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Chapter 5. Between Gleichschaltung and Revolution
Chapter 5 BETWEEN GLEICHSCHALTUNG AND REVOLUTION In the summer of 1935, as part of the Germany-wide “Reich Athletic Com- petition,” citizens in the state of Schleswig-Holstein witnessed the following spectacle: On the fi rst Sunday of August propaganda performances and maneuvers took place in a number of cities. Th ey are supposed to reawaken the old mood of the “time of struggle.” In Kiel, SA men drove through the streets in trucks bearing … inscriptions against the Jews … and the Reaction. One [truck] carried a straw puppet hanging on a gallows, accompanied by a placard with the motto: “Th e gallows for Jews and the Reaction, wherever you hide we’ll soon fi nd you.”607 Other trucks bore slogans such as “Whether black or red, death to all enemies,” and “We are fi ghting against Jewry and Rome.”608 Bizarre tableau were enacted in the streets of towns around Germany. “In Schmiedeberg (in Silesia),” reported informants of the Social Democratic exile organization, the Sopade, “something completely out of the ordinary was presented on Sunday, 18 August.” A no- tice appeared in the town paper a week earlier with the announcement: “Reich competition of the SA. On Sunday at 11 a.m. in front of the Rathaus, Sturm 4 R 48 Schmiedeberg passes judgment on a criminal against the state.” On the appointed day, a large crowd gathered to watch the spectacle. Th e Sopade agent gave the setup: “A Nazi newspaper seller has been attacked by a Marxist mob. In the ensuing melee, the Marxists set up a barricade. -
Cr^Ltxj
THE NAZI BLOOD PURGE OF 1934 APPRCWBD": \r H M^jor Professor 7 lOLi Minor Professor •n p-Kairman of the DeparCTieflat. of History / cr^LtxJ~<2^ Dean oiTKe Graduate School IV Burkholder, Vaughn, The Nazi Blood Purge of 1934. Master of Arts, History, August, 1972, 147 pp., appendix, bibliography, 160 titles. This thesis deals with the problem of determining the reasons behind the purge conducted by various high officials in the Nazi regime on June 30-July 2, 1934. Adolf Hitler, Hermann Goring, SS leader Heinrich Himmler, and others used the purge to eliminate a sizable and influential segment of the SA leadership, under the pretext that this group was planning a coup against the Hitler regime. Also eliminated during the purge were sundry political opponents and personal rivals. Therefore, to explain Hitler's actions, one must determine whether or not there was a planned putsch against him at that time. Although party and official government documents relating to the purge were ordered destroyed by Hermann GcTring, certain materials in this category were used. Especially helpful were the Nuremberg trial records; Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939; Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945; and Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers, 1934. Also, first-hand accounts, contem- porary reports and essays, and analytical reports of a /1J-14 secondary nature were used in researching this topic. Many memoirs, written by people in a position to observe these events, were used as well as the reports of the American, British, and French ambassadors in the German capital. -
Die Canaris-Tagebücher - Legenden Und Wirklichkeit
Dokumentation Horst Mühleisen Die Canaris-Tagebücher - Legenden und Wirklichkeit Kein Historiker hat sie je gesehen. Forscher, Journalisten und Staatsanwälte suchten sie nach dem Ende der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft vergebens: die verschol- lenen Tagebücher des Admirals Wilhelm Canaris (1887-1945), für nicht wenige der Fahnder »eine ungeheuere historische Quelle«1, die Auskünfte über die Natur die- ses außergewöhnlichen, von Geheimnissen und Rätseln umgebenen Mannes hätten geben können, der einst als Chef des Amtes Ausland/Abwehr von November 1939 bis Februar 1944 Beschützer des konservativen Widerstandes gewesen war. Das Schicksal der Canaris-Papiere beschäftigt die historische Forschung, seit ein SS-Standgericht im Konzentrationslager Flossenbürg den ehemaligen Abwehr- chef am 8. April 1945 wegen angeblichen Hochverrats zum Tode verurteilte und ihn in den frühen Morgenstunden des folgenden Tages erhängen ließ. Mit dem Ende von Canaris verlor sich auch die Spur seiner geheimen Tagebücher und Reise- berichte, die Walter Huppenkothen, Ankläger von Canaris im Prozess, führender Funktionär der Geheimen Staatspolizei, restlos verbrannt hat, wenn man seine Aussagen glauben will. Einige, meist Canaris' Getreue der einstigen Abwehr, taten es nicht. Sie glaubten hartnäckig daran, dass ihr listiger Chef doch Wege gefunden hatte, eine bis dahin unbekannte Kopie seiner Tagebücher an einem entlegenen Ort in Sicherheit zu bringen; und das rasch aufkommende Gerücht, die Geheime Staatspolizei habe keineswegs alle Canaris-Papiere verbrannt, bestärkte -
Mommsen, Hans, Germans Against Hitler
