Beihefte zur Mediaevistik: Band 27 2014

Elisabeth Mégier, Christliche Weltgeschichte im 12. Jahrhundert: Themen, 2014 Variationen und Kontraste. Untersuchungen zu Hugo von Fleury, Orderi- · cus Vitalis und Otto von Freising (2010)

Andrea Grafetstätter / Sieglinde Hartmann / James Ogier (eds.), Islands Internationale Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Mittelalterforschung

and Cities in Medieval Myth, Literature, and History. Papers Delivered at Band 27 the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, in 2005, 2006, and 2007 (2011)

Olaf Wagener (Hrsg.), „vmbringt mit starcken turnen, murn“. Ortsbefesti- gungen im Mittelalter (2010)

Hiram Kümper (Hrsg.), eLearning & Mediävistik. Mittelalter lehren und lernen im neumedialen Zeitalter (2011)

Olaf Wagener (Hrsg.), Symbole der Macht? Aspekte mittelalterlicher und frühneuzeitlicher Architektur (2012)

N. Peter Joosse, The Physician as a Rebellious Intellectual. The Book of c the Two Pieces of Advice or Kitˉab al-Nas. ˉı hatayn. by Abd al-Latˉıf. ibn Yˉusuf al-Baghdˉadˉı (1162–1231) (2013)

Meike Pfefferkorn, Zur Semantik von rike in der Sächsischen Weltchronik. Reden über Herrschaft in der frühen deutschen Chronistik - Transforma- tionen eines politischen Schlüsselwortes (2014)

Begründet von Peter Dinzelbacher Herausgegeben von Albrecht Classen LANG MEDIAEVISTIK

MEDI 27-2014 83022-160x230 Br-AM PLE.indd 1 07.01.15 KW 02 15:24 Beihefte zur Mediaevistik: Band 27 2014

Elisabeth Mégier, Christliche Weltgeschichte im 12. Jahrhundert: Themen, 2014 Variationen und Kontraste. Untersuchungen zu Hugo von Fleury, Orderi- · cus Vitalis und Otto von Freising (2010)

Andrea Grafetstätter / Sieglinde Hartmann / James Ogier (eds.), Islands Internationale Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Mittelalterforschung

and Cities in Medieval Myth, Literature, and History. Papers Delivered at Band 27 the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, in 2005, 2006, and 2007 (2011)

Olaf Wagener (Hrsg.), „vmbringt mit starcken turnen, murn“. Ortsbefesti- gungen im Mittelalter (2010)

Hiram Kümper (Hrsg.), eLearning & Mediävistik. Mittelalter lehren und lernen im neumedialen Zeitalter (2011)

Olaf Wagener (Hrsg.), Symbole der Macht? Aspekte mittelalterlicher und frühneuzeitlicher Architektur (2012)

N. Peter Joosse, The Physician as a Rebellious Intellectual. The Book of c the Two Pieces of Advice or Kitˉab al-Nas. ˉı hatayn. by Abd al-Latˉıf. ibn Yˉusuf al-Baghdˉadˉı (1162–1231) (2013)

Meike Pfefferkorn, Zur Semantik von rike in der Sächsischen Weltchronik. Reden über Herrschaft in der frühen deutschen Chronistik - Transforma- tionen eines politischen Schlüsselwortes (2014)

Begründet von Peter Dinzelbacher Herausgegeben von Albrecht Classen LANG MEDIAEVISTIK

MEDI 27-2014 83022-160x230 Br-AM PLE.indd 1 07.01.15 KW 02 15:24 MEDIAEVISTIK Internationale Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Mittelalterforschung

Begründet von Peter Dinzelbacher Herausgegeben von Albrecht Classen

Band 27 • 2014 Blatt aus einem Choralbuch

Auf diesem Einzelblatt (30 x 20 cm, am Rand beschnitten; in Privat- besitz) steht ein Text aus dem Brevier zum Lukas-Fest am 18. Ok- tober (2. Nokturn, lectio 4 u. 6), geschrieben in Textura semiqua- drata, die Musik in Hufnagelnoten. Es handelt sich um die deutsche Choralnotation, die spätestens seit dem 13. Jahrhundert zu einer Art Standard geworden war. Zu datieren ist das Manuskript sehr wahr- scheinlich in die 2. Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts, als Provenienz der süddeutsche Raum anzunehmen. (Bild und Text: Peter Dinzelbacher; mit freundlichen Hinweisen von Christian Kaden)

ISSN 2199-806X e-ISBN 978-3-653-05561-0 DOI: 10.3726/978-3-653-05561-0 © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Frankfurt am Main 2015 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Peter Lang Edition ist ein Imprint der Peter Lang GmbH. Peter Lang – Frankfurt am Main · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Warszawa · Wien Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. www.peterlang.com Mediaevistik 27 ■ 2014 1

Inhalt

Aufsätze

Reinhard Bleck, Reinmar der Alte, Lieder mit historischem Hintergrund (MF 156,10; 167,31; 180,28; 181,13)______11

Albrecht Classen, Die Herausforderung des Begriffes minne im Translationsprozess: Theorie des Übersetzens, Sinnfrage und Identitätssuche auf philologischer Ebene. Walther von der Vogelweide (Lyrik) und Wolfram von Eschenbach (Titurel)______45

Dina Aboul Fotouh Salama, Die Kolonialisierung des weiblichen Körpers in der spätmittelalterlichen Versnovelle Die heideninne______59 Werner Heinz, Meilen im Mittelalter - ein Diskussionsbeitrag______91

George Arabatzis, Nicephoros Blemmydes’ Imperial Statue: Aristotelian Politics as Kingship Morality in Byzantium______99

Francesca Romoli, La funzione delle citazioni bibliche nell’omiletica e nella lette­ ratura di direzione spirituale del medioevo slavo orientale (XII-XIII sec.)______119 Connie L. Scarborough, Educating Women for the Benefit of Man and Society: Castigos y dotrinas que un sabio daba a sus hijas and La perfecta casada______141 Krijn Pansters, I’m a Stranger Here Myself. Notes on Returning from the Medium Aevum______153

Rezensionen Gesamtes Mittelalter

Y. SCHWINGHAMMER, Das Mittelalter als Faszinosum oder Marginalie? (A. CLASSEN)______161

A. FIDORA, Die mantischen Künste und die Epistemologie prognostischer Wissenschaften im Mittelalter (T. WILLARD)______162

C. GAULLIER-BOUGASSAS, L’historiographie médiévale d’Alexandre le Grand. Alexander Redivivus (M. CRUSE)______164 C. BACHMANN, Das Mittelalter 800 - 1500 (A. CLASSEN)______166 G. BOBETH, Antike Verse in mittelalterlicher Vertonung (H. HARTMANN)___ 167

M. BORGOLTE, Stiftung und Memoria (J. FÜHRER)______170 2 Mediaevistik 27 ■ 2014

M. BRAUER, Quellen des Mittelalters (A. CLASSEN)______172

S. FANOUS / V GILLESPIE, The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Mysticism (R. STOTTLEMYER)______173

A. CAMERON, Byzantine Matters (W. TREADGOLD)______176

M. LATINO, A Bibliographical Bulletin of European Culture from Boethius to Erasmus (VI to XV Century) (M. BACHMANN)______177

Celtic-Norse Relationships in the Irish Sea in the Middle Ages 800-1200 (W. SAYERS)______180 C. JONES, An Introduction to the Chansons de Geste (A. CLASSEN)______181

P DAVIES / D. HOWARD / W. PULLAN, Architecture and Pilgrimage, 1000-1500: Southern Europe and Beyond (C. CUSACK)______182 Die Handschriften der Württembergischen Landesbibliothek Stuttgart (C. GALLE)______184

C. DINSHAW, How Soon is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time (K. CAWSEY)______185 P DINZELBACHER, Deutsche und niederländische Mystik des Mittelalters (D. STOUDT)______186

Disembodied Heads in Medieval and Early Modern Culture (P DINZELBACHER)______189

Dumbarton Oaks Papers 65 & 66 (L. MACCOULL)______191 A. EASTMOND / L. JAMES, Wonderful Things: Byzantium through its Art. Papers from the 42nd Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies (C. JOLIVET-LEVY)______192

B. FUHRMANN, Hinter festen Mauern: Europas Städte im Mittelalter (D. NICHOLAS)______194 H. GILOMEN, Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Mittelalters (A. KOBAYASHI)______195

H. GOETZ, Gott und die Welt. Religiöse Vorstellungen des frühen und hohen Mittelalters (E. MEGIER)______198

H. GOETZ, Die Wahrnehmung anderer Religionen und christlich-abendländisches Selbstverständnis im frühen und hohen Mittelalter (A. CLASSEN)______203 J. M. HEBERT / M. LE FAY, Shapeshifter (Arthurian and Courtly Cultures) (A. CLASSEN)______205

A. ROACH / J. SIMPSON, Heresy and the Making of European Culture: Medieval and Modern Perspectives (L. TRACY)______206 Mediaevistik 27 ■ 2014 3

Heresy and the Making of European Culture: Medieval and Modem Perspectives (A. CLASSEN)______209 M. HOCHEDLINGER, Österreichische Archivgeschichte: Vom Spätmittelalter bis zum Ende des Papierzeitalters (H. BERWINKEL)______211 R. HOFFMANN, An Environmental History of Medieval Europe (A. CLASSEN)______213 H. JANIN / U. CARLSON, Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe (A. CLASSEN)______215 C. JASER, Ecclesia maledicens: Rituelle und zeremonielle Exkommunikationsformen im Mittelalter (P. DINZELBACHER)______217 Katalog der lateinischen Fragmente der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München (C. GALLE)______219 K. SCHREINER, Gemeinsam leben. Spiritualität, Lebens- und Verfassungsformen klösterlicher Gemeinschaften in Kirche und Gesellschaft des Mittelalters (A. CLASSEN)______220 Le pouvoir des mots au Moyen Âge (E. MEGIER)______221 A. LAWRENCE-MATHERS / C. ESCOBAR, Magic in Medieval Society (T. WILLARD)______224 Magistra Doctissima: Essays in Honor of Bonnie Wheeler (A. CLASSEN)______225 Medieval Arthurian Epic and Romance: Eight New Translations (A. CLASSEN) . 227 Medieval English Lyrics and Carols (A.CLASSEN)______228 Medieval Life Cycles: Continuty and Change (A. CLASSEN)______229 N. MIEDEMA / A. SIEBER, Zurück zum Mittelalter: Neue Perspektiven für den Deutschunterricht (A. CLASSEN)______231 Mittelalter - eines oder viele? (A. CLASSEN)______232 A. MITTMAN, The Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous (L. TRACY)______234 M. MOSTERT, A Bibliography of Works on Medieval Communication (M. GRAF)______236 J. MÜLLER, Pflanzen zur Wundbehandlung der mittelalterlichen arabischen Heilkunde in der europäischen Tradition (C. GRAFINGER)______239 Norman Tradition and Transcultural Heritage: Exchange of Cultures in the ‘Norman’ Peripheries of Medieval Europe (R. CORMIER)______241 K. OSCHEMA. Bilder von Europa im Mittelalter (A. CLASSEN)______245 4 Mediaevistik 27 ■ 2014

The Oxford Handbook of Women and Gender in Medieval Europe (A. CLASSEN)______246

Partners in Spirit: Women, Men, and Religious Life in Germany, 1100-1500 (A. CLASSEN)______249

N. PATTERSON SEVCENKO, The Celebration of the Saints in Byzantine Art and Liturgy (V MARINIS)______251 K. PETER WEGERA / S. SCHULTZ-BALLUFF / N. BARTSCH, Mittelhochdeutsch als fremde Sprache (M. PIERCE)______252

D. QUAST / M. ERDRICH, Die Bernsteinstraße (W. HEINZ)______254

W. SCHMITT, Medizinische Lebenskunst: Gesundheitslehre und Gesundheitsregiment im Mittelalter (A. CLASSEN)______255

Schreiberorte des deutschen Mittelalters: Skriptorien - Werke - Mäzene (J. JEEP)______257

P SIRE, King Arthur’s European Realm: New Evidence from Monmouth’s Primary Sources (A. CLASSEN)______260

D. SKEMER, Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Princeton University Library (S. BRUCE)______262

S. HAUSCHILD, Skriptorium: die mittelalterliche Buchwerkstatt (C. GRAFINGER)______263

Monarchische und adlige Sakralstiftungen im mittelalterlichen Polen (J. FÜHRER)______264

Straßen von der Frühgeschichte bis in die Moderne: Verkehrswege - Kulturträger - Lebensraum (A. CLASSEN)______266 T. REBSCHLOE, Der Drache in der mittelalterlichen Literatur Europas. Beiträge zur älteren Literaturgeschichte (A. CLASSEN)______267

M. TURCHETTI, Tyrannie et tyrannicide de l’Antiquite a nos jours (A. CLASSEN)______268

W. MALECZEK, Urkunden und ihre Erforschung (B. WIEDL)______270 Das Mittelalter: Perspektiven mediävistischer Forschung (A. CLASSEN)______274

Vieler Völker Städte: Polyethnizität und Migration in Städten des Mittelalters - Chancen und Gefahren (A. CLASSEN)______275

H. SONNE DE TORRENS / M. TORRENS, The Visual Culture of Baptism in the Middle Ages: Essays on Medieval Fonts, Settings, and Beliefs (J. LEWIS)_____ 277 W. ERNST, Gehirn und Zauberspruch (A. CLASSEN)______278 Mediaevistik 27 ■ 2014 5

Frühmittelalter

Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow (S. BRUCE)______283 S. AIRLIE, Power and Its Problems in Carolingian Europe (V GARVER)______284

A. AUGUSTINUS, Confessiones / Bekenntnisse. Lateinisch / Deutsch (A. CLASSEN)______289

E. BHREATHNACH, Ireland in the Medieval World AD 400-1000: Landscape, Kingship and Religion (W. SAYERS)______290

R. BLECK, Entstehung des Nibelungenstoffes im 8. Jahrhundert (A. CLASSEN)______291

S. COLLINS, The Carolingian Debate Over Sacred Space (V GARVER)______293 M. RAMBARAN-OLM, John the Baptist’s Prayer or The Descent into Hell, from the Exeter Book: Text, Translation, and Critical Study (A. BREEZE)______295

Discovery and Distinction in the Early Middle Ages: Studies in Honor of John J. Contreni (A. CLASSEN)______296 F. JOHNSON, Hengest, Gwrtheyrn and the Chronology of Post-Roman Britain, Evidence of Arthur: Fixing the Legendary King in Factual Place and Time (A. BREEZE)______298

H. FORBES, Heaven and Earth in Anglo-Saxon England: Theology and Society in an Age of Faith (R. NAISMITH)______301

P. FOURACRE, Frankish History: Studies in the Construction of Power (S. BRUCE)______306

F. RIESS, Narbonne and its Territory in Late Antiquity: From the Visigoths to the Arabs (R. SEAGRAVES)______307 A. GULLEY, The Displacement of the Body in ^ lfric ’s Virgin Martyr Lives (A. BREEZE)______309

Die spätalthochdeutschen ,Wessobrunner Predigten‘ im Überlieferungsverbund mit dem ,Wiener Notker‘ (H. HARTMANN)______311 J. JARNUT / J. STROTHMANN, Die merowingischen Monetarmünzen als Quelle zum Verständnis des 7. Jahrhunderts in Gallien (R. NAISMITH)______313 K. SCHNEIDER-FERBER, Karl der Grosse: Der mächtigste Herrscher des Mittelalters (A. CLASSEN)______315 W. KOEHLER, Die karolingischen Miniaturen (J. JEEP)______316

L. KOPAR, Gods and Settlers (P. DINZELBACHER)______318 Medieval Treasures from Hildesheim (A. CLASSEN)______319 6 Mediaevistik 27 ■ 2014

Nonnus of Panopolis in Context: Poetry and Cultural Milieu in Late Antiquity (L. MACCOULL)______320 A. O’SULLIVAN, Waffenbezeichnungen in althochdeutschen Glossen: Sprach- und kulturhistorische Analysen und Wörterbuch (J. JEEP)______322

L. PADBERG, Christianisierung im Mittelalter (J. FÜHRER)______325

A. REDGATE, Religion, Politics and Society in Britain, 800-1066 (A. BREEZE)______326

Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern 751-918 (987/1032) (C. GALLE)______328

B. LYERLE / R. YOUNG, Ascetic Culture: Essays in Honor of Philip Rousseau (S. BRUCE)______329

A. SCHARER, Changing Perspectives on England and the Continent in the Early Middle Ages (A. BREEZE)______331

F. SCHLEICHER, Cosmographia Christiana (A. CLASSEN)______333

Hochmittelalter

Aiol: A Chanson de Geste (A. CLASSEN)______335

Der Albanai-Psalter: Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung (A. CLASSEN)______336

The Historia Ierosolimitana of Baldric of Bourgueil (A. CLASSEN)______337 J. BENOIT, Le Gracial d’Adgar (J. BAYO)______338 J. MARENBON, Abelard in Four Dimensions: A Twelfth-Century Philosopher in His Context and Ours (D. FRAIOLI)______343

N. BORGMANN, Matière de France oder Matière des Francs? Die germanische Heldenepik und die Anfänge der Chanson de Geste (J. FÜHRER)______345

M. HALL / J. PHILLIPS Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth-Century Crusades (T. WOZNIAK)______348

J. CARTWRIGHT, Mary Magdalene and Her Sister Martha: An Edition and Translation of the Medieval Welsh Lives (A. BREEZE)______349

Crusading and Chronicling on the Medieval Baltic Frontier: A Companion to the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia (W. SAYERS)______351 D. CUSHING, A German Third Crusader’s Chronicle of His Voyage and the Siege of Almohad Silves, 1189 AD / Muwahid Xelb, 585 AH: De itinere navali (A. CLASSEN)______356 Mediaevistik 27 ■ 2014 7

H. DERSCHKA, Individuum und Persönlichkeit im Hochmittelalter (A. CLASSEN)______358

E. FOUGERES, Le livre des manières (P. DINZELBACHER)______360 G. THEOTOKIS, The Norman Campaigns in the Balkans 1081-1108 (Warfare in History) (A. CLASSEN)______362 M. HAMMELE, Das Bild der Juden im Johannes-Kommentar des Thomas von Aquin: Ein Beitrag zu Bibelhermeneutik und Wissenschaftsgeschichte im 13. Jahrhundert (A. CLASSEN)______363 D. HEINIG, Die Jagd im Parzival Wolframs von Eschenbach (H. HARTMANN)______365 J. HOSLER / J. SALISBURY, Military Authority of the Twelfth-Century Renaissance (C. NEDERMAN)______367 G. SAINT-GUILLAIN / D. STATHAKOPOULOS, Liquid & Multiple: Individuals and Identities in the Thirteenth-Century Aegean (T. ZAJAC)______369 Erzähllogiken in der Literatur des Mittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit (H. HARTMANN)______371 J. LYON, Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100-1250 (A. CLASSEN)______375 Macht und Spiegel der Macht. Herrschaft in Europa im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert vor dem Hintergrund der Chronistik (T. GEBHARDT)______377 H. MIERAU, Kaiser und Papst im Mittelalter (A. MEYER)______379 K. WEGERA / S. SCHULTZ -BALLUFF / N. BARTSCH, Mittelhochdeutsch als fremde Sprache (D. TINSLEY)______380 C. MONAGLE, Orthodoxy and Controversy in Twelfth-Century Religious Discourse: Peter Lombard’s ‘Sentences’ and the Development of Theology (E. KUEHN)______382 R. EASTING / R. SHARPE, Peter of Cornwall’s Book of Revelations (T. WILLARD)______384 D. POIREL, Des symboles et des anges. Hugues de Saint-Victor et le réveil dionysien du XIIe siècle (E. MEGIER)______385 Peter the Venerable, Against the Inveterate Obduracy of the Jews (S. BRUCE)__ 388 A. SCHULZ, Das Konzil der fröhlichen Fräulein von Remiremont (A. CLASSEN)______390 U. ZATZIKHOVEN, Lanzelet (A. CLASSEN)______391 S. VERDERBER, The Medieval Fold: Power, Repression, and the Emergency of the Individual (S. SUN)______392 8 Mediaevistik 27 ■ 2014

C. MUMELTER, “Vita Heriberti”: Rupert von Deutz - Biographie eines Erzbischofs (A. CLASSEN)______394 W. VOGELWEIDE, Leich, Lieder, Sangsprüche (A. CLASSEN)______395

Writing the Early Crusades: Text, Transmission and Memory (A. CLASSEN) 397

Spätmittelalter

A. PICCOLOMINI, Europa (c. 1400-1458) (A. CLASSEN)______399

S. ALBUS-KOTZ, Von Krautgärten, Äckern, Gülten und Hühnern: Studien zur Besitz- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Prämonstratenserstifts Adelberg im Mittelalter 1178-1535 (C. GRAFINGER)______400

A. SALE / J. SAINTRE, A Late Medieval Education in Love and Chivalry (A. CLASSEN)______401 Die Arolser Weltchronik: Ein monumentales Geschichtswerk des Mittelalters (A. CLASSEN)______403

R. BARBER, Edward III and the Triumph of England (L. TRACY)______403 K. BROWN, Boccaccio’s Fabliaux: Medieval Short Stories and the Function of Reversal (A. CLASSEN)______405

Christians and Jews in Angevin England: The York Massacre of 1190 (A. CLASSEN)______407 Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady of Clare (1295-1360) (A. CLASSEN)______410

K. HARVEY, Episcopal Appointments in England, c. 1214-1344: From Episcopal Election to Papal Provision (T. IZBICKI)______411

J. FEVRE, The Book of Gladness / Le Livre de Leesce: A 14th Century Defense of Women, in English and French (A. CLASSEN)______412 K. FRIELING, Sehen und gesehen werden: Kleidung an Fürstenhöfen an der Schwelle vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit (ca. 1450-1530) (A. CLASSEN)______413

O. GELDERBLOM, Cities of Commerce. The Institutional Foundations of International Trade in the Low Countries, 1250-1650 (D. NICHOLAS)______415 G. JÄKEL, Kontinuitätskonstruktionen in der Eigengeschichtsschreibung religiö­ ser Orden des Hoch- und Spätmittelalters (K. PANSTERS)______417

R. GUIDI, Frati e umanisti nel Quattrocento (C. GRAFINGER)______417 Habsburger Herrschaft vor Ort-weltweit (1300-1600) (D. NICHOLAS)______419 Mediaevistik 27 ■ 2014 9

Loher und Maller: Kritische Edition eines spätmittelalterlichen Prosaepos (A. CLASSEN)______422 H. HERPIN, Kritische Edition eines spätmittelalterlichen Prosaepos (A. CLASSEN)______423

R. HUGENER, Buchführung für die Ewigkeit (H. KÜMPER)______425

T. FUGE, The Memory and Motivation of Jan Hus, Medieval Priest and Martyr (A. CLASSEN)______426

Die Inschriften des Landkreises Holzminden (R. SCHMITZ-ESSER)______428

1414-1418: Weltereignisse des Mittelalters (A. CLASSEN)______430

D. KUSMAN, Usuriers publics et banquiers du Prince: Le rôle économique des financiers piémontais dans les villes du duché de Brabant (XIIIe-XIVe siècle) (D. O’SULLIVAN)______431

J. GOFF, In Search of Sacred Time: Jacobus de Voragine and The Golden Legend (A. CLASSEN)______433

Die Lebenszeugnisse Oswalds von Wolkenstein: Edition und Kommentar (A. CLASSEN)______435

K. LEWIS, Kingship and Masculinity in Late Medieval England (L. TRACY)__ 435 Lybeaus DESCONUS, ed. by Eve Salisbury and James Weldon (A. CLASSEN)__ 437 J. SPERLING, Medieval and Renaissance Lactations: Images, Rhetorics, Practices (P. TURNING)______438 E. MOODEY, Illuminated Crusader Histories for Philip the Good of Burgundy (S. LUCHITSKAYA)______440

T. MORRISSEY, Conciliarism and Church Law in the Fifteenth Century: Studies on Franciscus Zabarella and the Council of Constance (E. KUEHN)______444 Dr. Hieronymus Münzer’s Itinerary and The Discovery of Guinea (A. CLASSEN)______446

A. NILSEN, The Gothic Sculpture of Uppsala Cathedral (P. DINZELBACHER) _ 447 The Cosmopolitan. Songs by Oswald von Wolkenstein (A. CLASSEN)______448

H. MOSER, Wie eine Feder leicht: Oswald von Wolkenstein - Lieder und Nachdichtungen (A. CLASSEN)______449

Kritische Neuedition und Interpretation einer alemannischen Prosalegende des heiligen Georg aus dem 15. Jahrhundert (A. CLASSEN)______450

The Shorter Writings of Ulrich Putsch: Diarium, Oraciones super missam and Manuale simplicium sacerdotum (A. CLASSEN)______452 10 Mediaevistik 27 ■ 2014

W. QUINN, Olde Clerkis Speche: Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde and the Implications of Authorial Recital (J. LEWIS)______453

S. FEIN / M. JOHNSTON, Robert Thornton and His Books: Essays on the Lincoln and London Thornton Manuscripts (T. WILLARD)______455

