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Université Paris-Sorbonne T H È UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SORBONNE ÉCOLE DOCTORALE IV Laboratoire de recherche : CERMOM (EA 4091) THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SORBONNE Discipline : Études arabes Présentée et soutenue par René GUÉRIN DU GRANDLAUNAY le 14 novembre 2015 Iršād al-ġāwī bal isʿād al-ṭālib wa-l-rāwī li-l-iʿlām bi-tarǧamat al-Saḫāwī Édition et analyse de la première partie de l’autobiographie d’al-Saḫāwī (831-902/1428-1497) Volume 2 : Texte Sous la direction de M. Abdallah CHEIKH-MOUSSA – Professeur, Université de Paris-Sorbonne Membres du jury M. Frédéric BAUDEN – Professeur, Université de Liège (Belgique) M. Abdallah CHEIKH-MOUSSA – Professeur, Université de Paris-Sorbonne Mme Anne-Marie EDDÉ – Professeur, Université de Paris I – Panthéon-Sorbonne M. Avner GILADI – Professeur, Université de Haïfa (Israël) M. Julien LOISEAU – Maître de conférence HDR, Université Paul Valéry-Montpellier 3 Mme Jacqueline SUBLET – Directeur de recherche, CNRS-IRHT Année universitaire 2014–2015 Texte 321 إرشاد الغاوي بل إسعاد الطالب والراوي للإعلام بترجمة السخاوي لمحمّد بن عبد الرحمٰن بن محمّد شمس الدين أبو الخـير السخاوي ت ٩٠٢ هـ / ١٤٩٧ م [الفهرست] ١ [أ[١/ظ]] / بسم ﷲ الرحمٰن الرحيم. ٣ صلى ﷲ على سيّدنا محمّد وآله وصحبه وسلّم تسليماً. قال شيخنا َالشّيخ الإمام العلّامة، الحجّة الفهّامة، شيخ الإسلام أوحد العلماء الأعلام، الحافظ الـكبير والعلّامة ٢ َالشّهير، ُبَيْهَقِيّ زَمَانِه وواحد عصره وأوانه، شمس الدين أبو الخـير محمّد ابن َالشّيخ َالمُقَدّس ، المقرئ، زين الدين، ٦ عبد الرحمٰن بن محمّد بن أبي بكر السخاوي القاهري الشافعي – أدام ﷲ النفع بعلومه. آمين. ٣ ٤ الحمد لل ّه الناقد البصير، والعالم بما في الضمير، ساتر العيوب وغافر الذنوب، وجابر القلوب وكاشف الـكروب، لا يَعزب عن علمه مثقال الذَرّ ولا أصغر منه ولا أكبر. ٩ نحمده على ما فتح، ونشكره لما منح. ونعوذ به من شرور أنفسنا وسيّئات أعمالنا. ونشهد أنّ لا إله إلّا ﷲ 1. Les deux manuscrits de l’Iršād ne donnent pas de titre à cette toute première partie de l’ouvrage. Cependant Saḫāwī s’y réfère en la nommant fihrist (e.g. titres des chapitres quatrième et cinquième) ou ḫuṭba (voir infra, p. 364 l. 9). Nous avons opté, par commodité, de titrer ce préambule fihrist, terme le plus employé. Les crochets signalent qu’il s’agit d’un ajout de notre fait. 2. Le Ḍawʾ ne fait aucune mention d’un séjour du père de Saḫāwī à Jérusalem, Ḍawʾ, IV, 124–5 no 332. Il faut donc préférer la lecture muqaddas à maqdis et comprendre ce participe passif par la notion de Saḫāwī .(ق د س) Ibn Manẓūr, Lisān al-ʿarab, XII, 40 ; (ب ر ك) pureté, al-Azharī, Tahḏīb al-luġa, X, 231 donne des informations sur son père dans le chapitre premier, Iršād, p. 384, l. 6 sq. 3. La paternité de ce paragraphe revient traditionnellement au copiste, al-ʿAlmawī, al-Muʿīd fī adab al- mufīd wa-l-mustafīd, p. 132 ; Rosenthal, The technique and approach of muslim scholarship, p. 12. 4. Al-nāqid (Celui qui distingue) n’est pas un nom de Dieu. On trouve l’expression rare qualifiant Dieu, al-nāqid al-baṣīr (le Clairvoyant), chez Ibn Ḥaǧar en Taqrīb al-Tahḏīb, p. 29. 