GERMANS AGAINST HITLER HANS MOMMSEN GERMANSGERMANSGERMANS AGAINSTAGAINST HITLERHITLER THE STAUFFENBERG PLOT AND RESISTANCE UNDER THE THIRD REICH Translated and annotated by Angus McGeoch Introduction by Jeremy Noakes New paperback edition published in 2009 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com First published in hardback in 2003 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd as Alternatives to Hitler. Originally published in 2000 as Alternative zu Hitler – Studien zur Geschichte des deutschen Widerstandes. Copyright © Verlag C.H. Beck oHG, Munchen, 2000 Translation copyright © I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2003, 2009 The translation of this work has been supported by Inter Nationes, Bonn. The right of Hans Mommsen to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN 978 1 84511 852 5 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library Project management by Steve Tribe, Andover Printed and bound in India by Thomson Press India Ltd ContentsContentsContents Preface by Hans Mommsen vii Introduction by Jeremy Noakes 1 1. Carl von Ossietzky and the concept of a right to resist in Germany 9 2. German society and resistance to Hitler 23 3. -
An Analysis of the Effect of Civil-Military Relations in the Third Reich on the Conduct of the German Campaign in the West in 1940
University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 6-1-1964 An analysis of the effect of civil-military relations in the Third Reich on the conduct of the German campaign in the West in 1940 John Ogden Shoemaker University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Shoemaker, John Ogden, "An analysis of the effect of civil-military relations in the Third Reich on the conduct of the German campaign in the West in 1940" (1964). Student Work. 374. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/374 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN THE THIRD REICH ON THE CONDUCT OF THE GERMAN CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST IN 1940 by John Ogden Shoemaker A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the Department of History University of Omaha In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts June 1964 UMI Number: EP73012 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. DissertationPublishing UMI EP73012 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. -
Secrets in Switzerland : Allen W. Dulles' Impact As OSS Station Chief in Bern on Developments of World War II & U.S
W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 4-2009 Secrets in Switzerland : Allen W. Dulles' impact as OSS station chief in Bern on developments of World War II & U.S. dominance in post-war Europe Jennifer A. Hoover College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hoover, Jennifer A., "Secrets in Switzerland : Allen W. Dulles' impact as OSS station chief in Bern on developments of World War II & U.S. dominance in post-war Europe" (2009). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 240. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/240 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SECRETS IN SWITZERLAND: ALLEN W. DULLES’ IMPACT AS OSS STATION CHIEF IN BERN ON DEVELOPMENTS OF WORLD WAR II & U.S. DOMINANCE IN POSTWAR EUROPE A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in History from the College of William and Mary in Virginia, by Jennifer A. Hoover Accepted for ___________________________ _________________________________ Professor Hiroshi Kitamura Director _________________________________ Professor David McCarthy _________________________________ Professor William Rennagel Williamsburg, VA May 2008 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank many people for their help, guidance, and support throughout my thesis writing process. Dr. Hiroshi Kitamura helped me work through all the phases of this research project, and I am grateful for his advisement and encouragement. -
Online Book Reviews
Online Book Reviews WINDFALL: THE BOOMING philosophy at Denmark’s Aarhus University. BUSINESS OF GLOBAL WARMING His master’s thesis was on “Greenlandic BY MCKENZIE FUNK Autonomy or Secession: Philosophical The Penguin Press, New York, NY, 2014. 310 pages, Considerations,” and in it he grappled with $27.95. the work of American philosopher Allen Buchanan. Reviewed by Christopher C. Faille According to Buchanan, secession is right when it is a remedy for serious wrong. At one point in this multifaceted book, Or, as certain secessionists put the point in McKenzie Funk treats us to a brief discus- 1776, prudence dictates “that Governments sion of the philosophy of secession. Under long established should not be changed for what circumstances should one part of a light and transient causes” but may rightly larger political entity—perhaps a part with be changed in response to “a long train of boundaries of its own (a province or region) abuses and usurpations.” and some degree of autonomy (a capital city For Minik, the problem with that line and a legislature)—secede from the whole? of thought is that the Danes have been And when is this wrong? a relatively benign colonial power. Every Sam Houston is the name that always Greenlander has had full citizenship, for comes to my mind first when I think of such example, since 1953. Further, Denmark junction of events in 2006 should have made questions, because Houston had the rare pays to allow Greenlanders such as Minik to that plain to everyone. experience of playing a prominent role on attend universities in the mother country, That year saw Greenland lose 100 giga- both sides of the question. -
