications for Spain’s perception of its national identity, as well as its historical memory, and modern political discourse. The rejection of Islamic Iberia plays an important role in the modern understanding of the nascence of the Spanish state. This is because, the history of medieval Iberia is largely framed as an 800-year struggle for independence from invading Muslims. This historical narrative is obviously at odds with the historical presence of the religion of Islam, the irrefutable linguistic contact between Arabic and Peninsular Romance, and the role of Arabic and Arabic sources in Iberia’s rich literary history. The aforementioned interpretation of the history of the Iberian Peninsula also rejects the influence that Islam played in the creation of identities unique to the peninsula: namely, the Mudéjars, the Moriscos and the Mozarabs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Issue of Antitrinitarianism in the Fifteenth-Century Novgorod- Moscow Movement: Analysis and Evaluation
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2000 The Issue of Antitrinitarianism in the Fifteenth-Century Novgorod- Moscow Movement: Analysis and Evaluation Oleg Zhigankov Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the History of Christianity Commons, Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons, and the Slavic Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Zhigankov, Oleg, "The Issue of Antitrinitarianism in the Fifteenth-Century Novgorod-Moscow Movement: Analysis and Evaluation" (2000). Dissertations. 172. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/172 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMi films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bieedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anxious Hero Updated
    THE ANXIOUS HERO: DISSECTING MASCULINITIES IN THIRTEENTH–CENTURY MEDIEVAL IBERIAN LITERATURE A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Spanish By Anthony Javon Perry, M.S. Washington, DC November 7, 2018 Copyright 2018 by Anthony Perry All Rights Reserved ii THE ANXIOUS HERO: DISSECTING MASCULINITIES IN THIRTEENTH–CENTURY MEDIEVAL IBERIAN LITERATURE Anthony Javon Perry, M.S. Thesis Advisor: Emily C. Francomano, Ph.D. ABSTRACT My dissertation examines the varying and converging constructions of gender and genre in four thirteenth–century medieval Iberian texts: Poema de mio Cid, Libro de Alexandre, Libro de Apolonio and Alfonso X’s Estoria de Espanna. By contextualizing the texts historically and using the perspectives of feminist theory, gender theory and cultural studies, I examine the constructions of masculinities within these texts and the role that these constructions play in the text’s genre. I contend that these texts bear witness to the anxious relationship between masculinity and power in the thirteenth century and aim to shape the reader’s/listener’s image of kingship/leadership and, in turn, hegemonic masculinity. They serve as a mirror for and of male leaders, a speculum principis for their thirteenth–century audience. In each text, the male protagonist is a hero and, therefore, exemplary of what I term hegemonic masculinity. The self–fashioning of the hero’s masculinity, as manifest in the Fall/Redemption narrative structure, reveals itself to be anxious. I ground my argument in the medieval exegesis surrounding the Fall/Redemption trope and its ubiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • Religious and Political Identity in Medieval Europe: Purity of Faith and Heresy
    RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL IDENTITY IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE: PURITY OF FAITH AND HERESY EMILIO MITRE UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID SPAIN Date of receipt: 30th of August, 2019 Date of acceptance: 17th of February, 2020 ABSTRACT This article provides a diachronic and overall view to analyze the creation of an identity in medieval Europe expressed in religious and political terms and created from contrasting an internal cohesion confronted towards external otherness. This imposed a conceptual trajectory, begun in the disquisition between pontifical theocracy and imperial Caesorapapism and following through the acceptance of the plurality of feudal monarchies and a segregating reaction in the late Middle Ages, focused on the purity of faith isolating groups and beliefs that could stain the society. The link between divine guidance and people facilitated that the political discourse at the end of the Middle Ages integrated the influence of messianism- millenarianism. KEYWORDS Religion, Christianity, Faith, Heresy, Identity, Otherness. CAPITALIA VERBA Religio, Christianitas, Fides, Haeresis, Identitas, Alteritas. IMAGO TEMPORIS. MEDIUM AEVUM, XV (2021): 25-51 / ISSN 1888-3931 / DOI 10.21001/itma.2021.15.01 25 26 EMILIO MITRE 1. The great propositions and their vicissitudes1 Identity2 —often induced from high instances— covers distinct fields. In the political-religious aspect concerning our society, the starting point could well be the grand dessein entailed by the Edict of Thessalonica promulgated by Theodosius in 380. As Nicenean orthodoxy identified
