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33213 Ahmed Shafik Roushdy.Pdf Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Departamento de Estudios Árabes e Islámicos y Estudios Orientales Mift āḥ al-sa‘ āda wa-ta ḥqīq ṭar īq al-sa‘ āda (La llave de la felicidad y la realización del camino de la felicidad) de Ibn al-‘Ar īf (481/1088-536/1141) Directora: Dra. Carmen Ruiz Bravo-Villasante Tesis Doctoral Ahmed Shafik Roushdy 2010 I A mi padre, que descanse en paz. II Índice Prefacio ................................................................................................... V Introducción ............................................................................................ VII Manuscritos, ediciones y estudios de Mift āḥ al-sa‘ āda. Criterios de la traducción .................................................................. XI Primera parte Época, vida y obra de Ibn al-‘Ar īf 1. Su época ............................................................................................ 2 2. El sufismo en el occidente islámico (siglos X-XII ) ................................ 8 2.1. Período de Formación ................................................................ 8 2.1.1. Antecedentes ........................................................................... 8 2.1.2. Ascetas o sufíes....................................................................... 13 2.2. El sufismo andalusí ..................................................................... 18 2.3. El sufismo magrebí ..................................................................... 33 3. Su vida ................................................................................................ 47 4. Su muerte ........................................................................................... 51 5. Su obra ............................................................................................... 53 6. Sus maestros ...................................................................................... 57 7. Su linaje espiritual. .............................................................................. 60 8. Sus discípulos…………….. ................................................................. 62 9. Ibn al-‘Ar īf en la literatura sufí ............................................................. 68 9.1. Al-Fut ūḥāt al-makkiyya de Ibn ‘Arab ī .......................................... 68 9.2. Referencias en otros manuales sufíes ....................................... 74 10. Su poesía .......................................................................................... 79 11. De la ascesis al sufismo: análisis de Mift āḥ al-sa‘ āda ...................... 95 Segunda parte Mift āḥḥḥ al-sa‘ āda wa-ta ḥḥḥqīq ṭṭṭar īq al-sa‘ āda (La llave de la felicidad y la realización del camino de la felicidad) Entrada ................................................................................................... 127 Entre sus plegarias ................................................................................. 127 Sus diálogos íntimos con Dios ................................................................ 130 Sus enseñanzas ..................................................................................... 136 Exégesis coránica y tradición del Profeta ............................................... 136 La ciencia religiosa ................................................................................. 143 Las distintas doctrinas de su época. ....................................................... 144 Diversos temas sobre el camino espiritual…………….. .......................... 148 Sus cartas a Ab ū al-Ḥakam b. Barra ŷān ................................................. 160 Sus cartas a Ab ū al-Ḥasan b. G ālib ........................................................ 165 Sus cartas al alfaquí Abū ‘Abd All āh Y ūsuf al-Ābb ār .............................. 196 El alfaquí Ab ū ‘Abd All āh le escribió ....................................................... 199 III El alfaquí Ibn al-‘Ar īf le contestó ............................................................. 202 Sus cartas al conjunto de los hermanos de Córdoba .............................. 211 Escribió también [al conjunto de los hermanos de Córdoba]. ................. 216 Su carta a Ab ū al-Ḥasan Sayyid al-Mālaq ī en su prisión ........................ 221 Sus cartas a Mu ḥammad b. al-Kabš ....................................................... 223 Un fragmento de una carta ..................................................................... 226 Su carta al alfaquí, el escriba Ab ū Mu ḥammad b. al-Ḥaŷŷ al-Lūrq ī ........ 227 Su carta a Ab ū ‘Al ī Man ṣūr al-Mubtal ī en Córdoba ................................. 230 Su carta a Ab ū J ālid Yaz īd b. ‘Abd al-Ŷabb ār al-Quraš ī ......................... 