Abridged Excerpts from Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany by Nathan Stoltzfus W
Abridged Excerpts from Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany by Nathan Stoltzfus W. W. Norton, 1996, © Nathan Stoltzfus, 1996 Introduction__________________________________ Berlin, February 27, 1943 Hours before first light, a battalion of SS men, local Gestapo agents, and street policemen fanned out [1] across Berlin in a fleet of 300 trucks, to capture the city's last, unsuspecting Jews. Leading the charge was the Leibstandarte Hitler, an SS unit of select tall, blond soldiers whose small advances against the Red Army had briefly fanned hopes of German victory, in a time when the Wehrmacht was largely in retreat. [2] Some of the SS troops on Berlin's streets this morning wore the decorations of valor in war. But their mandate this Saturday was to make Berlin "free of Jews." Jews still working in armaments factories, as well as intermarried Jews, were the primary targets. In black uniforms and steel helmets, armed with bayoneted rifles and machine guns, the SS cast a grim image intended to put fear in the heart of anyone who might protest or complain about the arrest of these last, relatively well-connected Jews of Berlin. The Gestapo's code name for this massive arrest (which has often been called the Factory Action) was the "Final Roundup [3] of the Jews," and for thousands, this was the beginning of the end. Without warning or explanation, the SS and Gestapo fell upon the work benches of the "Jewish crews," driving them without onto the waiting furniture trucks. The victims, clad in thin work aprons, were not allowed the time to pick up their winter coats or their homemade breakfasts and lunches. -
Terms, Names, Organizational Abbreviations, and Code Words in OSS Records
Terms, Names, Organizational Abbreviations, and Code Words in OSS Records ABDA American-British-Dutch-Australian Command Abwehr German military intelligence ACC Allied Control Commission (of occupied territory) AFHQ Allied Forces Headquarters for operations in the western Mediterranean AFO Anti-Fascist Organizations, Burma AFPFL Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League, Burma AKAK A Trans-Pyrenees Chain of agents operated by OSS Spain ALFSEA Allied Land Forces South East Asia ALIU Art Looting Investigation Unit, OSS ALOT American Liaison Officer Team; dealt with partisans in Italy AMZON American Zone of Germany APC Alien Property Custodian, US Azusa Designation for atomic energy information BAAG British Army Aid Group, China Baker Street SOE headquarters in London BCRA French Gaullist intelligence and operational services BIA Burma Independence Army Birch OSS agent that penetrated Germany through Scandinavia in 1945 BIS Bank for International Settlements, Basel, Switzerland Black Series Kappa Messages dealing with the Balkans (1944); also questionable reports coming from the Vatican Blue Sweden in 1943 Kappa messages BEW Board of Economic Warfare, US BNA Burmese National Army Bonty A Kappa indicator for Lisbon, Portugal Boston Series Intelligence reports based on George Wood/Kappa information BPF Burma Patriotic Front Breakers German opposition groups Broadway British Intelligence (MI6 Headquarters) Brown A Kappa indicator for Spain BSC British Security Coordination Buffalo OSS Agent in Iraq Bunny OSS Agent in Iraq Burns Allen Dulles, OSS Chief in Bern, Switzerland (1942-1943) CAPS An intelligence network in Geneva, Switzerland reporting to the OSS CALPO Comite “Allemagne Libre” pour l’Ouest, or Free German Committee for the West Carat OSS Agent in Lebanon Carib F. -
The History Management of the East-‐‑Elbian Nobility After 1945
