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Conquest and Colonization in the Early Middle Ages: the Carolingians and Saxony, C

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Conquest and Colonization in the Early Middle Ages: the Carolingians and Saxony, C Conquest and Colonization in the Early Middle Ages: The Carolingians and Saxony, c. 751–842 by Christopher Thomas Landon A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Christopher Thomas Landon 2017 Conquest and Colonization in the Early Middle Ages: The Carolingians and Saxony, c. 751–842 Christopher Thomas Landon Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto 2017 Abstract This thesis reconsiders longstanding questions regarding the economic and ideological forces that drove Frankish expansion into Saxony in the late eighth and early ninth centuries, Frankish strategies of rule in the newly conquered region, and the effects of conquest and cultural disposession on the Saxons themselves. Specifically, the dissertation seeks to present a new interpretation of this critical historical episode as a process of colonization. After an introduction that briefly outlines various conceptions and definitions of colonization and how these apply to the early medieval period, chapter one provides an overview of the main Latin and Old Saxon sources regarding Saxony and the Saxons in the Carolingian period from the coronation of Pippin III to the suppression of the Saxon Stellinga uprising in 842. The chapter emphasizes the tendentious nature of these sources and the ways in which they reflect the perspective of the colonizer while obscuring the experiences of the colonized. Chapter two looks at the ideological justifications for the conquest advanced in the Frankish primary sources, arguing that the Franks’ forcible Christianization of the Saxons was driven in part by the Carolingian dynasty’s increasingly close ties with the papacy and by ancient imperial prerogatives regarding the extension of the faith. Chapter three, in contrast, examines the economic forces driving Frankish expansion into Saxony, demonstrating that the region possessed more material wealth than is ii generally assumed. Finally, chapter four turns to the effects of conquest and colonization on the Saxons themselves, analyzing the ways in which imperial ideologies and practices of rule were presented to a newly converted Saxon audience in the Old Saxon Gospel harmony known as the Heliand. iii Acknowledgments For their guidance and support, I would like to thank my supervisors and committee: Alexander Callander Murray, Shami Ghosh, and Markus Stock, as well as Andy Orchard, who helped usher this project through its early stages. For their time and generosity, I would like to thank my external examiner, Helmut Reimitz, and internal examiner, Val Pakis. For their encouragement and patience, I thank my family and friends. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................v Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. vi Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Saxony and the Saxons: Latin and Old Saxon Sources, c. 751–842........................... 18 Chapter 2: The Ideology of Conquest........................................................................................... 85 Chapter 3: The Raw Materials of Empire................................................................................... 145 Chapter 4: The Empire of the Mind............................................................................................ 197 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 237 Appendix: Saxons and Others in Carolingian Sources............................................................... 242 Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 245 v Abbreviations ARF Annales regni Francorum CCSL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina ChLA Chartae latinae antiquiores MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica AA Auctores antiquissimi Capit. Capitularia regum Francorum Conc. Concilia Epp. Epistolae Epp. sel. Epistolae selectae in usum scholarum Fontes iuris. Fontes iuris germanici antiqui in usum scholarum Leges nat. Germ. Leges nationum germanicarum Poetae Poetae latini aevi Carolini SRG Scriptores rerum Germanicarum SRL Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum SRM Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum SS Scriptores (in folio) vi PL Patrologia Cursus Completus, Series Latina, ed. J.-P. Migne Rev. Revised Annales regni Francorum RGA Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, 2nd ed. vii Introduction Ubicumque vicit Romanus, habitat. – Seneca, De consolatione ad Helviam Matrem For the space of a generation in the late eighth and early ninth centuries, the Franks, led by Charlemagne, waged a singularly fierce war of conquest and Christianization against their pagan Saxon neighbours to the north-east. In the face of stiff resistance, the Franks carried out mass executions and forcible baptisms, and enslaved and deported from their native lands thousands of Saxon men, women, and children. Military conquest and compulsory religious conversion were accompanied in due course by the implantation of the secular and ecclesiastical organs of Frankish government and by the gradual suffusion of a Latin-Christian culture—in its peculiarly Frankish form—into the lands between the Rhine and the Elbe.1 Long considered “one of the foundations of medieval and modern Germany,”2 and, of all Charlemagne’s wars, “the one most important for the civilization of Europe,”3 the conquest stands as one of the signal developments of the Carolingian age. Over the centuries, its history has been written innumerable times and from a multitude of perspectives. This dissertation will present a new interpretation of the conquest as a process of colonization. 1 Recent overviews of the conquest can be found in M. Springer, Die Sachsen (Stuttgart, 2004), pp. 166– 261; M. Costambeys et al., The Carolingian World (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 73–75; and R. McKitterick, Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity (Cambridge, 2008), pp. 103–106. 2 W. Levison, England and the Continent in the Eighth Century (Oxford, 1946), p. 101. 3 M. Deanesly, A History of Medieval Europe, 476–911 (London, 1956; repr. with corrections, 1965), p. 356. 1 2 Colonization In recent decades, the concept of colonization has extended its own dominion over the humanities and social sciences.4 Nevertheless, there remains significant skepticism about the heuristic value of the term. This skepticism is rooted first and foremost in the fact that there exists no universally agreed-upon definition of colonization or its many subsidiary terms (colonialism, post-colonialism, etc.). Indeed, the archaeologist Brad Bartel has argued that “there are so many definitions of colonialism and imperialism as to make the terms almost useless,”5 while the Swiss historian Herbert Lüthy long ago remarked of colonization (etc.) that “the suggestive power of [these] words is in inverse relation to their accuracy.”6 Jürgen Osterhammel, in a focussed, book-length study of the problem, has declared colonization “a phenomenon of colossal vagueness.”7 The lack of a single, clear definition of the word colonization necessarily raises doubts about its utility as an analytical tool. However, as Osterhammel ultimately concludes, perhaps there need not be agreement on a single definition of the term but rather a recognition that there exist a range of different ‘types’ of colonization, distinguished by their various driving forces, strategies of implementation, and ultimate effects but united in certain shared core characteristics.8 As Osterhammel notes, there clearly existed differences between the “settler colonization” of the kind seen in the European settlement of the Americas and the “exploitation colonization” of the kind seen 4 The catalytic work was E. W. Said, Orientalism (New York, 1978). 5 B. Bartel, “Comparative Historical Archaeology and Archaeological Theory,” in Comparative Studies in the Archaeology of Colonialism, ed. S. L. Dyson (Oxford, 1985), pp. 8–37 at p. 9. 6 H. Lüthy, “Colonization and the Making of Mankind,” Journal of Economic History 21:4 (1961), p. 483. 7 J. Osterhammel, Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview, trans. S. L. Frisch (Princeton, 1997), p. 4. 8 Osterhammel, Colonialism, pp. 10–12. 3 in the British conquest of India—the latter seeing not a mass influx of settlers but rather a relatively small host of soldiers, officers, and bureaucrats.9 Focussing on the broader similarities between these differing historical examples, however, Osterhammel suggests the following working definition: Colonialism is a relationship between an indigenous (or forcibly imported) majority and a minority of foreign invaders. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonized people are made and implemented by the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that are often defined in a distant metropolis. Rejecting cultural compromises with the colonized population, the colonizers are convinced of their own superiority and their ordained mandate to rule.10 At the heart of colonization, therefore, lies
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