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Home , Aphanite, Basalt, Color index (geology), Extrusive rock, Igneous rock, Intermediate composition

Block 1

Lesson 2 Rocks and

Exploring

Geosciences – February 13th, 2020 12 Thematic Lessons- Your Host: Francine Fallara, P. Geo., M.Sc.A (OGQ #433)

Exploration geologist with over 25 of field experience in various difficult geological environments Consultant in analytical data analysis specialized in complex geological exploration studies Expert in 3D geological modeling and www.ffexplore3d.com digital targeting of minerals Thematic Bloc 1 - Overview

Thematic Block 1 Lesson Subtitle Date - 2020 English

1 Introduction to geology January 30th 1:30 - 3:30 PM

2 Rocks and Minerals February 13th 1:30 - 3:30 PM Geology 3 Deformation February 27th 1:30 - 3:30 PM

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 3 Lesson 2 – Rocks and Minerals

Lesson 2 Sub-lessons February 13th

a. Intrusive rocks b. Volcanic rocks Types of Rocks 1:30 - 2:30 PM c. Sedimentary rocks d. Metamorphic rocks a. Classification Minerals 2:30 - 3:30 PM b. General composition

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 4 Types of Rocks Rocks are solid masses and classified into three fundamentally different types:

https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/classes-of-rocks Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 5 Types of Rocks: Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks: General Description

 The Oldest types of rocks:  Formed at depths within the 's , which slowly solidifies below the Earth's surface o May be later exposed by  Formed from * forced into older rocks  Igneous intrusions form a variety of rock types.

 Known as the ‘Mother of all rocks’

 Characterized as ‘Primary rocks’

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 6 Types of Rocks: Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks: What is Magma?

 Magma:

 Molten rock made by the of rocks in the earth's interior under conditions of high temperature and high :

o As rock melts, it becomes less dense and rises towards the earth's surface

o Magma that reaches the earth's surface is called

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 7 Types of Rocks: Igneous Rocks Magma = Depth

Lava = Subsurface https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 8 Types of Rocks: Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks: Extrusive vs Intrusive? Volcanic vs Plutonic?

Extrusive or Volcanic:  Igneous rocks forming at the surface of the earth: o Example: is an extrusive igneous rock

1. Intrusive or Plutonic:  Igneous rocks formed in depth, cools over long periods of time, develop larger textures before it reaches the earth's surface: o Example:

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 9 Types of Rocks – Geology of

Rock Legend

Intrusive 06) - Volcanic

Sedimentary

Thériaultet Beauséjour, 2012 (DV 2012 http://sigeom.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/signet/classes/I1102_index Metamorphic

MRN, 2013 (GT 2013-02) 10 Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals http://sigeom.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/signet/classes/I1102_index Types of Rocks: Igneous Rocks - Quebec

Rock Legend Intrusive Volcanic Sedimentary Metamorphic

MRN 2013 (GT 2013-02) http://gq.mines.gouv.qc.ca/documents/EXAMINE/GT201302/

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 11 Types of Rocks: Igneous Rocks - Quebec

Common igneous rocks MRN 2013 (GT 2013-02) http://gq.mines.gouv.qc.ca/documents/EXAMINE/GT201302/ Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 12 Types of Rocks: Igneous Rocks - Quebec GRANITE  An intrusive igneous rock  Contains a very high silica content  Pink, red, gray or white in color with darker minerals  Forms from slow of magma below the Earth’s surface  Large grains visible with the eye Common igneous rocks

https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/granite_rock.html?oriSearch=+rock&sti=mv0coqlbu8xgcdj200|&mediapopup=97965063 Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 13 Types of Rocks: Igneous Rocks - Quebec  An igneous rock that solidified slowly in the crust in a similar manner to granite  Compositionally same as granite but the major difference is the absence or very low quantity of  Darker shades than granite Common igneous rocks

https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/syenite_rock.html?oriSearch=granite+rock&sti=mxyh5nqpc75kipmwx0|&mediapopup=138892320| Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 14 Types of Rocks: Igneous Rocks - Quebec  Intrusive igneous rock  Compositionally same as basalt but the major difference is the coarse-grained  Shades of greenish gray to black colors

Common igneous rocks

https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/gabbro_rock.html?oriSearch=syenite+rock&sti=m5kg001ntld5v4fts4|&mediapopup=89324496 Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 15 Types of Rocks: Volcanic Rocks Igneous Rocks: Extrusive vs Intrusive? Volcanic vs Plutonic?