    [Show full text]
  • Download: Brill.Com/Brill-​ ​Typeface
    The Medieval Iberian Treasury in the Context of Cultural Interchange The Medieval Iberian Treasury in the Context of Cultural Interchange Expanded Edition Edited by Therese Martin LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY- NC- ND 4.0 license, which permits any non- commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https:// creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by- nc- nd/ 4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Originally published, in part, as Volume 25, No. 1– 2 (2019) of Brill’s journal Medieval Encounters. Chapter 9 was originally published as Nancy L. Wicker, “The Scandinavian Container at San Isidoro, León, in the Context of Viking Art and Society,” Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 11/ 2 (2019): 135– 156; it is here reprinted by permission of the publisher Taylor & Francis Ltd, http:// www.tandfonline.com. The Medieval Iberian Treasury in Context: Collections, Connections, and Representations on the Peninsula and Beyond (National Research Challenge Grant, Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities, AEI/ FEDER, RTI2018- 098615- B- I00, 2019– 2022). Cover illustration: Stole of Queen Leonor (detail), 1197 (Museo de la Real Colegiata de San Isidoro de León, Inv. No. IIC-3-089-002-0024, photo: Therese Martin).
    [Show full text]
  • Expanding the Ecclesiastes Worship Center in Sacramento, California by Using a Documentray of the Russian Reform Movement
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertation Projects DMin Graduate Research 2017 Expanding The Ecclesiastes Worship Center In Sacramento, California By Using A Documentray Of The Russian Reform Movement Udo Sokolovsky Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dmin Part of the Practical Theology Commons Recommended Citation Sokolovsky, Udo, "Expanding The Ecclesiastes Worship Center In Sacramento, California By Using A Documentray Of The Russian Reform Movement" (2017). Dissertation Projects DMin. 313. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dmin/313 This Project Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertation Projects DMin by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT EXPANDING THE ECCLESIASTES WORSHIP CENTER IN SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, BY USING A DOCUMENTARY OF THE RUSSIAN REFORM MOVEMENTS by Udo Sokolovsky Adviser: Steve Case ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Project Document Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: EXPANDING THE ECCLESIASTES WORSHIP CENTER IN SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, BY USING A DOCUMENTARY OF THE RUSSIAN REFORM MOVEMENTS Name of researcher: Udo Sokolovsky Name and degree of adviser: Steve Case, PhD Date completed: August 2017 Problem During the last decades of the twentieth century, the Greater Sacramento area of California became one of the largest Russian-speaking communities in the United States. According to Russian American Media, there are approximately 300,000 Russian- speaking residents. Many of them came to America as victims of religious persecution. However, today only about 30,000—just 10% of the total number of immigrants—are active members in different Christian churches.
    [Show full text]
  • Historyofrussian00walis.Pdf
    \ivai. uusfc II B R.ARY OF THE U N I VLRSITY Of ILLINOIS 891.709 W14^E 1915 - . material is re- The person charging this return on or before the sponsible for its Latest Date stamped below. of books Theft, mutilation, and underlining are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. University of Illinois Library MAR 2 N-9 97c 1992 l i>?3 MAR (i B# MAR 8 1973 mm 3 ' 1993 2 ** IJAR DECm 1 2 nm 1 3 NOV0«W198^.. L161— O-1096 »v1 Short Histories of the Literatures of the World Edited by Edmund Gosse LITERATURES OF THE WORLD Edited by EDMUND GOSSE Librarian to the House of Lords, London. CHINESE LITERATURE. By Herbert A. Giles, M.A., LL.D. (Aberd.), Professor of Chinese in the Univer- sity of Cambridge. SANSKRIT LITERATURE. By A. A. Macdonell, M.A., Budcn Professor of Sanskrit, University of Oxford. RUSSIAN LITERATURE. By K. Waliszewski. JAPANESE LITERATURE. By W. G. Aston, C.M.G., M.A., late Acting Secretary at the British Legation SPANISH LITERATURE. By J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, Gil- mour Professor uf Spanish Language and Literature, University of Liverpool. ITALIAN LITERATURE. By Richard Garnett, C.B., LL.D., Late Keeper of Printed Books in the British Museum. ANCIENT GREEK LITERATURE. By Gilbert Murray, M.A., Professor of Greek in the University of Glas- gow. , FRENCH LITER^rtTURE. By Edward Dowden, LL.D., Professor of English Literature at the University of Dublin. MODERN ENGLISH LITERATURE. By the Editor. AMERICAN LITERATURE. By William P. Trent, LL.D., Professor of English Literature, Columbia LTniversity.