G. BAIKA, The Rose and Geryon. The Poetics of Fraud and Violence in Jean de Meun and Dante (D. DELOGU)______456 B. FRANKE / B. WELZEL, Dortmund entdecken: Schätze und Geschichten aus dem Mittelalter (H. KÜMPER)______458

T. SCHILP / B. WELZEL, St. Johannes in Brechten als Erinnerungsort des Ruhrgebiets (H. KÜMPER)______458 T. SCHILP / B. WELZEL, Dortmund und die Hanse: Fernhandel und Kulturtransfer (H. KÜMPER)______458

T. SCHILP / B. WELZEL, Die Marienkirche in Dortmund (H. KÜMPER)_____ 458

T. MILLER, The Beguines of Medieval Paris: Gender, Patronage, and Spiritual Authority (A. CLASSEN)______461

T. TERRAHE, Heinrich Steinhöwels Apollonius: Edition und Studien (A. CLASSEN)______463

J. STRELKA, Dante und die Templergnosis (W. HEINZ)______464 Ten Bourdes (A. CLASSEN)______468 J. VOIGT, Beginen im Spätmittelalter (D. TINSLEY)______469

J. FRIEDMAN / J. HOFF / R. CHAZAN, The Trial of the Talmud Paris, 1240 (E. KUEHN)______474

L. TRONCELLITI, Thoughts on Francis of Assisi (K. PANSTERS)______475 W. TURNER / S. BUTLER, Medicine and Law in the Middle Ages (L. TRACY)______477 Augenzeugen des Konstanzer Konzils: Die Chronik des Ulrich Richental. Die Konstanzer Handschrift ins Neuhochdeutsche übersetzt von Monika Küble und Henry Gerlach (A. CLASSEN)______479

E. VAGNON, Cartographie et Représentations de l’Orient méditerranéen en Occident (R. SCHMITZ-ESSER)______480

F. HEPP / J. PELTZER, Die Grablegen der Wittelsbacher in Heidelberg (A. SAUCKEL)______481

A. WOLF, Verwandtschaft - Erbrecht - Königswahlen (C. HEINEMEYER)______483 10.3726/83022_283 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 283

Frühmittelalter

Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow. Edit- Biscop (I.13), written after Biscop’s death in 65. 68.Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow (MED).doc ed and translated by Christopher Grocock ca. 689/690; the anonymous Life of Ceolfrid and I. N. Wood. Oxford: Clarendon Press, (Vita Ceolfridi), written shortly after Bede’s 2013, cxx, 214 pp. Historia abbatum by an unknown monk of It goes without saying that the works of the Wearmouth and Jarrow; and Bede’s Letter to venerable Bede (ca. 673-735) are the most Ecgbert, Bishop of York (Epistola Bede ad important witnesses to the religious and Ecgbertum episcopum), dated 5 November political history of early medieval North‑ 734, a few months before Bede’s death. This umbria. Although known primarily for his constellation of texts is essential reading for Ecclesiastical History of the English Peo‑ any scholar with research interests in early ple (completed around 731), which relates medieval England. in exquisite and evocative detail the coming The editors’ introduction is primarily in‑ of Christianity to the British Isles and the terested in the relationship between Bede’s tribulations of the missionaries who brought History of the Abbots and the anonymous it, Bede was an unparalleled scholar with Life of Ceolfrid. Both works are hagiogra­ a staggering range of interests. His works phic portraits with shared themes, but there included treatises on music, grammar, and are some significant differences. Bede’s chronology, as well as a huge corpus of ex‑ work concerns the five founding fathers of egetical material on the books of the Old and Wearmouth‑Jarrow: Benedict Biscop, Ceol‑ New Testaments. In the shadow of his Eccle‑ frid, Eosterwine, Sicgfrith, and Hwaetbert; siastical History, it is easy to forget that Bede the anonymous concentrates solely on the was also the author of a history of the abbots abbacy of Ceolfrid. While Bede’s text is quite of the monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow long, the shorter Life of Ceolfrid describes (Historia abbatum, composed in late 716), itself as a sermo, which implies that it was the allied communities where he spent most intended for public reading, and it is homi‑ of his life as a monk and a teacher. In this letic rather than historical in content. More­ volume, Christopher Grocock and Ian Wood over, in several instances, the Life of Ceolfrid have prepared a new Latin edition and Eng‑ seems to provide precision and qualification lish translation of Bede’s Historia abbatum, to events described by Bede. Lastly, there are which replaces Charles Plummer’s 1896 edi‑ many aspects of the style and syntax of the tion. Alongside the History of the Abbots, Latin that imply that the author of the Life Grocock and Wood also present editions and of Ceolfrid was not Bede (pp. liv‑xcv). It translations of three other texts associated is for these reasons that the editors believe, with Bede which bear upon the history of contrary to previous scholarly opinion, that early eighth‑century Northumbria in general Bede himself was not the author the Life of and the abbeys of Wearmouth and Jarrow Ceolfrid. Rather, in their view, which I find in particular: Bede’s Homily on Benedict convincing, the text “represents the voice of 284 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

66. 69.Airlie review.rtf a group within the monastery that held slight‑ Stuart Airlie, Power and Its Problems in ly different opinions from those of Bede” (p. Carolingian Europe. Variorum Collected xxi). No less interesting and much better Studies Series, CS1010. Farnham, Sur- known is Bede’s Letter to Ecgbert, Bishop of rey: Ashgate, 2012. XVIII, 328 pp. York. This letter has always been an object For those historians living in countries where of fascination for students of eighth‑century the academic ticket to tenure, promotion, England because Bede’s negative evaluation prestige, and perceived success is a mono‑ of the state of the church and monastic life in graph, Power and Its Problems in Carolin‑ Northumbria stands in marked contrast to the gian Europe serves to remind us just how triumphal conclusion of his Ecclesiastical powerful and groundbreaking a well–crafted History, which he finished only four years article can be. Each piece in this collec‑ before. The editors’ discussion of this letter tion offers highly original interpretations, provide an excellent summary of its concerns thoughtful analysis, and careful research. and context (pp. l‑lviii). In contrast, Bede’s These previously published essays by Stuart short homily on Benedict Biscop written for Airlie provide an opportunity to survey the the anniversary of the abbot’s death receives work of one of the most important scholars no commentary in the introduction. of early medieval politics and particularly of This volume is a welcome contribution the Carolingian elite. Because some pieces to recent scholarship on early medieval Eng‑ appeared in volumes unavailable in many land. The production standards of the Oxford university libraries, Power and Its Problems Medieval Texts series are usually very high, should bring Airlie’s work to a larger audi‑ but in this volume there is a strange format‑ ence. The volume is a delight to read for ting error that sometimes puts the footnotes Airlie is among the most gifted writers of the on the page prior to the one in which they historical essay. His lucid use of evidence, appear in the text (see, for example, p. lxiii, his remarkably clear organization, and his where the first two notes on the page actually wide‑ranging yet ever apt references to his‑ appear at the bottom of p. lxii). It is a shame torians, theorists, novels, and music com‑ that the price of the book ($185.00) will keep pel and convince. These essays, published it out of reach of most scholars and many li‑ between 1990 and 2007, show Airlie to be braries. Hopefully Oxford University Press a master of this form. The volume retains will release a paperback edition that will the original page numbers of each article but make this book more readily available for rather than presenting them chronologically classroom use. by publication date, categorizes the essays Scott G. Bruce . Department of History . into the following sections: “The Rise of 234 UCB . University of Colorado . Boulder . the Carolingians,” “Carolingian Authority,” CO 80309-0234 . [email protected] and “Crises in the Carolingian World.” Air‑ lie helpfully included a section of comments and bibliographic updates, in which he also provides some insightful reflection on his own work. Perhaps even more usefully, he has included an index. Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 285

As Airlie notes in his introduction to the some way for the extraordinary success and volume, the pieces here are united by their power of the Carolingian rulers, particularly interest in the political culture of the Caro‑ in the ninth century. lingian world from the mid eighth century Airlie’s essay “The Frankish Aristocracy through the early tenth century. Airlie exam‑ as Supporters and Opponents of Boniface” ines the origins, maintenance, and eventual unpacks some seeming contradictions in the disintegration of Carolingian political au‑ evidence left from the Anglo‑Saxon mission‑ thority, highlighting issues such as the bonds ary who was active in Saxony and Frisia with among the Carolingian elite, the relationship the blessing of Charles Martel and Pippin between the royal family and their followers, the Short in the eighth century. Here Airlie the familial politics and striving of power‑ notes that while Boniface’s letters seem to ful magnates, the roles that gender played reveal hostility to the court and the Frank‑ in aristocratic and royal relations, and the ish aristocracy, other sources complicate this perceptions, expectations, and behaviors that picture. In Liudger’s Life of Gregory of Utre‑ marked the Carolingian aristocracy. Airlie’s cht, for example, Boniface (and Gregory) careful and often original readings of sour­ played admonitory roles at court. Such input ces, some oft–read and some less familiar to from those in the religious life was crucial modern scholars, underline why it is crucial to maintaining the court as a location for the to avoid the pitfalls of teleology. Time and education of the young male elite. Although again he reminds readers that the success of Boniface at times had conflicts with Frank‑ the Carolingian dynasty was hardly a fore‑ ish aristocrats, Airlie explains that Boniface gone conclusion in the eighth century and so needed and encouraged their patronage that its development over the course of the that he helped to make the support of church ninth century was far more complex than institutions an essential aspect of Carolingian the formerly perceived inexorable decline aristocratic culture. Further, Airlie argues, following Charlemagne’s death. Airlie’s Boniface helped to create the “aura” of the insistence on these points preceded and ac‑ Carolingian court, making it a center of polit‑ companied the publication of recent works ical culture. Boniface therefore had a crucial underlining the complexity and power of place in Carolingian elite society as advisor, later Carolingian kingdoms, such as Eric critic, and royal supporter. J. Goldberg’s Struggle for Empire: Kingship In “Toward a Carolingian Aristocracy” and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817- Airlie focuses on Grifo, half brother of Pip‑ 876 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pin the Short and his full brother Carloman, 2006) and Simon MacLean’s Kingship and in order to explain how the aristocracy came Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles to recognize and deal with the new power of the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Em‑ the Carolingians. Traditionally scholars have pire (Cambridge: Cambridge University viewed Grifo as a troublesome figure for Pip‑ Press, 2003). Indeed this volume will make pin as he tried to establish his family as the readers hungry for Airlie’s forthcoming book new ruling dynasty of the Franks. Yet Airlie on the Carolingian dynasty. The essays of‑ argues that one can examine his career in fered here serve as appetizers to that coming other ways. Although Airlie cautions against feast, for most of them attempt to account in dismissing the resistance the Carolingians 286 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 met in the process of becoming kings, he in this manner, Charlemagne was able to take equally insists that scholars exaggerate this over Bavaria and integrate it into his empire. opposition at their peril. Airlie points out that Here Airlie shows another set of events cru‑ Grifo helped to make the Carolingians the cial to the building of Carolingian power and chief political figures of the Frankish world the development of a consensus among the by focusing resistance upon them. This situa‑ political elite that Charlemagne and his de‑ tion allowed the Carolingians to cultivate the scendants were the rightful rulers. idea that they should spread Christian reform In his “Charlemagne and the Aristocracy: to the aristocracy. Airlie believes that in the Captains and Kings” Airlie examines how 740s and 750s the Carolingians were already competition among the aristocracy and with working to convince the aristocracy to work the royal family led to creativity. In order to as “officers” of a Christian society. In the gain the support of aristocrats, the Carolingi‑ end loyal service became a key component ans made honores or offices highly desirable. of aristocratic identity, and Airlie identifies When this system worked well, it kept the in the mid eighth century the “embryonic loyalty of powerful players in the empire, but form” of ideas that Alcuin would advocate it could also result in tensions. The Carolin‑ to the lay aristocrat Wido of Brittany in an gian rulers attempted to have aristocrats think advice book at the start of the ninth century. of themselves at least sometimes as Christian In sum, Airlie traces crucial origins of Caro‑ warriors, not merely followers willing to go lingian aristocratic identity. into battle. Traditional conceptions of warfare “Narratives of Triumph and Rituals of and the importance of taking riches as part of Submission: Charlemagne’s Mastering of military conquest remained, but providing Bavaria” reminds us that Charlemagne’s suc‑ aristocrats with such roles helped them to buy cess was hardly a foregone conclusion in the into the developing political culture of the 780s. Here Airlie argues that Charlemagne’s Carolingian world. The Carolingians were of deposition of his cousin Tassilo, ruler of Ba‑ course not consistently successful in recruit‑ varia, was part of a larger program to unite ing support, and rivalries within the royal the empire. Tassilo ruled as a member of the family could cause serious rifts. Airlie re‑ Agilofing dynasty, and his father Odilo had minds readers that Carloman, Charlemagne’s married one of Charles Martel’s daughters. brother, was a real contender for power dur‑ Tassilo therefore had a strong claim to rule, ing his very brief reign (768-771). After his and he built a great deal of prestige for him‑ death his widow, sons, and some followers self through marriage politics, patronage, fled to the court of the Lombard king Desid‑ and aristocratic support. Yet Tassilo posed erius. This case underlines that people could a threat both because his family was another conceive of a rival dynasty and further allows dynastic line with ties to Charles Martel and Airlie to make his point that teleology often because he appeared to wield a great deal of blinds scholars to the fact that Carolingian power in his part of the Carolingian world. rule was not a given in the mid eighth century. Charlemagne employed ritual at meetings Rather Airlie works to outline how the Caro‑ in 787 and 788 to reduce Tassilo’s effective lingians gained in political strength as they power and then to depose him. In 788, Tassi‑ helped to create an aristocratic culture that lo retired to a monastery. In deposing Tassilo served both their needs and those of the elite. Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 287

“The Aristocracy in the Service of the “Semper fideles? Loyauté envers les caro‑ State in the Carolingian Period” examines lingiens comme constituant de l’identité the officials who served Louis the Pious. aristocratique,” Airlie notes how retaining A number of different sources, including the fidelity of magnates was a major ac‑ Walafrid Strabo’s De exordiis et incrementis, complishment of ninth–century Carolingian the capitulary collection of Ansegisus of St. rulers. Through many examples Airlie dem‑ Wandrille, the letters of Bishop Frothar of onstrates that powerful aristocratic families Toul, and evidence of secular magnates’ ac‑ had good reasons to defy Carolingian kings tivities make clear that the state under Louis and that some did so successfully. Yet the the Pious was a strong one in which individu‑ Carolingians for the most part kept the loy‑ als at court and far from it had a conception alty of their magnates throughout the ninth of a hierarchical and ordered court. Aristo‑ century, and even families that on occasion crats bought into the idea of serving as “royal opposed the Carolingians at other times sup‑ agents” of the king and had a “share in the ported them. Indeed loyalty to the Carolin‑ ruler’s ministerium.” At the end of this essay gians became a key marker of aristocratic Airlie notes the limitations of this piece and identity. Here Airlie deftly traces the ability urges more comparative study as a means of of the royal family to elicit fidelity in their understanding the Carolingian aristocracy followers over time, noting how at the begin‑ and the early medieval world more fully. ning and end of this dynasty contemporaries In the earliest of the essays, “Bonds of could conceive of a change in dynasty but Power and Bonds of Association in the Court how aristocratic acceptance of Carolingian Circle of Louis the Pious,” one can see how authority was widespread and powerful dur‑ Airlie began to develop his ideas concern‑ ing much of the ninth century. ing power among the Carolingian elite. Here An early medievalist may well be struck he deftly shows that the aristocracy, defined by how common the ideas advanced in some greatly by blood descent, exerted power and of Airlie’s essays have become in recent influence through association with the king. scholarship. Such is the case in “The Palace Yet other men of more humble origin could of Memory: the Carolingian Court as Politi‑ gain close proximity to the king and then cal Centre.” This overview of the ways the benefit from the king’s patronage as well as Carolingian court exerted authority over the gain access to power. Aristocrats therefore elite of its empire shows just how influen‑ wielded power but so too did some men tial the work of this scholar has been. Airlie of humble origin who rose in royal regard here first examines the “political gravity” through their service, intellect, and access of the court, how the people, buildings, and to the court and king. Bonds of association institutions associated with the Carolingian could be built into two–way bonds of power. kings drew members of the elite into its or‑ Here Airlie underlines the crucial ways in bit through the potential rewards of offices, which Königsnähe or proximity to the king prestige, and political advancement. He then could help a man garner rewards for himself turns around his study, explicating the ways and his family. in which the court “radiated” authority to the In an essay concerning the degree of empire, particularly in making certain pal‑ aristocratic loyalty to the Carolingian kings, aces and one convent powerful locations of 288 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 memory and commemoration both for the ninth–century texts that offer up evidence for royal family and their aristocratic followers. the aristocratic way of life in order to contex‑ In “The Nearly Men: Boso of Vienne and tualize the vita and to understand what kind Arnulf of Bavaria,” Airlie looks at the pe‑ of secular person could achieve sanctity. In riphery’s relationship to the center during the so doing, Airlie explicates key experiences late ninth and early tenth centuries through that marked the Carolingian elite: marriage, a comparison of two powerful magnates and hunting, and warfare. Although Odo worked would–be kings. Airlie here presents a larg‑ to make Gerald acceptable as a lay saint, Air‑ er argument about the ways new kings and lie notes that Gerald still comes across as an leaders took and augmented their power in odd ball, someone nearly impossible to emu‑ the wake of the Carolingians. He notes that late, who stands apart. In the end, however, the process resulted greatly from reactions his ability to act as a saint in the lay world, to events that decreased these men’s power, even if it made him appear strange, demon‑ such as the death of Charles the Bald, Bo‑ strated Gerald’s sanctity. so’s patron, and the defeat of Arnulf’s father In a study of the last great Carolingian at the hands of the Magyars in the battle of history, “‘Sad Stories of the Death of Kings’: Bratislava. He notes that these were “driv‑ Narrative Patterns and Structures of Author‑ en men” who strove to be kings when they ity in Regino of Prüm’s Chronicle,” Airlie could no longer expect close bonds with the argues that the decline of the Carolingians Carolingian center. shaped Regino of Prüm’s history from be‑ Airlie offers innovative and penetrating ginning to end. Finished in 908, Regino be‑ readings of two oft–read texts – Nithard’s lieved that the Carolingians could not fully Histories and the Life of Gerald of Auril‑ regain the extent of authority and power they lac – that aid him in identifying the values had possessed prior to 888. Noting that his and practices of lay aristocrats. In Nithard’s knowledge of the dynasty’s decline influ‑ work, Airlie sees not only a family history but enced all aspects of his narrative, Airlie of‑ a lay critique of certain aristocratic behaviors. fers numerous examples of ways in which Magnates were to follow a Christian code Regino perceived the beginning of the end of conduct, similar to the one advocated by where earlier Carolingian authors of his‑ clerics at the time, but Nithard portrays these tories had not. Regino’s concern with the men as failing in those duties. In “The World, transience and mutability of human matters the Text and the Carolingian: Royal, Aristo‑ both reflected the Carolingian dynasty’s loss cratic and Masculine Identities in Nithard’s of a monopoly on rule and shaped Regino’s Histories,” Airlie therefore argues that Nith‑ perception of the events leading to the rise of ard’s work was meant as a “call to action,” new rulers alongside the Carolingians. explicating past errors in an effort to prevent In “Private Bodies and the Body Politic their repetition. In “The Anxiety of Sanctity: in the Divorce Case of Lothar II,” Airlie ex‑ St. Gerald of Aurillac and his Maker,” Air‑ amines the attempts by Lothar II to divorce lie examines a clerical work, Odo of Cluny’s his wife Theutberga in the 850s and 860s. vita of the lay magnate Gerald of Aurillac, Across much of Western Europe, powerful to explore the experience of a lay aristocrat. clerics and lay men took an interest in this Airlie deftly compares Gerald’s vita to other case, and as Airlie notes, this dispute had Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 289 wide–ranging political implications. Here Selbstreflexionen einzudringen und besser Airlie focuses on how the case illuminates zu verstehen, welche Intentionen dieser Au‑ the role of gender in the relationship between tor verfolgte. Bis 1981 galt die Ausgabe von a king and queen. In many senses gendered Martin Skutella von 1934 als maßgebend, expectations restricted both Theutberga’s dann wurde sie von der korrigierten Ausgabe and Lothar’s responses and actions, but Air‑ von Lucas Verheijen ersetzt. Kurt Flasch und lie also notes the ways in which they tran‑ Burkhard Mojsisch haben sich nun zusam‑ scended their gender roles. In so doing, he mengetan und erneut eine deutsche Über‑ provides a rich examination of the dynamics setzung vorgelegt, die hier freilich nur kurz of a royal marriage gone wrong. angezeigt werden soll, wurde sie ja bereits In sum, these essays underline Stuart Air‑ nachgedruckt, freilich ohne dass die Erst‑ lie’s place among the foremost historians of veröffentlichung in der Mediaevistik bespro‑ the Carolingian world. Together they demon‑ chen worden wäre. strate his skill in discerning and explicating Flasch war für die Bücher 1 und 7-11 zu‑ important early medieval political patterns. ständig, während Mojsisch für die Bücher Perhaps most importantly Airlie has taught 2-6 und 12-13 verantwortlich zeichnete. us to see the bonds among magnates and Der Originaltext befindet sich auf der‑ lin kings in the Carolingian worlds as dynamic ken, die Übersetzung auf der rechten Seite. rather than static. For in showing the Carolin‑ Im Anschlusss finden sich ein relativ kurzer gian political world as one in a state of near Kommentar und eine knappe Bibliographie, constant motion, Airlie has helped to open die aber nicht mehr den neuesten Stand re‑ the eyes of his fellow historians so that they, flektiert, ja fast veraltet wirkt, ohne dass hier too, can see ebb and flow where others once Einzelbeispiele diese Behauptung belegen saw a unidirectional course. müssten (letzter Titel von 2001!). Valerie L. Garver, Department of History . In bewährter Weise haben sich die zwei Northern Illinois University . Übersetzer mit dem lateinischen Werk Au‑ [email protected] gustinus’ auseinandergesetzt und eine ohne Zweifel solide Arbeit geliefert, die diesen großartigen Autor erneut dem heutigen Leser 67. 70.Aurelius Augustinus.doc näherbringt. Stilistisch eindrucksvoll gestal‑ Aurelius Augustinus, Confessiones / Be- tet, liest sich diese neue deutsche Version als kenntnisse. Lateinisch / Deutsch. Über- sehr gelungen, bleibt sie ja nahe am Original setzt, hg. und kommentiert von Kurt und überträgt dieses dennoch ohne falsche Flasch und Burkhard Mojsisch. Mit einer Schnörkel oder fremde Strukturen in eine Einleitung von Kurt Flasch. Stuttgart: Phi- moderne, nüchterne Sprache. Flasch bietet lipp Reclam, 2009/2012, 811 S. zur Einleitung eine kritische Reflexion über Die berühmten Confessiones des Kirchenva‑ diesen berühmten Text und präsentiert einige ters Aurelius Augustinus, verfasst zwischen der wesentlichen Anliegen dieses Kirchen‑ 397 und 398 A.D., gehören zur Weltliteratur. vaters. Es wäre aber auch schön gewesen, Die philologischen Bemühungen um diesen wenn zumindest eine kurze Biographie an‑ großartigen Text setzen sich genauso stän‑ gefügt worden wäre. dig fort wie das Bestreben, tiefer in diese Albrecht Classen 290 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

