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INDEX

Aachen on conversion of Avars and Saxons, and memory of Charlemagne, 5 108 Charlemagne’s burial place, 154, 197 on force and conversion, 74 palace complex and chapel, 77, 157, on imperium, 166 168, 169, 173, 174, 175, 178, 196, 197, on pope and emperor, 138 199, 201, 205, 213, 214, 217, 218, 282, on the virtues and vices, 300 293, 295, 320, 409, 411, 420, 425 relationship to Willibrord, 106 Abbo of St-Germain-des-Pres:´ on Viking Alemannia. See also Judith, Empress; attack on Paris, 277 Charles the Fat Adalhard, Charlemagne’s cousin, 193 and Carolingian conquest, 225 and Hincmar’s De ordine palatii [On the and Charles Martel, 46 Governance of the Palace], 295 and family of Empress Judith, 206 and succession of Louis the Pious, 199 and opposition to rehabilitated in 820s, 206 Carolingians, 41, 51 afterlife: ideas of, 115 and Pippin III, 52 Agnellus of Ravenna, 59 conquest under Carloman and Pippin Agobard of Lyon III, 52 controversy with Amalarius of Metz, Merovingian conquest, 35 121 under Charlemagne, 66 criticism of Matfrid’s inﬂuence, 213 Amalarius of Metz on Jewish slave traders, 367 on Mass, 121 Aistulf, Lombard king, 58, 62 annals, 22, 23 laws on merchants, 368 and Pippin’s seizure of kingship, 32 military legislation of, 279 production of, 18, 21 Alcuin Annals of Fulda, 23, 231, 387, 396, as scholar, 143 404 as teacher, 147 Annals of Lorsch, 23, 166 asks ‘what has Ingeld to do with Annals of Metz, 169 Christ?’, 93 Annals of St Bertin, 23, 249, 277, 388 at Charlemagne’s court, 146 Ansegisus: capitulary collection, 184, letter to Offa, 277 407 Life of Willibrord, 88, 101 Anskar, Frankish missionary, 356

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496 Index

Antoigne,´ estate of monastery of Cormery, and Paul the Deacon’s ‘History’, 22 266 relations with Lombard kingdom, Aquitaine. See also Charles the Bald, and 65 Carolingian politics; Carloman, son Beowulf, 92 of Charles the Bald; Pippin II of Bernard of Italy Aquitaine; Pippin of Aquitaine and Louis the Pious, 197, 202–5 and Charles Martel, 43, 47, 48 Bernard of Septimania and Merovingians, 37 and revolt of 829, 43, 218 and opposition to early Carolingians, as Louis the Pious’s chamberlain, 43 214 and Pippin III, 52, 56, 61, 64–5 executed by Charles the Bald, 418 conquest by Charlemagne, 65 Bertrada, wife of Pippin III, 55, 56, 65 under Louis the Pious, 174 bishop, ofﬁce of, 76, 122, 139, 172, 179 archaeology. See also Rome; Mainz; and Boniface’s opponents, 76, 141 Hedeby; Quentovic; Hamwic; and royal government, 190 Dorestad; Ingelheim; Aachen; Anglo-Saxon perceptions, 98 residences, aristocratic; towns development in pre-Carolingian Europe, and changing views of economy, 96–7 326 in late Merovingian Gaul, 98 and rural society, 227 Boniface, 32, 54, 57, 102–3, 138–41 importance of, 29 and deﬁnition of Christianity, 87. See of rural settlement, 236–41 also Indiculus superstitionum et Arnulf of Carinthia, 424, 425–7 paganiarum Astronomer: Life of Louis the Pious, 23, and ‘paganism’, 91, 92 156, 158, 174, 197, 202, 211, 212, 214, Church councils organised by, 89 281 claims to sanctity, 148 Audoin, bishop of Rouen, 97, 98 criticisms of Frankish and Roman Austrasia Christianity, 107 and early Carolingians, 34 his network of supporters, 106 and rise of Carolingians, 39 books, book production, 16–18, 24, 143, and rise of Charles Martel, 42, 43 144, 145–6 in late Merovingian times, 37, 38 in ninth century, 149–52 Austrasia, subkingdom Boso of Vienne, 313, 400, 419–21 and early Carolingians. See Childebert Burgundy ‘the Adopted’ in late Merovingian times, 37, 38 Merovingian conquest, 35 Bavaria. See also Arnulf of Carinthia. takeover by Charles Martel, 44 Karlmann of Bavaria; Louis the burial, 111, 289. See also cemeteries German Byzantium. See also Venice; Rome; Louis and Charles Martel, 46 II and opposition to Carolingians, 51 and Charlemagne, 68–9 and Pippin III, 52, 56 and Charlemagne’s imperial coronation, Boniface’s reorganisation of Bavarian 166 church, 103 and Frankish response to ‘iconoclasm’, Charlemagne’s seizure of, 69–70 63, 147 relations with Lombard kingdom, 65 and negotiations over recognition of Benedict of Aniane, 201 Charlemagne’s imperial title, 168 and liturgy, 137 contesting Carolingian claims to empire, Benevento. See also Louis II 14 and Charlemagne, 68 Pippin III relations with, 63 and military alliance with Byzantium, possessions in eighth-century Italy, 57, 68 58, 59