Extrusive or Volcanic:  Igneous rocks form at the surface of the earth: o Example: Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock

2. Volcanic:  Formed from lava from a volcanic eruption  and sediments created from magma erupted into the air are called "volcanoclastic" or “tuffs" and these are technically sedimentary rocks

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 16 Types of Rocks: Volcanic Rocks-

Tuff:  Rhyolite tuff formed during explosive TUFF

 Volcanic rock and sediments created from magma erupted into the air  Called "volcanoclastic" or “tuffs"  Are technically sedimentary rocks

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 17 Types of Rocks: Volcanic Rocks - Quebec

Rock Legend Intrusive Volcanic Sedimentary Metamorphic

MRN 2013 (GT 2013-02) http://gq.mines.gouv.qc.ca/documents/EXAMINE/GT201302/

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 18 Types of Rocks: Volcanic Rocks -Quebec

Common volcanic rocks MRN 2013 (GT 2013-02) http://gq.mines.gouv.qc.ca/documents/EXAMINE/GT201302/

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 19 Types of Rocks: Volcanic Rocks -Quebec RHYOLITE  An extrusive igneous felsic rock  Contains a very high silica content  Pink or gray in color  Small grains difficult to observe by eye

Common volcanic rocks

https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/rhyolite_rock.html?oriSearch=shale&sti=lpasg0b6cqefk2uo39| Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 20 Types of Rocks: Volcanic Rocks -Quebec BASALT  Can be both an extrusive igneous mafic rock or an intrusive dyke  Greenish gray to black in color  Fine-grained

Common volcanic rocks

https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/basalt.html?oriSearch=basalt+rock&sti=llhs1giv3e6lj59vqc| Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 21 Types of Rocks: Volcanic Rocks -Quebec  Rare extrusive igneous derived from extremely hot magma  Rapid cooling of the hot lava flows creates their "spinifex" texture  (Mg)- rich lava  Low , and Common volcanic rocks

content https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/komatiite.html?oriSearch=basalt&prf=1&sti=my7s9c2rxx7eem833v|&mediapopup=115310611 Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 22 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks: Secondary Rocks? Why?

 Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation of small pieces of pre-existing rock:

 Parent rock

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 23 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks: Secondary Rocks

 Sedimentary rock is formed through the deposition and consolidation and solidification of sediments transported by fluids—including:

 water (rivers, lakes, and )  ice ()  wind

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 24 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks: Solid particles vs Chemical?

 Two types of sedimentary rocks based on the source of the sediments:

1. Solid particles from weathered rocks: o Detritus particles: • = Particles of from other rocks • Shale = Mud

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 25 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks: Solid particles vs Chemical?

 Two types of sedimentary rocks based on the source of the sediments:

2. Chemical sedimentary rocks: o Dissolved material carried to lakes and oceans: • = precipitation (i.e. evaporation)

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 26 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks: Erosional Processes

 Erosional processes grind down rocks into fragments and into smaller individual grains:

 This materials is: o Transported and sorted by fluids o Coarser and finer fractions are naturally separated by

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 27 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks: Deposition

 Sedimentary rocks are generally deposited in layers, and frequently contain fossils (plants and animals remains):

 Studies of sedimentary deposits reveal characteristics of the depositional environments at the time that the material accumulated

 This information can help tell the history of geologic events and climate change of an area

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 28 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks: Solid particles vs Chemical?

Joyce McBeth, Michael Cuggy, Karla Panchuk, Tim Prokopiuk, Lyndsay Hauber, & Sean Lacey Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, First Canadian Edition, Version 2, January 2019. Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 29

Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 30

Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 31 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks - Quebec

Rock Legend Intrusive Volcanic Sedimentary Metamorphic

MRN 2013 (GT 2013-02) http://gq.mines.gouv.qc.ca/documents/EXAMINE/GT201302/

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 32 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks - Quebec

MRN 2013 (GT 2013-02) http://gq.mines.gouv.qc.ca/documents/EXAMINE/GT201302/

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals Common sedimentary rocks 33 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks - Quebec SHALE  Breaks into thin pieces with sharp edges

 Occurs in a wide range of colors: • Red • Brown • Green • Gray • Black

Common sedimentary rocks

https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/sandstone.html?oriSearch=shale&sti=o0jgfvy11wr0niqzar| Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 34 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks - Quebec SANDSTONE  Particles of mineral, rock, or organic material reduced to "sand" size-grains by and transported to their depositional site by the action of moving water, wind, or ice