68. 71.Bhreatnach.docx Edel Bhreathnach, Ireland in the Me- The more substantial section of the book dieval World AD 400-1000: Landscape, is entitled ‘Kingdoms, Kings and People’. Kingship and Religion, Dublin: Four Typical of the author’s approach, kingship, Courts Press, 2014, xiv, 293 pp., ill. its concept, obligations, and power are traced This handsomely produced volume could from pagan sacral kingship to medieval king‑ not have been written fifty years ago. It dif‑ ship as ‘ordained by God,’ then followed by fers from its predecessors (e.g., Michael a more closely focused review of the king‑ Richter, Irland im Mittelalter: Kultur und ship of Tara, and, eventually, of a single in‑ Geschichte, 1983) in drawing on the last dividual, Finnachta Fledach mac Dúnchado decades’ striking methodological and ana‑ (d. 695). Typical, too, is the author’s concern lytical advances in the disciplines of archae‑ not only with aspirants to the kingship but also ology, anthropology, legal history, and lin‑ with the extended noble family, royal mothers guistics, and from previously unrecognized and consorts, children and fosterage, even the frames of reference such as the holistic view supposed demographic make‑up of the com‑ of landscape, and both institutional and mon people thus ruled. The warrior function popular religion over centuries of interac‑ receives little attention and even the learned tion between pagan and Christian belief and class of historians, men of law, and poets fig‑ ritual. The book corrects the nativist view ures less prominently than in many histories. of Irish isolation and exceptionalism, while Section three, occupying a full half of the sharpening the profile of early Ireland in volume, is ‘Religion, ritual and ritualists.’ relation to the European continent, whose The Christian mission as led by Palladius many institutions it adopted and adapted. and Patrick is clearly Bhreatnach’s chief in‑ After an introduction devoted to the tradi‑ terest, yet her very full discussion is attentive tion of writing history in medieval Ireland, to the difficult‑to‑track interaction of pagan the first main area of inquiry is the natural and Christian religious institutions and popu‑ and man‑made environment, the latter large‑ lar belief. Individual sections are devoted ly rural with some proto‑urban centers on rit‑ to religious establishments at Caherlehillan, ual sites, later overlaid by ecclesiastical foun‑ Kildare, Bangor, Iona, Clonmacnoise, and, dations. Then followed the establishment of most amply, Armagh and to the efforts of the coastal towns as a consequence of Viking last‑named entity to exercise primacy over settlement and trade. Despite the largely rural all churches in Ireland. A final section, ‘The nature of the island, the supposed wilderness Christian religious experience of the laity,’ is was well exploited. The topography and cli‑ illustrative of the several important ways in mate of Ireland have long been thought inim‑ which this solidly documented book differs ical to the preservation of a material record of from earlier scholarship. There is an unmis‑ earlier cultures but technological advances in takable teleological thrust here, and atten‑ archaeology have greatly enhanced the infor‑ tion to the Patrician mission and consequent mation that can be drawn from sites, which Christian religious establishment precludes ironically have often only been very recently any critical inquiry into Christianity as, for revealed by the excavations associated with example, a cultural colonizer. transportation and housing developments. One of the attractive features of the book is the full representation of early Irish legal Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 291 and social terminology, although the deep Reinhard Bleck, Entstehung des Nibelun- 69. 72.Bleck.doc penetration of law into everyday life might genstoffes im 8. Jahrhundert. Göppinger be more fully exemplified. While the detailed Arbeiten zur Germanistik, 777. Göppin- studies are most welcome, some sections, gen: Kümmerle, 2013, 148 S. such as those devoted to violent intra‑dy‑ Die Frage nach dem Ursprung des Nibelun‑ nastic politics, intertribal war, jockeying for genlieds (ca. 1200) ist sehr alt und hat bisher more senior levels of kingship – Irish history bereits viele, meistens jedoch sehr spekula‑ in the old sense – are dense with repetitive tive Antworten gefunden. Reinhard Bleck detail and come across as undertheorized, hat sich ebenfalls mit dieser Frage beschäf‑ far from the compelling overview of political tigt und legt nun in diesem Buch zahlreiche pluralism and cultural unity afforded by the Forschungen vor, die er diesbezüglich über posthumous work of Proinsias Mac Cana, die Jahre hinweg durchgeführt hat. Seine The Cult of the Sacred Centre (2011). Un‑ Absicht besteht darin, seine These vorzu‑ like the products of architecture and stone stellen und so unanfechtbar zu untermauern, carving, the rich literary tradition of medi‑ wie ihm dies nur möglich ist, insoweit als er eval Ireland is evoked only in the service of den Kern der Sage auf historische Bedingun‑ illustration, and this authorial strategy tends gen zurückführen möchte, die er im 8. Jahr‑ to diminish in the reader’s eyes the central hundert ansiedelt (s.u.). Zunächst sichtet er role of, broadly, the arts in the culture of early weitgehend all das literarische und kunsthis‑ Ireland. Nor, except from the perspective of torische Material, das heute noch vorliegt, modern historiography and the limited com‑ indem er sowohl die Dichtungen im deutsch‑ parative study of emergent European nation sprachigen als auch im altnordischen und states, is the book’s title, Ireland in the Me‑ altenglischen Raum, dann die Rezeption des dieval World, fully realized. Despite many Stoffes in der bildenden Kunst betrachtet. informative discussions of both material and Ein erster, entscheidender Punkt besteht in spiritual reality, the unequally proportioned seiner Auslegung des ahd. Hildebrandlieds, sections of the book – on landscape, king‑ das er im Gegensatz zur älteren Forschung ship and religion – are not brought together nicht mehr als einen Reflex antiquarischen in an illuminating and convincing synthesis. Interesses der Mönche liest, sondern als eine Where, for example, is a statement on the verschleierte Kritik am Heldentum, denn Christian conception of, and attitude toward, das Lied endet ja tragisch und letztlich ohne the natural world and its exploitation, save in rechten Sinn und Verstand, bedenkt man, reference to ecclesiastical tenant farmers and dass Vater und Sohn gegeneinander kämp‑ the tolerance of holy wells? fen. Ich kann dieser These nur zustimmen William Sayers, Cornell University . Ithaca . und habe sie auch mehrfach ausführlichst NY, USA . [email protected] dargelegt, ohne dass dies hier berücksichtigt worden wäre (Verzweiflung und Hoffnung, 2002, 1-52). Sowohl dieses Heldenlied als auch der Waltharius seien als Sprossfabeln anzusehen, die aus dem Nibelungenstoff hervorwuchsen. Die Thidrekssaga schließt Beck mit Entschiedenheit aus dem Kreis der 292 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 möglichen Quellen aus, weil sie ja viel später ausführlich dargelegt (“The Downfall of als das Nibelungenlied entstanden sei. Hin‑ a Hero: Siegfried’s Self‑Destruction and the gegen postuliert er, im Licht nordischer Skal‑ End of Heroism in the Nibelungenlied,” Ger‑ dendichtung, dass der älteste Stoff bereits man Studies Review XXVI.2 [2003]: 295-14; von Anfang an aus einem Ganzen bestand hier nicht konsultiert). und nicht erst vom Dichter des Nibelungen‑ Beck beobachtet nun, dass der Wechsel lieds zusammengestellt worden sei. von den Merowingern zu den Karolingern Im Weiteren diskutiert Beck, ob der Stoff 751 letztlich nur als eines der größten politi‑ auch in anderen altenglischen Texten bereits schen Verbrechen anzusehen wäre und dass behandelt worden sei, so in Widsith oder in die karolingischen Chronisten dies zu vertu‑ Beowulf, aber er sieht für diese nur skandina‑ schen versuchten, dies im Auftrag der neuen vische Quellen als Möglichkeit an, obwohl Herrscher. Beck identifiziert vor allem den es einige Namensgleichheiten gibt, die aber Autor Graf Childebrand, der die Chronik ei‑ nicht viel zu besagen haben. Wichtiger ist nes Fredegars überarbeitete und fortsetzte. hingegen für seinen Argumentationsgang, Dieser Childebrand hatte einen Sohn namens dass es zwar im außerdeutschen Raum zahl‑ Nibelung, der die Chronik ebenfalls fortsetzte reiche bildliche Darstellungen von Siegfried (115) und dabei den Staatsstreich seines Cou‑ dem Drachentöter gibt, innerhalb aber gar sins Pippin ideologisch verbrämte, indem er keine vor 1400. Generell bedeutet dies für sich u.a. auf die Lieder von Venantius For‑ Beck, dass die Urquelle des Nibelungen‑ tunatus stützte, diese aber in ihrer Thematik lieds nicht wesentlich vor 800 zurückver‑ stark ins Gegenteil kehrte und damit eine folgt werden kann, was freilich in sich etwas “Persiflage auf Herrscherpanegyrik” (125) auf unsicheren Füßen steht, weil zu viele schuf. Um die Strategie bloßzulegen, mit der Archetypen vorliegen und Anspielungen der Dichter des Nibelungenlieds seine Satire oder Namensgleichheiten auf globalen Kul‑ zum Ausdruck brachte, deutet Beck auf die turinteressen beruhen dürften, die nicht so öfters maßlos wirkende Übertreibung in so viel mit dem Nibelungenlied zu tun haben manchen Bemerkungen im Text hin, aber dies brauchen. Dafür aber macht er uns auf zwei dürfte sich doch eher der mündlichen Vor‑ Hochzeitslieder des Venantius Fortunatus tragsweise und rhetorischer Methoden schul‑ von 566, dann auf die Ermordung des Me‑ den. Die Kritik am Heldengeschehen, wie sie rowingerkönigs Sigibert 575 und die Hin‑ der Autor wahrnimmt, habe den ‘pazifisti‑ richtung der Königin Brunischild 613 auf‑ schen’ Anliegen der mittelalterlichen Kirche merksam, die den Stoff für das literarische entsprochen (129), was also erklären würde, Werk abgegeben haben mögen, wenngleich wieso das Nibelungenlied für den Bischof von dann das zeitliche Raster brüchig zu werden Passau geschaffen wurde. Allerdings hatte droht. Darauf stellt er fest, dass die Figur des sich die Kirche selbst schon 1096 ganz neue Siegfrieds im Nibelungenlied im Grunde gar Ziele gesetzt (Kreuzzüge) und war seitdem nicht positiv gezeichnet wird; ganz im Ge‑ wesentlich gewaltbereiter geworden. genteil erweist er sich geradezu als Karikatur Beck hat viele interessante Aspekte in die und Spottbild des archaischen Helden (109- Diskussion gebracht, unerwartete Schluss‑ 112), dem ich nur zustimmen kann, habe folgerungen gezogen und wohl beachtens‑ ich dies ja bereits 2003 in einem Aufsatz werte Beziehungen aufgedeckt, die uns ev. Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 293 wirklich helfen könnten, den Entstehungs‑ The first chapter then examines two weg des Nibelungenlieds genauer zu verfol‑ sources that Collins argues were critical to gen. Es bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen ein Carolingian understanding of holy sites: Konstruktionsversuch, der von vielen in sich Bede’s exegetical works De templo and De unsicheren Faktoren abhängt. Ob man bei tabernaculo and a collection of canon law der Interpretation des Textes damit weiter‑ with Irish origins, the Collectio canonum kommt, bleibt abzuwarten. Die Arbeit wurde Hibernensis. These two eighth‑century texts offensichtlich aus bestimmten Gründen im circulated relatively widely in ninth‑century letzten Zeitpunkt rasch zusammengestellt, Carolingian lands and exerted considerable wie zahlreiche typographische Fehler an‑ influence. They offered, however, different zeigen. Die Bibliographie ist chronologisch understandings of the nature of structures, geordnet, was mir als ein sehr unhandliches particularly Solomon’s temple and the tab‑ System vorkommt. Ein Index fehlt. ernacle. Albrecht Classen Collins follows the same organization in each chapter: he presents two sets of texts representing two views of sacred space, 70. 73.Collins review.docx one that held that a religious structure had Samuel W. Collins, The Carolingian De- a connection to the divine and the other that bate Over Sacred Space. New York: Pal- believed a building was merely a building grave Macmillan, 2012, 234 pp. even if designed for certain religious acts. In The Carolingian Debate Over Sacred Bede expressed reticence about assigning Space, Samuel W. Collins examines some sanctity to contemporary buildings, although texts that engaged in ongoing debates over he recognized the sacred nature of biblical sacred space in Western Europe. He states structures. The authors of the Hibernensis that “The goal of this study is the contested espoused the view that one could establish imagination of the meaning of sacred places and understand religious sites as sets of con‑ in Western Europe during those dynamic centric circles with the holiest at the center. and uncertain years of the so‑called Caro‑ This set of canon law assigned the harshest lingian renaissance, that is, from the latter punishments for violations of the most sa‑ part of Charlemagne’s reign to the death of cred locations. Charles the Bald at the end of the ninth cen‑ In the second chapter, Collins turns to tury” (p. 3). Collins therefore focuses on the the ninth‑century Carolingian intellectual period from ca. 800 to 877. He succeeds in elite, focusing on the writings of Amalarius demonstrating a debate and a range of opi‑ of Metz (d. ca. 850) and of some his politi‑ nions concerning sacred space in his chosen cal enemies, principally Agobard of Lyon (d. texts. In his introduction, Collins summarizes 840) and Florus of Lyon (d. after 859). After some views on the sacred space of temples the rebellion of Louis the Pious’s sons ended and churches expressed by Roman and late in 833, Agobard and Florus, supporters of antique authorities. An examination of scho‑ the sons, fell from favor, and Agobard lost larship on sacred space during the Middle his see to Amalarius. Even after Amalarius Ages follows a quick review of some major, was convicted of heresy in 838, his oppo‑ relevant theorists concerning holy locations. nents continued to write against his ideas. 294 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

Collins suggests that their response to Ama‑ Charlemagne and another court scholar larius’s late writings shows that Amalarius’s and rival to Alcuin, Theodulf of Orléans, ideas were perhaps less radical than his en‑ disagreed. They believed that the man’s emies made out. Amalarius believed that lit‑ great sin could pollute the holy site. Oddly urgy and its related paraphernalia had sacred Collins presents this case (and chapter) out meaning. Agobard and Florus rather argued of chronological order. Although it makes that Christian worship was new and simple. for compelling reading and Collins smartly They tried to refute Amalarius’s belief that uses it to frame the book, placing this dis‑ liturgy and liturgical items could transmit cussion prior to that of Amalarius could divine truths. have enriched and made clearer his discus‑ Although his enemies succeeded in see‑ sion of the later texts. Collins concludes by ing him convicted of heresy, Amalarius’s briefly examining two surviving structures, Liber officialis continued to circulate in his the palace chapel at Aachen and the chapel lifetime, and it became an influential book in at Germigny‑des‑Prés. He argues that Ger‑ the later Middle Ages.Collins turns to mo‑ migny‑des‑Prés reflects the transfer of Old nastic spaces in his third chapter, consider‑ Testament ideas of maintaining the purity of ing the Plan of St. Gall, a “blueprint” of sorts a sacred space while the palace chapel was for an ideal monastery, and the ninth‑century built to highlight Charlemagne’s role as in‑ commentaries on the Benedictine Rule by termediary between his people and heaven, Smaragdus of St. Mihiel and Hildemar of with a division of space meant to separate Corbie. different kinds of people similarly to the way The monks who made the Plan of St. Gall Bede had explicated the Temple. conformed to Bede’s idea of setting apart dif‑ This book consists of a relatively short ferent peoples, making it possible for only text (129 pages) followed by just over 100 the most worthy to approach the sacred cent‑ pages of notes and bibliography. One wishes er of the monastery. Smaragdus and Hilde‑ some endnote content could have been incor‑ mar instead followed similar logic to that of porated into the text. Although Collins does the Hibernensis. Although not alike in their demonstrate variety and conflict in Carolin‑ statements on the sacred nature of monas‑ gian discussions of sacred space, the opposi‑ teries, both commentators believed that the tion he sets up in each chapter seems too tidy monastery should be separate from the world given the overlap in ideas and sources be‑ and that erring monks should be removed tween each “side.” Because it takes knowl‑ from the virtuous space of the monastery. edge of the Carolingian world, the early In his fourth chapter, Collins returns to the medieval church, and Christian history for case with which he opened his book. A fugi‑ granted, this is a book for specialists. tive took refuge at the shrine of St. Martin Valerie L. Garver . Department of History . in Tours, where Alcuin was lay abbot. Alcuin Northern Illinois University . defended the man and his right to sanctuary, [email protected] arguing that because all Christians were sin‑ ners, one could hardly exclude a particular sinner from this sacred space. Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 295

M. R. Rambaran‑Olm, John the Bap- alignment by early Christians of Baptism and 71. 74.DESCENT.rtf tist’s Prayer or The Descent into Hell, the Nativity; then (still more briefly) come from the Exeter Book: Text, Translation, other sources and analogues. The book ends and Critical Study. Anglo‑Saxon Studies, with images and a transcription of the Exeter 21. Cambridge and Rochester, NY: D. S. Book text, plus images of one of its folios, Brewer, 2014, x, 252 pp. damaged but with lost words of the poem re‑ The Descent into Hell (which its editor re‑ constructed by the editor. names John the Baptist’s Prayer) is an Old It is difficult not to describe this edition English poem of 137 lines in the tenth‑centu‑ as a triumph. It is thorough, sober, and ac‑ ry Exeter Book. It is short, and treatment of it curate. A great deal of work has gone into has tended to the perfunctory. But it now has it, and the results are entirely satisfactory. It a substantial edition, putting one in mind of should be used not only by specialists in Old acorns and oak‑trees. That the result is a re‑ English poetry, but by all concerned with the sounding success shows what a real scholar “Descensus” in the first millennium of Chris‑ can do with unpromising materials. tianity, where its most famous representation The editor offers 143 pages of introduc‑ is in The Gospel of Nichodemus, apocryphal, tory matter, followed by eighteen pages of but vastly popular just the same. Art histo‑ text and commentary, and thereafter 70 pag‑ rians (if any) who attend to editions of Old es of appendices, glossary, bibliography, and English should find much of interest here. index. The first part starts off with the manu‑ Not the least of its attractions is the editor’s script itself, taken as a Devon product from refusal to patronize early medieval Christi‑ the scriptorium at Crediton or (just possibly) anity or to impose jarring modern attitudes Exeter. Then comes the analysis of the lan‑ on cultures so unlike our own; for she cites guage. It is what follows that will break new standard Catholic and other reference works, ground for most readers, for it deals with the and her attitude is, if one may say so, croy‑ “Descensus” motif, offers an analysis of the ant. Perhaps even historians of the Creed and text, and selected comparative material. The its “he descended into Hell”, binding upon editor shows the poem as within an extensive the beliefs of all Christians today, will learn international literature developing the words something from this book. on Christ in the Creed, “he descended into In short, the editor has performed a major Hell.” Within this brief and enigmatic phrase work of rehabilitation on a poem which has were concealed tremendous imaginative always been neglected, and on which literary possibilities in poetry and prose, as well as historians have tended to be curt. She notes art, and the editor gives full recognition to how (p. 4), in his translation of Exeter Book them. Her treatment of the subject is broad poems, W. S. Mackie long ago complained and cultural, not merely philological. that “it is difficult to give asensible rendering As for the appendices, they set out what of lines or passages that can never have been commentators made of the “Descensus” anything but incoherent babbling,” while from St Ignatius of Antioch in the first cen‑ even Tom Shippey argued that the poem tury to Theophylact of Bulgaria in the late was “clumsy and confusing”; and if profes‑ eleventh; supply Scriptural references for sors of Old English tell us this, how can we the poem, which relates (for example) to the disagree? Yet it is a measure of the editor’s 296 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

72. 75.Discovery and Distinction in the Early Middle fair‑mindedness that she goes on to quote Discovery and Distinction in the Early Ages.doc more approving voices, with Trask seeing Middle Ages: Studies in Honor of John the work as having “admirable unity,” and J. Contreni, ed. Cullen J. Chandler and T. D. Hill speaking of “epic qualities” that Steven A. Stofferahn. Kalamazoo, MI: help make it “aesthetically and intellectually Medieval Institute Publications, 2013, xxii, coherent as a work of art.” There is a peren‑ 313 pp. nial lesson here. Editors and critics too often This feschrift honoring John J. Contreni dismiss some work or other, without wait‑ quickly proves to be a major collection of ing to see if the defects which they condemn most insightful studies dealing with the early are due to their own deficiencies, rather than Middle Ages, shedding more light on crucial those of what is before them. aspects than is often the case even in mono‑ The Descent into Hell or (as the editor graphs dedicated to this period. Considering more accurately if inconveniently calls it) the rich, if not prolific output by Contreni, John the Baptist’s Prayer is now presented as documented by the bibliography of his as an object cleansed from blemishes and works at the beginning of this book, the con‑ obscurities, and restored to its position as tributors clearly pick up the baton and carry it a work of religious art from about the time of on, but intriguingly with Contreni accompa‑ King Alfred (p. 27). Not the least attraction nying them side by side, who continues to be of this edition will be its stimulating effect for very active and has a whole handful of new research on apocryphal writing in other lan‑ articles in the process of being published, guages, including medieval Welsh and Irish also dedicated to the eighth through the elev‑ (the latter especially rich in such material). enth centuries. Finally, after a catalogue of praise, one criti‑ This well edited volume is divided into cism. The editor locates under a single glos‑ four parts, which address the following top‑ sarial heading (p. 219) the “grieving Mary” ics: 1. authors and audiences; 2. schools and who at daybreak went to Christ’s “quiet scholars; 3. context and connections; and 4. tomb,” and the Mary who bore a “brave visions and voices. The authors all belong king” at Bethlehem and whom “the dwell‑ to the first tier of early medieval scholar‑ ers of Hell extol and exalt” (lines 9, 84, 123). ship, which makes it rather difficult to give It may these days be necessary to point out their works full justice. Every article is thor‑ to the unwary that St Mary Magdalene and oughly researched and presents complex the Blessed Virgin Mary were not the same and significant issues that cannot be easily person, and a glossary of names should make summarized and critiqued in a review. But this clear. that might already be the highest praise for Andrew Breeze . University of Navarre . such a volume, a true honor for Contreni. Pamplona . [email protected] The overarching thrust can be identified as an effort to deconstruct the myth of the ‘dark Middle Ages,’ as a world with little interest in and ability to deal with Roman antiquity in its literature and sciences. The opposite was much more the case, as Rosamond McKit‑ terick illustrates in her introductory article Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 297 dealing with Carolingian writers reflecting upon that ‘dark age,’ since they have no idea on Roman histories. David Ganz treats an how much the sciences and mathematics unedited letter in the Laon Letter Collection were actually developed at that time. In light (BN MS lat. 11379). Eric J. Goldberg exam‑ of that, we will have to return to many of the ines the culture of hunting in the Carolingian original documents and retool ourselves to age and underscores that there was already grasp fully how sophisticated that world re‑ much theoretical reflections on that art, even ally had been (still and already). though we do not have the same kind of Steven A. Stoferahn highlights, some‑ written documents available, such as manu‑ what in line of Stevens’s analysis, the great als, that would be comparable to the famous impact which educational reform, initiated treatise by Frederick II. Nevertheless, at the by King Lothar (795-855), had for the Caro‑ court of Louis the German hunting was of lingian politics in Italy. In Pavia, for instance, central importance, both as a pragmatic as‑ resided the renowned Irish monk, an expert pect and as an art. in astronomy and famous as a book collector. Marcia L. Colish studies the Summa sen‑ Lothar succeeded in gaining control over the tentiarum, a cornerstone of early twelfth‑cen‑ Italian bishops and thus managed, as Stofer‑ tury theology, and argues convincingly that ahn emphasizes, “to exercise any real power the author might have been Otto of Lucca. Of over the regnum Italiae” (156). course, this takes us right into the high Mid‑ The articles in the third section deal with dle Ages, but the evidence assembled still is a wider range of topics, such as Theodulf’s of great weight and rather impressive. mosaic at Germigny (Lawrence Nees), the M. A. Claussen returns to the early Mid‑ text Gesta contra Iudaeos, that is, Ripoll 106 dle Ages in the next section, dealing with in the Archive of the Crown of Aragon in Benedict of Aniane as a teacher. Johannes Barcelona (Cullen J. Chandler), which con‑ Heil traces the connections between the Car‑ firms the strong presence of a Jewish popu‑ olingian courts and their learned centers with lation there; then the logistics of tourism in Northern Spanish intellectuals,,especially of early medieval Rome with all its commer‑ Jewish descent. One of the most important cial downsides and perhaps even depravities Carolingian schools, Saint‑Germain, Aux‑ (Thomas F. X. Noble). Pierre Riché finally erre, specifically pursued learned exchanges discusses the three major stages in the history with Jewish scholars, as far as we can tell on of the eleventh century (in French), including the basis of their direct access to collections the major Gregorian reform. of midrashic material on the Bible. In the last section we are informed about Maybe the most exciting contribution to patterns of miracle narratives in late antiq‑ this volume might be the one by Wesley Ste‑ uity and the “belief reality” behind them, as vens, who examines the wealth of scientific Clifford Geertz had called it (Giselle de Nie). and mathematical Latin in use both in late Amy K. Bosworth examines the strategies to antiquity and in the early and high Middle present saints, as reflected in Heiric of Aux‑ Ages but which most relevant dictionaries erre’s Miracula sancti Germani and appeals since the seventeenth centuries have ignored, to colleagues to revisit the original manu‑ almost until today. Little wonder that people scripts and then to prepare a new edition that in the modern world look contemptuously would do more justice to Heiric’s intentions. 298 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