Index 497

capitularies, 182–9 and Louis the Pious as king of Aquitaine, absence from east Frankish kingdom, 212 408 and Rome, 135, 136, 138, 160–8, 169, absence in 830s, 221 170 Admonitio ad omnes regni ordines 823–5, and silk, 365 208, 209, 321 and Slavs, 171, 355–6 Admonitio generalis of 789, 136, 141, and the aristocracy, 75–9 142, 188, 321 and Venice, 369 and correction of Church under anointing by pope in 753, 61 Charlemagne, 142 as patron of literary culture, 24, 146–7, Ansegisus’s collection of, 184 302 Charlemagne’s Saxon capitularies, 74 birth, 56, 62 De villis, 254, 261, 262, 336, 337 burial at Aachen, 5, 154–5, 197 episcopal capitularies, 123 capitularies, 183 for missi in 802, 180 conquest of Aquitaine, 65 of 811, 193 conquest of Avars, 70–2, 108, 299 of 828–9, 215 conquest of Lombard kingdom, 65–7 of Charles the Bald, 407 conquest of Saxons, 73–5, 108 of Louis II, 407 conquest of Saxony, 105 on local ofﬁcials, 232 court 76–7, 282, 320 Pˆıres 864, 293, 408 criticised under Louis the Pious, 201, preservation of, 25 202 ‘Programmatic’ 802, 184, 197 death of, 154–5, 196–8 Quierzy 877, 314, 408 ‘economic policy’, 329 Regensburg 789, 78, 79 frontiers of empire, 170, 172 Carloman II, 421 ideologies of empire, 168–70 Carloman, King, brother of Charlemagne, imperial coronation of 800, 4, 138, 65, 116 155, 160–8 anointing by pope in 753, 61 itineraries of, 174 Carloman, mayor of palace and brother of last years of, 157, 193, 198 Pippin III, 31, 49, 51–61, 62, 64 meets pope in 753, 1 and Boniface, 139 memory of, 5, 6, 15, 177, 207, 343 and church councils, 139 naval campaigns in western and foundation of Fulda, 103 Mediterranean, 372 Carloman, son of Charles the Bald, 400, On the cultivation of letters, 142 404 relations with Carloman, 65–7 Carolingians rule in Italy, 65–8 distinctive feature of their regime, 9–16 succession plans, 194–8 in modern historiography, 2–3, 5, 6–7, warfare, 75–6, 155, 170, 172 343 Charles Martel cemeteries, 240. See also burial as ruler of Frankish kingdoms, 44–51 Charlemagne in later Carolingian propaganda, 177 and Bavaria, 69–70 papacy and Lombard kingdom, 57 and Byzantium, 68–9, 166–8, 369 rise to power, 42–4 and Christianisation, 107 victory against Muslims, 6 and Church, 116, 130, 136, 137, 141, Charles of Provence, 394 142, 143 Charles the Bald and Danes, 171, 355–6 able to punish aristocrats, 418 and family, 196–8, 201, 282 and Breton rulers, 413 and government, 170–94 and Carolingian politics 843–77, and Harun al-Rashid, 372 388–407 and Italy, 135, 136, 160–8 and civil war of 840–3, 383