323 الفهرست 324 وحده، لا شريك له، وأنّ سيّدنا محمّدا ًعبده ورسوله المنعوت بالخصائل َالمُكَمّلة، والمبعوث رحمةً للعالمين، مقرِّرا ًلما َفصّ له من شريعته وأجمله بأوضح البراهين، وأصحّ الأدلّة المعتدلة، من طابت سيرته وحسُنت سريرته، وعمّت سائر الخلق بركته – صلّى ﷲ وسلّم عليه – وزاده فضلا ًوشرفا ًلديه، وعلى آله وصحبه وتابعيه ِوحْزبه إلى يوم الدين. ٣ وبعد : فقد التمس منّي بعض نبلاء الأصحاب، وفضلاء الطلاب، أهل المودّة القديمة، والأيادي العميمة، ممّن له بالفنّ التاريخي اعتناء تامّ، وحِرص زائد واهتمام حتّى حرّر فيه، وجمع، ونقّر عن الفوائد النفيسة بحيث ١ انتفع ونفع، وتعقّب وأفاد، وتعب فيما أبرزه للنقّاد، وأبدى وأعاد، وهدى، وربّما هذى بنوع من الفساد – ٦ ختم ﷲ بالصالحات أعماله، وبلّغه في الدارين من الخـيرات آماله ! – كتابة َ شيء من ترجمتي المغفَلة، وأخباري َالمعطّلة، بل هي على الحقيقة مهمَلة ٢. فرأيت ٰذلك من التهكّم الّذي تأبّاه ِشيَمه، والتذمّم الّذي لا تجود بمثله دِيَمُه، لأنّني لست من فرسان هٰذه ٩ الحَلبة، ولا من المرتقين لهٰذه التلاع والهضبة، بل من العاجزين عن صعود أدنى عقبة، والحائزين للأعلى من مراتب الضعف عمّا طلبه. وتوقُّفت عنه مع طلبه مُلِحّاً، وأضربت عن إجابته صفحاً، مع اعتذاري إليه بما لم َيُعَوّل عليه، بحيث خشيت ١٢ من استيحاشه، ومشَيت في تأنّسه وإيناسه، خوفا ً من فُح ِْشه وإفحاشه. فاستخرت ﷲ فيه، وتضرعت إليه فيما أحذره وأرتجيه حين لم يَقبل منّي الاعتذار، ولا ّتفضل بإجابة ب َْسط يد الافتقار. ٣ وسارعت لكتابة هٰذه الـكراريس ، مُتَرَ ِّجيا ً ّكف شياطين الإنس ّوالجن الأباليس، ظانّا ًفيه الإغضاء عن ١٥ َالز ّلل والعيب، بل دعوةً منه بظَهر الغيب، إلى غير ٰذلك من نحو هذه المسالك، ممّا يدفع الّذي رأيته، ومن قبل قد أبديتُه، وذٰلك بعد أن أنشدته متمثّلا ًقول بعض أئمّة الأدب الفضلاء ٤ : [المجتث] تَرجَُمت نَفسي َجهلا ً وَذَاكَ مِنّي عَُجيب ١٨ َلـٰكِنّ َأمري َأضحَى وَمُقتَضَاهُ الوُجُوبُ [أ[٢/و]] /وذكرت بين يديه – أحسن ﷲ تعالى إليه – أنّني لا ُأذكَر ٍبحال بين فحول الرجال، فأبى إلّا امتثال أمره 1. Saḫāwī blâma sévèrement Ibn ʿAzam pour s’être laissé emporter par les doctrines d’Ibn ʿArabī : ʿaḏaltu kaṯīran ʿan iʿtiqād Ibn ʿArabī wa-taḥṣīl taṣānīfihi… (je l’ai beaucoup blâmé de suivre les doctrines d’Ibn ʿArabī et d’en acquérir les œuvres), Waǧīz, II, 412. 2. Le ton est donné dès ce premier paragraphe. Saḫāwī est amère d’avoir été ignoré et de n’avoir pas été apprécié à sa juste valeur. 3. Saḫāwī avait écrit une première tarǧama dont nous avons certainement la trace, si ce n’est la totalité, dans la notice le concernant en Ḍawʾ, VIII, 1–32 no 1. 4. Il s’agirait d’al-Ṣafadī, comme le précise Saḫāwī lui-même dans l’introduction, Iršād, p. 364, l. 9. Nous n’avons cependant pu identifier la source de ces deux vers cités ailleurs dans un contexte équivalent autobiographique, mais plus tardif, en Ibn Ṭūlūn, al-Fulk al-mašḥūn, p. 22 l. 2–3. الفهرست 325 الـكريم، وتلقّيه بالرحب والتسليم، ولعمري إنّه ليُرعى الهشيم، عند فقد النبت العميم ١، وإذا أقفر ُالجَوّ وخلا، بَاض العُصفور وبصفيره عَلا ٢، وقد قيل ٣ : [الوافر] ٣ لَعَْمرُكَ مَا بَدَا نَسَُب ٱلْمُعَل َّى ِإلَى ٍكَرَم وَفي ُٱلدّنيَا كَريم ُ َوَلـٰكِنّ ٱلْبِلَادَ ِإذَا ا َ َقْشَعَرّ ْت وََصوَّح نَبْتُهَا رُِعيَ ٱلْهَِشيمُ بدا لي بعد سنين، تزيد بكثير على الثلاثين ٤، أن أبسط فيها العبارة، وأضبط ما اتّفق وقوعه من َالسّادات ممّا ٺتضمّن هٰذه الإشارة حين التفات الناس منّي لهٰذا المعنى، وفوات ِسّن ِّالصغر