THE DISSEMINATION AND RECEPTION OF THE ORDINES ROMANI IN THE CAROLINGIAN CHURCH, c.750-900 Arthur Robert Westwell Queens’ College 09/2017 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2 Arthur Robert Westwell Thesis Summary: The Dissemination and Reception of the Ordines Romani in the Carolingian Church, c.750- 900. The ordines romani are products of a ninth-century attempt to correct liturgy across Europe. Hitherto, scholarship has almost exclusively focused on them as sources for the practices of the city of Rome, narrowly defined, disregarding how they were received creatively and reinterpreted in a set of fascinating manuscripts which do not easily fit into traditional categories. This thesis re- envisages these special texts as valuable testimonies of intent and principle. In the past few decades of scholarship, it has been made very clear that what occurred under the Carolingians in the liturgy did not involve the imposition of the Roman rite from above. What was ‘Roman’ and ‘correct’ was decided by individuals, each in their own case, and they created and edited texts for what they needed. These individuals were part of intensive networks of exchange, and, broadly, they agreed on what they were attempting to accomplish. Nevertheless, depending on their own formation, and the atmosphere of their diocese, the same ritual content could be interpreted in numerous different ways. Ultimately, this thesis aims to demonstrate the usefulness of applying new techniques of assessing liturgical manuscripts, as total witnesses whose texts interpret each other, to the ninth century. Each of the ordo romanus manuscripts of the ninth century preserves a fascinating glimpse into the process of working out what ‘correct’ liturgy looked like, by people intensely invested in that proposition. Through them, we can reconceptualise the Carolingian achievement in liturgy, more sympathetically to the great diversity on the ground, but also to the broader goals which united all of these celebrants and intellectuals. In these texts, we can see how the Carolingians really 3 understood the Roman practices they revered, and how they brought this special holiness to their own cathedrals and monasteries through richly creative re-enactment, not thoughtless replication. This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee i Table of Contents Acknowledgements ii Abbreviations iv List of Manuscripts Cited v Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Collection A of the Ordines Romani Introduction 13 Part 1: BAV Pal.lat.487 28 Part 2: Montpellier Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Médecine 412 36 Part 3: A Disemembered Manuscript of Murbach 43 Part 4: Variant Accounts of Holy Week and Ordination 48 Chapter Conclusion: Purposes of Manuscripts of Collection A 58 Chapter 2: Collection B of the Ordines Romani Introduction 60 Part 1: Verona Biblioteca Capitolare XCII 89 Part 2: Cologne Dombibliothek 138 109 Part 4: Zurich Zentralbibliothek Car C 102 147 Part 5: Paris BnF lat.14008 160 Chapter Conclusion: The Pontifical Tradition and its Origins and Purposes 165 Chapter 3: Personalising Collections for Different Purposes Part 1: Wolfenbüttel Herzog August Bibliothek, Cod.4175 (Wissembourg 91) 175 Part 2: Albi Bibliothèque Municipale 42 222 Chapter 4: Explaining the Ordines Romani Part 1: Amalarius of Metz and the ‘Exegesis’ of the Liturgy 228 Part 2: Manuscripts of Expositiones and Ordines 245 Chapter Conclusion: The Carolingian Understanding of ‘Correctio’ 254 Chapter 5: Vienna Cod.Ser.n.2762 and the Ordines of Ordination 257 Conclusion 281 Bibliography 291 ii Acknowledgments This thesis has been helped along by many, and I hope that is does them justice. Of my academic colleagues, I would like to single out Susan Rankin, Tessa Webber, Henry Parkes, Suzanne Paul, Giorgia Vocino, Anna Dorofeeva, Harald Buchinger, David Hiley and Eric Palazzo. A number of conferences have provided milestones along the way to this happy end. Special thanks are due to my fellow presenters and the organisers at ‘Texts and Identities’ in Cambridge, Berlin and Vienna, ‘Rethinking Carolingian Correctio’ in Cambridge and Utrecht, ‘Medieval Rites’ at Yale, ‘Senses of Liturgy’ in Bristol, ‘Rewiring Romans’ at the Norwegian Academy in Rome, ‘Ritual and Historiography in the Middle Ages’ in Münster and my colleagues at the Cambridge Medieval History Seminar, among others. For three special months the staff and my fellow award-holders at the British School at Rome made