498 Index

Charles the Bald (cont.) Codex Carolinus, 33, 136 and Compiegne,` 409 Comacchio, 359, 361 and Danegeld, 357, 418 commemoration, 110–11 and destruction of unauthorised and inheritance, 311 fortifications, 293 and Libri memoriales, 306 and honores, 314, 315 and women, 312–13 and Quentovic, 348 of the dead, 18, 25, 110–17 and rebellions of 830s, 218–22 Compiegne,` palace, 409 and Strasbourg oaths, 303 Corbie, monastery and theological debate, 120 and debate on Mass, 119 and Treaty of Coulaines 843, 322 councils, Church, 94, 140 birth of, 207 Aachen, 136, 147, 197, 199, 224 charters, 411 Concilium germanicum 742, 139 commissioning of historiography, 152 Les Estinnes 743, 140, 179 handling of Vikings, 417 of 813, 196–8 itineraries of, 409 of 816–17, 205 Louis the Pious creates a kingdom for in of 828–9, 216 829, 214 on marriage, 132 Charles the Fat, 35, 281, 313, 377, 381, resumption under Carloman and Pippin 383, 386, 401, 404, 411, 418, 421, III, 52 422–6, 427, 434 Soissons 744, 140 and Guy of Spoleto, 309 count, office of, 76, 77, 78, 172, 179, 206 and palaces, 295 and capitularies, 182–9 humiliates followers of rebel Hugh, created in Bavaria after Charlemagne’s 281 takeover, 69–70 submits to father after rebellion, 278 imposed in Lombard kingdom after 776, svelte appearance, 383 67 Charles, son of Charlemagne residence of count of Orleans,´ 287 and Charlemagne’s succession plans, seen as ministerium, 188 68, 194–6 and village life, 232 crowned in Rome in 800, 195 Charles, son of Charles the Bald, 297 Danes. See also Godafrid I; Godafrid III; charters, 111 Vikings and religious patronage, 112–13, 114, and Charlemagne, 171 126 and Frankish mission, 223 as evidence for royal government, 181, and Louis the Pious, 208 193 baptism of Harald Klak, 177 as evidence for rural society, 227, 229, economic and political significance in 241–6 first half of ninth century, 357 of Ratolt 839, 322 raiding Frankish coast in 830s, 221 production, preservation and use, death: and commemoration, 110–17 13–14, 25–9 Desiderius, Lombard king, 63, 65, 66, 144 royal charters and government of the Dhuoda, 298, 302, 308, 312, 315 kingdom, 175 Dienheim, village, 243, 250 Childebert III, Merovingian king, 40, 41 Dommeln, 240, 255 Childebert ‘the Adopted’, 34, 37, 38 Dopsch, Alfons, 226, 327 Chrodegang of Metz: rule for canons, 126 Dorestad, 41, 49, 338, 340, 341, 342, classics, Latin, 17, 24, 25, 145 343–4, 345, 346, 347, 349, 351, 352, clothing: as expression of social status, 5, 353, 357, 377 285 Cluny, monastery of: its archive and Earlier Annals of Metz, 20 Carolingian society, 244 Eberhard of Friuli