Common sedimentary rocks

https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/sandstone_rock.html?oriSearch=sandstone&sti=lwu6u58ufsdbxwk79n|&mediapopup=26471017 Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 35 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks - Quebec LIMESTONE  Forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters

 An organic rock composed of shell, coral, algal, and fecal debris

 Results also by the precipitation of from lake or waters Common sedimentary rocks

https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/limestone_rock.html?oriSearch=sandstone+rock&sti=nc1spa9ls78gqm6m8c|&mediapopup=79038651 Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 36 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks - Quebec CONGLOMERATE  that contains large rounded clasts

between the clasts is filled with smaller particles and/or a calcite or quartz cement that binds the rock together

Common sedimentary rocks

https://www.123rf.com/stockphoto/conglomerate_rock.html?oriSearch=limestone+rock&sti=o05gaao2wjvago57b6|&mediapopup=47248625 Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 37 Types of Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks - Quebec BANDED  Chemical reactions combining iron and in marine and fresh waters

 Iron are the most important minerals: • (Fe2O3) • (Fe3O4)

Common sedimentary rocks

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 38 Types of Rocks: Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks: Secondary Rocks? Why?

 Metamorphic rocks are formed from various parent rocks:

 Pre-existing igneous, sedimentary, and even other metamorphic rocks

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 39 Types of Rocks: Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks: Metamorphosis literally means a change in form:

refers to changes in rocks:

 Mineralogical, chemical, and structural adjustment of solid rocks to physical and chemical conditions imposed at depth below the surface

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 40 Types of Rocks: Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks: Types of changes causing unstable rocks?

 Any rock can become a metamorphic rock:

 Environmental changes causes rock to be unstable: o Deeply buried rocks are under tons of earth and exposed to increased temperature and pressure: • Slate • Marble

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 41 Types of Rocks: Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks: Changes causing unstable rocks?

 Metamorphism typically occurs below surficial zones where processes of sedimentation, , and cementation take place:

 Metamorphism occurs where a rock is subjected to conditions unlike those in which it was originally formed

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 42 Types of Rocks: Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks: Changes causing unstable rocks?

 A metamorphic rock is a rock that was once one form of rock but has changed to another under the influence of heat, pressure, or fluids without passing through a phase (without completely melting)

https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/ Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 43 Types of Rocks: Metamorphic Rocks

 Metamorphic rocks created by physical and/or chemical

alterations of once https:// gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/ igneous and sedimentary rocks

 Metamorphosed by intense heat and/or pressure within the Earth's crust

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 44 Types of Rocks: Metamorphic Rocks

Joyce McBeth, Michael Cuggy, Karla Panchuk, Tim Prokopiuk, Lyndsay Hauber, & Sean Lacey Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, First Canadian Edition, Version 2, January 2019.

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 45 Types of Rocks: Metamorphic Rocks - Quebec

Rock Legend Intrusive Volcanic Sedimentary Metamorphic

MRN 2013 (GT 2013-02) http://gq.mines.gouv.qc.ca/documents/EXAMINE/GT201302/

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 46 Types of Rocks: Metamorphic Rocks - Quebec

Common metamorphic rocks MRN 2013 (GT 2013-02) http://gq.mines.gouv.qc.ca/documents/EXAMINE/GT201302/

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 47 Types of Rocks: Metamorphic Rocks

Common metamorphic rocks

https:// gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 48 Types of Rocks: Composition & Textures

Intrusive igneous rocks form in naturally insulated settings:  Rocks are poor conductors of heat: o Minerals crystallize slowly: • Forming large visible crystals

Extrusive igneous rocks form from:  Rapidly cooling magma or lava near or on the surface: o Minerals crystallize quickly preventing large visible crystals from forming • Formation of very fine-grained crystals not visible to the naked eye

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 49 Types of Rocks: Composition & Textures

https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 50 Types of Rocks: Composition & Textures

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 51 Types of Rocks: Composition & Textures

https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/ Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 52 Types of Rocks: Composition & Textures Texture Phaneritic Aphanitic

https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/ Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 53 Types of Rocks: Composition & Textures  Both rocks shown below have the same mineral (and chemical) composition, but different texture due to the rate of cooling of the molten material Intrusive igneous rock: Granite Extrusive igneous rock: Rhyolite

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 54 Types of Rocks: Composition & Textures  Both rocks shown below have the same mineral (and chemical) composition, but different texture due to the rate of cooling of the molten material Intrusive igneous rock. This example is granite. Extrusive igneous rock. This example is rhyolite