THE HISTORY MANAGEMENT OF THE EAST-ELBIAN NOBILITY AFTER 1945 Paul Christopher Johannes Schönberger St Catharine’s College October 2017 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Paul Christopher Johannes Schönberger The History Management of the East-Elbian Nobility After 1945 Abstract This thesis undertakes a critical analysis of the history management of the East-Elbian nobility. Its central hypothesis is that noble families throughout the second half of the twentieth century deliberately sought to steer and control the public commemoration of their caste. These efforts were a concerted assault on widely held views about the place of the nobility in recent history, and specifically, about their culpability in the disasters that brought about war, defeat and moral shame to Germany. The first phase of noble history management concerned an expressed ‘resistance against Hitler’ alignment and self-distancing from the regime. The second phase of history management strategically employed autobiographical and family chronicles to construct an image of a modest and industrious elite, deeply rooted in the ancient traditions and virtues of an apolitical East- Elbian estate society. This dissertation argues that the process of history management continued after German reunification in 1989-1990, when many former refugee families returned to their old estates in East Elbia. i For my parents ii Acknowledgements The final draft of an academic text is a lonesome endeavour; its genesis, however, is the work of many. During the course of this thesis, I have amassed more intellectual debts than I can ever repay. First and foremost, this applies to the ceaseless support of my supervisor Sir Christopher Clark. -
Reunified Germany's Selective Commemoration of Resisters To
Colby College Digital Commons @ Colby Honors Theses Student Research 2007 Obstacles and Stepping Stones to the Hero’s Pedestal: Reunified Germany’s Selective Commemoration of Resisters to National Socialism Suzanne J. Swartz Colby College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/honorstheses Part of the History Commons Colby College theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed or downloaded from this site for the purposes of research and scholarship. Reproduction or distribution for commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the author. Recommended Citation Swartz, Suzanne J., "Obstacles and Stepping Stones to the Hero’s Pedestal: Reunified Germany’s Selective Commemoration of Resisters to National Socialism" (2007). Honors Theses. Paper 277. https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/honorstheses/277 This Honors Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at Digital Commons @ Colby. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Colby. Obstacles and Stepping Stones to the Hero’s Pedestal: Reunified Germany’s Selective Commemoration of Resisters to National Socialism Suzanne Swartz Senior Honors Thesis in History Thesis Advisor: Professor Raffael Scheck Colby College 2006-07 Swartz 1 “You could not endure the shame; you resisted; you gave the great, eternally vital sign of 1 change, sacrificing your glowing lives for freedom, justice, and honor.” 1 Translation of the plaque in the center of the courtyard at the Memorial to German Resistance in Berlin;, where a firing squad murdered four army officers for their role in the most famous plot to kill Hitler on July 20, 1944. -
Eine Neue Quelle Zu Hitlers Rede Vor Den Spitzen Der Reichswehr Am 3
Dokumentation ANDREAS WIRSCHING „MAN KANN NUR BODEN GERMANISIEREN" Eine neue Quelle zu Hitlers Rede vor den Spitzen der Reichswehr am 3. Februar 1933 Schon den Zeitgenossen war bekannt, daß Hitler wenige Tage nach seiner Ernennung zum Reichskanzler eine längere interne Rede hielt, in der er dem Reichsaußenmini ster, Konstantin von Neurath, sowie den Spitzen der Reichswehr seine politischen Ziele darlegte1. Was die Tatsache als solche betraf, so handelte es sich also keineswegs um eine „Geheimrede"; ihr Inhalt allerdings, den die Öffentlichkeit nicht kannte, barg großen - damals kaum als solchen erkannten - Sprengstoff. Tatsächlich offen barte der gerade ins Amt gelangte Hitler in erstaunlich ungeschminkter Weise, ja in „brutaler Offenheit"2, seine weitgesteckten, ideologisch begründeten, politisch unge heuerlichen und zugleich verbrecherischen Ziele: Nichts weniger als Krieg kündigte er an, zu führen zunächst nach innen, später nach außen, und dies gegenüber einem eher reservierten Publikum, das er für seine Pläne dringend brauchte, dessen Zustim mung er sich aber noch keineswegs sicher sein konnte. So ungewöhnlich ein solches Vorgehen für den neuen Reichskanzler auch sein mochte3, so bedeutsam erscheinen Ereignis und Redeinhalt im Rückblick. Dementsprechend hat die Forschung der Rede die gebührende Aufmerksamkeit gezollt, wobei zwei Fragestellungen im Mit telpunkt stehen: Je nach Perspektive galt das Interesse der Reaktion und dem Kalkül der beteiligten Generale; oder es ging um die Authentizität, die Motivationsstruktur Hitlers und die Wertung der Rede im Kontext seiner Politik und des möglicherweise dahinter stehenden „Programms". Über die erste Frage besteht - von Nuancierungen abgesehen - weitgehend Einig keit: Das Zusammentreffen vom 3. Februar 1933 besiegelte das „Bündnis" zwischen Hitler und der neuen Reichswehrführung um Reichswehrminister Werner von Blom- berg und den Chef des Ministeramtes, Walther von Reichenau4.