Index 499

as book owner, 301 Freising, cathedral church: charters of, his lawbook, 187 412 landholdings of, 304 Frisia library of, 302 and Charles Martel, 48, 49 will, 284, 312 and Frankish–Danish conflict, 355 Ebo of Rheims, 148 and North Sea trade, 343, 344 attacked for low birth by Thegan, and opposition to Charles Martel, 275 42 made fallguy for Louis the Pious’s and opposition to early Carolingians, penance of 833, 219 41 Eccard of Maconˆ Boniface’s mission in, 102 land holdings, 244 Liudgar’s mission in, 105 library, 302 nature of ‘paganism’ in, 88, 91 will, 284, 310 Wilfrid initiates mission, 100 Echternach, monastery, 39 Willehad’s mission, 104 and Pippin II, 130 frontiers, 9–10 foundation of, 102 and crisis of 828–9, 213 patronage of, 126 and end of eighth-century expansion, Einhard, 309 170 as courtier, 217 Frothar of Toul: as a royal agent, 190 as landlord, 241, 257, 295, 297, 319, Fulda, monastery 334, 335, 336 and learning, 142 learning, 302 and memory of Boniface, 104 piety, 301 estate inventories, 235 Vita Karoli [Life of Charlemagne], 21, foundation of, 103, 106 23, 32, 78, 146, 154, 165, 169, 172, 175, 196, 198, 247, 282, 296, 302, 309, Giselhelm (small landowner in Rhineland), 320, 400 242, 243, 245 empire, ideology of, 14. See also Godafrid I, Danish king, 355, 356 Charlemagne: imperial coronation of Godafrid III, Viking leader, 354, 800 378 Engelberga, wife of Louis II, 306, 399, Gregory II, Pope: and Boniface, 139 405 Gregory III, Pope, 57 Engis, aristocratic residence, 294 and Boniface, 139 Ercanfrida, wife of Count Nithard of Trier on ‘paganism’ in Germany, 88, 91 will, 311 Grifo, son of Charles Martel, 47, 51, 52, Ermentrude, wife of Charles the Bald, 55, 56, 61 308 Guy of Spoleto, 308, 309, 426, 434 Ermold the Black, Poem on Louis the Pious, 157, 169, 177, 208, 211, 214, Hadrian I, Pope, 66, 69, 136, 137 215, 283, 285 and silk, 365 Eschborn: village of, 231 Hadrian II, Pope, 399 hagiography, 19, 85 Farfa, monastery and late Merovingian Church, 97 exclusion of women, 126 and presentation of mission, 105 political significance, 127 Hamwic, 338, 340, 342, 345, 347 possessor of rural churches, 121 Hedeby, 325, 326, 329, 355, 356 Fleury, monastery of, 244 Heiric of Auxerre: on three orders of Folkwine, local official in Alps, 234 society, 224 Frankfurt, palace, 393, 409 Hildebrandslied, 333 Fredegar, Chronicle and Continuations, 19, Hildegard, wife of Charlemagne, 66, 78, 20, 33, 44, 47, 49, 51, 52, 63 195, 309