    [Show full text]
  • THE THEOLOGY of POLITICAL POWER an Historical Approach to the Relationship Between Religion and Politics
    THE THEOLOGY OF POLITICAL POWER An Historical Approach to the Relationship between Religion and Politics PART 2: RUSSIA AND THE WEST (to 1789) Vladimir Moss © Copyright: Vladimir Moss, 2011. All Rights Reserved. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................4 IV. THE RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY: KIEV AND MOSCOW .............................5 Church and State in Kievan Rus’ ..........................................................................5 The Breakup of Kievan Rus’ ................................................................................11 Autocracy restored: St. Andrew of Bogolyubovo.................................................14 Russia between the Hammer and the Anvil ........................................................19 The Rise of Muscovy............................................................................................21 Russia and the Council ........................................................................................27 The Third Rome ...................................................................................................30 The Heresy of the Judaizers..................................................................................38 Possessors and Non-Possessors ...........................................................................46 St. Maximus the Greek ........................................................................................50 Ivan the Terrible: (1) The Orthodox Tsar............................................................52
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matter Template
    Copyright by María Rebeca Castellanos 2009 The Dissertation Committee for María Rebeca Castellanos Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: The Foundational Rape Tale in Medieval Iberia Committee: Michael Harney, Supervisor Matthew Bailey, Co-Supervisor Madeline Sutherland-Meier James Nicolopulos Jennifer Ebbeler The Foundational Rape Tale in Medieval Iberia by María Rebeca Castellanos, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2009 Dedication Para Médar Acknowledgements This dissertation was finished with the help of several people. Professor Professor Matthew Bailey introduced me to Latin and guided me patiently and generously through my graduate studies. Professor Michael Harney generously took me under his wing, and challenged me to polish my work. Professor Nicolopulos, who introduced me to the chronicles. Professor Jennifer Ebbeler, whose careful reading improved my manuscript. Professor Sutherland-Meier, whose door was always open and graciously accepted to be in my committee. Special thanks to Professor Leslie Jarmon, whose course on academic writing taugh me and many others how to plan, write and finish a dissertation. My dear friends Filadelfo Martínez, Francisco (Paco) Plata, Alanna Breen, Scott Spinks, Danny Méndez, Adalberto Yánez and Kim Díaz, who trusted I would finish my dissertation. I give special thanks to Luis Marcelino Gómez (el Muso) who tirelessly repeated ―nena, tú puedes‖. To my father, José Tiberio Castellanos, and to my mother, Ari Castellanos, and to my sister, Ana Rocío Castellanos, who knew I would be a ―doctora‖ some day.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Origins of Crusading in the Peninsula: the Reign of Alfonso Vi (1065-1109)
    ON THE ORIGINS OF CRUSADING IN THE PENINSULA: THE REIGN OF ALFONSO VI (1065-1109) CARLOS DE AYALA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID SPAIN Date of receipt: 9th of April, 2011 Final date of acceptance: 12th of December, 2012 ABSTRACT Alfonso VI of Leon-Castile’s reign coincided in time with the origins and first development of the Crusading phenomenon, promoted by pope Urban II from 1095 onwards. This fact influenced the very nature and character of warfare against Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. This caused a trend to further sacralisation of the Reconquest, increasingly considered as a genuine Holy War. This article intends to analyze the patterns of this trend throughout Alfonso VI’s reign1. KEY WORDS Alfonso VI, Leon and Castile, Reconquest, Holy War, Crusade. CAPITALIA VERBA Alfonsus VI, Legio et Castella, Armis facta recuperatio, Bellum sanctum, Sacrae Crucis militia. 1. This study is part of the research project Génesis y desarrollo de la guerra santa cristiana en la Edad Media del occidente peninsular (ss. X-XIV), financed by the Subirección General de Proyectos de Investigación. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (HAR 2012-32790). IMAGO TEMPORIS. MEDIUM AEVUM, VII (2013): 225-269. ISSN 1888-3931 226 CARLOS DE AYALA 1. Approach The beginning of the crusades that characterised the development of western Christendom for over two hundred years coincided with the reign of Alfonso VI in Leon and Castile. When he succeeded to the throne of Leon in 1065, hardly a year had passed since the first papal intervention that converted the reconquest into a penitential struggle in Barbastro.2 Then, after his banishment in 1072, when Alfonso finally took control of the kingdoms of Leon and Castile, we were on the brink of theoretical offensive by Gregory VII against Hispanic territories that was designed in 1073 with the aim of returning these to the domain of Saint Peter3.