 Phaneritic texture: Refers to larger  Aphanitic texture: Rocks with very fine grain size and texture texture and grains  Grain size are large enough to be  Grains so fine that they cannot be seen with distinguished with the unaided eye as the naked eye  Rocks with phaneritic texture are intrusive  Rocks with an texture are generally igneous rocks: extrusive igneous rocks: • Magma underground cools and • Magma or lava at or near the surface crystallizes very slowly cools very quickly • Allowing large crystals to form • Preventing the formation of large crystals Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 55 Types of Rocks: Composition & Textures  Mafic (MCI) method of classifying igneous rocks compositions (felsic, intermediate, mafic and ultramafic) relies on the rocks minerals contents:

 Based on the percentage of mafic minerals in the rock:  Mafic = Dark-colored minerals in the rock:  Gray, black, or green-colored: • Felsic rocks = 0-15% dark-colored minerals (0-15% MCI) • Intermediate rocks = 16-45% MCI • Mafic rocks = 46-85% MCI • Ultramafic rocks = ˃86% MCI

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 56 Types of Rocks: Composition & Textures

Felsic = 0-15% MCI Intermediate = 16-45% MCI Mafic = 46-85% MCI 57 Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg Types of Rocks: Composition - Quebec

Major Mineral Compositions:

MCI*% • Felsic • Intermediate • Mafic • Ultramafic

*MCI = Mafic Color Index

MRN 2013 (GT 2013-02) http://gq.mines.gouv.qc.ca/documents/EXAMINE/GT201302/

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 58

Types of Rocks: Composition & Textures

Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, First Canadian Edition, Version 2, January 2019. 2, January Version Edition, Canadian First Manual, Laboratory Geology Physical Introductory Joyce McBeth, Michael Cuggy, Karla Panchuk, Tim Prokopiuk, Lyndsay Hauber, & Sean Lacey Sean & Hauber, Lyndsay Prokopiuk, Tim Panchuk, Cuggy, Karla Michael McBeth, Joyce

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 59 Types of Rocks: Felsic Rocks  Felsic rocks include rocks of felsic mineral composition:  Composed mainly of low-temperature minerals:  Quartz, , and

Intrusive Rock Granite Extrusive Rock Rhyolite

Granite— felsic coarse-grained (crystalline), light- colored, hard plutonic (intrusive igneous) rock consisting chiefly of quartz, or (feldspars), and . Found in plutonic rocks that have been exposed by erosion. In North America, granite is abundant in the core of ranges exposed Rhyolite—a pale felsic fine-grained volcanic (extrusive throughout the Rocky Mountain region and the igneous) rock of granitic composition. Common in Canadian . continental volcanic regions.

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 60 Types of Rocks: Intermediate Rocks  Intermediate refers to rocks that are in-between felsic and mafic in mineral composition:  Tend to be pale to medium gray in color

Intrusive Rock Extrusive Rock

Granodiorite—a coarse-grained (crystalline) plutonic Dacite—an extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock with an aphanitic to igneous containing quartz and . Composition texture. between and intermediate between granite and . rhyolite. Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 61 Types of Rocks: Mafic Rocks  Mafic rocks are very enriched in high-temperature mafic minerals

Intrusive Rock Gabbro Extrusive Rock Basalt

Gabbro—dark-colored, crystalline intrusive igneous Basalt— A dark-colored igneous rock, commonly extrusive rock composed principally of calcic-plagioclase minerals (from volcanic eruptions) and composed primarily of the ( or bytonite) and , and with or minerals of calcic plagioclase and , and without and orthopyroxene. It is the sometimes olivine. Basalt is the fine-grained equivalent of approximate intrusive equivalent of basalt. Gabbro is gabbro. Basalt is associated with areas associated with associated with terranes of ancient oceanic crustal crustal extension. All volcanic rocks on are basalt in rocks that are preserved in within continental rocks. composition.