500 Index

Hincmar of Rheims Judith, Empress and cult of relics, 149 chosen as second wife by Louis the as bishop, 148 Pious, 205 as scholar, 151 role in revolt of 828–9, 214 De ordine palatii [On the Governance of the Palace], 182, 295, 296, 314, 398 Karlmann of Bavaria, 385, 401, 403, 404, on magic and boundaries of Christianity, 406, 420 81–4 Karol, son of Liutprand, 312 on Neuilly, 319 Kempten, village of, 231, 237, 239, 251, on the divorce of Lothar, 81, 82, 83, 256, 268–70 110, 131, 134 kingship: law on marriage, 131 historiography, historical writing, 15, kinship 18–23, 145 and aristocracy, 304–13 and justification of Pippin’s seizure of the and community, 251 kingship in 751, 31–3 and household, 237–8 used by Charles the Bald in 869, and monastic patronage, 288–90 152 and prosopographical research on the honores, 76, 77, 188 aristocracy, 273–4 acquisition and transmission of, and transmission of land, 244–5 313–20 burial and family identity, 289 granted to Viking allies, 356 Kootwijk: village of, 237 Louis the Pious attempts to revoke, 213 land, landholding, 234 under later Carolingians, 419 and aristocracy, 308–13 Hraban Maur, 151, 291 and endowment of monasteries, as bishop, 241 112 as scholar, 148 benefices, 316–20 family and land holdings, 287, 291 by aristocratic and peasant landowners, Hucbald of St Amand, 152 241–6 Hugh of Tours: armed struggle over his church lands and Charles Martel, 50 honores, 221 of monasteries, 126–30 blamed for Muslim success in 828, precarial grants of church land, 50 213 Lauchheim, village, 290 family connections, 213 Leo III, Pope influence on Lothar, 218 and Charlemagne’s imperial coronation, ridiculed by opponents, 298 160–8 taunted by his followers, 214 Leo IV, Pope threatened by installation of Charles the and Leonine walls, 393 Bald in Alsace in 829, 216 Liber historiae francorum (LHF), 19, 43 Liber pontificalis, 33, 60, 135, 136, 364 Ibn Khurradadhbih: Book of Routes and literacy. See written word Kingdoms, 367–8 Liudger, St, 104 ‘iconoclasm’: Frankish responses to, 63, Liutberga, Life of, 247 69 Liutprand, Lombard king, 56, 57, 58, 134, Indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum, 87, 144, 320, 359 88 Lombards, Lombard kingdom, 1, 2 Ingelheim, palace, 77, 175, 293, 294 and Pippin III, 56–61 described by Ermold the Black, 177 conquest by Charlemagne, 65–7 cultural influence on Carolingian court, John VIII, Pope, 300, 381, 406 146 Jonas of Orleans:´ De institutione laicali, in Paul the Deacon’s ‘History’, 22 216, 300 links to Bavarian duchy, 46

Index 501

Pippin III attacks as result of papal praised by Notker of St Gallen, 299 alliance, 56–63 purging of east Frankish aristocracy 861, rebellion against Charlemagne, 67, 315, 418 193 sees vision of his father in Hell, 156 Synod of Pavia, 94, 169 supports his father in revolt of 829, trade with Comacchio, 359 218 Lorsch, monastery of, 242 Louis the Pious. See also Astronomer; and Louis the German, 294 Ermold the Black; Thegan patronage of, 126, 412 and gift of royal land, 316 Lothar and government of the empire, and Carolingian politics, 843–55, 170–94 388–94 and monasteries, 129 and civil war of 840–43, 383 and succession plans of Charlemagne, and Constitutio romana, 138 194–6 and rebellions of 830s, 218–22 anointed by pope as a boy, 68 and revolt of 829, 214, 218 as king of Aquitaine, 68, 174, 195, as king of Italy, 207 283 as ‘subking’ in Italy, 209–13 capitularies, 183 capitularies, 142 conﬂicting interpretations of his reign, exiles opponents in rebellion of 830, 155–60 278 crowned emperor in 813, 169 godfather of Charles the Bald, 207 gift giving of, 279 Hugh of Tours’s son-in-law, 213 his court as described by Ermold the in Ordinatio imperii of 817, 202 Black and Walahfrid Strabo, 178 marriage of, 207 itinerary of, 174 Lothar II, 394, 396–9 opposition to his succession, 196–8 and royal resources, 413 protects Jewish traders in Lyon, 367 divorce from Theutberga, 81, 110, 131, reign of, 198–222 133, 152 ritual of deposition, 278 succession supported by Louis the Louis the Stammerer, 314, 421 German, 396 and Charles the Bald, 400 Louis II, 394, 399, 405–6 as subking of Neustria, 395 letter to Basil I of Byzantium, 389 Louis the Younger, 401, 404, 420, 421 Louis III, 421 attempt to seize Aquitaine, 211, 394 Louis the German Ludwigslied, 149 and Carolingian politics 843–76, Lull, archbishop of Mainz, 104 388–407 Lupus of Ferrieres,` 152 and civil war of 840–3, 383 and cell of St Josse, 348 and Lorsch, 294 and Moravia, 413 magic, 81–4 and rebellions of 830s, 218–22 Mainz: urban development at, 351, 352, and revolt of 829, 217 353, 354 and royal resources, 418 Malles Venosta, church: fresco of and Strasbourg oaths, 303 aristocratic patron, 279 and the Slavs, 414 manors, 252–8 as emperor, 384 and dependent peasantry, 266–8 charters, 411 markets government of east Frankish kingdom, development of, 259, 262 408 emergence of, 337, 353 itinerary of, 409 marriage, 131–4 made king of Bavaria in Ordinatio imperii Marseille, 64 of 817, 202 and Mediterranean trade, 46