me a home away from home in the most amazing city on Earth. My college for seven years, Queens’, has supported me through them all. For materially enabling the work without which this thesis could not have been accomplished, I would also like to thank the Trust of Roger and Ingrid Pilkington, the Bibliographical Society, the H.M. Chadwick Fund, Queens’ College, and Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst. One of the great privileges of studying this stock of texts has been the chance to visit the great libraries and collections of Europe. The staff have been universally welcoming to a scholar, and sincerely interested in discovering what I will do with their manuscripts. For all their help, my gratitude goes to to the staff at the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, the Bibliothèque national de France, the British Library, the Cambridge University Library, the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Zurich Zentralbibliothek, the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Biblioteca Nazionale di Roma, the Biblioteca Alessandrina, the Biblioteca Capitolare of Verona, the Dombibliothek of Cologne, the Bibliothèque Municipale of Albi, Montpellier Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Médecine, the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin and the Biblioteca dell’Abbazia di Montecassino, as well as the countless iii other institutions which have kindly put their treasures online and those who have enabled them to do so. To my friends who have provided no less essential support, Jessica, Jana, Victoria, Siobhan and far too many others to name, thank you for all the joyful years, and many to come. Without my family, none of this would have been even a remote possibility. This piece of work is for them above all, and thus, for George and Anna, my love and thanks. Thomas, your help was truly invaluable. Dad, you’ve allowed me to do more than I thought possible and I hope you always know it. There could not have been a better supervisor than Rosamond McKitterick. I have learnt so much from her, not only about why we study the Carolingians, but about what it is to be a teacher and mentor. This project was born when she suggested that a little group of texts called the ordines romani could be an interesting way to be able to look at a few manuscripts. From that moment on, her guidance has been stalwart and patient. My mother, Chantry Westwell, has always been the greatest supporter and ally I could ever possibly have. I hope I have made you proud. At the very last, these small lines are dedicated to the memory of Marc Davey and Sylvia Holborn. iv Abbreviations BAV Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana BnF Bibliothèque Nationale de France CCSL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina CCCM Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Medievalis CLA Codices Latini Antiquiores, E.A. Lowe (ed), 12 volumes (Oxford, 1934-1971) LO Amalarius of Metz, Liber Officialis, J.-M. Hannsens (ed.), Amalarii Episcopi Opera Omnia, vol.II (Vatican City, 1948). MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica Cap. Capitularia, Legum Sectio II, Capitularia Regum Francorum, A. Boretius and V.Kraus (eds), 2 vols. (Hannover, 1883-97). Conc. Concilia, Legum Sectio III, Concilia I, F. Maassen (ed.) (Hanover, 1893); Concilia II, A. Werminghoff (ed.) (Hanover, 1906-1908); Concilia V, W. Hartmann, I. Schröder and G.Schmitz (eds) (Hannover, 2012). Epp. Epistolae II, L. Hartmann (ed.), Gregorius I Papae Registrum Epistolarum (Hanover, 1890); IV-VII Karolini Aevi (Hannover 1895-1932). Poetae Poetae Latini Aevi Karolini, E.Dummler, L.Traube, P. von Winterfield and K. Strecker (eds), 4 vols. (Hanover, 1881- 1899). SRG Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum seperatim editi, 63 vols. (Hannover, 1871-1978). OR Ordo Romanus PL Patrologia Latina, J-P Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina, 221 vols. (Paris, 1841-1864). PRG Pontifical Romano-Germanique. R. Elze, C. Vogel (eds), Le Pontificale Romano-Germanique du dixième siècle, vol. I Studi e Testi, 226 (Vatican City, 1963). Conventions: For convenience, manuscripts will often be called, after the first reference to them, simply by place- name, or library name, and shelfmark: e.g. Verona Biblioteca Capitolare XCII will be Verona XCII, but Rome Biblioteca Alessandrina 173 will be Alessandrina 173 v List of Manuscripts Cited Albi Bibliothèque Municipale 34 (20) 42 Bamberg Staatsbibliothek