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 62 Lesson 2: Types of Rocks: Videos

Types of Rocks: The Three Major Rock Groups https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-rocks-the-three-major-rock-groups.html

Classification of Igneous Rocks: Textures and Composition https://study.com/academy/lesson/classification-of-of-igneous-rocks-textures-and-composition.html

Intrusive Rocks: Definition & Examples https://study.com/academy/lesson/intrusive-rocks-definition-examples-quiz.html

Volcanic vs Plutonic Igneous Rocks: Definition and Differences https://study.com/academy/lesson/volcanic-vs-plutonic-igneous-rocks-definition-and-differences.html

Sediment: Definition, Types & Features https://study.com/academy/lesson/sediment-definition-types-features.html

Metamorphism of Rocks: Definition, Process & Influencing Factors https://study.com/academy/lesson/metamorphism-of-rocks-definition-process-influencing-factors.html

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals

The : Simplified https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 64 The Rock Cycle: Explained Concepts

 Igneous rocks from the cooling of molten material (magma, lava) and

are rich in minerals. https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg

 Molten material derived from deep in the Earth's is typically enriched in iron- and magnesium- rich silicate minerals:  Forming mafic and ultramafic

 Magma and lava associated with continental crustal regions are enriched in felsic silicate minerals rich in silicon and aluminum:  Feldspars

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 65 The Rock Cycle: Explained Concepts

Weathering of rocks and minerals:

 Water is called the "universal solvent“, https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg dissolving and transporting material in solution, altering the chemical composition of mineral, and transporting sediment (erosion and deposition).

 Not all rocks and minerals behave similarly when subjected to weathering and erosion:  Hard and durable minerals like quartz tend to resist weathering and erosion, and therefore can be carried long distances carried as sediments by flowing water or wind.

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 66 The Rock Cycle: Explained Concepts

Durability of Quartz

 Quartz is an extremely abundant mineral in the Earth's crust and is a durable mineral with a Mohs hardness of 7 https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg

 As Quartz-rich rocks weather and erode, minerals other than quartz tend to break down or decay into fine , whereas quartz grains tend to endure the abrasive processes while being transported by streams or battered by wave action on :  The finer clay materials get carried away by currents (water or wind).  Larger, more durable quartz grains concentrate in the form of quartz-rich sand found on beaches and in desert sand fields

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 67 The Rock Cycle: Explained Concepts

 Minerals in sedimentary rocks: Quartz, calcite, and

some iron and clay minerals https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg

 Minerals with high hardness and low solubility are transported by erosion and deposited in sedimentary basins

 Soft minerals that are highly soluble are dissolved and carried by surface and groundwater where most contributes to the saltiness of :

 Dissolved components in water can precipitate to form mineral cements including: • Calcite (CaCO3), iron-rich minerals (hematite and limonite), and silica (quartz)

 The iron-mineral content in rocks are mostly responsible for the earth-tone colors they display

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 68 The Rock Cycle: Explained Concepts

Metamorphic processes causing changes in

the mineral composition in rocks: https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg

 Changes in heat, pressure, and exposure to fluids, over time, will change the mineral composition of earth materials, such as:

 Converting sediments into sedimentary rocks, and changing sedimentary and igneous rocks into metamorphic rocks

 Exposing rocks to fluids—water and air at or near the surface—help to degrade rocks to form many kind into sediments

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 69

The Rock Cycle: Detailed Concepts https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 70 The Minerals

 A mineral is a naturally occurring,

inorganic (never living) solid with a https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg definite internal arrangement of atoms (crystal structure) and a chemical formula that only varies over a limited range that does not alter the crystal structure

 On Earth, more than 4,000 minerals have been identified, however, of those fewer than 2 dozen are common minerals in Earth's physical environment

 Minerals considered "gems" are, mostly, exceedingly rare

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 71 Difference

between a rock https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg and a mineral?  A rock is a hard, naturally formed of mineral matter or petrified matter  Rocks are mixtures of one or more minerals, may include organic matter and other non-mineral substances, such as and water  Rocks are what makes up the materials of the solid Earth and other rocky planets and in the  The word stone is another common term used to describe rock

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 72

Non-Metallic Minerals: High vs Low temp https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 73

Non-Metallic Minerals: Metamorphic https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 74 Minerals Identification: Simple Tests Physical and chemical properties evaluations: Hardness Mineral Mohs relative Resistance to scratch Usage Durability Properties: hardness scale test

Talc 1 Scrapeable by fingernail Talcum powder https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg  Depending on mineral Gypsum 2 Scrapeable by fingernail Plaster chemistry and crystal Calcite Scratch with copper coin Cement structure, minerals have 3 (1c) Scratch by nail or steel Toothpaste varying degrees of hardness: 4 knife blade Scratch by nail or steel Mineral in bones • Simple mineral samples 5 knife blade Orthoclase Scratched by a steel file Glass scratching tests with items (K-Feldspars) 6 and scratch the glass or materials of known Quartz 7 Scratches window glass Glass hardness can give a Topaz 8 Scratches glass Gemstone general range of hardness 9 Scratches glass and topaz Rubies et sapphires of a specimen 10 Scratches glass and Jewelry + Industrial corundum

