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Sure Road? Nationalisms in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique African Social Studies Series

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Sure Road? Nationalisms in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique African Social Studies Series Sure Road? Nationalisms in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique African Social Studies Series Editorial Board Martin R. Doornbos, International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague Carola Lentz, University of Mainz John Lonsdale, University of Cambridge VOLUME 28 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/afss Sure Road? Nationalisms in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique Edited by Eric Morier-Genoud LEIDEN • BOSTON LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 This book is published with the support of the Association des chercheurs de la revue ‘Lusotopie: Recherches politiques internationales sur les espaces issus de lʼhistoire et de la colonisation portugaise’. Cover illustration: Mural “Terra de Cabral” by artist Joel Bergner on the walls of the Amílcar Cabral Foundation in Praia, Cape Verde. © Joel Bergner, 2011. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sure road? Nationalisms in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique / edited by Eric Morier- Genoud. p. cm. -- (African social studies series ; v. 28) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-22261-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Angola--Politics and government. 2. Nationalism-- Angola. 3. Guinea-Bissau--Politics and government. 4. Nationalism--Guinea-Bissau. 5. Mozambique--Politics and government. 6. Nationalism--Mozambique. 7. Africa, Portuguese- speaking--History--Autonomy and independence movements. 8. Portugal--Colonies--Africa-- History. 9. Decolonization--Africa, Portuguese-speaking--History. I. Morier-Genoud, Eric. II. Series: African social studies series ; v. 28. DT1348.S87 2012 320.540967--dc23 2012007361 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN 1568-1203 ISBN 978 90 04 22261 8 (paperback) ISBN 978 90 04 22601 2 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Illustrations ..................................................................................................vii List of Contributors ................................................................................................. ix Introduction. Thinking about Nationalisms & Nations in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique .................................................................xiii Eric Morier-Genoud I Anticolonialism & Nationalism: Deconstructing Synonymy, Investigating Historical Processes. Notes on the Heterogeneity of Former African Colonial Portuguese Areas ........................................... 1 Michel Cahen II Virtual Nations and Failed States: Making Sense of the Labyrinth ...........................................................................................................31 Philip J. Havik III The Social Origins of Good and Bad Governance: Re-interpreting the 1968 Schism in Frelimo ........................................... 79 Georgi Derluguian IV Writing a Nation or Writing a Culture? Frelimo and Nationalism During the Mozambican Liberation War .......................103 Maria-Benedita Basto V ‘An Imaginary Nation’. Nationalism, Ideology & the Mozambican National Elite ................................................................127 Jason Sumich VI UNITA and the Moral Economy of Exclusion in Angola, 1966–1977 .........................................................................................................149 Didier Péclard VII Angola’s Euro-African Nationalism: The United Angolan Front ..................................................................................................................177 Fernando Tavares Pimenta vi contents VIII Changing Nationalisms: From War to Peace in Angola .....................199 Justin Pearce IX Is ‘Nationalism’ a Feature of Angola’s Cultural Identity? ...................217 David Birmingham X Nationalisms, Nations and States: Concluding Reflections ...............231 Gavin Williams Thematic Bibliography .........................................................................................251 Index .........................................................................................................................265 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Maps 1. Map of contemporary Guinea-Bissau. ......................................................... 30 2. Map of contemporary Mozambique. ........................................................... 78 3. Map of contemporary Angola. ......................................................................176 Figures 1. First edition of the anthology Poesia de Combate, 1971, one of the first two books published by FRELIMO. ................................107 2. Cover page of Os Heróicos, one of the guerrilleros’ newspapers. ........................................................................................................ 111 3. Cover of the pamphlet resulting from the first seminar on culture, 1971/72. ............................................................................................115 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Maria-Benedita Basto is Associate professor (Maître de conférences) at Paris-Sorbonne, University Paris IV, Department of Iberian and Latin- American studies. She works on colonial and postcolonial issues, on memory, identity and nationalisms in the Lusophone world, as well as on the internationalist movements of the 1960s and 1970s. She has published A guerra das escritas. Literatura, nação e teoria pós-colonial, Lisbon: Vendaval, 2006 and edited Enjeux littéraires et espaces démocratiques en Afrique Subsaharienne, Paris: Editions EHESS, 2007. Her latest article is entitled “Corps poétique et critique démocratique: Vico et l’humanisme engagé chez Said”, Tumultes, n°35, 2010/2, pp.103–117. She has recently done research on representations of history at the intersection between literature/writings and documentary cinema. David Birmingham was educated in Switzerland and took a history degree at the University of Ghana in West Africa. His doctoral thesis, pub- lished in both English and Portuguese, considered the relations between Portugal and Angola in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In addi- tion to teaching in universities in Africa and Europe, he has given lectures across the world from California to China and published some thirty essays on Angola and its neighbours. He retired in the year 2001 but many of his books are still in print at Ohio University Press and his history of Portugal lives on in several editions and languages. Michel Cahen is a political historian of modern colonial Portugal and contemporary Portuguese-speaking Africa. He is a Senior Researcher of the Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) at Bordeaux Political Studies Institute, where he is the deputy-director of the Centre “Les Afriques dans le monde”. From 1994 to 2006, he was editor-in-chief of Lusotopie, a journal devoted to the political analysis of spaces stemming from Portuguese Colonization and History. His main interests relate to Marxism and nationalism, identity and citizenship, political identity of the margins, coloniality and globalization. His most recent books are: Os outros. Um historiador em Moçambique, 1994, Basel: P. Schlettwein Publishing Foundation, 2003; Le Portugal bilingue. Histoire et droits poli- tiques d’une minorité linguistique: la communauté mirandaise, Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2009. x list of contributors Georgi Derluguian is a sociologist whose monograph Bourdieu’s Secret Admirer in the Caucasus: A World-Systems Biography (Chicago University Press, 2005) received many awards including the Norbert Elias Prize. He studied African history and languages at Moscow State University in the 1980s. During this period, he also spent two years in Mozambique. After 1990 Derluguian worked at the Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems and Civilizations in Binghamton, New York. He presently teaches evolutionary macro- historical sociology at Northwestern University and New York University, USA. Philip J. Havik (PhD, Leiden University, The Netherlands) is currently researcher at the Institute for Research in the Tropics (IICT) in Lisbon, while also teaching at universities in Portugal and Brazil. His multidisci- plinary research centers upon the study of state formation, taxation, colo- nial administration and entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa, with a special emphasis on West Africa and the Guinea Bissau region. His recent publications include: Orlando Ribeiro: Cadernos de Campo Guiné 1947, Oporto: CEAUP/Humus, 2011, in collaboration with Suzanne Daveau; and “Direct or Indirect Rule? Reconsidering the roles of appointed chiefs and native employees in Portuguese West Africa”, Africana Studia, n°15, 2010, pp. 29–56.
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