Paul Edward Dutton reflects on the Irish look at what he presents us with, discuss‑ scholar Eriugena who taught at the palace ing his books separately, and starting with school of King Charles the Bald in the 850s Gwrtheyrn or Vortigern, who came before and 860s. Although he thought very little of Arthur. the written word as a rather imperfect mode Hengest, Gwrtheyrn and the Chronol‑ of communication, he himself was highly ogy of Post‑Roman Britain has twenty‑five prolific as a writer, a contradiction which chapters or sections, some consisting mainly Dutton also does not know exactly how to of date‑charts, genealogies, or lists of early answer. Finally, Janet L. Nelson offers a fine British and English biodata. They cover introduction to the major intellectual figure the traditional history of Britain 350-700, under Charlemagne, Theodulf of Orléans, sources, dates, kings and magnates, leg‑ whom his contemporaries characterized as ends of Anglo‑Saxon settlement in Kent, the a man who never held back with his opinion, Ambrosius mentioned by Gildas, the heroic “libera vox” (or parrhesia). age, and the age of saints. There is ample The volume concludes with biographical annotation and a substantial bibliography. blurbs of the contributors and an index. It is The author is an accurate, courageous, and rare that a collection dedicated to the early hard‑working historian. He uses techniques Middle Ages in honor of a scholar engenders pioneered by Molly Milly of Glasgow (and, so much excitement, profiling so many dif‑ for early grants in the twelfth‑century Book ferent important figures and analyzing a va‑ of Llandaff, Wendy Davies of London) to riety of most intriguing aspects shedding im‑ provide relative and absolute dating for early portant light on that world. British and English kings, lords, and eccle‑ Albrecht Classen siastics. Yet two defects remain. One is the extreme intractibility of our material in Latin 73. 76.FLINT.rtf and medieval Welsh, which requires histori‑ ans who are also experts on Celtic philology. Flint F. Johnson, Hengest, Gwrtheyrn and There are few such people, and it is no slight the Chronology of Post‑Roman Britain. to say that Flint Johnson is not one of them. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2014, vi, 256 pp The second is that the book bears the signs of Flint F. Johnson, Evidence of Arthur: Fix- a thesis from the 1990s, which has not been ing the Legendary King in Factual Place revised to take account of later research. This and Time. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2014, is unfortunate. Hengest, Gwrtheyrn and the viii, 245 pp. Chronology of Post‑Roman Britain comes Here are two books with the same author, dressed for a party that was finished twenty publisher, defects, and virtues. They share years ago. As we go through its pages we common ground, because although “Dark find again and again statements that cry out Ages” is an unfashionable term, it still ap‑ for development or correction. In defence of plies to fifth- and sixth‑century Britain, the author, it may be said that he has often glimpsed by the fitful light of few historical been misled by others who enjoy a status de‑ sources. Yet Flint Johnson has made a care‑ nied to him, an independent scholar in Cen‑ ful study of them. So there is much to learn, tennial, Colorado. but there are also major problems. Let us Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 299

The name of “Elafius” (pp. 19, 61),‑ de There has been much work on the Latin scribed by Bede (after Constantius of Lyon) lives of St Kentigern, patron of Glasgow as a British leader who received St Germanus (p. 102), which can be shown as containing of Auxerre in the 440s or so, is given inac‑ the Cumbric names of nearby Gourock and curately. Flint Johnson rightly describes it Cadzow, as also of early Strathclyders, often as Greek (not Celtic), and so evidence for rendered unintelligible by scribes whose blun‑ the survival of contacts with the Mediterra‑ ders are accurately conveyed by Mr Johnson. nean. But the correct form is Elaphus, which Queen “Languoreth” (p. 111), for instance, will means “deer”. Comments (p. 19) on Gildas have been Iunguoret, “desirable help” (well de‑ as “trained by a rhetor in advanced linguistic scribing a romantic lady). Far from Glasgow, techniques” may be developed. The educa‑ the “Rosnat” (pp. 169, 177) of Abbot Maucen‑ tion of this sixth‑century writer was perhaps nus can now be located. The recent discovery at Cirencester (today in Gloucestershire), of a medieval Cornish play on St Kea allows which seemingly figures as (corrupted)Iren in us to locate this famous sixth‑century centre of a Breton‑Latin life of Gildas. Reference to the learning at Old Kea, near Truro, Cornwall. “Battle of Gai” (p. 39) will confuse readers. Back in the North are further points for Read instead Campus Gai “Field of Gaius,” Rheged, which in about 600 stretched from otherwise the battle of the Winwaed, fought Ayr in south‑west Scotland to north Yorkshire, in November 655 on the river Went eleven and had (p. 185) Urien as its ruler and Taliesin miles north‑west of Doncaster, Yorkshire. as its bard. Here “Royth” (Urien’s grandson) On St. Patrick (p. 17), we hear that his home should read Rhaith (which means “justice”), was possibly “along Hadrian’s Wall, or in the and Rieinmellth (his great‑granddaughter) as most romanized regions of Wales, though he Rhiainfellt, meaning “Lightning Maiden” (as may have been from anywhere near western noted long ago by Kenneth Jackson). Britain’s coast.” The last is correct. Patrick’s Flint Johnson has worked hard, produc‑ home by (emended) Bannaventa Tabernae ing a book that should be used, but used with will have been near Banwell in Somerset/ care. Its failure to revise in the light of publi‑ Avon, dangerously close to the Bristol Chan‑ cations since the early 1990s gives it an am‑ nel and Irish raids. This was first argued in biguous status. It cannot be put into the hands Harry Jelley, “The Origins of St Patrick,” of young scholars as representing up‑to‑date Irish Studies Review, xii (1995), 31-6. Patrick knowledge. It instead supplies materials for was 16 when he was enslaved, not (p. 106) 12. research from chronicle, genealogy, or saint’s Arthurian scholars will be surprised life, which it does in convenient form, even if to hear of agreement (p. 94) on Badon as what it says requires checking from the best fought in “the region of the river Wye,” and authorities. The essential book here is now, still more so when this is given (p. 241) on of course, T. M. Charles‑Edwards, Wales and the authority of Leslie Alcock. Although we the Britons 350-1064 (Oxford, 2013), even do not know which contender for the site of if that likewise demands fundamental cor‑ Badon is most likely, it was hardly on the rection on points of topography, etymology, Wye, an Anglo‑Welsh river. It will have been provenance and dating for texts discussed. fought east of that, perhaps at Braydon, near Now for Arthur. He inveigles many, in‑ Swindon, Wiltshire. cluding Flint Johnson, who makes a brave 300 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 and honest attempt to prove the king’s his‑ great progress in the last twenty years, but Mr torical existence, but fails. Why he fails is Johnson mentions hardly anything published still worth investigation, because it will free since 1993. We are offered research assem‑ us from myth and untruth, which is always bled when George Bush senior was in the the task of scholarship. White House. Updating and correcting some Evidence of Arthur has three sections of what it says will thus be useful for others. containing twenty‑five chapters, plus a con‑ A delusion current since the 1970s, espe‑ clusion and four appendices. The sections cially amongst those ignorant of the original deal first with Historicity, and thereafter Ge‑ languages, is that verse attributed to Taliesin ography and Chronology. So we start with and Aneirin (of about 600) cannot be proved such matters as the Heroic Age, Fionn mac as genuine (p. 8), and may be ninth‑century Cumhail, Vortigern, and the bards Taliesin forgeries, rendering them useless as histori‑ and Aneirin. Then come places mentioned by cal documents. This comes with the comment Historia Brittonum, the Mabinogion tale of that on “linguistic grounds, it is nearly impos‑ Culhwch and Olwen, and Geoffrey of Mon‑ sible to date an Old or Middle Welsh literary mouth, including associations with Glaston‑ work.” Where has Flint Johnson been? Ken‑ bury and Carlisle. The author concludes that neth Jackson observed that the very obscurity Arthur was a Northern hero “holding court in of the early poetry implies genuineness. Why Old Carlisle” where (p. 134) his “control of should later forgers refer to scores of places at least part of Hadrian’s Wall would have put and persons unknown in later Wales? As him in constant conflict with the Picts.” As for for the question of date, the war‑propagan‑ chronology, the sources here are the dubious da poem Armes Prydein will immediately ones of Gildas in the sixth century and Latin post‑date West Saxon capitulation to the Vi‑ hagiography in the twelfth. The appendices kings at Leicester in 940; Culhwch and Ol‑ are of interest as focusing on specific prob‑ wen dates from the 1090s; the Four Branches lems: the location of Gildas; the relation of of the Mabingogi to the 1120s or early 1130s. bardic praise to the later romances; toponyms Careful analysis of the oldest poetry tends to and personal names in the tale of Culhwch; confirm its authenticity. and when battle was fought at Mount Badon. On Arthur’s battle of Tribruit (p. 16), Flint The author deals with serious questions Johnson is unaware of evidence to identify and has taken trouble to investigate them. He it as Dreva, on the Upper Tweed, Scotland. has read widely and has read the right people: There is (p. 31) no river “Umber” in Eng‑ Rachel Bromwich, David Dumville, Ken‑ land. Mr Johnson means the Humber. For neth Jackson, Patrick Sims‑Williams. There “bard teulu” (p. 35) read bardd teulu (=“war‑ are two defects only, but they are grave. band poet”). Mr Johnson thinks that “An‑ First, despite wide reference to primary and glo‑Saxons eventually managed to suffocate secondary sources, they are not analysed and silence the Cumbric dialect by perhaps to see what conclusions they might lead to, 1000,” but he misrepresents Kenneth Jack‑ but seized upon to vindicate preconceptions, son, his authority. Cumbric survived until above all that of Arthur’s historicity. Second, 1100 or so, and ended because Strathclyde the book (like its fellow) is wildly out of date. in the early eleventh century was annexed Understanding of Welsh tradition has made by the King of Scots, whose subjects spoke Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 301

Gaelic. Anglo‑Saxons were not to blame. south‑west Scotland?) was at the same place Amr, Arthur’s son, has nothing to do with the (p. 168) as the Roman victory of “Mons Welsh for “eyelid” (p. 68, 218) despite the Graupius” (near Aberdeen in the north‑east) assurances of Professor Higham (who does is wild speculation. The obscure “Fotor” and not understand Welsh) to Flint Johnson. “Lotor” (p. 200) in Culhwch and Olwen are When we come to Geoffrey of Monmouth, not what they seem. They are corruptions of error proliferates. Caer Caradoc (p. 73) is not “Ottorogorra”, a river east of the Ganges and Salisbury but Caradoc, in the village of Sell‑ mentioned by the historian Orosius, a source ack eight miles south of Hereford. It figures for the Welsh author, who took other exotic in early Welsh poetry as a stronghold on the toponyms from him. border with England. Walbrook (p. 73) is not It is a pity that a reviewer has to name error “near” London but in the heart of it, two min‑ after error, because Flint Johnson has consid‑ utes from the Bank of England. The bringing erable energy and an enquiring and original of stones from afar to build Stonehenge has mind. Unfortunately, these have led him to (pp. 73-4) nothing to do with the Prescelly march forward boldly and bury himself in Mountains of West Wales, but much to do quicksand. Evidence of Arthur, despite offer‑ with the Hill of Uisneach, an old pagan site ing abundant information, will have to be used in Westmeath, Ireland. The identification of with the greatest care. As with its fellow‑vol‑ Arthur’s Camlan with Birdoswald on Had‑ ume, its statements must be revised, point by rian’s Wall (pp. 91, 101, 132) was disproved point, in the light of up‑to‑date research. in the 1970s. The Camboglanna of ancient Andrew Breeze . University of Navarre . sources will have been Castlesteads, six Pamplona . [email protected] miles east of Birdoswald. Dates turn out to be as hazardous as plac‑ 74. 77.Forbes.docx es. The tale of Culhwch and Olwen will not be early as the 1080s (p. 106), for its monas‑ Helen Foxhall Forbes, Heaven and Earth tic author will have read the original Latin in Anglo‑Saxon England: Theology and life of St Cadog, of the 1090s. As for sover‑ Society in an Age of Faith. Farnham: eignty, even though Welsh tales (=the Four Ashgate, 2013, xvi, 394 pp. Branches of the Mabinogi) do represent Lon‑ It is generally recognised in scholarship, don (p. 125) as seat of British sovereignty, and indeed by the public more widely, that this was not an old idea, but a new one. No medieval society was deeply religious; so English king was crowned at London until much so that deep Christian sentiment and Harold in 1066. Like their references to Ox‑ the pervasive influence of Christian belief ford (= Woodstock) as a centre of political are commonly taken for granted, without power, these stories reflect politics in the age consideration of the very different forms of Henry I (1100-35). medieval Christianity could take. The cen‑ Other subjects will make readers shake tral achievement of Dr. Foxhall Forbes’s their head. Chester, a town near Liverpool, important new book is an examination of is not the same as Chesters (p. 168) on Had‑ exactly how faith interfaced with society and rian’s Wall. The notion that Arthur’s battle culture in one segment of medieval society: of the Caledonian Forest (near Beattock in Anglo‑Saxon England. Here, we read how 302 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 men and women bequeathed land and money and social conditions than their later coun‑ to ecclesiastical institutions out of piety and terparts, and that even educated and prolific expectation of benefit in the hereafter. We figuressuch as Ælfric of Cerne and Wulfstan see the very tangible impact of Christianity of York had to adjust their rhetoric to differ‑ on the landscape of death, through concern ent contexts or audiences. In other words, it is over the immediate fate of the soul and the unhelpful to think of ‘the Church’ as a single creation of cemeteries around local churches monolithic entity, and it is equally mislead‑ in the ninth and tenth centuries. We even ing to conceive of a clergy which thought gain some sense of how early medieval indi‑ and wrote without reference to their contem‑ viduals perceived the invisible world around porary environment. Comparative studies of them, riddled with angels and devils which belief in action in other societies are brought could influence the lives of human beings for in to reinforce how strongly the element of in‑ good or ill. Yet we are also left with a robust terpretation entered into religious discourse: sense of the challenges which face the assess‑ events were discussed and contextualised ment of how Christianity affected society as with the eye of faith. This process certainly a whole. Dr. Foxhall Forbes’s wide‑ranging took place in ecclesiastical settings, but also scholarship sharply delineates the limits of among the laity, and Foxhall Forbes is careful useful information to be teased out of surviv‑ to break down distinctions between ‘popular’ ing sources. and ‘elite’ beliefs. She views the boundary The problems she identifies are outlined between high and low ideas as quite perme‑ in the first of five long chapters, allusively able, with the consequence that clergy drawn entitled ‘I Believe in One God’ (this and all from or writing for an elite audience may other chapter titles being formed of quota‑ well also have appealed to one of lower sta‑ tions from versions of the Christian creed). tion. The lofty‑seeming books, saints, and rel‑ This valuable survey covers many essential ics which play such a large part in scholarly preliminaries to the main thrust of the study. understanding of Anglo‑Saxon Christianity At a very basic level it includes an outline were therefore not necessarily divorced from of the development of ecclesiastical infra‑ practices and thought outside the clergy. structure in England, from the conversion This thoughtful and insightful introductory onwards. The essential points of contact be‑ essay lays the groundwork for the rest of the tween this infrastructure and lay society are volume, which consists of four chapters es‑ also enumerated: birth, marriage, death, and sentially constituting extended case‑studies. confession are all considered, as well as regu‑ These are thematic in nature, meaning that lar churchgoing. But a key problem which each moves, often rapidly, through different Foxhall Forbes identifies is how far these kinds of evidence to explore permutations expectations represent ideals rather than ac‑ and interpretations of a central topic. The sec‑ tualities, preserved as they are largely in the ond chapter, ‘Creator of All Things, Visible writings of clergy who had an obvious vested and Invisible,’ concerns the role of invisible interest in encouraging frequent and well‑in‑ supernatural entities in human life, specifical‑ formed acts of devotion. She stresses that the ly as conceived from a Christian perspective. pre‑Gregorian clerics of Anglo‑Saxon Eng‑ Foxhall Forbes marshals an impressive array land were more grounded in local cultural of literary, liturgical, artistic, archaeological, Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 303 and other sources to analyse the role angels a person who undertook an ordeal when and devils were thought to play. Unseen conclusive evidence was not available and entities were pictured everywhere, influenc‑ subsequently failed – and who was thus ing many aspects of day‑to‑day existence thought, by supernatural implication, to be for good or ill. Place‑names memorialise guilty – did not suffer the death penalty. The the presence of supernatural creatures in note of uncertainty and divine dispensation the landscape, particularly associated with was enough to undermine this most severe mounds and swamps. A story translated of punishments. This leads into an important by Anglo‑Saxon writers from Gregory the discussion of oaths and ordeals in legal and Great’s Dialogi told how a nun who ate a let‑ theological texts. Forms of ordeal included tuce without blessing it first found herself placing one’s hand into boiling water, or possessed by a devil which had been sitting grasping a hot bar of iron, and then checking on the lettuce, minding its own business. the hand’s fate after being bound up for three Medical remedies called on the recitation of days; alternative methods included casting prayers as much as on medicinal concoctions the defendant into cold water to see if their to combat sickness by invoking angels and body floated (guilty) or sank (innocent), or, repelling devils. Particular interest attached to more obscurely, corsnæd (‘chosen morsel’): the role of angels and devils at the beginning an ordeal reserved for clergy in which the and end of life, and the most detailed section defendant had to eat a piece of bread and of this chapter addresses how Anglo‑Saxon cheese without choking or vomiting. These authors and scribes copied, synthesised, and and other ordeals are known from a range adapted earlier thought on this subject –im‑ of sources, including liturgical invocations plying active engagement with it. for God to provide a clear judgment. Anxi‑ The third chapter offers sustained analy‑ ety over the potentially close involvement sis of an often grim aspect of the sacred in of religion and clergy in the administration society: that concerned with crime, judg‑ of justice was wide‑spread, and the final ment, and punishment. Beginning with the section of this chapter surveys the different well‑known importance of penitence and opinions of major late Anglo‑Saxon church‑ penitential texts, Foxhall Forbes moves into men on that matter. Two of the best‑known an excellent discussion of capital punish‑ writers, Ælfric of Cerne and Wulfstan of ment in Anglo‑Saxon England. This was York, seem to have differed significantly relatively rare in early times, but became in outlook, to the extent that Ælfric wrote more common in the early tenth century, a private and remarkably frank letter criti‑ notably in the legislation of King Æthelstan quing the other’s views. Ælfric held serious (924/5–39). The death penalty raised seri‑ misgivings about the involvement of clergy ous questions about what crimes could and in judging secular cases, whereas Wulfstan could not be atoned for on earth, and also seems to have been comfortable with the about the fate of the soul of the judge as well underlying principle of embroilment in such as the defendant in such cases. Interestingly, matters, and sought to specify as precisely it is noted that while the death penalty might and (relatively) mercifully as possible how be prescribed for a criminal who confessed ordeals were to be performed, and in general and was considered unquestionably guilty, avoided the death penalty as far as he could. 304 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

The contrast between this and the previous fulfilling such arrangements. Gifts to church‑ chapter is striking. Clergy seem to have been es were viewed as a form of almsgiving, and eager to provide advice on visions of angels so brought spiritual reward in and of them‑ and devils, and the interaction between re‑ selves. A significant part of this chapter is ligion and secular society appears on the dedicated to these gifts. The most amenable whole irenic. But much sharper disagree‑ to analysis are donations of estates (or pro‑ ments arose on the matter of Christianity’s ceeds from estates) made by landowners, as part in adjudging crime and meting out pun‑ recorded in charters. These are replete with ishment, and there was clearly widespread statements of devotion, many of which are hesitation and debate. The case‑studies pre‑ formulaic and therefore of uncertain signifi‑ sented in this chapter are a tour de force, and cance in individual cases, but there is also provide an opening for much future work on a degree of variation. Naturally, wealthy the rich topic of religious dimensions of the aristocrats are the best known laymen and Anglo‑Saxon legal process. lay women to make such donations and enter Concern with what happened to the soul into arrangements for liturgical commemora‑ after death cut both ways, and chapter 4 ad‑ tion, but Foxhall Forbes also notes signs that dresses how the laity sought to gain the ad‑ the same concern extended down to smaller vantages of commemoration and friendship landowners and to members of gilds, who with the saints via their earthly intermediar‑ owed common payments to sustain com‑ ies – i.e., entering into relationships with re‑ memoration of deceased fellow members. ligious communities. Foxhall Forbes begins Means of making such gifts were flexible. by briefly surveying work she has published Lands could be given outright, sometimes elsewhere on Anglo‑Saxon perceptions of with a counter‑gift of money. Donation the interim state between death and the last could be deferred until after an heir had died. judgement. She clearly shows – contrary Leases of land from a church to a layperson to the well‑known thesis put forward by also created a bond between the two, though Jacques Le Goff – that there was a strong leased estates ran the risk of falling into the late antique and early medieval tradition of tenants’ or their heirs’ hands over the passage a purgatorial state after death, to which An‑ of time. glo‑Saxon authors such as Bede and Boni‑ Preoccupation with the hereafter in life face made a significant contribution. How‑ gives way, in the final chapter of this‑ vol ever, comment on this state was relatively ume, to treatment of the dead. Archaeology rare compared to rhetoric on the Last Judg‑ potentially has a prominent role to play, but ment, which loomed large in the thoughts of Foxhall Forbes rightly points out that its early medieval Christians. Efforts to secure main contribution is to highlight the diver‑ a favorable position for the soul come the sity of practices and the difficulty of ‑map Last Judgment took many forms. Prayers of‑ ping specific theological ideas onto material fered by religious communities were desir‑ evidence. The famous range of ‘deviant’ and able, and stipulated in some cases donations execution burials, for example, are certainly or bequests; libri memoriales, libri vitae and disrespectful, but that is not necessarily to other texts detailing acts of commemoration say that all occupants were unrepentant and show the arrangements made by clergy for damned. For this reason the chapter focuses Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 305 on thought regarding death and burial as pre‑ over time? Striking examples of new devel‑ served in written sources. These are used to opments are picked out (for instance taste for trace a rise in interest in church burial in the church burial and attitudes to capital punish‑ tenth and eleventh centuries, though scattered ment), but there are also instances of conti‑ requests for interment at or in a church occur nuity. This reader would have appreciated in documents from earlier times. Concern more of the author’s thoughts on why some with burial derived from expectation of the areas changed as they did while others did resurrection of bodies at Judgment Day, and not. A broader issue – which would require the corresponding connection that the soul much greater length to treat in any detail – would have with the body even after death. is that of agency: what do these specific The most arresting manifestation of this was case‑studies tell historians about the role and the case of unquiet corpses belonging to indi‑ views of the clergy? Much has been written viduals who had led a truly wicked life: their about the development of ecclesiastical in‑ bodies would be rejected by the earth, or frastructure and personnel in the early Mid‑ even rise up and walk again. Under normal dle Ages, and one feels that Foxhall Forbes’s circumstances, however, the many different work here could add very constructively to pieces of liturgy associated with death and scholarship on (for example) the material burial were expected to prevent such inci‑ support of churches and means by which dents – but the diversity of these texts leaves the clergy came to occupy a more prominent their actual application to real‑life situations role in society. In so doing one might also open to question. Even more so than with consider reversing the point of view most the preceding chapters, Foxhall Forbes high‑ often presented in Heaven and Earth in An‑ lights the diversity in opinion and practice glo‑Saxon England. The role of theology in regarding death. The process of sorting the society presupposes assigning the initiative orthodox from the unusual is therefore deep‑ to theology: an entirely justifiable approach ly problematic, and leaves one wondering if given the nature of the surviving source ma‑ there always was a clear sense of official as terial, and the questions set out in the early opposed to irregular practice. stages of the book. But how, as it were, did This note of diversity is one of the points society influence the Church? How far did revisited in the (all too brief) conclusion, priests’ decisions and views depend on their along with the evolution of theological entanglement in social ties of various kinds? thought over the Anglo‑Saxon period. Given Even speaking in terms of ‘theology’ might the variety and richness of this study, which be taken to imply adoption of a certain per‑ ranges over the life‑cycle and experiences spective, which foregrounds the richness and of early medieval Christians, a lengthier complexity of religious thought, and active summing‑up might have been expected. It engagement with it. One wonders if explicit would have provided an opportunity to tie consideration of ‘ritual,’ ‘religion,’ or other together the conclusions of the preceding points of entry besides ‘theology’ might shed chapters and ask more directly some of the further sidelights on some of the conclusions questions which are broached piecemeal in presented here. But this is more an invitation individual chapters. In particular, how did than a criticism. Heaven and Earth in An‑ the nature and impact of theology change glo‑Saxon England is an important addition 306 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