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 75 Minerals Identification: Simple Tests Physical and chemical properties evaluations:

Magnets stick strongly to some iron minerals: https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg  Native iron (naturally pure iron in mineral form):

o Common mineral: Magnetite.

o Other minerals show weak magnetic attraction including iron-rich metallic and metalloid minerals:

• Hematite, goethite, , franklinite, pyrrhotite and siderite

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 76 Minerals Identification: Simple Tests

Physical and chemical properties evaluations: Mineral Color https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 77 Minerals Identification: Simple Tests

Physical and chemical properties evaluations: Mineral Color https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg

Iron- minerals

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 78 Minerals Identification: Simple Tests Physical and chemical properties evaluations: Streak Color

Streak—soft minerals may leave a streak of color on a piece of tile: https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg o Hematite = Red streak o Pyrite = Brown streak o Magnetite = Black streak

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 79 Minerals Identification: Simple Tests Physical and chemical properties evaluations: Streak Color

 Streak plates are unglazed white porcelain tiles

Hematite is a mineral which can be black and red in color:

Streak test will always reveal a rust-red streak line

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 80 Minerals Identification: Simple Tests Physical and chemical properties evaluations: Streak Color

 Streak plates are unglazed white porcelain tiles

Pyrite:

Streak line tests will show a dark brownish with a tinge of green

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 81 Minerals Identification: Simple Tests Physical and chemical properties evaluations: Fizzing Reaction

Acidic reaction— fizzes when exposed to acids, releasing : o Calcite highly fizzes to mild acid (HCl) o Dolomite fizzes in warm/hot acid

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 82 Minerals Identification: Simple Tests Physical and chemical properties evaluations: Malleability

Malleability—metals can be hammered to create new objects:

o Gold (Au) o Copper (Cu) o Iron (Fe) o Silver (Ag)

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 83 Minerals Identification: Simple Tests Physical and chemical properties evaluations: Elasticity

Elasticity—soft bendable minerals:

o Most minerals or shatter when put under stress or shock:

• Mica

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 84 Minerals Identification: Simple Tests Physical and chemical properties evaluations: ALL Observable Characteristics and Tests for Identifying Minerals Easily Observable Simple Tests

Characteristics Requiring Equipment https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg Crystal shape Hardness Color Magnetism Cleavage Streak Luster (metallic, non-metallic) Acid reaction Diaphaneity (transparent, Electrical resistivity fluorescence translucent or opaque) and/or thermo-luminescence Double refraction Malleability Striations Elasticity Feel Density Odor (smell) Phosphorescence Taste Radioactivity

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 85 Lesson 2: Rocks and Minerals: Videos

What Are Minerals? - Types, Properties & Examples https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-minerals-types-properties-examples.html

Rocks and Minerals: Definitions and Differences https://study.com/academy/lesson/rocks-and-minerals-definitions-and-differences.html

What is Luster? - Definition, Types & Examples https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-luster-definition-types-examples.html

Mineral Strength: Tenacity, Hardness, Cleavage & Fracture https://study.com/academy/lesson/mineral-strength-tenacity-hardness-cleavage-fracture.html

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals Minerals Classification: Non-Metallic vs Metallic

TYPES OF MINERAL RESOURCES

https://byjus.com/chemistry/mineral-resources/

METALLIC NON-METALLIC

Chemical Building Fertilizers Fuels industry materials

https://crimsonpublishers.com/amms/pdf/AMMS.000502.pdf FERROUS NON-FERROUS

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 87 Minerals Lusters: Non-Metallic vs Metallic

BASIC COMPARISONS METALLIC MINERALS NON-METALLIC MINERALS Meaning Metallic minerals are minerals Non-metallic minerals do not that contain raw form metals in have any metal elements in their their chemical formula. chemical formula. Found in Generally associated to both Generally associated to igneous and metamorphic rocks Sedimentary rocks New product Metals are extracted by melting Yields no new product and/or metallic minerals metals if melted Heat and electricity Good conductors of heat and Good insulators of heat and electricity electricity Malleability and Malleable, ductile (i.e. do not No malleability, not ductile (i.e. ductility break) and hard can break) and soft Luster Metallically Lustrous Non-lustrous

