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Global Investigative Journalism: Strategies for Support Global Investigative Journalism: Strategies for Support A Report to the Center for International Media Assistance December 5, 2007 The Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA), a project of the National Endowment for Democracy, aims to strengthen the support, raise the visibility, and improve the effectiveness of media assistance programs by providing information, building networks, conducting research, and highlighting the indispensable role independent media play in the creation and development of sustainable democracies around the world. An im- portant aspect of CIMA’s work is to research ways to attract additional U.S. private sector interest in and support for international media development. CIMA convenes working groups, discussions, and panels on a variety of topics in the field of media development and assistance. The center also issues reports and recommendations based on working group discussions and other investigations. These reports aim to provide policymakers, as well as donors and practitioners, with ideas for bolstering the effectiveness of media assistance. Marguerite Sullivan Senior Director Center for International Media Assistance National Endowment for Democracy 1025 F Street, N.W., 8th Floor Washington, D.C. 20004 Phone: (202) 378-9700 Fax: (202) 378-9407 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.ned.org/cima/cima.html About the Author David E. Kaplan Investigative Journalist/Media Consultant David E. Kaplan is an investigative journalist and media consultant based in Washington, Support for Strategies Journalism: Report:CIMA Research Global Investigative D.C. Over a 30-year career he has reported from more than two dozen countries, writing on organized crime, terrorist groups, the banking industry, and the intelligence community. In June 2007, he left as chief investigative correspondent for U.S. News & World Report. A former Fulbright scholar in Japan, Kaplan is co-author of the book YAKUZA, widely considered the standard reference on the Japanese mafia, and author of Fires of the Dragon, on the murder of journalist Henry Liu. Prior to U.S. News, he served as a senior editor for the San Francisco-based Center for Investigative Reporting; during his tenure there, the CIR staff won more than 35 journalism, film, and video awards. Kaplan’s stories have won or shared more than 15 awards, including honors from Investigative Reporters and Editors, the American Bar Association, and the Overseas Press Club. Disclosure: The author has been an international media trainer for nearly 20 years and has led workshops and seminars for many of the groups noted in this paper, including the International Center for Journalists, International Research and Exchanges Board, and Investigative Reporters and Editors. He also serves on the Board of Advisors of the Bosnian Center for Investigative Reporting and is a member of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. Center for International Media Assistance 1 Table of Contents Preface 3 Executive Summary 4 Scope and Methodology 6 Overview: Investigative Journalism Goes Global 7 The Case for International Assistance 10 Mapping the Field 14 Centers of Excellence 20 The Role of Journalism Schools 26 Standards and Quality 28 Monitoring and Evaluation 29 Findings and Recommendations 30 Appendix: Investigative Journalism Training and Reporting Centers 32 Endnotes 36 CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism: Strategies for Support for Strategies Journalism: Report:CIMA Research Global Investigative Bibliography 41 2 Center for International Media Assistance Preface The Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) at the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) commissioned this study on investigative journalism around the world to determine the size and strength of the field and what types of assistance are needed to help the field thrive and expand its work, which is critical for democratic and transparent societies. Support for Strategies Journalism: Report:CIMA Research Global Investigative CIMA is grateful to David Kaplan, a veteran investigative journalist and media consultant, for his research and insights on this topic. We hope that this report will become an important reference for international media assistance efforts. Marguerite Sullivan Senior Director Center for International Media Assistance Center for International Media Assistance 3 Executive Summary Fueled by globalization, international include legal reform and freedom of aid, and the efforts of journalism groups, information. the worldwide practice of investigative reporting has grown dramatically since • Nonprofit investigative reporting the fall of communism began in 1989. The centers have proved to be viable field’s emphasis on public accountability organizations that can provide unique and targeting of crime and corruption training and reporting, while serving has attracted millions of dollars in media as models of excellence that help to development funding from international professionalize the local journalism donors, who see it as an important force in community. promoting rule of law and democratization. Support of investigative journalism, • The centers are part of an expanding however, has been identified as a major gap global network of training institutes, in international media assistance, marked reporting organizations, journalism by funding that is largely uncoordinated associations, grant-making groups, and episodic and that makes up but a small and online networks that have great fraction of that spent on overall media potential to effect change. Different development. Veteran trainers and organizers programs will be appropriate for broadly agree that sustained programs, different regions and markets. support of nonprofit investigative journalism centers, and adherence to high standards can • Commercially based training, even in produce impressive results both in fostering the West, plays little role in furthering public accountability and in building a investigative journalism, leaving professional news media. nonprofit organizations to take the lead. Although university-based This report explores the rapid growth training has potential, it appears of investigative journalism overseas limited in scope outside the United and suggests ways to best support and States and Western Europe. professionalize its practice in developing and democratizing countries. Among its findings: • Because of its emphasis on longer- term, high-impact journalism, • A substantial investment into investigative reporting projects can investigative journalism programs can be difficult to evaluate. Training and CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism: Strategies for Support for Strategies Journalism: Report:CIMA Research Global Investigative have significant positive impact in reporting projects aimed at creating a wide range of countries, including a culture of investigative journalism those in the Middle East and former should be evaluated based on their Soviet Union. Such funding will quality and impact, not broad be most effective if long-term and numbers of people trained and stories integrated into broader initiatives that produced. 4 Center for International Media Assistance • Better coordination and Reporters and Editors, the world’s communication are needed between largest trainer of investigative those in U.S. government-funded journalists, and the Knight chairs programs and the investigative in investigative and international journalism community. Key points journalism at the universities of of contact include Investigative Illinois and Texas. CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism: Strategies for Support for Strategies Journalism: Report:CIMA Research Global Investigative Center for International Media Assistance 5 Scope and Methodology This report examines the worldwide • Interviews with more than 30 expansion of investigative journalism, with trainers, funders, reporters and a focus on strategies to help support and managers involved in international sustain it in developing and democratizing investigative journalism. countries. The research draws in particular on several key sources: • Investigative Journalism in Europe, Vereniging van • A fall 2007 CIMA global Onderzoeksjournalisten (VVOJ), survey of nonprofit investigative 2005. training and reporting centers, in which 37 organizations in 26 • The Growing Importance of countries responded to a detailed Nonprofit Journalism, Charles questionnaire. Lewis, The Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public • Discussions and interviews at Policy, 2007. the Fourth Global Investigative Journalism Conference in Toronto, • A broad literature search of training May 24-27, 2007; the Investigative materials, Web sites, academic Journalism Conference in Istanbul, curricula, books and articles on Nov. 3, 2007; and the Investigative investigative journalism worldwide. Reporting in East and Central Europe Conference in Budapest, Nov. 9-11, 2007. CIMA Research Report: Global Investigative Journalism: Strategies for Support for Strategies Journalism: Report:CIMA Research Global Investigative 6 Center for International Media Assistance Overview: Investigative Journalism Goes Global In the United States, investigative University, Chinese journalist journalism is best known for helping Hu Shuli co-founded Caijing, a topple a president for abuse of power. But privately backed business biweekly. in American journalism schools, those Through investigative reporting Support for Strategies Journalism: Report:CIMA
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