to scholarship, and a first‑rate treatment of editorial sarcina, both for The New Cam‑ several significant issues, arranged and treat‑ bridge Medieval History and for the journal ed thematically with an eye to the full range Early Medieval Europe. Throughout his ca‑ of source material. Typographical and other reer, he has also been a prodigious author of minor errors are few (one notes, for example, learned essays, sixteen of which have been ‘Wimbourne’ repeatedly given for ‘Wim‑ reprinted in this Variorum Collected Studies borne’), as are other quibbles. A fuller table volume, entitled Frankish History: Studies of contents including sub‑sections would in the Construction of Power. While some have helped significantly to aid navigation of of these articles are accessible in mainstream the book: its tightly‑woven thematic chapters journals, many of them only appeared in can make finding specific points or sections edited collections and European conference difficult. Overall, however, this volume is proceedings, so scholars of early medieval highly recommended. There can be no doubt Europe have reason to celebrate the ease of that Foxhall Forbes has shown, in the context accessibility to Fouracre’s scholarship af‑ of Anglo‑Saxon England, that what Erasmus forded by the volume under review. wrote in his 1516 prefatory essay to the New Frankish History comprises three sec‑ Testament in many respects already held true tions of essays organized by theme. The much earlier: that ‘only a very few can be first section, “History and Hagiography,” learned, but all can be Christian, all can be includes five articles that collectively‑ con devout, and – I shall boldly add – all can be front the difficult reality that hagiographic theologians’ (doctos esse vix paucis contin‑ narratives mediate most of our information git, at nulli non licet esse Christianum, nulli about seventh‑century Francia. One would non licet esse pium, addam audacter illud: expect that writing the political history of nulli non licet esse theologum). the period would be a continuous exercise Dr. Rory Naismith . Clare College . in reading devotional texts against the grain Trinity Lane . Cambridge . CB2 1TL, UK . for the information that they take for granted. [email protected] But, as Fouracre argues in his magisterial es‑ say “Merovingian History and Merovingian 75. 78.Fouracre (MEDIAEVISTIK).docx Hagiography,” which originally appeared in Past & Present (1990), “the conditions Paul Fouracre, Frankish History: Studies in in which [late Merovingian hagiographers] the Construction of Power. Ashgate, Farn- wrote limited the use of convention in their ham and Burlington, 2013, XII, 354 pp. works and forced authors to deal with some Over the past three decades, Paul Fouracre of the awkward details of the real lives of has emerged as one of the foremost authori‑ their subjects” (no. II, p. 37). Although it is ties on late Merovingian and early Caro‑ over twenty years old, this methodological lingian Europe. He has written the defini‑ manifesto remains required reading in any tive English‑language study of the reign of serious seminar on medieval hagiography. Charles Martel (The Age of Charles Martel The four essays in Section Two, “Meroving‑ [Routledge, 2000]), co‑edited numerous ians and Carolingians,” consider the ways in volumes of studies on early medieval his‑ which the Carolingian family justified their tory and culture, and shouldered important coup d’etat of the Merovingians through Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 307 repeated acts of historical character assas‑ Theodulf of Orleans in 798, who traveled as sination. Of particular interest to Fouracre emissary of Charlemagne southwards to the are the precise figures and moments that the former Roman province, Gallia Narbonen‑ Carolingians chose to vilify. His 2005 essay sis, founded in 118 b.c.e. as Colonia Narbo “The Long Shadow of the Merovingians,” Martius. FR then abruptly returns to the pe‑ (no. VII) is an excellent starting point for stu‑ riod of the late Roman Empire. dents new to this topic. The third and final In his Introduction FR indicates that his section, “Power, Justice and the Maintenance aim is to clarify the identity of this territory. of Order,” comprises half of the book and France, Spain, and Catalonia all claim this deals with a number of different issues relat‑ area as part of their origins, and FR disputes ed to the exercise of power in the seventh and this in his study of its existence from late an‑ eighth centuries and beyond. Some of these tiquity to the early Middle Ages, 410-720. papers emerge from the collaborative work FR emphasizes its prime location, originally that Fouracre has conducted with Wendy a seaport, rivaling Marseille, and at the in‑ Davies and primarily concern the evidence tersection of Via Domitia and Via Aquitania, of charters of dispute settlements (placita). which led to Toulouse and Bordeaux. Amidst these case studies is a probing and In Chapter 1 FR describes Narbonne and incisive exploration of the role of religion its surrounding area in order to explain how and legal culture in the maintenance of early the original seaport became a city some dis‑ medieval political authority, entitled “Cul‑ tance from the sea. His reconstruction of hy‑ tural Conformity and Social Conservatism in drological and topographical changes based Early Medieval Europe” (no. XIV). on geotechnical data back to the Holocene While the price of Ashgate’s Variorum period (10,000 years ago) is overly technical Collected Studies volumes is prohibitive to and overwhelms the reader. It all seems un‑ most scholars, every research library should necessary. Chapter 2 provides the description purchase a copy of this book to make acces‑ of Narbonne in early Christian and classical sible for their teachers and students alike the historical texts found in Orosius, Olympi‑ wealth of learning and insight that Fouracre odorus, Hydatius, and Philostorgus. The au‑ brings to bear in his essays on early medieval thor focuses on the sea voyages of Rutilius Francia. Namatianus and Sulpicius Severus. Rutilius, Scott G. Bruce . Department of History . a noble native of Toulouse, describes his 234 UCB . University of Colorado . Boulder . coastal voyage in 416 from Rome to Gaul. CO 80309-0234 . [email protected] Sulpicius, also a native of Aquitania, writes of sea voyages throughout the Mediterra‑ nean, but especially of frequent trips from 76. 79.Frank Riess.Narbonne.docx Nola in Italy to Primuliacum near Narbonne. Frank Riess, Narbonne and its Territory At the end of this chapter is a section on the in Late Antiquity: From the Visigoths to long tenure of Rusticus as bishop and Metro‑ the Arabs. Farnham and Burlington, VT: politan at Narbonne. FR notes that the death Ashgate, 2013, xvi, 288 pp. of Rusticus in 461 marked the passing of The author (hereafter FR) opens his study Narbonne out of Roman control. at the end of the eighth century with Bishop 308 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

Chapter 3 focuses on the themes, attitudes, For FR the city Narbonne is a community de‑ and literary techniques found in Carmen xxiii scended from the earlier imperial period with of Sidonius, a 500-line panegyric which the a large core of public buildings; it also con‑ poet sent to his fellow poet Consentius after tains a governing class that has cultural and a visit to his villa outside Narbonne in 462. economic links to ancient Rome. FR refers to this single poem eleven times as This study does not use the narrative Carmina xxiii. He uses the title of the col‑ form of history, but rather the approach to lection rather than the single poem. Carmen the study of late antiquity initiated by Peter xxiii was titled: Ad Consentium. Brown in 1971. FR follows this system in In Chapter 4 FR discusses the post‑Roman discussing religious and cultural activities world and its changing frontiers and continui‑ during his period He also concentrates on the ties. He introduces the concept of the “Great development of cities and the regions sur‑ Game,” a term which was “borrowed from rounding them. He considers education and the nineteenth‑century description of the literature and also the various social classes strategic rivalry between the British and Rus‑ as they effect the period under study. sian Empires in Central Asia, [relating to] He first indicates that he is here follow‑ a century‑long struggle over a border region ing the argument of J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz by two neighbouring powers” (p. 135). This (p. 6, n. 14); Liebeschuetz maintains that the suggests to FR, that in a somewhat similar history of the city in late antiquity is a story way, Byzantium was challenging the Ostro‑ of decline. Yet at the end (p. 238) FR again goths over borders in the West. In Chapter 5 refers to the possible interpretations of late FR examines the terms used to describe the antiquity, whether it be continuity, catastro‑ political geography of Narbonne and its terri‑ phe or evolution. He then comments that the tory. Again, the author is overly technical and possibility of a transfer from one rule to an‑ exhaustive in his study. other has been little studied. Such a scenario Chapters 6 and 7 explain the origins of could be classified under the category either the political reality of Narbonne. The author of continuity or evolution. It seems that FR draws on geography, texts, archeological re‑ has changed his initial position of decline, cords of the region, coins, and epigraphy. He and at the end considers continuity or evolu‑ gives a detailed analysis of the four types of tion as a possibility either way. settlements proposed by Schneider in 2007. There are excellent maps before the Intro‑ There then follows a discussion of Visig‑ duction and fine photographs of inscriptions othic taxation. In Chapter 8 FR first discusses following Chapter 4. The author has made Gothic families and the city of Narbonne; he good use of data found in archaeological ex‑ maintains that “the fusion of such Gothic lines cavations, and this supports his explanation and prominent Hispanic or Gallo‑Roman no‑ of cities and the buildings within them. bilities found a form in Narbonne’s line of This book is uneven to read with its stac‑ descent from Roman times to the end of the cato tempo. One reason for this is his use of Visigothic city, and beyond” (p. 231). Finally, the Brownian system rather than a narrative, FR studies four cities with similar features chronological approach. Two of his mistakes (Arles, Clermont, Luni, Córdoba), three from are, first, the hyper‑technical data in Chapter Gaul and one from the Kingdom of Toledo. 1. The second major error is his excessive Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 309 and exhaustive description of the borders acquisition of gender. (These issues are spec‑ of Narbonne and its territory in Chapter 5. tacularly different from the normal ones ex‑ There is also an erroneous citation to Paulus pected in hagiography. It would be dishonest Orosius (p. 140, n. 29); it should be to p. 15 not to admit that.) Then come chapters on of the Prologue in the 1964 edition, not sec‑ pairs of saints, with learning and education tion 15 of Book I. as the staple of the Passion of Chrysanthus Although it contains some shortcomings, and Daria, followed by conversion and mar‑ this book is nevertheless recommended for riage in the Passions of Julian and Basilissa, the libraries of those truly interested in the and Cecilia and Valerian. history and culture of late antiquity and the So Ælfric’s lives of saints are here and early Middle Ages. (as we shall see) elsewhere receiving more Dr. Richard Seagraves . Cathedral of St. Pa‑ attention than ever. But the author’s preoccu‑ trick . 460 Madison Avenue . New York, pations are unlike his. She not deals not with NY 10022 . [email protected] the glorious company of martyrs as witness‑ es to faith (as he did), but with gender and the body in all their ramifications. Naturally, she 77. 80.GULLEY.doc has a perfect right to do this. Readers need Alison Gulley, The Displacement of the not subscribe to the beliefs of any particular Body in Ælfric’s Virgin Martyr Lives. text, which may have implications of which Farnham and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, its author was unaware. Evangelical Chris‑ 2014, 152 pp. tians can read Shelley, an atheist; socialists Alison Gulley (of Appalachian State Univer‑ can read Kipling, an imperialist. Yet there sity) deals with the cruel and bloody deaths has to be a willingness to perceive values in of Agnes, Agatha, Lucy, Eugenia, and other another which are not shared by oneself. If Christian martyrs as narrated in Old English not, there will be oddities. In The Displace‑ homilies. But there is nothing old about her ment of the Body in Ælfric’s Virgin Martyr approach. Imbued with present‑day concerns Lives, therefore, some might think that we about feminism and the body, her study is are told things which we knew already, or decisively modern, so that some might think which are not worth the knowing; but not it rather remote from Ælfric’s thought‑world of others that might be of permanent interest (or that of the martyrs themselves). and importance. Dr Gulley arranges her material in eight An instance will bring this out. The au‑ chapters. After an introduction, we begin thor gives the impression of having little with Chastity or Virginity as an ideal in sa‑ sympathy for the past, particularly its Chris‑ cred texts. Chapter three focuses on the Old tianity. They seem to appear mainly as a way English life of Agatha for specifics on mar‑ of scoring points, so that, citing St Paul, St riage, the Virgin Mary, and “circumscribed John Chrysostom, and early councils (pp. 20- virginity” (in the author’s phrase). We then 21), she tells us how the “Roman Church” go on to public and private in the accounts officially “silenced women by excluding of Agatha and Lucy, followed by the life them from all sacerdotal function” followed of Eugenia, an amazing text, for it involves by note on how “Modern deaconesses have not only cross‑dressing but sex‑change or existed in Protestant Churches since the 310 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 nineteenth century.” Although few things (Copenhague, 1984), or Irmgard Lessing, are easier (and perhaps more necessary) than Das altenglische Heiligenleben (Heidelberg, to see the whole of history as a conspiracy 2010), but there is none. A more serious ab‑ against women, there are disadvantages in sence is David Clark, Between Medieval using writers of the past as ammunition for Men: Male Friendship and Desire in Early polemic. Instead of seeing them for what Medieval English Literature (Oxford, 2009). they are, we might see them for how they can Its ninth chapter, “Saintly Desire? Same‑Sex be used, with the risk of distorting them to fit Relations in Ælfric’s Lives of Saints”, actu‑ modern preconceptions. ally contains a section on ‘Eugenia and the There is also factual error, as in a discus‑ (De)Naturalization of Transvestism,’ which sion of rape. The author quotes admiringly makes some plausible (and eyebrow‑raising) (p. 35 n. 35) Professor Corinne Saunders of points about goings‑on in this life, a very the University of Durham, who maintained curious text indeed. But there is no mention that in saints’ lives, while “rape is frequent‑ of it in Alison Gulley’s chapter “Cross‑dress‑ ly threatened,” in no instance “is the virgin ing, Sex‑Change, and Womanhood in Æl‑ ever actually raped.” This is untrue. St Non fric’s Life of Eugenia.” She cannot complain was raped, the result being David, patron of that Clark’s book came to hand too late for Wales and amongst the most famous of Brit‑ comment, for there are other publications ish saints. See Jane Cartwright, “The Cult of of 2009 in her bibliography, if nothing later St Non: Rape, Sanctity, and Motherhood in than 2009. Amongst other criticisms of The Welsh and Breton Hagiography,” in St David Displacement of the Body in Ælfric’s Virgin of Wales, ed. J. Wyn Evans and J. M. Wood‑ Martyr Lives is the sense that, on the day that ing (Woodbridge, 2007), 182-206. Or, for an‑ it arrived, events had moved on. other instance, the casual remark (p. 38) on Yet we may end positively. There is a vast the “exotic” feasts at Winchester of the Con‑ amount to be said on the cult of the saints ception of the Virgin and the Presentation, and attitudes to the body, though we can be which suggest “that Ælfric was more than fa‑ sure that people long ago did not see them miliar with English Marian worship”. Now, as people of the modern post‑Christian age Dr Gulley might mean in all seriousness that do. If that difference could be brought out, tenth‑century Christians at Winchester wor‑ we should learn much. So the chief use of shipped the Blessed Virgin, in which case The Displacement of the Body in Ælfric’s they would commit idolatry, a deadly sin. Virgin Martyr Lives is probably in its as‑ But it is more likely that she is unaware of sembling of patristic and Anglo‑Saxon texts, the difference between latria and dulia. Such thereby opening a way for other writers. Da‑ unawareness creates difficulties for a book vid Clark’s Between Medieval Men already about Christian authors. shows some eye‑opening possibilities here, There are other authors, of our own time, and it is reasonable to believe that further whom we should expect to find mentioned research on saints’ lives will achieve results but do not. In a discussion of Anglo‑Saxon both startling and illuminating. lives of saints, we might have expected a ref‑ Andrew Breeze . University of Navarre . erence to Margaret Bridges, Generic Con‑ Pamplona . [email protected] trast in Old English Hagiographical Poetry Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 311

Die spätalthochdeutschen ‚Wessobrunner geistesgeschichtlich sehr interessant, z.B. 78. 81.Hellgardt - Wessobrunner Predigten.docx Predigten‘ im Überlieferungsverbund mit im Hinblick auf die zeitgenössische Me‑ dem ‚Wiener Notker‘. Eine neue Ausgabe. thode der Bibelexegese, die mittelalterliche Hg. von Ernst Hellgardt. Berlin: Erich Geschichtstheologie, die kirchliche Moral‑ Schmidt Verlag, 2014, 106 S. lehre und andere zentrale theologische Kon‑ Bei den Wessobrunner Predigten (oder auch zepte des frühen Mittelalters. ‚Althochdeutschen Predigtsammlungen‘) Ernst Hellgardt strebt mit seiner auf seinen handelt es sich um 14 Predigten aus dem eingehenden Analysen in der Zeitschrift für 11. Jahrhundert in bairischer Sprache, die deutsche Philologie (130/2011 u. 131/2012) ursprünglich zu drei Sammlungen (A, B, C) fußenden Neuedition zum einen eine Re‑ gehörten und größtenteils fragmentarisch vision der problematischen Ausgabe von erhalten sind. Die Predigten sind heute in Evelyn Scherabon Firchow an, die 2009 die verschiedenen Handschriften überliefert, Predigten getreu der Überlieferung des Wie‑ einige auf Pergamentstreifen in Einbänden ner Kodex herausgegeben und so die wah‑ von Inkunabeln aus dem Benediktinerklos‑ ren textgeschichtlichen Zusammenhänge ter Wessobrunn, wo die spätalthochdeut‑ verschleiert hatte, indem sie damit „eine für schen Texte möglicherweise auch verfasst die mittelalterliche Überlieferungsgeschichte wurden. In der Wiener Notker‑Handschrift irrelevante Momentaufnahme des Zeitpunkts (cod. 2681) finden sich auf einem vorgebun‑ ihrer Neubindung zu Anfang des 16. Jahrhun‑ denen Doppelblatt (fol. 1r–2v) zwei Predig‑ derts, also 400 Jahre nach ihrer Entstehung“ ten aus der Sammlung A (Pr. 1 u. 4) und von (S. 17) dokumentiert hatte. Zum anderen be‑ fremder Hand eingetragen die vier Homi‑ zweckt Hellgardts Edition im Unterschied zu lien der B‑Gruppe (fol. 212ra, 232rb-235vb). den frühen werkorientierten Ausgaben (u.a. Die Forschung geht heute davon aus, dass Pipers, Steinmeyers) die näherungsweise der einst auf drei Bände angelegte ‚Wiener Rekonstruktion des gesamten Textensem‑ Notker‘ (ausführliche Beschreibung im Pa‑ bles der Predigten in cod. 2681, wie es sich derborner Repertorium unter http://www. um 1100 dargestellt haben könnte (vgl. die paderborner‑repertorium.de/9386) im Kon‑ tabellarische Übersicht auf S. 22-24). Dabei text eines planmäßig angelegten Ensembles helfen ihm zahlreiche Neufunde der letzten geistlicher Texte die ursprüngliche Heimat Jahre. Hellgardts Ausgabe führt erstmals alle der drei Sammlungen gewesen ist, deren bekannten Fragmente „in einer neuen, über‑ Zusammenhang zerstört wurde, als man den sichtlich lesbaren Gestalt“ (S. 21) zusammen Kodex im 16. Jahrhundert neu aufband. Die und ebnet dadurch den Weg für eine Beant‑ Themen der Predigten umfassen sowohl wortung der bislang ungelösten Frage nach Gleichnisse und Erzählungen des Neuen dem Gebrauchszusammenhang (Programm?) Testaments als auch Fragen der Moral und der Texte im Kontext des ‚Wiener Notker‘. des christlichen Lebens (Reue, Fegefeuer, Die handschriftennahe Textdarbietung Demut u.a.). Quellen sind u.a. lateinische (Teil I, S. 30-69) spiegelt die ganze Zerrissen‑ Homiliensammlungen der Patristik und ka‑ heit der Überlieferung wider. Sie folgt einer rolingischer Gelehrter (Augustinus, Gregor klaren Struktur: 1. Titelangabe (z.B. „Samm‑ d. Gr., Beda Venerabilis). Die Predigten lung B, Predigt 3: Zwei Fragmente einer sind nicht nur linguistisch, sondern auch Homilie über das Gleichnis vom Sämann“), 312 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

2. Angabe zur Anzahl der Textfragmente ei‑ darzubieten, zuwiderläuft. Es wäre eventuell ner Predigt (z.B. „Rekonstruktion zu Frag‑ eine Option gewesen, bei unverändertem ment 2 (von 2)“), 3. Apparat (u.a. Kürzungen Buchformat die Predigtfragmente doppelsei‑ und Ligaturen, Fundstelle im Wiener Kodex, tig zu präsentieren, d.h. links den Text (dann Hinweise zu Abbildungen der jeweiligen in größerer Schrift), rechts die Apparate und Seite, Fundstelle in den Editionen von Stein‑ sonstigen Paratexte. meyer, Firchow und Schmidt). Der Text ist Hellgardts Ausgabe ist nicht nur für Fach‑ jeweils zweispaltig mit Zeilenzähler in einem kollegen, sondern auch für Studierende ein Rahmen abgedruckt. Angegeben wird auch, sehr wertvolles Arbeitsmittel, denn sie er‑ ob es sich um eine Recto- oder Verso‑Seite laubt die Behandlung sprachhistorischer und in den relevanten Kodizes handelt. Hellgardt theologischer Fragen ebenso wie kodikolo‑ gelangt so nicht nur zu einer Rekonstruktion gische und editionsphilologische Studien. der Struktur des ursprünglichen Textkorpus Die ‚Wessobrunner Predigten‘ können jetzt in cod. 2681, sondern macht auch eindrucks‑ u.a. hervorragend als Grundtext für Einfüh‑ voll die Fragmentarität und Komplexität der rungen ins Althochdeutsche benutzt werden. Überlieferung sichtbar. Teil II der Ausgabe Sie bieten im Hinblick auf das Übersetzen, (S. 71-106) dokumentiert (im Sinne einer Bi‑ das Verständnis literaturhistorischer Kontex‑ lanz der bisherigen Forschung) minutiös die te und die Werkstatt des Editors vielfältige Quellen der einzelnen Homilien (bes. Cae‑ didaktische Perspektiven. Mit Studierenden sarius von Arles, Bairisches Homiliar) und kann nun z.B. auch neu über den ‚Sitz im verdeutlicht die Abhängigkeit der althoch‑ Leben‘ der (geistlichen?) Rezipienten nach‑ deutschen Texte von der lateinischen Predig‑ gedacht werden. Wäre es z.B. eine Möglich‑ literatur des frühen Mittelalters. Die Ausgabe keit, die Sammlung im Kontext des ‚Wiener verzeichnet zudem alle bisher erschienenen Notker‘ (Psalter!) nicht nur als geistliches Editionen der Predigten sowie die wichtigste Lesebuch für Frauen (so Hellgardt, S. 17, Forschungsliteratur (S. 11-13). Anm. 12), sondern auch als ‚Materialfundus’ Hellgardts Ausgabe ist (neben anderen (Kompendium) für Prediger oder als ‚Hand‑ methodisch vergleichbaren Unternehmen) buch‘ für klosterinterne Zwecke (z.B. Unter‑ insofern ein Meilenstein der mediävistischen richt, Tischlesung, Glaubensunterweisung Editionsphilologie, als sie konsequent einen für Konversen) zu interpretieren? Hellgardts überlieferungsgeschichtlichen Ansatz ver‑ Edition, die auf die jahrelange Reflexion des folgt und versucht, hinter die Textkonfusi‑ ausgewiesenen Frühmittelalter‑Spezialisten on des 16. Jahrhunderts zurückzugelangen über die älteste deutsche Predigtsammlung und dem wahrscheinlichen Textzustand des zurückgeht, bietet für die Klärung dieser und 11. Jahrhunderts begründet näher zu kom‑ vieler anderer Fragen jetzt ein philologisch men. Die Wessobrunner Predigten sind so zuverlässiges und zugleich wissenschaftlich zum ersten Mal handschriftenübergreifend sehr inspirierendes Fundament. wieder im Zusammenhang lesbar. Störend Prof. Dr. Heiko Hartmann . Hochschule ist lediglich die allzu kleine Schrift, die zwei‑ für Technik, . Wirtschaft u. Kultur (HTWK) fellos dem Layout und dem Buchformat Leipzig . [email protected] geschuldet ist und dem Anliegen, die Tex‑ te in einer „übersichtlich lesbaren Gestalt“ Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 313

Jörg Jarnut and Jürgen Strothmann, ed., of Merovingian coinage. Until recent times, 79. 82.Jarnut & Strothman text 1.8.14.docx Die Merowingischen Monetarmünzen work on the subject was dominated by the als Quelle zum Verständnis des 7. Jahr­ solidly numismatic perspective of Jean La‑ hunderts in Gallien. Paderborn: Wilhelm faurie (1914–2008), with important contri‑ Fink, 2013, 663 pp., 10 pl. butions by Philip Grierson (1910–2006), The Merovingian coinage is one of the larg‑ Michael Metcalf, and Georges Depeyrot. est single categories of source material left Exploitation of Merovingian coinage by spe‑ from the early centuries of the Frankish king‑ cialists in other disciplines, especially out‑ dom. Several thousand gold and silver coins side Francophone scholarship, was limited. survive in collections across the world. Ear‑ This new volume marks the largest step in lier specimens issued down to about the 570s a recent resurgence of interest in the Merov‑ tend to carry an increasingly mangled ver‑ ingian coinage from a range of new perspec‑ sion of the name and title of a distant Roman tives, driven by several research projects. At emperor, with little only occasional recogni‑ its core is deeply learned analysis by German tion of the Frankish authority under which scholars on the cultural and linguistic inter‑ they were issued. Subsequently, however, lo‑ pretation of the coins. Seven of the chapters cal issuers across the kingdom took up a new in this volume address the interpretation of model: the obverse and reverse now carried names, generally those of moneyers rather the names of the place where each coin was than mints. These papers are concerned with made and of the individual craftsman‑official the representation of different early German‑ responsible for production – the moneyer. ic languages among names (Haubrichs), the Both places and individuals are known in geographical and chronological occurrence huge numbers: some 800 mint‑places are of Roman, Germanic and other names (Eufe named, along with 2,000 moneyers on gold and Selig, and Buchner and Eller), problems coins minted between the 570s and the 670s. posed by letter forms and partial inscriptions Only a small minority of these name the (Felder) and the evidence of coin legends king, or even more rarely a bishop. (alongside other inscriptions and manuscript The present volume focuses on interpre‑ sources) for evolution of proto‑Romance tation of the coins of this period, and stems (Banniard, Pitz and Stein, and Van Acker). from a series of papers given at Paderborn in This promising strand of scholarship October 2009. It assembles a total of twen‑ on the linguistic dimensions of Meroving‑ ty‑four contributions, drawn from an impres‑ ian coinage has the potential to transform sively wide range of disciplines and nation‑ views of seventh‑century Gaul, particularly alities. Numismatists are well represented, its society and culture. At present there is but so are economic, political and cultural still a certain sense of disjunction between historians, and also numerous philologists. the philological and other papers in this vol‑ The majority of the contributors are German ume, which one hopes will be closed in fu‑ (or at least choose to write in German), but ture scholarship. The other contributions can there are also several scholars from France, all be broadly categorised as numismatic the Netherlands, the UK, and the USA. This and historical, but vary widely in outlook. admirable breadth of scholarship is a breath A cluster of chapters looks closely at numis‑ of fresh air in the relatively rarefied world matic and material aspects of the coins. Bernd 314 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