Modified from https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-metallic-and-non-metallic-minerals.html

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 88 Minerals Classification: Non-Metallic vs Metallic Non-Metallic Minerals: Composed of non-metallic NON-METALLIC chemical elements: https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg  Limestone  Dolomite  Talc  Quartz  Mica  Clay  Silica sand  Gemstones  Construction stones  Industrials METALLIC  Coal

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 89 Minerals Classification: Non-Metallic vs Metallic Metallic Minerals: NON-METALLIC Composed of metallic https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg chemical elements:

 Pyrite (Fe = Iron)  Pyrrhotite (Fe = Iron)  Magnetite (Fe = Iron)  Hematite (Fe = Iron)  Gold (Au)  Chalcopyrite (Cu = Copper)  Sphalerite (Zn = Zinc) METALLIC  Galena (Pb = )

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 90 Minerals Lusters: Non-Metallic vs Metallic

Luster: How a mineral reflects light: o First thing to observe in a mineral • Bright? • Dull? • Metallic-look? • Vitreous?

https://earthscience.xyz/sites/default/files/Lusters.png Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 91 Non-Metallic: : Felsic: Quartz

Quartz:  Pure quartz crystals are colorless, clear to milky white; i.e. generally color comes from impurities Quartz:  Glassy texture  Hard  Colorless or white mineral  Consists of (silica-

SiO2)  Common in: o Igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary rocks

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 92 Non-Metallic: Silicates: Felsic: Quartz

Quartz: Pure silica forms clear  Pure quartz crystals are colorless  Generally color comes from impurities quartz crystals in  Smoky Quartz: Natural irradiation of aluminum-bearing material unconfined spaces:   Rock fissures  Semiprecious gems varieties includes: o Amethyst o Citrine o Rose quartz o Smoky quartz

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 93 Non-Metallic: Silicates: Felsic: Quartz

Chert:  Quarried for stone tools, weapons, and other implements for daily and ceremonial usages Microcrystalline varieties of sedimentary rock composed mainly of quartz include:  Chert   Flint  Agate  Chalcedony

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 94 Non-Metallic: Silicates: Feldspars: Felsic Rocks

 ORHTOCLASE Feldspars are an abundant rock-forming group of “Alumino-silicate” (Al-rich) minerals typically occurring as colorless or pale-colored crystals.  Orthoclase is a potassium aluminum silicate, an important rock-forming mineral  Orthoclase or K-spar—a:  Potassium (K) rich (KAlSi3O8)  Associated to Felsic Rocks

https://geology.com/minerals/orthoclase.shtml

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 95 Non-Metallic: Silicates: Feldspars: Felsic Rocks  PLAGIOCLASE-Na-rich Feldspars are an abundant rock-forming group of “Alumino-silicate” (Al-rich) minerals typically occurring as colorless or pale-colored crystals.  Plagioclase—either a:  (Na)-rich : (NaAlSi3O8)

 Associated to Felsic Rocks https://geology.com/minerals/plagioclase.shtml

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 96 Non-Metallic: Silicates: Feldspars: Mafic Rocks  PLAGIOCLASE-Ca-rich Feldspars are an abundant rock-forming group of “Alumino-silicate” (Al-rich) minerals typically occurring as colorless or pale-colored crystals.  Plagioclase—either a:  Calcium (Ca)-rich feldspar: (CaAlO2SiO2O8)  Associated to Mafic Rocks

o Forms at higher temperatures than sodium-rich plagioclase https://geology.com/minerals/plagioclase.shtml

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 97 Non-Metallic: Mafic Silicates: Ferromagnesian

 OLIVINE Mafic silicate minerals are rich in dark-colored, mainly ferromagnesian minerals: Iron (Fe)-rich and Magnesium (Mg)-rich minerals.  Olivine—a:  Principally (Mg,Fe)2SiO4  Associated to Igneous and Metamorphic rocks

o Basalt, https://geology.com/minerals/olivine.shtml

https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/olivine.html?oriSearch=hornblende&sti=ljosow86t0c46e198l|&mediapopup=103673847

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 98 Non-Metallic: Mafic Silicates: Ferromagnesian  Mafic silicate minerals are rich in dark-colored, mainly ferromagnesian minerals: Iron (Fe)-rich and Magnesium (Mg)-rich minerals.  Pyroxenes—a:  Principally (XY)2(Si,Al)3O8 o X = ± Ca ± Na ± Fe ± Mg ± (Zn, Mn, Li) o Y = ± (Cr, Al, Co, Mn, Ti, V, Sc)

