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Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION to ROCKS and the ROCK CYCLE

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Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION to ROCKS and the ROCK CYCLE DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer Provide specific and detailed answers to essay questions. Use GEOLOGIC VOCABULARY where APPLICABLE! 1. Granite and gabbro a. have a similar mineral composition. b. have a similar texture. c. a. and b. d. are in no way similar. 2. Andesite exhibits this texture. a. Aphanitic b. glassy c. porphyritic d. phaneritic e. pyroclastic 3. The composition of an igneous rock a. is controlled by the composition of magma. b. is the shape of the rock body. c. determines the color of the rock. d. records the rock's cooling history. e. Answers a. and c. f. Answers a. and b. 4. The texture of an igneous rock a. is controlled by the composition of magma. b. is the shape of the rock body. c. determines the color of the rock. d. records the rock's cooling history. e. Answers a. and c. f. Answers a. and b. 5. Igneous extrusive rock is formed a. on the surface of the Earth b. at great depth within Earth c. by crystallization of molten rock d. answers a. and c. e. answers b. and c. 6. Igneous intrusive rock is formed a. on the surface of the Earth b. at great depth within Earth c. by crystallization of molten rock d. answers a. and c. e. answers b. and c. 7. Intrusive rocks: a. are generally coarse grained b. form below the Earth's surface c. are quite often vesicular d. are also termed volcanic e. answers c. and d. f. answers a. and b. 8. As the rate of cooling increases (speeds up), the size of the crystals that form a. increases b. decreases c. is not affected. 9. Which one of the following is an igneous rock? a. Limestone b. rhyolite c. slate d. shale 10. An igneous rock that contains vesicles a. is also extrusive. b. is also fine grained. c. contains many small holes d. all of these 11. Select the coarse grained rock, which is composed mainly of quartz and potassium feldspar from the list below: a. Basalt b. andesite c. rhyolite d. granite e. diorite 12. Rocks that contain large crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified without a microscope are said to exhibit this texture: a. Aphanitic (fine grained) c. glassy e. porphyritic b. Phaneritic (coarse grained) d. pyroclastic 13. This igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes. a. Aphanitic (fine grained) c. glassy e. porphyritic b. Phaneritic (coarse grained) d. pyroclastic 14. Diorite is the coarse-grained equivalent of this igneous rock. a. Basalt b. andesite c. rhyolite d. diorite e. granite 15. Which of the rocks listed below is a popular building stone? a. Basalt b. andesite c. granite d. diorite e. gabbro 16. Which of these factors influence the type and rate of weathering in general? a. mineral content c. climate e. presence of cracks b. topography d. all of these 17. Chemical weathering would be most effective: a. in a warm, dry climate b. in a cold, dry climate c. in a hot, humid climate d. equally in any kind of climate 18. Which one of the following is true about mechanical weathering? a. produces smaller pieces b. adds to the effectiveness of chemical weathering c. may lead to the formation of talus slopes d. can change the rock's appearance e. all of these are true of mechanical and/or physical weathering 19. If granite and basalt outcropped in an area with a hot and humid climate, a. the granite would weather more rapidly b. the basalt would weather more rapidly c. both would weather at the same rate 20. Which one of the following is related to chemical weathering? In other words, which process is due to chemical weathering? a. Dissolution b. frost wedging c. hydrolysis d. oxidation e. answers a., c., & d. 21. Which of the following is a by-product of the chemical weathering of potassium feldspar? a. Silica b. potassium and bicarbonate ions c. iron oxide d. clay e. answers a., b. & d. 22. Which of the following is a by-product of the chemical weathering of pyroxene? a. Silica b. potassium and bicarbonate ions c. iron oxide d. clay e. answers a. and c. 23. Calcite and Halite will chemically weather in the following way: a. Dissolution b. frost wedging c. hydrolysis d. oxidation e. answers a., c., & d. 24. The most important and/or most common mechanical weathering process is a. frost wedging b. hydrolysis c. exfoliation d. bioturbation e. thermal expansion 25. Soils contain the following: a. Humus (organic material) c. Water d. Air e. All of these b. Regolith (solid material such as rock and mineral fragments) 26. Soils differ from Sedimentary deposits