Kluge offers a magisterial survey of the sub‑ appearance as mints. An important survey ject, with numerous interpretive tables, while of chronological developments in Meroving‑ Karsten Dahmen discusses a research project ian monetary history is provided by Michael on seventh‑century gold coins (based on the McCormick, outlining the different roles rich Berlin collection), with specific interest of coinages produced between the fifth and in the role of moneyers. The complex sub‑ mid‑eighth centuries. ject of the metallic qualities of the coinage A final group of papers looks more at the is broached in two chapters. Gerhard Lehr‑ political and cultural setting of the Meroving‑ berger presents fresh scientific analysis of the ian currency. Walter Pohl considers the use alloy and surface features of a small selection of coins as an expression of identity and dia‑ of coins, while Arent Pol highlights intriguing logue between groups in society, and Steffen examples of variation in the alloy observable Patzold uses the coinage as a point of depar‑ within the oeuvre of individual moneyers, ture for an analysis of seventh‑century letter sometimes apparently corresponding with ty‑ collections written between members of the pological changes (and therefore supporting Frankish elite. Martin Heinzelmann turns the view that alloy declined over time). Two a historian’s eye to the career of Eligius, bish‑ chapters take a broader view, Sebastian Stein‑ op and moneyer, and particularly to his vita – bach comparing the monetary legacies of the a document of debatable date. Heinzelmann’s Merovingians and Ottonians, while Caspar paper includes a valuable appendix listing Ehlers discusses the appearance of mints and references to money and coin in Merovingian circulation of coin as indices of power within narrative texts. Finally, Stefan Esders puts the Saxony specifically. end of Merovingian gold coinage in the 670s Several authors focus on the economic into the much larger perspective of contem‑ role of the Merovingian coinage. Heiko porary Mediterranean history, interpreting the Steuer directs his characteristically thorough shortfall in bullion supply as a result of re‑ and insightful approach onto the Meroving‑ forms in the Byzantine and Muslim empires ian material relating to weights, and revises in the mid‑seventh century. well‑known views of the subject, such as The whole collection is bookended by the importance of the Rhine as a watershed useful overviews from Jürgen Strothmann in treatment of coins and weights. The role and Hans‑Werner Goetz. The former sum‑ of gold, both as coin and as plate (and with marises the history of scholarship on the special attention to its history as a means of subject, and notes the importance of new taxation), is treated by Matthias Hardt, and insights to be gleaned from philological ap‑ Michael Metcalf revisits the complex ques‑ proaches. He also draws attention to the po‑ tion of how king and moneyer interacted tential of closer dialogue with archaeologists, in the Merovingian kingdom, emphasising who are the most notable absentees from the a high degree of variability between differ‑ present volume. Goetz weighs up the place ent mint‑places. This last point is revisited by of the volume’s contributions in the con‑ Jürgen Strothmann in a discussion of cities text of research on Merovingian history and (civitates) and their role in the political struc‑ coinage more generally; he also comments ture of late Merovingian and early Carolin‑ on what can be hoped for from the on‑going gian Gaul, with specific reference to their projects in Germany. Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 315

This is undoubtedly a book of major im‑ noch eine weitere, schön illustrierte Abhand‑ portance for Merovingian history and numis‑ lung zu dieser Figur zur Verfügung zu haben, matics. Its contents offer a flavour of what auch wenn hier keine neuen Erkenntnisse new approaches and interdisciplinary dia‑ oder Untersuchungen vorgelegt werden. Das logue have to offer. In certain respects this Literaturverzeichnis am Ende umfasst knapp breadth might even have been extended still zwei Seiten und schließt nur deutschsprachi‑ further. Additional discussion of place‑names ge Arbeiten aus der jüngsten Zeit ein, spiegelt as well as personal names would have been also etwas beschränkt den heutigen Stand der welcome; so too would the involvement Forschung wieder, wie er freilich mühelos of archaeological specialists. But there is online zu recherchieren wäre, ohne dass das a strong sense of this hefty volume being an Ziel verfolgt werden würde, kritische Refle‑ opening salvo: one suspects a great deal more xionen über Karl den Großen anzustellen. is yet to come from the editors and authors. Die Autorin will schlicht erneut einen bio‑ In technical terms the book is very well put graphischen Abriss vorlegen, der flüssig ge‑ together. Additional maps and tables would schrieben ist und mittels des reichen Illustra‑ at times have been helpful, though some are tionsprogramms die Absicht verfolgt, auf fast present at essential points. Also, the structure 200 Seiten (breitrandig, mit vielen leeren Ab‑ of the contributions is opaque: clearer group‑ ständen wegen der Bilder), einen generellen ing of thematically associated chapters (per‑ Eindruck zu vermitteln, welche Leistungen haps with section headings) may have been dieser fränkische Herrscher vollbracht hatte. helpful in guiding the reader. But these are Zunächst geht es um die historische und very minor points which do not take away die moderne Rezeption dieses Kaisers, darauf materially from what is a superb and highly um die Familiengeschichte und die Jugend important collection of essays. Karls des Großen. Im dritten Kapitel behan‑ Rory Naismith . Clare College . delt Schneider‑Ferber den politischen Auf‑ Trinity Lane . Cambridge . CB2 1TL . stieg dieser sehr beeindruckenden Person, UK . [email protected] wobei sie auch die innerfamiliären Probleme und Konflikte berücksichtigt. Am bedeu‑ 80. 83.Karl der Grosse.doc tendsten war Karl vor allem als Kriegsführer, denn es gelang ihm, in einer fast unendlich Karin Schneider‑Ferber, Karl der Grosse: scheinenden Folge von Kriegszügen ein rie‑ Der mächtigste Herrscher des Mittelal- siges Reich aufzubauen und damit den Traum ters. Darmstadt: Konrad Theiss Verlag, vom Wiederaufstieg des Römischen Reiches, 2013, 192 S., Ill. nun aber nördlich der Alpen, in die Wirklich‑ Sowohl auf Mediävisten als auch auf die keit umzusetzen. Insbesondere die blutigen breitere Leserschaft übt Karl der Große wei‑ Auseinandersetzungen mit den Sachsen über terhin große Faszination aus, selbst wenn viele Jahrzehnte hinweg verdienen unsere man darüber diskutieren mag, ob er der be‑ Aufmerksamkeit, weswegen hier diesem deutendste und einflussreichste Herrscher des Thema ein gesondertes Kapitel gewidmet ist. Mittelalters gewesen ist oder nicht. Die For‑ Auch der Spanienfeldzug mit der empfindli‑ schungsliteratur zu dieser Figur ist ungemein chen Niederlage seiner Nachhut in den Pyre‑ umfangreich, und so wird es nicht schaden, näen, was die Grundlage für die literarische 316 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

Behandlung durch einen anonymen altfran‑ Kaiser bleibt die Rechtfertigung für die Pub‑ zösischen und dann mittelhochdeutschen likation doch sehr in der Luft hängen. Dichter darstellte (Anonymus, Chanson de Albrecht Classen Roland bzw. Pfaffe Konrads Rolandslied), 81. 84.Koehler.docx wird ausführlich diskutiert. Weiterhin schil‑ dert die Autorin Karls Feldzug gegen die Awaren, dann die berühmte Kaiserkrönung Die Karolingischen Miniaturen. Im Auftrag von 800, die Auseinandersetzung mit den des Deutschen Vereins für Kunstwissen­ politischen Nachbarn, um schließlich auf die schaft. Hg. von Wilhelm Koehler (†) und Rolle Karls als Familienvater und Landesherr Florentine Mütherich unter Mitarbeit von einzugehen, was vor allem die wirtschaftli‑ Katharina Bierbrauer und Fabrizio Cri- che Verwaltung und die Entwicklung eines vello. Redaktion Matthias Exner. Achter Bildungsnetzes einschloss. Band. Erster Teil: Nachträge. Zweiter Teil: Schneider‑Ferber berücksichtigt auch die Gesamtregister. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Kunstgeschichte unter Karl dem Großen und Reichert Verlag, 2013, 128 S. + 72 Tafeln. sein Nachleben, darauf noch die Geschichte Bereits 1930 erschien der erste Band der mit der nächsten zwei Generationen, um zuletzt dieser Veröffentlichung nun abgeschlossenen die Entwicklung hin zu seiner Heiligspre‑ Reihe: Die Karolingischen Miniaturen. Der chung zu verfolgen. zweite Teil dieses Buches enthält ein will‑ Diese Darstellung besticht vor allem durch kommenes Verzeichnis der circa 400 in den das reiche Illustrationsprogramm, während Bänden I–VIII erwähnten Handschriften. Da‑ der historische Abriss nur bekannte Aspekte bei werden nicht nur Band- und Seitenzahl, vorstellt, ohne jegliche neue Einsichten zu sondern auch die jeweils an Ort und Stelle be‑ vermitteln (siehe z.B. Karl der Große: Le‑ handelten Themen aufgeführt, was die Arbeit benswerk und Nachleben, Bd. I, hg.. Wolf‑ wesentlich erleichtert und fördert. So findet gang Braunfels, 1965). Die Autorin hat ein man beispielsweise diese Angaben im Regis‑ durchaus schönes Buch vorgelegt, das sich ter zu dem Evangeliar aus der Arsenalbibli‑ gut auf dem Sofatisch ausmachen wird. Da‑ othek Paris: Datierung, Lokalisierung, Text, mit kann man gut prangen und historisches Kapitelverzeichnisse und Capitulare Evange‑ Interesse dokumentieren. Auch als Geschenk liorum, Beschreibung, Verhältnis zum Wiener wird sich dieses Buch sehr eignen, weil man Evangeliar und deren Gruppe, Kanonentafeln, damit Bildung zu beanspruchen vermag. jeweils mit Band- und Seitenangabe(n). Aber aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht wird man Insgesamt handelt es sich bei den Nach‑ konstatieren müssen, dass hier alter Wein in trägen (d.h., der erste Teil) um zwei Texte: 1) neue Schläuche gegossen wurde. Wir können die Bibel (eine Münchener Kopie, Clm. 12741 zwar die Hoffnung hegen, dass hiermit erneut neben Fragmenten einer wohl aus Trier überlie‑ das Interesse an Karl dem Großen geweckt ferten Fassung, beide aus der Schule von Tours, und gefördert wird, doch angesichts des dazu Band I,1) und 2) der Agrimensoren‑Codex sehr traditionellen Zuschnitts und der ganz (Rom), eine lothringische karolingische Kopie schlichten Zusammenfassung des bisherigen eines komplexen Textes aus der Karolingerzeit, Wissens über diesen berühmten fränkischen die allerdings nur in einer viel späteren Kopie überliefert ist (dazu mehr hier unten). Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 317

Die zwei eben im Nachtrag behandelten Jahrhundert enthält er Material, das man der Bibeln wurden erst 1934, also nach Erschei‑ Karolingerzeit zurechnet. Es galt, zum Teil nen des ersten Bandes (1930) für die touro‑ vielfach weit auseinanderliegende Versuche, nische Schule durch Bernhard Bischof philo‑ die Handschrift zu datieren und zu lokali‑ logisch entschlüsselt. Auf 72 Tafeln befinden sieren, zu bewerten. Auch hier hat Bernhard sich 118 schwarzweiß‑Abbildungen der im Bischoff (ab 1976) guten Dienst geleistet. ersten Teil behandelten Handschriften (Bibeln Inhaltlich überliefert die Handschrift neben von München und Trier – nur letztere in der Literatur und Astronomie Texte früherer Bilddarstellung vollständig – sowie der Ag‑ Feldmesser, Juristen, Auszüge aus Isidors rimensoren‑Codex in Rom, ebenfalls wegen Etymologien und Bilder von Kaisern und einer großen Zahl ähnlicher Illustrationen nur Gelehrten, geometrische und geographische in Auswahl). Sowohl ganzseitige wie Detail‑ Zeichnungen, Karten und anderes mehr. Es aufnahmen ergänzen die Darstellung effektiv. dominieren Bilder von Bauwerken, Städten, Man versteht hier die zwei Bibeln als Grab- und Grenzsteinen, Brücken und Land‑ wichtige Ergänzungen zu der Schule von einteilungssystemen. Die reiche Forschungs‑ Tours (1. Hälfte des 9. Jahrhunderts), da literatur wird im Text klar und übersichtlich sie sowohl Gemeinsamkeiten als auch Un‑ aufgearbeitet. terschiede in den Entwicklungsphasen der Schließlich bietet dieser Band einen Ex‑ touronischen Handschriften dokumentieren. kurs: er behandelt die in einer nachmittelalter‑ Dies betrifft beispielsweise Anlage, Schrift‑ lichen Kopie (Rom, Vatikanische Bibliothek, bild, Kanonentafeln, Ornamentik und die Codex Barb. lat. 2154) vorhandene Abschrift Anordnung der Texte. Man kann aufgrund eines bekannten Kalenders aus dem Jahr 354, der Analyse nunmehr die Münchener Bibel der reich ausgestattet ein Kompendium der zeitlich zwischen die Züricher (Zentralbibli‑ staatlichen Feierlichkeiten des Jahres darstellt. othek, Car. C 1) und die Rorigo‑Bibel (Paris, Die erhaltene Kopie basiert wohl auf einer ka‑ Bibliothèque Nationale, lat. 3) einordnen, rolingischen Kopie, deren Existenz man durch was darauf schließen lässt, dass man in die‑ Elemente (Schriftart, Farbgebung) in der ser Zeit in Tours bemüht war, die Bibelhand‑ Kopie als karolingische Zusätze identifiziert. schriften zu verbessern, nicht den Text nur Vierzehn Abbildungen erlauben Interessierten, etwa als Kopie weiter zu tradieren. selbst die Befunde zu beurteilen. Eine ausgezeichnete Beschreibung der Zu den im Nachtrag behandelten Hand‑ Handschrift Clm 12741 (fast vollständig) schriften hat man ein Register der über 40 und der circa 200 als Inkunabeleinbandma‑ erwähnten Handschriften und ein Namens- terial verwendete Fragmente der ehemals und Ortsverzeichnis erstellt. In bewährter Trierer Bibel (beide Beschreibungen mit Li‑ Weise haben also die Herausgeber und Au‑ teraturangaben) erlauben die Zuordnung in toren dieses wirklich monumentale Werk die Schule von Tours. abgeschlossen. Ein ganz anderer Text ist der Agrimen‑ John M. Jeep . German, Russian, Asian & soren‑Codex in Rom (Rom, BAV, Pal. lat. Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures . 1564), dessen Entstehungsgeschichte noch Miami University – Irvin Hall 166 . Oxford, weitgehend im Dunkeln liegt. Als Abschrift OH 45056 (USA) . [email protected] bekannter Texte und Bildern aus dem 5. bis 8. 318 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

82. 85.kopar.rtf Lilla Kopár, Gods and Settlers. The Icono­ dargestellt, was einen Verweis auf das Relief graphy of Norse Mythology in Anglo‑ auf den Externsteinen verdient hätte), Figu‑ Scandinavian Sculpture. Studies in the ren mit „odinischen Attributen“ (die beiden Early Middle Ages, 25. Turnhout: Brepols, Raben), weibliche Gestalten (in denen Kopár 2012, xl, 242 S. mit 54 s/w Abb. v.a. Walküren sieht) und die Midgard Schlan‑ Die Siedlungstätigkeit der Wikinger im ge. Häufig sind Kriegerfiguren. Norden Englands hat ihre Spuren in man‑ Alle Interpretationen werden mit der chen Bereichen hinterlassen wie z.B. dem notwendigen Vorsicht geboten, ihr oft spe‑ Gen‑Pool der heutigen Inselbewohner oder kulativer Charakter nicht verschwiegen. nordenglischen Ortsbezeichnungen, auf den Anderes wäre auch nicht möglich. Die Publi‑ ersten Blick manifest jedoch v.a. in den noch kation zeigt freilich auch einige vermeidbare vorhandenen Steinskulpturen, die nicht ge‑ Schwächen, vor allem die (mit Ausnahme nauer zu datieren sind (i.d.R. 9. bis 11. Jahr‑ eines einzigen kurzen Aufsatzes von Martin hundert). Es handelt sich primär um relie‑ Blindheim) völlige Unkenntnis der skandi‑ fierte Kreuzstelen und die sog. Hogbacks navischsprachigen Sekundärliteratur. Die (Ziegenrücken), skulptierte Grabmonumente Basis bilden vielmehr fast nur anglopho‑ in der genannten Form. Ob ihre Ikonogra‑ ne Studien, erweitert immerhin um einige phie christlich oder heidnisch sei, war schon deutschsprachige. Es kann nicht Aufgabe ein Diskussionsthema der frühen Antiquare einer Rezension sein, diese Ergänzungen zu und wird in der vorliegenden Publikation liefern, doch seien wenigstens einige Bei‑ übersichtlich und unkompliziert erörtert. spiele erwähnt: Danbolt, Gunnar: «Hva bil‑ Die Verfasserin, eine amerikanische Ang‑ det kan fortelle om møtet mellom hedenskap listin, präsentiert die namentlich in Yorkshire og kristendom», in: Andrén, Anders: Medel‑ erhaltenen Objekte in guten schwarz‑weißen tidens födelse: Symposier på Krapperups Abbildungen, die fast alle vom Corpus of Borg 1, Lund 1989; Haavardsholm, Jørgen: Anglo‑Saxon Stone Sculpture der Univer‑ «Gosforthkorset og dets kontekst», in: Rin‑ sität von Durham zur Verfügung gestellt dal, Magnus: Studier i kilder til vikingtid og wurden. Der zweifellos richtige Tenor ihrer nordisk middelalder 46, Oslo 1996; Janson, Darstellung ist der aufzuzeigen, dass viele Henrik: „Snorre, Tors fiskafänge och frågan dieser Motive sowohl für Christen mit den om den religionshistoriska kontexten“, in: biblischen Geschichten kompatibel waren als Vägar till Midgård 6: Hedendomen i histori‑ auch für Heiden mit jenen ihrer Mythologie. ens spegel – bilder av det förkristna Norden, Die Fesselung des Fenris‑Wolfes z.B. ließ Lund 2005 – usw. Es ist schlichtweg nicht sich von den Anhängern der neuen Religion nachzuvollziehen – wenngleich leider kei‑ ohne weiteres auf die Fesselung Satans beim neswegs untypisch für die US‑Mediävistik –, Descensus Christi beziehen usf. Die beiden wie man ein ganzes Buch über skandinavi‑ Hauptthematiken, denen der Verfasserin den sche Einflüsse in England schreiben kann, meisten Raum gewährt, sind die Erzählungen ohne sich kundig darüber zu machen, was von Wayland/Wieland dem Schmied und dem denn die Forschung in Skandinavien in den Helden Sigurd/Siegfried. Dazu kommt eine dortigen Sprachen dazu zu sagen hat. Dazu Reihe seltenerer Motive wie etwa der Wel‑ passt, dass, obwohl naturgemäß immer wie‑ tenbaum (auf einem Kreuz als Zweispross der auf die altnordischen, speziell eddischen Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 319

Texte als Grundlagen der Interpretation ver‑ ihr wahrscheinlich scheinende in den Vorder‑ wiesen wird, diese nie zitiert werden und sie grund stellen. Namentlich für den Abschnitt Kopár anscheinend nur aus Übersetzungen „Encounters of religions in the scandinavian bekannt sind. Ein Gleiches gilt auch für die settlement areas“ gilt, daß man hier Neues altenglischen Quellen, deren Texte man nur eigentlich nicht findet. Insofern ist der hand‑ ganz ausnahmsweise und kurz angeführt fin‑ liche Band vornehmlich zur Einführung und det. Dementsprechend schwach ist auch die als aktueller Überblick zu empfehlen. Man Anbindung der englischen an die skandina‑ kann sich hier bequem über den Status quo vischen Monumente, bekanntlich war etwa der Interpretationsvarianten zu den einzelnen die Sigurd‑Sage ein Thema der Schnitzkunst Monumenten informieren und hat sie auch in norwegischer Stabkirchen, was jedoch zu akzeptablen Abbildungen zur Verfügung. keinem näheren Vergleich führt. Peter Dinzelbacher Eine weitere Problematik betrifft die Ab‑ bildungen. Sie sind durchgehend gut, aber 83. 86.Medieval Treasures from Hildesheim.doc zeigen selbstverständlich einen Zustand, der einigermaßen entfernt vom ursprünglichen Medieval Treasures from Hildesheim, ed. ist: Denn gerade die aus bekannten Grün‑ Peter Barnet, Michael Brandt, and Ger- den immer aggressivere Luft der letzten hard Lutz. New York: The Metropolitan Jahrzehnte hat die Oberflächen der meisten Museum of Art, 2013, x, 138 pp., ill. Reliefs stark beeinträchtigt, verschliffen, The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New undeutlich gemacht; natürlich ist von der York has on view the fantastic exhibit “Me‑ vorauszusetzenden Farbfassung keine Spur dieval Treasures from Hildesheim” from mehr vorhanden. Deshalb hätte sich ein häu‑ Sept. 17, 2013 through January 5, 2014. The figerer Rückgriff auf die im 19. Jahrhundert accompanying catalogue is to be reviewed angefertigten Zeichnungen bzw. Stiche be‑ here. Since 1985 St. Mary’s Cathedral and St. zahlt gemacht. Michael’s Church in Hildesheim have been Der leitende Duktus des Buches ist die included in the list of the UNESCO World zusammenfassende Präsentation, innovati‑ Heritage Sites, and we are regaled here with ve Sichtweisen sind kaum zu finden. Leser, photos and accompanying explanations of ca. denen die Thematik fremd ist, werden es als fifty art objects from Hildesheim. This might Vorteil empfinden, dass auch ganz Bekann‑ well be the first book entirely dedicated to tes erklärt wird (z.B. was religiöser Synkre‑ this art from Hildesheim, although art histori‑ tismus sei), Fachleute werden oft genug nur ans have discussed many of these objects be‑ mit bekannten Informationen in einlässlicher fore at least to some extent; see, for instance, Darstellung konfrontiert, zumal die ohnehin Theodor Blume, The Silver Treasure‑Trove schon vorliegende Sekundärliteratur so gut of Hildesheim, 1907; Francis Joseph Tschan, wie alle Deutungsmöglichkeiten weitgehend Saint Bernward of Hildesheim, 3 vols., 1942- ausgeschöpft hat. Dies lässt jüngeren For‑ 1952; and Aessandra Montini’s contribution schern i.d.R. wenig eigenen Spielraum, und to World Heritage: Monumental Sites, 2004. so kann die Verfasserin meist nur die bereits This is a catalogue, hence it serves spe‑ vorliegenden Argumente für die eine oder an‑ cific purposes, reaching out above all to the dere Interpretation zusammenfassen und die general visitor. However, the quality of the 320 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