502 Index

mass, 107 Monte Cassino, monastery and commemoration, 111 and Carloman, 58 and religious patronage, 118 and Ratchis, 58 debate on, 119–21 and Rule of St Benedict, 137 Matfrid of Orleans´ Monte Soracte, monastery of: and armed struggle over his honores, 221 Carloman, 58 blamed for Muslim success in 828, 213 Muslims influence in 820s, 213 and Mediterranean trade, 364–75 investigated by missi in 829, 216 and opposition to Charles Martel in name excised from public discourse, Provence, 45, 46 216 and Pippin III, 64 Meersen, Treaty of, 208, 213, 389, 400 attack on Rome 846, 391 meetings, public, 266 attack on Spanish March in 828, 213 access to as index of social status, 248 defeat by Charles Martel at Poitiers, and dependent peasantry, 257, 266–7 47 and dispute settlement, 232 in eighth-century Aquitaine, 47 and organisation of countryside, 250–2 and ‘private justice’, 256 Neustria often held in cemeteries, 240 and Charles Martel, 42, 43, 44 Merovingians, 1, 3, 20, 21, 27, 31, 32, and opposition to Carolingians, 42 34–44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, in late Merovingian times, 35, 37, 38, 62, 102, 132 39, 40 memory of, 18 Pippin II and Carolingian influence in, Methodius, missionary: nearly sold as slave, 39, 40 366 under Pippin III, 56 Michelstadt: Einhard’s church, 241 Nicholas I, Pope, 417 missi, 179–80, 190, 192. See also and Lothar II’s divorce, 133, 398 capitularies Nithard, historian, 277, 297, 302, 322, and capitularies, 182–9 382 of Charles the Bald, 407 on Louis the Pious’s succession, 196 investigation into John of Istria, 197, Notker of St Gallen, 422 234 Gesta Karoli magni imperatoris [Deeds of used by Louis the Pious in 828–9, 215 Charlemagne], 283, 284, 297, 299, mission, missionaries, 93–110. See also 357, 365, 381 Frisia; Saxons mocks taste for oriental luxury, 365 Mitry, estate of monastery of St Denis, 266 oaths monasteries, monasticism, 117–18, Carolingian legislation on, 190 125–30, 172 of fidelity, 79, 184, 185, 186, 192 and charter evidence, 181 Odo of Orleans,´ 278, 294 and priests and pastoral care, 122 Odo, King of West Francia, 426, 434 and rise of Carolingians, 39 family origins, 308 and royal government, 179 removed from his father’s honores, 315 and Rule of St Benedict, 137 Ohthere: voyages of, 324–6, 329–31 as centres of writing and learning, 17 ordeal, judicial: and ‘private justice’, donations to, 13 256 Louis the Pious’s reforms of 817, 201 patronage of, 25, 112–13, 114, 115–17, Paderborn, 74 244, 288–90. See also charters and conversion of Saxony, 105 Mondeville: village of, 240 Pope Leo III visits Charlemagne there in Monte Amiata, monastery: charter 799, 161 collection, 28 Paderborn Epic, 24

