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The Physics of Electromechanical Keyboard Instruments

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The Physics of Electromechanical Keyboard Instruments The Physics of Electromechanical Keyboard Instruments Edward Daw 11/12/07 Abstract In the history of western music, the birth of new musical styles has almost always been precipitated by the invention of new instruments. For example, the invention of the piano played an important part in the transition from baroque music to the classical style of Beethoven and Mozart. In the 20th century, jazz, blues, rock, gospel and many other new music forms changed our culture and our society. In this lecture I will discuss the Hammond organ and the Rhodes piano. I will discuss how these instruments work, and some of the beautiful music they were ‘instrumental’ in producing. – Typeset by FoilTEX – Ed Daw 11/12/07 A Crude Classification Scheme for Keyboard Instruments • PIANOS – key stroke applies a sharp impulse – subsequent tone decays naturally – key velocity controls intensity, tone – one oscillator per key – tonal quality may vary throughout note • ORGANS – continuous excitation of oscillator – note continues while key depressed – no effect of key velocity on sound – one key can control many oscillators – each oscillator produces a fairly ‘flat’ tone 1 Ed Daw 11/12/07 Waves Figure 1: LIGO experiment site, Livingston, Louisiana A typical piano or organ oscillator consists of a vibrating string, pipe, or other metal object. How do you translate vibrations of metal objects in to electrical signals? 2 Ed Daw 11/12/07 Helmholz’s Synthesizer Figure 2: Helmholz’s experimental apparatus for the synthesis of tones 3 Ed Daw 11/12/07 Pickups PERMANENT COPPER MAGNET IC MAGNET COIL FIELD LINES SS NN VV SS NN (S) (N) ST EEL BECOMES MAGNET IZED IN FIELD OF PERMANENT VV MAGNET Figure 3: Magnetic fields in a pickup 4 Ed Daw 11/12/07 Faraday’s Law - For More than Just Generators MAGNET IC FLUX T HROUGH COIL VOLT AGE ACROSS COIL Figure 4: Faradays law of induction as a metal object is bought close to the pickup 5 Ed Daw 11/12/07 Bring On the Music MAGNET (NOT MOVING) MOVING ST EEL OBJECT VOLT AGE ACROSS COIL Figure 5: Multiple cycles of motion of the string or bar result in oscillations in the voltage across the pickup coil. 6 Ed Daw 11/12/07 The Rhodes Piano Figure 6: Harold Rhodes (1910 - 2000) Figure 7: Rhodes Stage 2a 7 Ed Daw 11/12/07 Tuning Forks CONTACT HOLD WITH HERE PRONGS OF WOOD FORK VIBRATE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS Figure 8: Vibrations in a tuning fork 8 Ed Daw 11/12/07 A Piece of the Action... Figure 9: Rhodes Stage 2 action Figure 10: Tuning a rhodes tine 9 Ed Daw 11/12/07 Pickup Location and Tonal Quality Figure 11: Pickup location instructions from manual 10 Ed Daw 11/12/07 Hammond Organs Figure 12: Laurens Hammond ( 1895 - 1973 ). The first hammond was designed and built by Laurens in 1935. 11 Ed Daw 11/12/07 A Nice Example of a Hammond B3 Figure 13: A Hammond B3 12 Ed Daw 11/12/07 Tonewheels TONEWHEEL PICKUP VV MAGETIZABLE METAL Figure 14: Tonewheel driving a pickup 13 Ed Daw 11/12/07 Actual Hammond Tonewheels Figure 15: Actual tonewheels and pickups http://theatreorgans.com/hammond/keng /kenhtml/HammondEricb.htm 14 Ed Daw 11/12/07 Drawbars tonewheels drawbars FREQUENCY F FREQUENCY 2F ++ out FREQUENCY 3F FREQUENCY 4F Figure 16: Drawbars combine oscillators at different harmonics of the fundamental frequency to generate the overall sound 15 Ed Daw 11/12/07 Leslie Cabinets Invented by Don Leslie Figure 17: Inside a Leslie speaker cabinet 16 Ed Daw 11/12/07 Conclusions • Electromechanical keyboards are fabulously ingenious applications of classical physics to our art and culture • Their continued popularity alongside more modern alternatives such as waveform and digital synthesizers is a fitting testament to the ingenuity and skill of their inventors. • I wish I had longer to play the music. Thank you for coming ! • I will round off this talk with a tune called ‘Yaba Funk’, courtesy of Captain Yabaa 17.
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