photographs and the descriptions of the ob‑ All images are accompanied by a narra‑ jects are of first rate (the latter normally abit tive explanation and a reference to a schol‑ too general and brief) and will serve future re‑ arly study. Only one time the viewer might search very well, many of which are difficult be confused because no. 47 shows a paten, to see normally because they are too far away which is a plate holding the Eucharist. The from the spectator (ceiling paintings) or kept author neglected to define specifically what in the diocese museum of Hildesheim. Many a paten is. Two images at the end (p. 128 of the objects exhibited here continue to be and 132) are not identified. This spectacular used for the regular church service, which volume/catalogue concludes with a bibliog‑ underscores their practical function until to‑ raphy and an index. day. Both the photographers and the authors Albrecht Classen have accomplished their goal of bringing the 84. 87.NonnusRevMed.doc objects or books very much to life again. The naked eye would not even be able to view most of them so close‑up, whether it is the Nonnus of Panopolis in Context: Poetry Hezilo Gospels or the Guntbald Sacramenta‑ and Cultural Milieu in Late Antiquity. ry. The leaves from the Bernward Bible sud‑ Trends in Classics, 24. Ed. Konstanti- denly become easily legible, at least some of nos Spanoudakis, W. De Gruyter, Berlin, them. The photographers often offer details Boston 2014, xx, 564 pp. of a variety of objects, such as Bernward’s Twenty‑one of the twenty‑four papers in this candlestick or the crosier of Abbot Erkan‑ volume are from a 2011 conference in Re‑ bald. The beauty of Saint Godehard’s Crosier thymno, Crete, focusing on Nonnus (fl. st 1 becomes visible here more than ever before, half of 5th c.) and his milieu. Pierre Chuvin’s excelling both in its simplicity and sophisti‑ “Revisiting Old Problems: Literature and Re‑ cation. Some of the portable altars prove to ligion in the Dionysiaca” (pp. 3-18) looks for be stunning in their aesthetic appeal, but so an underlying structural development in stud‑ also the various reliquaries or book covers, ying Dionysus’ rivals, accoutrements, and all of them demonstrating the amazing artis‑ female lovers, culminating in his deification, tic abilities already in the early and high Mid‑ contrasting two cities (ancient and future) and dle Ages focused on metal. The most famous intertwining rhetorical and religious modes, specimens certainly are the Bernward doors pagan and Christian. Katerina Carvounis’s (which could have been compared with those “Peitho in Nonnus’ Dionysiaca: the Case of of St. Zeno in Verona), the crosses, reliquar‑ Cadmus and Harmonia” (pp. 21-38) exam‑ ies, the eagle lectern, and the baptismal font. ines the role of persuasion‑speech in enabling The famous Hezilo Chandelier from 1061, Cadmus and Harmonia, parents of Dionysus’ commented on just once, could not be part mother Semele, to marry. Both Harmonia of the exhibit because it is currently under (like Medea) and Cadmus (like Odysseus) renovation. More details, however, and more are persuaded by divine rhetoric. In “Oracles photographs of this most valuable art object, in the Dionysiaca” (pp. 39-54) Jane Lightfoot would have been welcome (see now Ulrich surveys the function of prolepsis (especially Knapp and Karl‑Bernhard Kruse, Der Hezi‑ written) in both Nonnian works. Based on lo‑Leuchter im Hildesheimer Dom, 2013) textual criticism Enrico Livrea (“Nonnus and Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 321 the Orphic Argonautica” [pp. 55-76]) argues by way of ancient translation theory, not‑ for a late‑fourth‑century pre‑Nonnian dating ing the interplay of “artistic and theological for that work.1 Marta Otlewska‑Jung’s “Or‑ modifications” (p. 197). In “Nonnus’ Mystic pheus and Orphic Hymns in the Dionysiaca” Vocabulary Revisited: Mystis in Dionysiaca (pp. 77-96), juxtaposes Dionysus’s hymns 9.111-31” (pp. 211-227) Rosa García‑Gasco with Orphic hymns and portrays the Orpheus explores this personification of the child‑god’s figure as, after Dionysus, the next ‘archpoet’. nurse, invented by Nonnus, as originator of Michael Paschalis’s “Ovidian Metamorpho‑ Dionysiac(/Orphic) ritual objects and practic‑ sis and Nonnian poikilon eidos” (pp. 97- es. David Hernández de la Fuente in “Neopla‑ 122) compares passages of the two works tonic Form and Content in Nonnus” (pp. 229- built round transformation (single/multiple, 250) connects the poet’s eclectic ‘strangeness’ reversible/irreversible) in Latin and Greek, of style with Neoplatonic principles of One/ highlighting the Actaeon story (could the Many changeability, cyclicity, and oraculari‑ “monstrous” human‑headed animal [p. 111] ty, manifested in art and allegory, culminating recall the Sphinx?) and its comparability with in the Dionysus/Christ parallelism. In “Rhe‑ Pentheus. Maria Ypsilanti’s “Image‑Making torical Elements in the Ampelus‑episode: and the Art of Paraphrase: Aspects of Dark‑ Dionysus’ Speech to Ampelus (Nonn. Dion. ness and Light in the Metabole” (pp. 123- 10.196-216)” (pp. 251-263) Nicole Kröll ap‑ 137) turns to the hexameter John to relate the plies the late antique rhetoric/poetry blend to dark/light antithesis to classical poetic and as‑ Dionysus’ first speech, read here as atypically tronomical imagery of starry nights and robes learned encomium with titles and characteris‑ (though surprisingly omitting Para. on John tics designed to promote the god’s divinity.4 3:2). Gianfranco Agosti’s “Contextualizing And Enrico Magnelli (“Appositives in Non‑ Nonnus’ Visual World” (pp. 141-174)2 places nus’ Hexameter” [pp. 265-283]) technically the poet within the world he and his audience sifts out the small elements within Nonnian saw, connecting his visual aesthetics to Cop‑ ‘metrical units’ to see how the poet originated tic art and how it is now seen in a framework a fresh visual/aural perception of the hexam‑ of educated Christian visuality, including de‑ eter (could Coptic‑language interference have scriptions of cities that displayed inscriptions played a role here?). and statues, with an interplay of light‑effects Next, Christianity. Filip Doroszewski ana‑ and spolia very real at the time. In “Personi‑ lyzes the positive and negative “resemantici‑ fications at the Service of Dionysus: the Bac‑ sation” (p. 289) of terms, in “Judaic Orgies chic Court” (pp. 175-191) Laura Miguélez and Christ’s Bacchic Deeds: Dionysiac Ter‑ Cavero explores the symbolic figures ‑ac minology in Nonnus’ Paraphrase” (pp. 287- companying deities (especially Dionysus’s 301). Claudia Greco in “City and Landscape attendants) plus their pan‑Mediterranean il‑ in Nonnus’ Paraphrase 12.51-69” (pp. 303- lustrations, and how they change perceptions 312)5 situates Palm Sunday in an atmospheric of the realities they represent. frame‑setting saturated with prophetic recall. Next, paideia.3 Andrew Faulkner in “Faith In “A Classical Myth in a Christian World: and Fidelity in Biblical Epic” (pp.195-210) Nonnus’ Ariadne Episode (Dion. 47.265- compares the verse paraphrases of the Psalms 475)” Robert Shorrock operatically highlights (5th c.) and of John, plus Latin comparanda, the poet’s “playful amalgam” (p. 318) in 322 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

retelling a multi‑resonant myth (cf. Dioscorus “full citizenship” (p. 141). A subsequent vol‑ of Aphrodito). Konstantinos Spanoudakis’s ume is planned.7 “The Shield of Salvation: Dionysus’ Shield Leslie S.B. MacCoull . Society for in Nonnus’ Dionysiaca 25.380-572” (pp. 333- Coptic Archaeology (North America) . 371) blazons this cosmic object with perva‑ [email protected] sive and convincing biblical echoes. On the so‑called ‘school,’ Claudio De Ste‑ 1 P. 60: read μαχαίρῃ. fani’s “The End of the Nonnian ‘School’” (pp. 2 P. 161 n.99: “Greenhalgh 2011” is not in the 375-402) connects it with the post‑Persian‑war bibliography. 3 See now the remarks of J. Elsner in Interna‑ dearth of educated poetry consumers, though tional Journal of the Classical Tradition 20 some later Byzantines did craft imitations. (2013): 136-152. Daria Gigli Piccardi’s “Poetic Inspiration in 4 P. 255: read “king” not “kind”. John of Gaza” (pp. 403-419) and Delphine 5 P. 304: read “foal” not “foul”. Lauritzen’s “Nonnus in Gaza” (pp. 421-433) 6 Not mentioning J. Stevenson’s 2001 novel London Bridges which turns on the discovery go ‘next door’ to link Egypt and Palestine in of a Nonnus papyrus. exploring Dionysiac/Christian imagery, me‑ 7 See D. Lauritzen, “La floraison des études tre, and neologisms influenced (in the th6 c.) nonniennes en Europe (1976-2013),” Études by Nonnus and welcomed in a cultured re‑ Tardo‑Antiques 3 (2013-2014): 298-321. gion. We reach the seventh century in Mary 85. 88.O’Sullivan.docx Whitby’s “A Learned Spiritual Ladder?” on George of Pisidia’s (d. ca. 634) On Human Life, making Nonnian poetic choices under Angelika O’Sullivan. Waffenbezeichnun- Heraclius. As for ‘Nonnus and the Modern gen in althochdeutschen Glossen: Sprach- World’,6 Domenico Accorinti (“Simone Weil, und kulturhistorische Analysen und Wör- Reader of the Dionysiaca” [pp. 461-485]) terbuch. Lingua Historica Germanica. publishes new journal passages and Nina Ar‑ Studien und Quellen zur Geschichte der inger discerns the archetypes of the ‘hero’s deutschen Sprache und Literatur, 5. Ber- journey’ – including Harry Potter – in “The lin: Akademie Verlag, 2013, 315 S. Hero’s Quest of Dionysus as Individuation of Diese 2012 als Heidelberger Dissertation an Age” (pp. 487-504). anerkannte Studie befasst sich mit substan‑ This well‑produced (despite occasional tivischen Bezeichnungen für Waffen, die bis mistakes in English), important book pro‑ ins 14./15. Jahrhundert überliefert sind, wo‑ vides an up‑to‑date bibliography and general bei das Hauptanliegen die althochdeutschen index, plus useful indices of Greek words Belege sind. Auch weil manche althoch‑ and of passages (including epigraphic). The deutschen Glossenwörter bis ins Frühneu‑ essays presented here – must‑reads for any‑ hochdeutsche kopial überliefert sind, erwei‑ one interested in late antiquity – show that sen sich die zeitlichen Grenzbestimmungen Nonnus and his world are no longer viewed als schwierig. Von den 160 von O‘Sullivan as “degenerate” (p. v) but have truly attained aufgeführten Wörtern sind gut ein Zehntel mittel- oder frühneuhochdeutsch zu datie‑ ren. Solche werden mit einem bzw. zwei As‑ terix gekennzeichnet (*îsarnhuot [77, 78], Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 323 glavîne [163] und swertslûda [83] wären sich auch in Cambridge, University Libra‑ in ** zu verbessern; bei brort [80], helm‑ ry, MS Gg.5.35 (Gernot Wieland, The Latin barta, klinga, knopf, lammila [81], slenga, Glosses on Arator and Prudentius..., Toron‑ sperafuotar [82], stehmezziahs und swer‑ to, 1983, 237; siehe auch Bosworth‑Toller, thelza [83] fehlt der Asterix; bei wâfanheit, Anglo‑Saxon Dictionary, Supplement, 569: anno 1175 [76, 289], steht der Asterix wohl http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/019901, mit ei‑ fälschlich). nem anderen Beleg). Benedikt K. Voll‑ Interessant auch für ein breiteres Publikum mann hat sich mit dem Lexem mitra und ist Kap. 2: Aspekte der mittelalterlichen Krieg‑ seiner Beziehung zu cuphia auseinan‑ führung. Hier werden sowohl Schutz- als auch dergesetzt (Alma 39 [1973-74], 39-56 = Angriffswaffen, anschließend Belagerungs‑ http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/ maschinen behandelt. Methodologisch trennt handle/2042/3274/03%20TEXTE.pdf). O‘Sullivan konsequent die Auslegung der Gale R. Owen‑Crocker stellt cuphia ety‑ Glossierung von der möglichen aber keines‑ mologisch zu Kopf in Verbindung (es fehlt: falls immer gegebenen Beziehung zur all‑ Anglo‑Saxon Costume: a Study of Secular täglichen mittelalterlichen Realität. Das ge‑ Civilian Clothing and Jewellery Fashions, wonnene Material wird unter synchronischen Part 2, Newcastle, 1976, 152). onomasiologischen und unter teilsynchro‑ Das lateinisch‑althochdeutsche Glossar nischen Aspekten übersichtlich aufgeführt. ordnet 400 althochdeutsche Übersetzungen O‘Sullivans kulturhistorische Auswertung fast 200 lateinischen Lexemen zu. O‘Sullivan zeigt, wo und wie sich Sprache und Geschich‑ kennzeichnet Fehlübertragungen und auf Alt‑ te aufeinander beziehen bzw. beziehen lassen. hochdeutsch begrenzte Schöpfungen. Eine Oft stößt man bei der Lektüre auf Fälle, die willkommene Tabelle (Althochdeutsch, Mit‑ Anregung für auch weniger intensiv sprach‑ telhochdeutsche, Frühneuhochdeutsch, Neu‑ historisch Interessierte wecken könnten: Le‑ hochdeutsch) lässt erkennen, dass circa 26 der derhose, Mauerbrecher, Tarantel. Schade, dass 160 althochdeutschen Lexeme nicht später ein Wortregister nicht erstellt wurde. überliefert sind. Davon sind etwa die Hälfte Zwei Verzeichnisse bilden den Kern Komposita. Weitere 31 sind nach dem Mittel‑ der Arbeit: ein lateinisch‑althochdeutsches hochdeutschen nicht mehr belegt. Glossar (50-63) und das Wörterbuch der Die Arbeit mit den althochdeutschen althochdeutschen [Glossen]Waffenbezeich‑ Glossen ist in den letzten 20 Jahren fast uner‑ nungen (104-297). Im ersten wurden kopi‑ messlich durch drei große Veröffentlichungen ale althochdeutsche Glossenbelege aus dem gefördert worden: Rudolf Schützeichel (Hg.), 14. und 15. Jahrhundert und ein undatierter Althochdeutsches und Altsächsisches Glos‑ Beleg kupfa wegen der späten bzw. unkla‑ senwörterbuch [AAG.], 12 Bände, 2004;Rolf ren Datierung mit Absicht unterlassen. In‑ Bergmann und Stefanie Stricker, Katalog zwischen ist die Handschrift mit der Glosse der althochdeutschen und altsächsischen kupfa als vom 12. Jahrhundert stammend Glossenhandschriften, 5 Bände, 2005; und datiert (sieh dazu http://gallica.bnf.fr/Sear Bergmann und Stricker, (Hg.), Die althoch‑ ch?ArianeWireIndex=index&p=1&lang=E deutsche und altsächsische Glossographie. N&f_typedoc=manuscrits&q=8088&x=17 Ein Handbuch, 2009. Unverständlich ist, wa‑ &y=7). Der Beleg cuphia (zu mitra) findet rum O‘Sullivan die 5. (1995) und nicht die 324 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

6. Auflage von Schützeichels Althochdeut‑ bei der Wortbildungsangaben. Der Gebraucht sches Wörterbuch (2006; die 7. Auflage ‑er ‚vereinzelt‘ beim Lexem billi (121) führt schien 2012) zitiert, da ja die 6. Auflage erst‑ doch leicht in die Irre, ist das Wort lediglich mals den Glossenwortschatz integriert hat. einmal (im Hildebrandslied) überliefert, d.h. Infolge dessen fehlt beispielsweise ein Hin‑ ein hapax. Unklar ist die Bezeichnung „nicht weis auf die Interlinearversion der St. Pauler nachvollziehbar“ (110) zur Angabe bei Schüt‑ Lukasfragmente unter den Angaben zu den zeichel (AAG. 12,240), die schon mit einem literarischen Werken (zu wâfan, 288). Eine Fragezeichen versehen ist (wie auch bei Die‑ beträchtliche Zahl der lexikalischen Angaben fenbach, Novum glossarium..., 344). Die An‑ entstammt AAG., mit einigen vorgeschlage‑ gabe bogisnorfůter (123) ist laut AAG. 1,445 nen Verbesserungen. Stefan Sonderegger, in bogisnŏrfůter zu verbessern. Althochdeutsche Sprache und Literatur, liegt Unter den Angaben zur Etymologie hätte aber seit 2003 bereits in 3. Auflage vor. man mit entsprechenden Hinweisen manche Im großen und ganzen kann man mit der Wiederholungen beziehungsweise Wider‑ Darstellung des Glossenmaterials in den 160 sprüche (stab S. 263 versus S. 281; helmo Hauptartikeln zufrieden sein. O‘Sullivan [174], hel [175], halm [177]) vermieden. führt auf: deutsches Interpretament, die la‑ Unter den Abkürzungen fehlt HSH: teinischen Lemmata, Glossen zu biblischen Hildebrandt (Hg.), Summarium Heinrici; und zu nichtbiblischen Schriften, Datierung dann auch AW, BS, KS, MAL. Das Literatur‑ der Glossierung(en), diachrone Verbreitung, verzeichnis schließt dieses anspruchsvolle Wortbildung, Etymologie (siehe dazu die Werk ab. Ein Gesamtverzeichnis althoch‑ Liste von circa 80 zitierten Sprachen und deutscher (und anderer) Wörter wäre wün‑ Dialekten), Liste der literarischen Werken, schenswert. So könnte man leicht die Ein‑ die das Wort überliefern, Forschungsliteratur. beziehung beispielsweise von linta, skilt und Die Auflistung ist streng alphabetisch, entge‑ staimbort (133) übersehen. Man kann sich gen der Praxis in vielen Nachschlagewerken. auf andere sachbezogene Untersuchungen Bei der Wortbildung fehlen manche Hinweise zum reichen Wortschatz der althochdeut‑ auf Komposita und Suffigierungen. So findet schen Glossen freuen, die mit nun vorhan‑ man unter wurf keinerlei Hinweis auf anagi‑ denen Hilfsmitteln viel effektiver als früher wurfida, wo wiederum kein Hinweis auf wurf bewerkstelligen lassen. (abgesehen von giwurfida > werfan) zu fin‑ John M. Jeep . German, Russian, Asian & den ist. Bei gêr wäre auf folgendes gêrlîna, Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures . bei sliudara auf swertslûda hinzuweisen. Zu Miami University – Irvin Hall 166 . Oxford, swert fehlen: swertlihhîn, -ilîn, -lûda, -stab; OH 45056 (USA) . [email protected] sodann stabaswert, mûhhilswert, kamps‑ wert, hâlsswert. Ebenfalls zu wâfan wäre zu verweisen auf giwâfani und wâfanheit; bei werida fehlt der Hinweis auf giwerida; bei helza der Hinweis auf untarhelza. Wollte die Autorin bei der streng alphabetischen Anord‑ nung dem Laien beim Auffinden von Wörtern Hilfe leisten, unterbleibt diese Hilfeleistung Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 325

Lutz E. von Padberg, Christianisierung Irland über keinerlei römisch geprägte Ge‑ 86. 89.PADBERG Christianisierung.docx im Mittelalter. Darmstadt: Wissenschaft- sellschaftsordnung verfügte und das Christen‑ liche Buchgesellschaft, 2006, 176 S. Hör- tum entsprechend mit anderen politischen und buch 1 CD. Darmstadt: WBG, 2013, gesellschaftlichen Strukturen in Kontakt trat. 71:33 Minuten. Im Unterschied dazu wird für die angelsäch‑ Das Hörbuch ist eine stark gekürzte Fassung sischen Königreiche von einem römischen des Buches, die unter Beibehaltung des Wort‑ Substrat ausgegangen und von einem Christi‑ lauts der Druckfassung ausgewählte Pas‑ anisierungsprozess, der gleichzeitig von Papst sagen präsentiert. Die Buchausgabe dieses Gregor dem Großen und einzelnen angelsäch‑ 2006 erschienenen Werkes ist in der Me‑ sischen Königen wohlwollend begleitet wur‑ diaevistik nicht besprochen worden, weshalb de. Wichtig ist die Feststellung, dass Mission hier das Buch als Vorlage des Hörbuchs kurz (im Sinne eines Erstkontakts) und Christiani‑ charakterisiert sei. Es handelt sich dabei um sierung als unterschiedliche Etappen anzuse‑ ein reich illustriertes Werk, das einem breit‑ hen sind. eren Publikum auf wissenschaftlicher Basis Bekannt sind die Vorgänge im Franken‑ die Eigenheiten des mittelalterlichen Chris‑ reich, von der irischen und angelsächsischen tianisierungsprozesses in Europa nahebrin‑ Mission des 7. Jahrhunderts hin zum Bündnis gen möchte. des Bonifatius mit den Päpsten und den frän‑ Gemäß dem aus den Evangelien abgeleite‑ kischen Machthabern. Sehr entschieden tritt ten Auftrag zur Mission war das Christentum von Padberg für die Deutung der Sachsenkrie‑ schon früh expansiv ausgerichtet und unter‑ ge und anderer Feldzüge Karls des Großen schied hierbei grundsätzlich nicht nach Eth‑ als „Religionskriege“ (S. 72) ein. Ob diese nien oder sozialen Schichten. Der Autor sieht Deutung für die gesamte Dauer der Kriege mit hier einen ersten entscheidenden Unterschied den Sachsen und im Sinne eines intentionalen zu anderen religiösen Bewegungen der ersten Handelns Karls plausibel ist, wurde jüngst von nachchristlichen Jahrhunderte. Er hebt hervor, Matthias Becher entscheidend nuancierend in dass Christentum und Islam als tendenziell ex‑ Frage gestellt. Hier wie auch schon in den pandierende Religionen jeweils große Regio‑ Abschnitten zur frühmittelalterlichen Mission nen erfassten. Gleichzeitig scheint es aber kei‑ neigt der Autor dazu, die vielfach überformten ne wechselseitigen Missionsversuche gegeben Berichte, die obendrein oft aus hagiographi‑ zu haben, wie sie für ‚Heiden‘ bekannt sind. schen Texten stammen, im Wortlaut zu zitieren Unter ‚Heiden‘ werden hier Personengruppen und sie dann quellenkritisch nicht gründlich verstanden, die keiner abrahamitischen Offen‑ zu kontextualisieren. Dies mag der Rücksicht barungsreligion zuzurechnen sind. auf das intendierte Publikum geschuldet sein, Ausgehend von der römischen Spätantike gesteht den Versionen Gregors von Tours, der mit den bekannten Etappen der Christiani‑ Reichsannalen und der Vita Liudgeri aber sierung des römischen Reiches zeichnet der mehr Authentizität zu, als die Forschung (für Autor ein düsteres Bild der Umwälzungen die Sachsen schon seit Martin Lintzel) ihnen des 5. Jahrhunderts. Im nächsten Abschnitt gemeinhin lassen will. behandelt von Padberg den in vielerlei Hin‑ Die Abbildungen sind qualitativ hochwer‑ sicht besonderen Fall des irischen Chris‑ tig, aber leider ohne Nachweis der Herkunfts‑ tentums, unter anderem den Umstand, dass bibliothek und der Signaturen der zahlreichen 326 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

87. 90.REDGATE.rtf Handschriften. Die Belege am Ende des Bu‑ A. E. Redgate, Religion, Politics and So- ches beschränken sich auf den Nachweis zi‑ ciety in Britain, 800-1066. London and tierter Quellenstellen. Beim Verzeichnis von New York: Routledge, 2014, xviii, 298 pp. Quellen und Literatur fällt auf, dass die Über‑ Anne Redgate of Newcastle upon Tyne offers setzungen der Freiherr‑vom‑Stein‑Gedächt‑ something refreshing. In describing pre‑Nor‑ nisausgabe als „kritische Edition“ (S. 166) man Christianity and society, she includes bezeichnet werden. Im Kontext dieses Werkes the Celtic lands (Cornwall, Wales, Scotland) ist der Verweis auf Übersetzungen sicherlich normally ignored by Anglo‑Saxonists, and angemessen. Ein übersichtliches, nach den does so using not standard authors (like Sten‑ Kapiteln des Buches geordnetes Literaturver‑ ton, Hunter Blair, Kenneth Jackson, or J. E. zeichnis beschließt den Band. Lloyd) but those of the last twenty years or so. Diese Bemerkungen können für das Hör‑ The result is a book with material and percep‑ buch natürlich nicht gelten. Hier musste ent‑ tions absent from previous histories of faith sprechend der maximal möglichen Textmen‑ in Britain, and as such is welcome. Added to ge radikal gekürzt werden. Daher erstreckt which, her approach is not chronological and sich dort der zeitliche Rahmen auch nur von narrative, but thematic. We have four parts: etwa 500 bis ins 11. Jahrhundert. Das im Buch how Britain changed between 800 and 1066; enthaltene wichtige Kapitel zur Christianisie‑ the identities provided by kingship, religion, rung der Elbslawen, Polens und des Balti‑ and society; the Christian community as re‑ kums, das den chronologischen Bogen bis gards political theory, gender, and economics; ins 14. Jahrhundert weitergesponnen hatte, ist and the social implications of law, war, diplo‑ in der Hörversion weggefallen. Sichtlich um macy, pastoral care, and the Christian life. innere Stimmigkeit bemüht, wurden ganze We hence encounter a wealth of historical Abschnitte des Buches übernommen. Die be‑ considerations. In the first part is the question reits im Buch angelegte publikumsorientierte of what sources have survived; in the second, Diktion kommt dieser Fassung sehr zugute. royal self‑representation, diocese, monastery, Allerdings geht dies noch stärker als beim minster, parish, town, village, and pilgrim‑ Buch zu Lasten der quellenkritischen Nuan‑ age; in the third, women as nuns, wives, or cierung und Kontextualisierung, so dass Leser spinsters, ecclesiastical views of marriage, und Hörer den Eindruck gewinnen könnten, and female power or lack of it. Perhaps the dass das Ende des weströmischen Reiches mit most unexpected part is the last. Whereas einem kulturellen Zusammenbruch auf gan‑ the third part says much on sex (to some, zer Linie einherging, dem erst die sich über an ever‑interesting subject), in the fourth we Jahrhunderte erstreckende „missionarische hear about death and judgment (to many, far Kleinarbeit“ (S. 64) Abhilfe schaffen konn‑ less interesting). For Anne Redgate writes of te. Ungeachtet dieser Einschränkung haben Christianity as a believer, with an understand‑ Buch und Hörversion jeweils ihre eigenen, ing of first‑millennium Christians that anoth‑ unbestrittenen Qualitäten, denen breite Re‑ er might not have. So she has done her job zeption zu wünschen ist. well. At a stroke she outdates most textbooks Julian Führer . Deutsches Historisches Ins‑ for this period. Anglo‑Saxonists and Celti‑ titut . 8 rue du Parc Royal . F-75003 Paris. cists alike should attend to what she says. jfuehrer@dhi‑paris.fr Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 327