Index 503

‘paganism’, 86–93. See also mission, in Ordinatio imperii of 817, 202 missionaries marriage of, 207 and mission, 93–110 Pippin of Italy, 67, 72, 186, 193, 195, 196, palaces, 172, 177, 293–4. See also Aachen 197 and aristocratic youths, 296–7 and Paul the Deacon’s ‘History’, 22 Paschasius Radbertus and succession plans of Charlemagne, on mass, 120 194–6 on Wala’s testing by Charlemagne, 281 Pippin ‘the Hunchback’, 75, 78, 194, 195, pastoral care, 121–5 365 Paul the Deacon, 146 Pirenne, Henri, 2, 226, 326, 327, 328 as scholar, 143 Plectrude, wife of Pippin II, 39, 42, 43, Historia Langobardorum [History of the 46, 50 Lombards], 22 polyptychs, 227, 229, 254, 256, 257, 259 Paulinus of Aquileia: book of advice for development of, 252–4 Eric of Friuli, 300 on peasant households and farms, 235 Pavia, 62, 295 used as legal evidence for peasant dues, penance, 113, 125 266 and aristocracy, 299 popes, papacy, 134–9 as withdrawal from public life, 278 alliance with Pippin III, 56–61, 63 of Louis the Pious, 201, 202–5, 207, and Charlemagne’s conquest of Lombard 219 kingdom, 67 Perrecy, aristocratic estate, 267 and Charlemagne’s imperial coronation, Petegem, aristocratic residence, 291 160–8 Pippin I, mayor of palace, 34, 38 and Frankish alliance, 57 Pippin II of Aquitaine, 379, 381, 390, Anglo-Saxon reverence for, 100 391, 393 claims to represent Italy under Stephen Pippin II, mayor of palace, 38, 39, 40, 41, II, 60 48, 101 landed wealth and supply of Rome, and Echternach, 130 363 and Willibrord’s mission, 102 priests, 121–5, 139 in later Carolingian propaganda, 169 Provence Pippin III, 61, 76, 77, 136 and Charles Martel, 45 and church land, 254, 317 and Merovingians, 35 and Continuations of Fredegar, 20 and opposition to early Carolingians and foundation of Echternach, 102 in late Merovingian times, 40, 41 and Italy, 56–63 Prum,¨ monastery and tithe, 123 beneﬁciary of Ercanfrida’s will, 311 as king, 63–5 polyptych, 254, 256, 257, 259 as mayor of palace, 51–61 burial at St Denis, 197 Quentovic, 340, 347, 348 campaigns in Aquitaine, 64–5 Church councils, 140 Radbod, Frisian leader, 41, 42, 48 in later Carolingian propaganda, 177 Radhanites, 367–8 papal alliance, 1–2, 31–4, 56–63, 135 Ratchis, Lombard king, 58 relationship with brother Carloman, Ratramnus of Corbie 51–61 on conversion of Danes and Swedes, seizure of kingship, 1–2, 3, 31–4, 223 61–2 on mass, 120 Pippin of Aquitaine, 169, 210, 211 Ravenna: conquered by Lombards, 59 and rebellions of 830s, 218–22 Redon, monastery of: and Breton society, and revolt of 828–9, 215, 217 247 as ‘subking’, 209–13 Regino of Prum,¨ 385, 424, 427