231 Su carta al alfaquí Ab ū Bakr ‘Aiyy āš ....................................................... 233 Su carta al alfaquí Ab ū Mu ḥammad ‘Abd al-Gaf ūr .................................. 234 Sus cartas al alfaquí Ab ū al-Ḥasan ‘ Āmir b. al-Ḥasan ............................ 236 Sus cartas al im ām Ab ū al-Qāsim b. Qas ī .............................................. 240 Sus cartas a Ab ū al-Wal īd b. al-Mun ḏir ................................................... 243 Sus cartas a Ab ū Bakr b. Mu’min ............................................................ 247 Tercera parte Diversos tipos del lenguaje en Mift āḥḥḥ al-sa‘ āda 1. Mift āḥ al-sa‘ āda como fuente de terminología variada ........................ 254 1.1. Terminología de derecho islámico .............................................. 255 1.2. Lenguaje ascético-místico .......................................................... 256 1.3. Lenguaje sufí .............................................................................. 258 1.3.1. Peculiaridades del lenguaje sufí .............................................. 265 1.3.2. Influencia del lenguaje sufí de Ibn al-‘Ar īf sobre Ibn ‘Arab ī ...... 273 2. Términos técnicos ............................................................................... 276 2.1. Sobre las fuentes manejadas ..................................................... 276 2.2. Glosario de voces sufíes ............................................................. 277 Conclusiones .......................................................................................... 296 Bibliografía .............................................................................................. 299 Índice de términos del derecho islámico ................................................. 320 Índice de los diversos niveles del lenguaje ............................................. 321 Índice de las clases de los sufíes ............................................................ 322 Apéndice: Texto árabe de Mift āḥ al-sa‘ āda ............................................. 324 IV Prefacio Cuando me acerqué al mundo del sufismo (al-ta ṣawwuf), no me sorprendió descubrir que tiene una larga tradición en el islam, que se caracteriza por sus métodos, sabiduría, maestros, terminología… Tuve la sensación de que me asomaba a un mundo que ya conocía, una experiencia para la que entonces no tenía nombre y que ahora encuentro bien definida en cada cultura y cada tradición. Siempre será un privilegio vivir a caballo entre dos culturas: la una donde nace el Sol y la otra donde se retira cansado detrás de las colinas. Al principio era un poco difícil caminar solo, navegar con la corriente, ignorar los prejuicios, saber que las flores son para disfrutar de ellas, romper esquemas y recuperar el olor del infinito. Es fascinante todo lo que he vivido en las casas, mezquitas, colegios, universidades, cafeterías y con las gentes de Egipto, y ahora España forma parte de mi viaje , una tierra en la que se escribieron algunas de las páginas más importantes de la espiritualidad en el mundo. También hay una voz tenue que nos recuerda que todavía hay algo más allá de este simple encuentro entre tú y yo, de nuestro quehacer diario y de ese asomo indiferente de las estrellas; busco algo en ti, quizá esa libertad que veo en tus ojos o tu capacidad para construir cabañas en el cielo. Tú o el camino seréis testigos de una felicidad en fuga. Entre el acierto y el error se navega siempre en la mar de la nada y una mano extendida desde la orilla te invita a ver la luz. Quizá existe una verdad tan dulce como la esperanza. Los sufíes también han descrito la experiencia espiritual como un viaje hacia la verdad lleno de sorpresas y peligros, un camino desértico y largo que se han esforzado en recorrer con la esperanza de alcanzar un final feliz, si Dios quiere. Muchas veces, el viaje no es a través del espacio y el tiempo, sino que se trata de la exploración de uno mismo. La lengua árabe es muy precisa en este sentido y utiliza el término safar, que, en una de sus connotaciones, significa «quitarse el velo de sí mismo», por eso uno de los nombres que reciben los sufíes es desvelados. Vengo de Egipto, de donde los siglos son múltiples todavía; vengo de allí a descubrir montes y aldeas del norte con señas de humo. Allí y aquí se establece el método y el camino: ocuparse del Principio Creador, no del Dios admitido de oídas, aprendido de la religión, estudiado por las ciencias según sus acciones, propiedades y esencia, sino del Dios experimentado, místicamente contemplado, que hace desaparecer todo lo demás, que despierta al hombre y desborda su conciencia; el Dios que convierte al sufí en sabio al dársele a conocer en su realidad. Los maestros dicen también que el sufí no se ocupa de las apariencias y lo exterior, sino de la esencia y lo interior; no de lo
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