 Prismatic crystals (i.e. appearance) https://geology.com/minerals/pyroxene.shtml

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 99 Non-Metallic: Mafic Silicates: Ferromagnesian

Mafic silicate minerals are rich in dark-colored, mainly ferromagnesian minerals: Iron (Fe)-rich and Magnesium  (Mg)-rich minerals.  Amphiboles—a:  Principally (XY)2(Si,Al)3O8 o X = ± calcium (Ca) ± sodium (Na) o Y = ± aluminum (Al)  Associated to Metamorphic rocks

 Fibrous or columnar crystals (i.e. ) https://geology.com/minerals/hornblende.shtml

https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/hornblende.html?oriSearch=magnetite&sti=loxxzkzloymhfddiob|

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 100 Non-Metallic: Silicates: Micas: Felsic: Muscovite  MICAS: Muscovite Micas: Micas and clay minerals are silicate minerals that have a sheet-like crystal arrangement that allow them to cleave into thin sheets Muscovite is a felsic variety of mica:  Silver-gray form of mica platy sheet  Occurring in many igneous and metamorphic rocks

https://geology.com/minerals/muscovite.shtml

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 101 Non-Metallic: Silicates: Micas: Mafic:

Micas: Micas and clay minerals are silicate minerals that have a sheet-like crystal arrangement that allow them  MICAS to cleave into thin sheets Biotite is a mafic variety of mica  Common rock-forming mineral: o Black, dark-brown, or dark-green sheets and flakes  Important constituent of igneous and metamorphic rocks

https://geology.com/minerals/biotite.shtml

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Biotite_mica_3_%2831304651483%29.jpg

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 102 Lesson 2: Silicate and non-Silicate Minerals: Videos

Silicate Minerals: Chemical Classifications & Examples https://study.com/academy/lesson/silicate-minerals-chemical-classifications-examples.html

Non-silicate Minerals: Chemical Classifications & Examples https://study.com/academy/lesson/non-silicate-minerals-chemical-classifications-examples.html

What Is Pyrite (Fool's Gold)? - Properties, Definition & Facts https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-pyrite-fools-gold-properties-definition-facts.html

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals Metallic: Gold

Gold: Au  Gold crystals in gold-bearing quartz

https://geology.com/minerals/gold.shtml

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 104 Metallic: Iron Sulfide: Pyrite

Pyrite: FeS2  Most widespread and abundant sulfide in the world

https://geology.com/minerals/pyrite.shtml

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 105 Metallic: Fool’s Gold: Pyrite vs Gold

Fool's Gold: Pyrite and gold can easily be distinguished

Property Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) Gold Color Brass yellow Golden yellow Malleability and brittle and thin pieces will very soft and will bend ductility break with pressure or dent with pressure Hardness 6.0 – 6.5 2.5 - 3.0 Streak Color greenish-black yellow streak Specific Gravity 4.9 – 5.2 Much higher 19.3 Metallic luster Metallic luster which Metallic luster without tarnishes to dull brass tarnish

https://geology.com/minerals/gold.shtml

https://geology.com/minerals/pyrite.shtml Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 106 Metallic: Copper-Iron Sulfide: Chalcopyrite

Chalcopyrite: CuFeS2  Important of copper

https://geology.com/minerals/chalcopyrite.shtml

http://geologyscience.com/minerals/chalcopyrite/#jp-carousel-1280 Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 107 Metallic: Zinc (±Fe) Sulfide: Sphalerite

Sphalerite: Zn(±Fe)S  Dodecahedral perfect crystals (6 directions)

https://geology.com/minerals/sphalerite.shtml

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 108 Metallic: Lead Sulfide: Galena

Galena: PbS  Cubic crystals

https://geology.com/minerals/galena.shtml

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 109 Metallic: : Magnetite

Magnetite: Fe2O3  Highly magnetic

https://geology.com/minerals/magnetite.shtml

https://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/magnetite.html?imgtype=0&sti=n583b6h008tehcyk0i|&mediapopup=58411462

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 110 Metallic: Iron Oxide: Hematite

Hematite: Fe2O3  Most important iron-ore

https://geology.com/minerals/magnetite.shtml

https://www.123rf.com/photo_123290159_hematite-iron-ore-piece-isolated-on-white-background.html

Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 111 Questions?

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Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L2- Rocks and Minerals 112