504 Index

Reichenau, monastery: and Carolingians, Saxons, Saxony 127 and Charlemagne’s imperial coronation, residences, aristocratic, 255, 285–95 167 Ribe, 340, 345 and Charles Martel, 49 Richgard, wife of Charles the Fat, and opposition to Charles Martel, 42 313 Boniface hopes to convert, 103 Richildis, wife of Charles the Bald, conquest and Christianisation of, 73–5, 400 108, 109 Rimbert, missionary, 223 Frankish campaigns under Carloman and Ripwin (small landowner in Rhineland), Pippin, 52 242, 243, 245 Liudgar’s mission in, 105 Rizana,ˇ plea of, 234, 247, 361 missions to, 105 Robert the Strong, 308, 315 Stellinga revolt, 225 and Charles the Bald, 315 Sedulius Scottus: on kingship, 397 and discontent with Charles the Bald in Sergius II, Pope, 390, 405 850s, 395 slavery Rome and Mediterranean trade, 367 and Boniface’s mission, 102 in countryside, 246 and Carolingians, 135–6 Speyer: Carolingian settlement around, and Charlemagne, 168, 170 238, 241 and Charlemagne’s imperial coronation, St Amand, monastery: library, 151 160–8 St Bartholomew, monastery of, 112 and Lombards, 59, 60, 63, 66 St Denis, monastery, 2, 40 and plans for Charlemagne’s succession, St Gallen, monastery 169 charter collection, 28 and Wilfrid, 99, 100 library, 151 and Willibrord’s mission, 101 St Wandrille, monastery of: and mission in as source of authority, 137, 138 Frisia, 101 as source of relics, 149 Stephen II, Pope, 1, 2, 34, 60, 61, 135 attacked by Muslims 846, 391 Stephen III, Pope, 65, 66 Charlemagne and sons visit in 780–1, St-Germain-des-Pres,´ monastery: 67 polyptych, 254, 259 Charlemagne visits in 774, 67 Strasbourg oaths, 303 cultural and religious significance of, 56 Tassilo III, duke of Bavaria, 47, 56, 66, economy of, 363, 364 69–70 pilgrimage by Carloman, brother of Thegan Pippin III, 55 Life of Louis the Pious, 23, 155, 214, Pope John VIII and defence against 222, 275, 298, 309 Muslims, 300 Theodulf Roman identity in eighth century, 60 and rebellion of Bernard, 204 under Frankish ‘protection’, 68 as bishop, 147 Royal Frankish Annals, 19, 23, 32, 61, 69, as poet, 147, 283 70, 75, 163, 196, 201, 208, 388, as royal official, 371 400 as scholar, 143, 147 Rupert, count in Rhineland, 243, 245 Toto of Campione, 361, 362 towns saints, cult of aristocratic interests in, 287–8 and episcopal office, 99 development of North Sea emporia, prevalence in Merovingian Gaul, 96 338–53 Sant’Ambrogio, monastery of: as a Italian, 359–64 landlord, 266 Trebur, palace: polyptych, 258

Index 505

vassi dominici, 318 attempts to regulate participation in, Venice, 59, 368–70 249 as centre of slave trade, 366 fortiﬁcations, 293 Verdun, Treaty of, 6, 207, 381, 383, 384, military service, 79, 248–9, 257, 388 279–81 Vikings ninth-century adjustments to end of Abbo on attack on Paris, 277 expansion, 159 activities in Charles the Bald’s kingdom, signiﬁcance under early Carolingians, 390, 391 75–6 economic effects of, 347–58 under Louis the Pious, 208 impact on ninth-century politics, weaponry: as expression of social status, 5, 414–17. See also Godafrid III 285 peasant resistance to in 859, 249, 277 Wilfrid, bishop and missionary, 37, 38, raids on Lothar’s kingdom, 391 98, 99, 100, 101 raids on west Frankish kingdom after Willibrord, 88 Louis the Stammerer’s death, 421 and religious patronage, 126 villages, 229–41 encounters with ‘paganism’, 92 mission to Frisians, 101 Wala, 193 Wissembourg, monastery and revolt of 829, 217 dues of its peasants, 260 and succession of Louis the Pious, 197, estate surveys, 257 199 written word, 4 rehabilitated in 820s, 206 and priests, 123 testing by Charlemagne, 281 and secular aristocracy, 298–303 Walahesheim: village of, 231 and social mobility, 148 Walahfrid Strabo, 148 increased volume of sources, 13–14, on Louis the Pious’s court, 178, 16–28 217 law codes, 180–1 warfare promoted to correct religious practice, and church land, 128, 140 142 and east Frankish kingship, 408 and military service in ninth century, Zacharias, Pope, 32, 33, 54, 57, 58, 59, 172 136, 141 and rise of Carolingians, 41, 155 and Boniface, 139 and rise of Charles Martel, 43, 44, 49 and Boniface’s foundation of new as motor of Frankish economy, 332 bishoprics, 103