There are, however, flaws. Her referenc‑ that the “almost certainly post‑Norman” ing is niggardly. This leads to peculiarly Welsh narratives (p. 51) of the Mabinogion abbreviated endnotes and, worse, a lack of are now variously dated to the 1090s, 1120s, precision. For a statement we are referred to and thirteenth century. someone’s book, but without page‑reference. There are other slips. The career of St This will impede and irritate researchers. On Patrick (a native of what is now Somerset or other aspects, it is no slight to her seriousness Avon, near Bath) belongs to the fifth century, and industry to list other details on which one not (p. 69) the fourth. One wishes to know disagrees, in part because she courageously why “Cornwall” in a Welsh annal for 875 (p. takes on Celtic material from Cornwall, 75) should be taken as “south‑west Wales”. If Wales, and Scotland which is difficult in itself Æthelstan gave a volume (now Cambridge, and more so for those not trained in Celtic Corpus Christi College, MS 183) to Ches‑ Studies. Here are some points of contention. ter‑le‑Street in 937, it will have been after To describe a lost life of St Kentigern the battle of Brunanburh, fought (as noted) (patron of Glasgow) as “dictated in a Gaelic eight miles west of the place. In the winter style” (p. 14) is misleading. Kenneth Jack‑ of 633-4, Oswald did not defeat Cadwallon son showed in 1958 that it was not an Old at “Heavenfield” (p. 87), where his troops Irish text but one written “in the Gaelic style assembled by Hadrian’s Wall, but at Rowley of Latin” and so of “uncouth diction”. This Water eight miles to the south. Edgar’s con‑ reviewer’s arguments for the Old English ference at Chester in 973 (p. 92), with cere­ Orosius as dictated by a Cornish (not Welsh) monial boat‑rowing on the Dee, included six translator are cited (p. 38) with the rider (not eight) kings at most, plus two Breton “though disputed” without stating who dis‑ counts on whom Anne Redgate is silent. She putes them and why. We should be told. The relates poetry of about 600 by Taliesin and question is fundamental for Alfredian prose. Aneirin (p. 123) to lost British territories “in The Old English Battle of Brunanburh, on an northern England and southern Scotland”, English victory of 937 (at Lanchester, near as if it was a late forgery. She is not aware Durham in northern England) is associated that analysis of these poems underlines their with Bishop Cenwald of Worcester (pp. 46, genuineness. Hence the very obscurity of 87). It is true that the poem was surely by the places mentioned. She again cites Armes a cleric (who alludes in it to Psalm 35:6 in Prydein (p. 123) without mention of the West the Vulgate). Yet why might he come from Saxon débâcle of 940 and how, in the months Cenwald’s circle? We are given no reason. following, a war‑party in Wales saw an op‑ After Old English, Welsh. The propagan‑ portunity to rid Britain for ever of the English da poem Armes Prydein “The Prophecy of curse, with the poem to state their war‑aims. Britain” is discussed (p. 51), but with nothing After war and politics, religion and wom‑ on its composition immediately after West en. One wants to know more of references Saxon capitulation in 940 to the Vikings at from before 900 for the Blessed Virgin as Leicester, when many Welshmen thought “Queen of Heaven” (p. 143), an expression that the hour to strike against England had rare before the eleventh century. The au‑ come. Nor, citing obsolete 1980s research by thor rightly describes the decades about 700 Wendy Davies, does Anne Redgate mention as the “high point of evidence for female 328 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014

88. 91.Regesta_Imperii.doc learning and scholarship” (p. 147) in Eng‑ Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den land, but with no allusion to an Anglo‑Latin Karolingern 751-918 (987/1032). Bd. 3: life of St Gregory, almost certainly by a nun Die Regesten des Regnum Italiae und der of Whitby, as pointed out in 1972 by Henry burgundischen Regna, Teil 4: Die bur- Mayr‑Harting. Naturally, this Latin text pro‑ gundischen Regna 855-1032, Faszikel 1: vides unique eighth‑century perceptions of Niederburgund bis zur Vereinigung mit the world as seen through a woman’s eyes. Hochburgund (855-940er Jahre). Erar- While it is true that something “can be said” beitet von Herbert Zielinski. Wien, Köln (p. 167) of women in early Wales, unlike und Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, 2013, 343 S. Scotland and Cornwall, Welsh law is not the Der Gießener Historiker Herbert Zielinski sole source. There is abundant evidence on hat erneut in bewährter Manier den vierten women of exalted rank in the Four Branches Teilband der Regesten des Regnum Italiae of the Mabinogi (of about 1128, and so com‑ und der burgundischen Regna erarbeitet. Be‑ parable in date with the law‑codes cited by reits für die drei vorangegangenen Teilbän‑ Anne Redgate). The second branch, on Bran‑ de, die in den Jahren 1991, 1998 und 2006 wen, mentions a letter sent by this heroine vorgelegt wurden, hat er verantwortlich ge‑ from Ireland to Wales, disproving the claim zeichnet. Im Vergleich zu diesen zählt der (p. 206) that there are “no allusions” to let‑ zu besprechende Band „mit insgesamt 571 ters in Welsh sources. (It also affords unusual Regesten zu den rein zahlenmäßig kleineren evidence for female literacy.) The dubious Bänden“ (S. XVII); in inhaltlicher Hinsicht assumption that Welsh poems ascribed to besteht insofern ein Unterschied, dass zwei about 600 are really ninth‑century forgeries Regestengruppen hinzugetreten sind, die appears again (p. 226) as regards penance ihre Schwerpunkte im kirchlichen Bereich and the Eucharist. We hear Ælfric’s story of haben: Einerseits handelt es sich dabei um a jester who nearly died (p. 238) while eating Regesten der päpstlichen Korrespondenz meat in Lent, but not that Ælfric called him (z.B. Reg. 2764, 2789, 2990), anderer‑ a truth “buffoon” (from Old Irish drúth “buf‑ seits um jene der Synodalversammlungen foon; imbecile”), so that he may have been (z.B. Reg. 2671-2673), die entweder im Ter‑ an Irish strolling entertainer. ritorium abgehalten wurden oder die unter Yet even criticism brings out the abun‑ niederburgundischer Beteiligung außerhalb dance of information and insight to be found des Territoriums stattfanden (S. XVIIf.). In‑ in Religion, Politics and Society in Britain. It des stellen die historiographischen Reges‑ deserves wide use. If other historians took it ten die deutliche Mehrheit dar (etwas mehr as a model for their books, the world would als 2/5). Sie sind fast ausschließlich auf benefit. It ought to be a textbook for decades geschichtliche Quellen aus dem westfrän‑ to come, going through many reprints. kischen Gebiet zurückzuführen (vor allem Andrew Breeze·University of Navarre . auf jene der Reimser Hinkmar und Flodard Pamplona·[email protected] sowie auf die Fuldaer Annalen). Insgesamt machen daneben die königlichen Urkunden einen Anteil von 25 %, die nichtköniglichen von 15 % aus. Das verbindende Element dieser vielfältigen Regesten ist durch die Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 329 geographischen sowie zeitlichen Grenzen Blake Lyerle and Robin Darling Young, 89. 92.Rousseau Festschrift.docx gegeben: Es handelt sich dabei um die Ge‑ Ascetic Culture: Essays in Honor of Philip schichte Niederburgunds von der Prümer Rousseau. Notre Dame, Indiana: Univer- Teilung des Reichs durch Kaiser Lothar I. im sity of Notre Dame Press, 2013, 415 pp. Herbst 855 bis zur Vereinigung mit Hochbur‑ This Festschrift recognizes the forthieth an‑ gund in den 940er Jahren. Übersichtlichkeit niversary of the industrious teaching career und Benutzerfreundlichkeit werden nicht nur of Philip Rousseau, one of the most influ‑ dadurch erzielt, dass Zielinski den Zeitraum ential scholars of ancient Christian monasti‑ in sechs Phasen strukturell untergliedert hat, cism. In their introduction to the volume, the sondern dass dem Regestenwerk (1-279) u.a. editors provide an intellectual biography of die Register zu Urkunden (283-287) sowie Rousseau, whose academic appointments zu Personen und Orten (317-343) angehängt took him from Oxford, where he completed wurden. Ein umfangreiches Quellen- und Li‑ his doctoral thesis in 1972, to the Univer‑ teraturverzeichnis (291-315) eröffnet zudem sity of Auckland in New Zealand, where he einen raschen und komfortablen Zugang zur taught from 1972 to 1998, to the Catholic einschlägigen Forschungsliteratur. University of America in Washington, DC, Dieser vierte Teilband der Regesten der where he currently holds the position of An‑ burgundischen Regna verdeutlicht exempla‑ drew W. Mellon Distinguished Professor in risch, was für sämtliche Bände der Regesta the Program in Early Christian Studies. Over Imperii gilt: Dass es sich nämlich um ein the course of his forty‑year career, Rousseau Grundlagenwerk handelt, dessen Wert gar has written a number of influential books on nicht hoch genug angesetzt werden kann. Christian monastic culture in the fourth and Durch die Beschreibung von Form und In‑ fifth centuries, including Ascetics, Author‑ halt mitunter schwer zugänglicher Quellen ity and the Church in the Age of Jerome and werden sorgsam aufbereitete Erstinforma‑ Cassian (1978; 2nd ed. 2010), Pachomius: tionen geliefert, die einen größtmöglichen The Making of a Community in Fourth‑Cen‑ Überblick bieten. In diesem Zusammenhang tury Egypt (1985), Basil of Caesarea (1998), ist auch auf das Internetangebot der Regesta and an important synthesis called The Early Imperii hinzuweisen, das mit seinen zahl‑ Christian Centuries (2002). His recent ener‑ reichen Recherchemöglichkeiten noch ei‑ gies have been spent editing A Companion to nen zusätzlichen Mehrwert darstellt. In der Late Antiquity (2009), a formidable resource dort befindlichen und ständig aktualisierten for scholars in this field. Nor does Rousseau Datenbank sind alle bislang veröffentlich‑ show any signs of slowing down, with an‑ ten Bände erfasst und werden verschiedene other monograph and a collection of essays Such­optionen für die Regesten des Zeit‑ currently in progress. raums von 751 bis 1519 geboten. “Like the children of Israel,” the editors Dr. Christoph Galle . Philipps‑Universität note, “Philip Rousseau has spent forty years Marburg, Ev. Theologie – Kirchenge­ in the desert” (p. 1). And just like the great schichte . Lahntor 3 . D-35037 Marburg . old men of the desert, he has attracted a host [email protected]‑marburg.de of like‑minded eccentrics and eager young students around his cell, eager to hear and follow the wisdom of their master. Many of 330 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 the scholars present in this volume are tower‑ individual human body but inside the collec‑ ing figures in their own right in the field of tivity in which that body participates,” name‑ ancient asceticism, which adds considerable ly, the monastic community (p. 149). Virgin‑ luster to the volume. Rousseau has always ia Burrus offers a close reading of Gregory been interested in the didactic function of of Nyssa’s Life of Macrina that examines the texts. The first section of essays (“Books as image of the saint as teacher, parent and lov‑ Guides”) acknowledges this topic with four er, while Susanna Elm examines the fraught papers on reading and the use of texts in early relationship between Gregory Nazianzen Egyptian monasticism. Joel Kalvesmaki puz‑ and his adversary Maximus the Philosopher zles out the possible meanings of the cryptic in the politically charged months of the year letter symbolism in the surviving letters of 380, as the citizens of Constantinople anx‑ Pachomius. Malcolm Choat investigates how iously awaited the arrival of Emperor Theo‑ well Egyptian monks knew Athanasius’s Life dosius I from Thessalonica. of Anthony in the late fourth century, while The third section (“Landscapes [with Fig‑ Samuel Rubenson examines how Athanasius ures]”) is equally eclectic, but no less interest‑ borrowed from the Life of Pythagoras when ing. It begins with James Goehring’s elegant composing his Life of Anthony and what essay on the cultural myth of the desert and this says about the relationship between the the role of memory and the purposeful omis‑ early monastic movement and the revival sion of information in the narratives that in‑ of neo‑Pythagorean philosophy under Em‑ form our understanding of its centrality and peror Julian. Lastly, Georgia Frank consid‑ importance in early ascetic literature. There ers the program of psalm reading outlined in follow articles by Robin Darling Young on Athanasius’s Letter to Marcellinus to make the theme of voluntary exile (xeniteia) in the inferences about the influence of “ancient writings of Evagrius of Pontus, by Patricia conventions of memory training” (p. 98) on Cox Miller about the depiction of Adam and the bishop’s advice to his ailing friend on the animals on the early fifth‑century Carrand how best to retrieve and employ individual diptych, and by Blake Leyerle on the use of psalms from memory. bucolic imagery like fields and gardens in the The second section (“Disciplines and sermons of John Chrysostom as a way to mit‑ Arenas”) lacks the thematic cohesion of the igate the growing divide between rural‑dwell‑ first. Daniel Caner examines public displays ing ascetics and urban Christians. of humility and penance in early Byzantium A final section (“Founding the Field”) and uses John Climacus’s seventh‑century features two excellent articles by Claudia description of the so‑called Prison Monas‑ Rapp and Elizabeth Clark on some of the tery outside of Alexandria to argue that these nineteenth‑century professors responsible rituals survived in some monastic settings for the formation of the field of early Chris‑ long after they had fallen out of favor in late tian history. Roman society. Catherine M. Chin applies Historians of late antiquity in general and the notion of modern systems theory to John ancient monasticism in particular will want Cassian’s idea of ascetic personhood and to consult this volume, which offers a clear concludes that “Cassian locates the ‘inte‑ picture of the state of field that Philip Rous‑ rior’ of the interior life not exclusively in the seau has done so much to shape. The editors Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 331 have appended to the essays a list of “se‑ history at his court, new evidence on royal lected works” of Rousseau, comprising four inauguration, and parallels between Alfred books, three edited volumes and dozens of and Arnulf of Carinthia. articles and encyclopedia entries. They have The last five items turn to Germany. The also provided a general bibliography com‑ first analyzes grants and other official deeds piled from all of the essays and a very useful for “the king’s voice,” where personal com‑ index, since many of the contributors address ments in stereotyped records betray royal the same people and topics in different ways. feelings, often strong ones. Even stronger Scott G. Bruce . Department of History . royal feelings are evident in an essay on 234 UCB . University of Colorado . Boulder . Charlemagne’s daughters, which cites Latin CO 80309-0234 . [email protected] court poets on them, as well as Einhard’s fa‑ mous remarks. Then we have a short paper on Duke Tassilo of Bavaria and the Rupertus 90. 93.SCHARER.rtf Cross, a treasure of eighth‑century art. We Anton Scharer, Changing Perspectives on end with symbols of regality in early England England and the Continent in the Early and beyond, showing the English royal crown Middle Ages. Ashgate, Farnham and Bur­ as hardly predating the ninth century. Liturgi‑ lington, VT, 2014, xiv, 302 pp. cal texts previous to that refer to scepter, staff, In fourteen papers (first published between and helmet (not crown), so that the author en‑ 1988 and 2013), plus one unpublished lec‑ visages the magnificent Sutton Hoo or Cop‑ ture, Professor Scharer of Vienna offers in‑ pergate helmets as used for ancient ceremo‑ sights on Western Europe during the sixth to nial inaugurations. A stimulating conjecture. eleventh centuries, which he presents with The last piece, previously unpublished, deals the thoroughness and seriousness to be ex‑ with the bishops of Ottonian Bavaria, a more pected of Germanic scholarship. His pro‑ colorful set of individuals than one might fessionalism and breadth of interests are an imagine. Of these fifteen papers, two are in example for others, an influence to absorb. German (the fifth and sixth, on kingship), the Those working on Continental history and author having obligingly written the others in specialists on the Anglo‑Saxons will hence English. learn from him of each other’s disciplines. We are in the presence of a historian at We begin with the conversion of An‑ the top of his profession. No medievalist can glo‑Saxon kings in the seventh and eighth read this book without being enlightened on centuries, followed by a discussion of lan‑ politics and society in early Latin Christen‑ guages in Bede’s historical writings. Four dom. If we make criticisms, it is not to dis‑ other papers concern the times of Bede or parage a rich and satisfying volume, which Alcuin. We are made wiser on missions to stands head and shoulders above much that the Continent; Anglo‑Saxons and the cult comes one’s way. It is merely to indicate of St Gregory; Anglo‑Saxon kingship; and how Professor Scharer’s research may be ad‑ how rulers styled themselves in documents vanced by others. of the time. Thereafter are four more papers The author’s one major defect is uncriti‑ on the age of Alfred. We hear of his links cal acceptance of establishment views on with late Carolingian Europe, writing of English history, from Bede up to its modern 332 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 practitioners in Oxford, Cambridge, or Lon‑ Christianity to Anglo‑Saxon England (Lon‑ don. (Continental history, where he speaks don, 1972), p. 58. with obvious authority, is another matter.) It Third, while accepting (VIII.183) Janet is not difficult to supplement or correct what Bately’s proof that the Old English Orosius Anton Scharer says from earlier research was not by King Alfred, he says nothing that he did not know or later research that he on evidence set out by her for the author as could not know. Here are instances. a Briton dictating to an English scribe; or First, the statement (I.9) that Edwin of how analysis shows that Briton was surely Northumbria “was baptized by Paulinus on a Cornishman (not a Welshman); or how Easter Sunday 627 in York with his nobil‑ the hypothesis has been strengthened by dis‑ ity.” Although early Welsh historians stated covery of an Old Cornish gloss in a Vatican that Edwin was baptized by bishop Rhun Boethius associated with King Alfred. (a North Briton), Bede ignored that and so Fourth, in describing Oswiu’s offer in 655 does Professor Scharer. Yet it is surely true. to King Penda of “an incalculable and incred‑ See K. H. Jackson, “On the Northern Brit‑ ible store of royal treasure,” he prefers (XIV. ish Section in Nennius,” in Celt and Saxon, 32-3) Bede’s improbable account to the like‑ ed. N. K. Chadwick (Cambridge, 1963), pp. lier one of Welsh historians, discussed in the 20-62, which also discusses Rhun’s grand‑ paper by Kenneth Jackson cited above. As daughter Rhiainfellt (“lightning maiden”). for the statement that the “Uinued,” where She was the first wife of Oswiu (d. 670), and Oswiu crushed Penda, was “probably a tribu‑ appears as a Northumbrian queen in the Dur‑ tary of the Humber,” this is inadequate. It has ham “Liber Vitae.” Jackson reasoned that long been identified as the River Went “she of if Rhiainfellt was important enough to wed white aspect” (not “pleasant one”), near Don‑ Oswiu, then Rhun will have baptized Edwin, caster. See A. H. Smith, The Place‑Names of despite Bede’s silence on grandfather and the West Riding of Yorkshire: Introduction, granddaughter alike. Bibliography, River‑Names, Analyses (Cam‑ Second, the famous story of St Gregory bridge, 1962), pp. 35, 142-43. and the Anglian slave‑boys in Rome and Naturally, in making these points we do how “Bede in all likelihood came to know not seek to detract from Anton Scharer’s it via the anonymous Whitby life of Gregory achievement but to add to it. He shows how the Great” (II.1). Not so. No modern Bede there is still so much to say on Europe’s older scholar believes that he knew the Whitby life. medieval history, and all readers will be in The tale came to each independently. Anton his debt for this. Scharer says more on the life in discussing Andrew Breeze . University of Navarre . Gregory the Great, including its compiler’s Pamplona . [email protected] reliance (IV.188) “to a large extent on oral tra‑ dition.” Yet he says nothing on how analysis shows that it is surely the work of a woman, a Whitby nun and so the earliest known Eng‑ lish female author, a suggestion made long ago in Henry Mayr‑Harting, The Coming of Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 333

Frank Schleicher, Cosmographia Christi- den Fußnoten abzudrucken. Den Abschluss 91. 94.Schleicher.doc ana. Kosmologie und Geographie im frü- bilden die Bibliographie, das Abbildungsver‑ hen Christentum. Paderborn: Ferdinand zeichnis und der sehr wichtige Index. Schöningh, 2014, 420 S., 25 s/w Abb. Die entscheidende Frage, die hier endlich Jede Kultur und jedes Volk hat seine eigene eine umfassende, komplexe Antwort erhält, Vorstellung der Umwelt, und dies auch be‑ bezieht sich darauf, ob man in der Vergan‑ zogen auf den Kosmos bzw. das Universum. genheit die Erde als eine Kugel oder als eine Wir leben zwar heute in einer Welt bestimmt Platte angesehen hatte. Es gab durchaus viele vom Heliozentrismus, aber dieses Para‑ Autoren, die die letztere Theorie verfochten, digma war das Ergebnis eines langzeitigen aber in der Mehrzahl ging man doch über die Wechsels bzw. Umschlags, und es könnte Zeiten hinweg von der Kugelgestalt aus, wie in der Zukunft durchaus passieren, dass wir wir es z.B. bei Athanasius (295-373) verneh‑ auf Grund ganz neuer Erkenntnisse wieder‑ men. Schleicher kommt das große Verdienst um diesbezüglich einen Paradigmenwechsel zu, gründlich die Werke der einschlägigen erleben werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit Wissenschaftler oder Theologen auf der Su‑ wendet aber Frank Schleicher den Blick zu‑ che nach den spezifischen Aussagen über de‑ rück und bietet in einem ungeheuren enzyk‑ ren Weltsicht durchforstet zu haben. In den lopädischen Ansatz kurze Zusammenfassun‑ meisten Fällen handelte es sich dann aber gen der unterschiedlichsten kosmologischen nicht um das Ergebnis experimenteller For‑ Vorstellungen zunächst in der vorchristlichen schungen, sondern um das theoretischer Re‑ Antike, dann aber bei den frühchristlichen flexionen und um Quellenstudien, was eben Autoren. Sein Buch ist äußerst klar geglie‑ bei manchen Gelehrten dazu führte, dass sie dert und erlaubt uns, mühelos dem Gedan‑ die Welt als eine Art Tabernakel auffassten. kengang zu folgen, wie er sich über die Zei‑ Sehr deutlich zeigt sich, wie stark der Ein‑ ten hin entwickelte. fluss individueller Schulen und großer Auto‑ In der Einleitung geht es um die antike ritätsfiguren gewesen ist, und ein wichtiger Naturphilosophie, die zur Grundlage auch Nebeneffekt von Schleichers Untersuchung der Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik besteht darin, uns auf die verschiedenen des Mittelalters wurde. Im ersten Kapitel Wissenschaftszentren im Frühmittelalter behandelt Schleicher philosophisch geprägte aufmerksam zu machen (Alexandria, Gaza, Weltanschauungen bei christlichen Autoren; Kappadokien, Damaskus etc.) und jeweils im zweiten geht es um biblisch geprägte Vor‑ knapp aber präzise biographische Informati‑ stellungen im östlichen Mittelmeerraum und onen über die einzelnen Autoren zu liefern. in Syrien, gefolgt vom dritten und letzten Ka‑ Vor allem in der Schule von Antiochia pitel, wo es um die kosmologischen Vorstel‑ und anderweitig, wo die biblische Erklärung lungen der Christen im lateinischen Westen der Welt dominierte, bestand überwiegend geht, abgerundet von einigen Hinweisen auf die Vorstellung von der Welt als ein Gebäu‑ die Kartographen (Geograph von Ravenna de, mit der Erde als der Grundlage, über die und die Weltkarte des Beatus). Der Autor hat sich der Himmel wölbte (z.B. Diodoros von sich sehr große Mühe gemacht, alle griechi‑ Tarsos, gest. vor 394, oder Johannes von schen und lateinischen Zitate gleich ins Deut‑ Chrysostomos, 344-407). Manchmal er‑ sche zu übersetzen und den Originaltext in scheint die bewohnte Erde als eine Insel, die 334 Mediaevistik 27 · 2014 von Wasser umspült wird (Jakob von Saruq, häufiger das Verständnis seiner Aussagen 451-521; hier S. 221), manchmal wieder als etwas schwierig gestaltet. Tisch (so bei Gennadius von Konstantinopel, Albrecht Classen gest. 471) oder als Teil eines Hauses, so dass sie rechteckige Formen annahm. Im Westen verfolgte man weniger theo‑ retische Konzepte und bediente sich mehr praktischer Ansätze, aber auch dort mach‑ te man sich regelmäßig Gedanken über die Beschaffenheit der Welt bzw. des Kosmos. Sogar Lactantius (ca. 250-ca. 325), der hef‑ tig gegen die Antipodenlehre kämpfte und dabei ziemlich deutlich von der Plattenla‑ ge der Erde ausging, konnte nicht ganz das sphärische Weltbild negieren, und er übte dann sowieso kaum, wie Schleicher betont, besonderen Einfluss auf seine Nachwelt aus (293). Andere wie Hilarius von Poitiers (ca. 315-367) verhedderten sich vollkommen in Widersprüche, was die Kosmologie an‑ ging, während ein großer Gelehrter wie Hi‑ eronymus (342-420) wenig über die Gestalt der Erde aussagte und nur den Himmel als Kugel beschrieb, die über die Erde gestülpt war, die damit indirekt als flach ausgestreckt angesehen wurde. Augustinus (354-430) und Boethius (480-525) hingegen gingen von der Kugelgestalt der Erde aus. Schleicher kann zu Recht behaupten, hier die wichtigsten Stimmen der Spätantike hin‑ sichtlich der Kosmologie und Geographie er‑ fasst zu haben; nur diejenigen aus der Schule von Gaza bleiben außen vor, weil sie z.Zt. gerade editorisch erfasst werden. Man kann seiner Arbeit hohe Anerkennung ausspre‑ chen, die äußerst solide und zugleich sehr benutzerfreundlich die entscheidenden Quel‑ len aufbereitet und analysiert. Der einzige wirkliche Kritikpunkt besteht nur darin, dass sich der Autor offenbar mit den Kommata‑ regeln auf dem Kriegspfad befindet, was