الّذي قد ُتحتقر فيه المحاسن ٦ والحسنى. ِوإن كانت تلك قد تداولها ُأهل الآفاق، وتناقلها ُبعض ُّالشيوخ فضلا ًعن الطلبة الر ِّفاق، ُلتجدّد أشياء تُناسبُها، ُوتعدّد ما يَحسن الأبناء به ويلتفت إليها طالبُها. ورتبتها على مقدّمة، وعشرة أبواب وخاتمة مفهمة. ٩ ّفالمقدمة : في حكم الاعتناء بالثناء من المَرء لنفسه في ظنّه وحدسه جوازا ً ومنعاً، ونبذة من أدلّة الطرفين فائقةٍ إيرادا ًووضعا ًوالجمع بين ما ظاهره التعارض منها، ودفع ّكل إشكال عنها، ومن فعله تأسيا ًواستناناً، أوتركه خوفا ًمن غائلته واستهجاناً. ١٢ وأمّا الأبواب : فالباب ّالأول : فيذكر َالنّسب، والنِّسبة، َوالل ّقب، والـكنية الموضوعة لعليّ ُالر ّتبة، والمولد والبلدة وما وقعت البشارة به حينئذ من بعض أولي القرب والمودّة. وفيه نبذة من تراجم كثير ممّن سلف، أو خلف، من َالجدّين، ١٥ َوالجدّتين، َوالعمّين، والأبوين، والأخوين، والأخوال، من النِّساء والر ِّجال، والولد مع الإشارة لفقده ٥ مع من ⁇ ⁇ ٣– . لَعَْمرُكَ ] بهامش (لعمرو أبيك ما انتسب المعلّى) ّبخط السخاوي 1. Expression inspirée du dernier des deux vers suivants. Le sens serait proche du proverbe français : Faute de grives, on mange des merles. 2. Saḫāwī s’inspire ici de la deuxième partie d’un vers de Ṭarafa b. al-ʿAbd (m. -60/564 ?) qui, s’adressant à une perdrix ou une caille, dit : ḫalā laki al-ǧawwu fa-bīḍī wa-ṣfirī (Le ciel, pour toi, est sans danger, multiplie-toi et chante), Ṭarafa, Dīwān, p. 46. 3. Ces deux vers sont attribués par Yāqūt au poète de Kūfa Diʿbil al-Ḫuzāʿī, Yāqūt, Muʿǧam al-udabāʾ, I, 283 no 94. Pour Diʿbil (m. 246/860), GAL, I, 78–9 ; GALS, I, 121–2 ; Kaḥḥāla, IV, 145. Saḫāwī avait déjà utilisé ces deux vers dans sa première notice autobiographique en Ḍawʾ, VIII, 31. Comme les deux précédents, ces vers sont cités dans le contexte autobiographique d’Ibn Ṭūlūn, al-Fulk al-mašḥūn, p. 22 l. 8–9. 4. Vers 900, Saḫāwī a soixante-dix ans lorsqu’il travaille à l’écriture de l’Iršād. C’est donc un homme de quarante ans qui écrivit sa toute première tarǧama. Saḫāwī était alors considéré, selon les catégories psycho-sociologiques de l’époque, comme un adulte au sommet de ses capacités physiques et intel- lectuelles, Ibn Qayyim al-Ǧawziyya, Tuḥfat al-mawdūd, pp. 482–4 ; Fitouri, « Childhood and youth », p. 204. 5. Comme le suggère la mention de la disparition de son fils Aḥmad dès le préambule, ce décès causaà Saḫāwī un véritable traumatisme. الفهرست 326 فُقد، ومن َتأخّر الآن من الأقارب، ممّن ُيعدّ من َالصّ الحـين أو يقارب. والباب الثاني : في صفة مبدأ الأمر والمنشأ، وكيفية طلب العلم المجانب بحُسن النية والرجاء للمحذور الّذي ُيخشى ؛ وتعيين من حصل الأخذ عنه روايةً ودرايةً على الوجه الّذي حصلت به العناية، واستيفاء سردهم على ٣ وجه َحسَن في تقسيمهم وع َّدِهم ؛ ورحلته المقتفي فيها لأئمّته، وما جَرّذكرها إليه من َحجِّهِ لقضاء فريضته ؛ وسَرْدِ الأماكن الّتي كتب بها الحديث أو العلم من البلاد والقُرى، لا على وجه المكاثرة والمفاخرة والمِراء، ّمعقبا ً ٰذلك بنبذة لطيفة من أسانيد لـكثير من الأصول والأجزاء الشريفة على وجه مختصر جدّا ً، غايةً في الإحسان لـكونه ٦ المناسب لقصور الطالبين الآن، بل من زمان ١، مع الإحاطة باستيفاء المرويات في مجلّدات ٢ والاشتفاء بتراجم المروي عنهم في أسفار ٣ متعدّدات ليراجعها من رام َالتّ ُبَسّط من أولي النشاط والتنَشّط.
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