    [Show full text]
  • Tour Extension Itinerary – 'Western Andalucia' Overview
    Tour Extension Itinerary – ‘Western Andalucia’ 3 days/3 nights Overview Our ‘Western Andalucía’ extension takes you to the area of Andalucía near the Portuguese Border, the Cities of Jerez de la Fronter ‘Jerez’, Cadiz, Arcos de la Frontera before returning for a final night in Málaga. Day 1: JEREZ After breakfast we depart for Jerez. Famous for Sherry, Flamenco and Andalucian Horses, Jerez is the 5th largest City in Andalucia. Jerez de la Frontera, or simply Jerez, is most definitely known for its production of Sherry in the Bodegas that dot the City and from the vineyards in the surrounding countryside. Wealthy merchants built palatial mansions in the centre of the City and their Sherry & Brandy Bodegas were established close by. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Vandals and the Visigoths ruled it until the Arabs conquered the area in 711. In the 11th century it briefly became the seat of an independent Taifa. Some years later 'Abdun ibn Muhammad united it with Arcos and ruled both until in 1053 it was annexed to Seville. In the 12th and 13th Centuries, when the Almohads conquered the city, Jerez underwent a period of great development, building its defence system and setting the current street layout of the old town. In 1231 the Battle of Jerez took place within the town's vicinity, Christian troops under the command of Álvaro Pérez de Castro, lord of the House of Castro and grandson of Alfonso VII, King of Castile and León, defeated the troops of the Emir Ibn Hud, despite the numerical superiority of the latter.
    [Show full text]
  • 5. the Icon of the Trinity by Andrei Rublev
    5. The Icon of the Trinity by Andrei Rublev While the compositions of the Anastasis and the Transfiguration represent the realm of oikonomia (all the works by which God reveals himself and communicates his life), the figurative representation of the Trinity circumscribes the domain of theologia (the mystery of God’s inmost life within the Blessed Trinity).1 Prior to the hesychast controversy, Latin fathers introduced the filioque clause as an addition to the Nicene Creed, but the hesychasts condemned and refuted this dogma. In their endeavour to defend the Christological and Trinitarian dogma, the hesychasts affirmed the ontological distinction within the Triune God. They accepted the difference between the hypostases of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit and, at the same time, acknowledged the unity of nature in the Trinity. Palamists also developed an elaborate teaching concerning the Soteriological role of divine grace. These theological presuppositions were founded in the steadfast parameters of theophania (the Epiphany) and theoptia (the vision of the Triune God). The art of the Palaeologan era reflected the theological dogma of the hesychast, with the iconography of the Hospitality of Abraham acquiring a Trinitarian rather than Christological connotation.2 Rublev’s version of the Hospitality of Abraham (Old Testament Trinity) is the best example of this iconographical trend (Fig. 51). The Old Testament Trinity in theology Images of the Trinity in the form of three angels represent Chapter 18 of the Book of Genesis. Abraham treats the visit of the three angels as a revelation of God (contrast Judges 13), but what he sees is not God alone but ‘three men standing nearby’ (Genesis 18:2).
    [Show full text]