in the following way: a. Soils contain organic material, sediments do not b. Soils can sustain plant life, sediments do not c. Soils contain regolith, sediments do not 27. Sedimentary rocks a. may contain fossils b. hold important clues to Earth's history c. are layered d. may be economically important e. all of these 28. The most abundant bio chemical sedimentary rock is a. Limestone b. dolomite c. chert d. rock salt e. sylvite 2 Instructor: Terry J. Boroughs 29. Non-clastic (Chemical or Biological) sedimentary rocks are classified (named) primarily on the basis of a. Color b. particle size c. type of bedding d. mineral composition 30. Clastic sediments would predominate (be common) in the following environments except for a: a. Delta b. talus slope c. salt flat d. river floodplain e. all of these 31. One of the most abundant inorganic chemical sedimentary rock that can only be formed by inorganic means is: a. Limestone b. dolomite c. chert d. rock salt e. sylvite 32. Which rock type is associated with a very high-energy environment (such as a large high velocity river)? a. conglomerate b. shale c. both conglomerate and shale d. neither conglomerate nor shale 33. Which pair of minerals is most common in detrital (clastic) sedimentary rocks? a. quartz and olivine b. calcite and clay c. halite and feldspar d. clay minerals and quartz e. dolomite and gypsum 34. Which of the following is a sedimentary structure? a. Ripples b. Dunes c. Cross Bedding d. Stratification e. All of these are sedimentary structures 35. Compaction would probably be least significant as a lithification process for: a. shale b. sandstone c. conglomerate d. breccia e. answers c. and d. f. answers a. and b. 36. Which of the following lists presents forms of coal in the correct order from lowest grade to highest grade? In other words, from larger amounts of impurities to smaller amounts of impurities; i.e. (impure varieties to more pure varieties.) a. lignite, bituminous, anthracite b. bituminous, anthracite, lignite c. anthracite, lignite, bituminous d. lignite, anthracite, bituminous e. anthracite, bituminous, lignite 37. Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified (named) primarily on the basis of a. Color b. particle size c. type of bedding d. mineral composition 38. Metamorphism may result from: a. heat b. pressure c. chemically active fluids d. any or all of these e. only heat and pressure 39. Through metamorphic activity a. granite can change to gneiss b. limestone can change to marble c. quartz sandstone can change to quartzite d. answers a., b., and. c. e. answers f. and g. f. granite can change to clay minerals g. slate can change to shale 40. When certain minerals re-crystallize with a preferred orientation due to directed pressures, such as crystals that form perpendicular to the direction of the compressional force, the rock exhibits: a. Shear b. foliation c. aureole d. all of these e. none of these Instructor: Terry J. Boroughs 3 41. Many metamorphic rocks a. are extremely fossiliferous (contains fossils) b. have a linear orientation of minerals c. are unaltered sedimentary rocks d. all of these e. none of these 42. The common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is a. Marble b. mica schist c. phyllite d. gneiss e. hornfels 43. Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism? a. crystals may grow larger b. certain minerals may recrystallize c. the rock becomes more compact d. all of these e. answers a. and b. 44. What type of metamorphic rock will shale normally become following high-grade metamorphism? a. marble b. mica schist c. slate d. gneiss e. none of these 45. The agents of metamorphism are a. uplifting and folding b. foliation and deposition c. heat, pressure, and chemical fluids d. contact and regional deformation e. slaty and platy cleavage 46. Most of the heat for contact metamorphism is supplied by a. frictional heating along a fault b. a nearby mass of magma c. radioactive elements d. deep burial within Earth e. heat trapped by cap rock 47. This metamorphic rock is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals a. Marble b. mica schist c. phyllite d. gneiss e. quartzite 48. This hard, dense, non-foliated metamorphic rock is produced most often from deformation of sandstone or chert. a. Marble b. mica schist c. phyllite d. gneiss e. quartzite 49. This metamorphic rock is particularly prized as a building stone a. Marble b. mica schist c. phyllite d. gneiss e. quartzite 50. The primary agent of regional metamorphism is a. Folding b. heat c. pressure or stress d. strain e. all of these 51. The process of metamorphism involves a. formation of rock from magma b.
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