ISSUE 132

JUNE 2009

How does one man a Navy in the 21st Century? The Long Journey Home The Story of the Unknown HMAS Sailor Marine ‘refuges’ may be the key to coral reef recovery following climate change

A Bright Flame: The Leadership of Sir Bertram Home Ramsay RN

Visit to BRNC Dartmouth

A transcript of the Keynote Address at the Fleet Air Arm of Australia AGM

Maritime Law Enforcement Journal of the Beyond the Littoral Shipyards: Australia and USA Email: [email protected] Fax +61 8 9410 2564 Tel: +61 8 9410 1111

WWW.AUSTAL.COM Issue 132 3 Contents

How does one man a Navy in the 21st Century? 5

The Long Journey Home The Story of the Unknown HMAS Sydney Sailor 9

Marine ‘refuges’ may be the key to coral reef recovery following climate change 15

A Bright Flame: The Leadership of Admiral Sir Bertram Home Ramsay RN 16

Visit to BRNC Dartmouth – CDRE Harry ADAMS prize 21

A transcript of the Keynote Address given by Commander Nat Gould RAN (Rtd) at the Fleet Air Arm of Australia AGM 23

Maritime Law Enforcement Beyond Front page: Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione APM, challenges the Royal Australian the Littoral 29 Officers and Navy led by Rear Admiral Nigel Coates prior to entry to the City of Sydney, during the Royal sailors from the Australian Navy Freedom of Entry Parade. Royal Australian Doctrinal Innovation in the Royal Naval Navy begin their 14 March 2009 company from HMAS Ships Sydney, Air Service: Samson, Longmore, and Freedom of Entry Darwin, Newcastle, Anzac, Ballarat, Williamson 35 Parade down Navy makes history in Freedom of Stuart, Manoora, , Success, George Street, Entry Parade Sirius, Diamantina, Hawkesbury, Sydney. Visions from the Vault 47 Yarra, Norman and Gascoyne along ydney Central Business District was with Collins Class HMAS Sa sea of white on Saturday 14 March Farncomb and Navy land establishments Style Notes for Headmark 48 2009, as approximately 4,600 Royal HMAS Kuttabul, Waterhen, Watson, Issue Number 132 Australian Navy personnel marched Penguin, Harman, Albatross and ANI Online Guide 49 Printed by Everbest through the city’s streets. The Freedom Creswell. Over 150 Australian Navy Printing Company of Entry Parade involved the ship’s cadets also took part in the parade.

Australian Naval Institute Info 50 ISSN 1833-6531 ATI - AUSTAL - AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE CREDIT UNION - BOOZ ALLEN & HAMILTON FRIEND - EDS - KBR - LOPAC ANI Membership Application Form 51 Design & DTP: Diane Bricknell - RAYTHEON AUSTRALIA - SAAB [email protected] Journal of the Australian Naval Institute THETHE COMMONWEALTH COMMONWEALTH NAVIES: NAVIES: 100100 YEARS YEARS OFOF COOPERATION COOPERATION

TheThe sixth sixth biennial biennial King-Hall King-Hall Conference Conference will willbe heldbe held inThe sixth biennial on 30-31 King-Hall July 2009. Conference The conference will be held will in Canberrain Canberra on on30-31 30-31 July July 2009. 2009. The The conference conference will will bebe organised organised by bythe the Sea Sea Power Power Centre Centre - Australia - Australia with with assistancebe organised from by the SchoolSea Power of Humanities Centre - Australia and Social with assistanceassistance from from the the School School of Humanitiesof Humanities and and Social Social Sciences,Sciences, University University of Newof New South South Wales Wales at the at theAustralian Australian DefenceSciences, Force University Academy. of New The South King-Hall Wales Conference at the Australian DefencehasDefence become Force Force Academy. a significantAcademy. The The King-Hallevent King-Hall in theConference Conferencenational hasand becomeinternationalhas become a significant asea significant power event communities in eventthe nationalin the for national andits wide-ranginginternational and seadiscussioninternational power communities of seatopical power navalfor communitiesits historicalwide-ranging andfor discussion itsmaritime wide-ranging strategicof topicalissues.discussion naval The historical ofconference topical and naval is maritime open historical to strategicthe and public, maritime issues. and previousThe strategic conferenceeventsissues. haveThe is openconference attracted to the a public,is wide open range and to the previous of public,naval eventshistorians, and previous have attractedacademicsevents ahave wide and attracted range retired of a navaland wide serving historians, range militaryof naval academics personnel, historians, and as wellacademics as interested and retired lay people and serving from Australia military personnel,and overseas. as retiredwell andas interested serving military lay people personnel, from Australia as well as and interested overseas. lay people from Australia and overseas. The theme of the 2009 conference is ‘Commonwealth Navies:The theme 100 of Years the 2009 of Cooperation’. conference Inis 1909,‘Commonwealth Australia, ThewithNavies: theme the 100ofencouragement the Years 2009 of conferenceCooperation’. of of the is British Commonwealth In 1909, Admiralty, Australia, Navies:decidedwith the100 encouragementto Years acquire of Cooperation. a modern of of ocean-goingthe In British1909, Australia,Admiralty, fleet; one with The Commonwealth Navies: decided to acquire a modern ocean-going fleet; one The Commonwealth Navies: thewhich encouragement would not onlyof of protectthe British local Admiralty, ports and decided shipping to acquirefromwhich enemya would modern incursionsnot ocean-going only protect but also fleet; local support portsone which theand Royalshippingwould Navy not 100 Years of Cooperation onlyinfrom protectits enemydetermnation local incursions ports to and retain but shipping also command support from enemyof the the Royal sea.incursions Navy 100 Years of Cooperation in its determnation to retain command of the sea. butOther also memberssupport the of Royalthe Empire Navy in followed, its determination and over the 2009 King-Hall Naval History Conference nextOther 100 members years theof thevarious Empire Commonwealth followed, and navies over the have 20092009 King-HallKing-Hall NavalNaval HistoryHistory ConferenceConference to nextretain 100 command years the of variousthe sea. Commonwealth Other members naviesof the have 30-31 July 2009 Empireroutinely followed, sailed and together over the in bothnext 100peace years and the war various and 30-31 July 2009 withroutinely a remarkable sailed together degree in of both interoperability. peace and war Arguably and 30-31 July 2009 Commonwealthwith a remarkable navies degree have routinelyof interoperability. sailed together Arguably in boththe peace most andsuccessful war and international with a remarkable grouping degree of its of type, Commonwealththe most successful naval international cooperation grouping can also ofbe its seen type, as the interoperability.precursorCommonwealth to moreArguably naval recent cooperationthe intitiatives most successful can such also as international be the seen US Navy’sas the groupingMaritimeprecursor of its Partnership.to type,more Commonwealth recent intitiatives naval such cooperation as the US canNavy’s alsoMaritime be seen Partnership. as the precursor to more recent intitiatives such as the US Navy’s Maritime Partnership. GENERAL INFORMATION GENERALVenue: INFORMATION Venue: Venue:Adams Hall, Academy, Canberra ACT.Adams Hall, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra AdamsACT. Hall, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra ACT. Registration: Registration: Registration: Registration will be at no cost, however, the number RegistrationRegistration will will be beat noat nocost, cost, however, however, the thenumber number of ofdelegates delegates will will be belimited limited by theby thesize size of the of thevenue. venue. Earlyof delegates contact willwith be the limited Sea Power by the Centre size of - theAustralia venue. is Earlyrecommended.Early contact contact with with the the Sea Sea Power Power Centre Centre - Australia - Australia is is recommended.recommended. (Registration includes lunch and light morning tea) (Registration(Registration includes includes lunch lunch and and light light morning morning tea). tea) FURTHER INFORMATION FURTHER INFORMATION SeaSea Power Power Centre-Australia Centre-Australia ConferenceConferenceSea Power Co-ordination Centre-Australia Co-ordination Cell Cell DepartmentDepartmentConference of Co-ordinationofDefence Defence Cell CanberraCANBERRADepartment ACT 2600ACT of Defence 2600 CANBERRA ACT 2600 Tel:Tel: (02) (02) 61276514 61276514 Tel: (02) 61276514 Fax:Fax: (02) (02) 61276521 61276521 Email:Fax: (02) [email protected] 61276521 Email:Email: [email protected] [email protected]

AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE THE UNIVERSITY OF FORCE ACADEMY NEW SOUTH WALES Issue 132 5 How does one man a Navy in the 21st Century? L MiEUTENANT iCHAEL Newman

The reality, however, is that the previously mentioned ‘old sailors’ are not a product of their time but are in fact a product of the profession they have chosen. At the risk of degenerating into a “chicken or the egg argument” at this point, I am simply suggesting that the profession of arms (and more particularly the navy life) espouses a certain lifestyle that is attractive to the adventurous and fun-loving in our society irrespective of the century in which Dealing with o ask a Warrant Officer to tell you I have heard countless stories they joined. As such, the RAN finds different what has changed in the RAN of Command teams (indeed whole itself in a difficult position where it people - Charles T since he1 joined is to subject oneself to ships) sailing from ports completely needs to recruit the same type of men James Shaffer swims through a rant encompassing alcohol testing, inebriated with the punch line being, and women that it always has done Guantanamo Bay women at sea, ‘up-top’ trips and rental invariably, “but you couldn’t get away without being able to offer them the during his first allowance (to name but a few ‘issues’). with that these days.” You certainly same incentives. We cannot lure people certification dive as Whatever your stance on any of these, could not and it would be a reckless to stay with the promises of ‘parties part of the Soldiers the simple fact is that the Navy has organisation that condoned otherwise. up-top’ because we are too busy Undertaking Disabled Scuba changed a lot in 25 years and what The concern, however, is that a lot of counselling people for alcohol abuse program (Courtesy made SMN Smith join in 1983 is not old sailors (I use the term generically and fraternisation! US Navy) offered to his son or daughter in 2008. rather than as a designation of rank) The modern navy, therefore, finds Quite simply, the RAN in 2008 has joined the navy to travel the world on itself conforming to standards far been forced to move in concert with a taxpayer funded, life-long drinking beyond what is expected in the wider the ‘zeitgeist’ and as such conforms, as adventure. As a consequence the ‘new’ community whilst demanding its best it can, to the societal norms and navy in which their mess mates live personnel perform roles far beyond expectations of the time. Unfortunately, ashore, their drinking is curtailed and the scope of the wider community. these very measures that are employed their ‘up top’ trips have been replaced Discipline is certainly a cornerstone of to recruit and retain the uniformed by border/OPLAT patrols does not military life but it has been a hallmark workforce may in fact be the cause of afford them their chosen lifestyle. of service in the ADF (until recently) its demise. Ideally the aforementioned sailors that we “work hard and play hard.” As would move on and a new breed of begrudgingly as the troops took the 1 I apologise for the gender specific personal pronoun employed here, and serviceman, who knows nothing of the requirement to sail early or remain indeed for the masculine tone of the essay, more relaxed epoch that preceded him, at sea for longer, it was reconciled in however, said tone is based purely on ease of argument! My argument rests on a certain would take the helm and steer the RAN the past by the understanding that ‘type’ of person which encapsulates people smoothly through the 21st Century. once land was eventually reached, of all ages, race and gender. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 6 How does one man a Navy in the 21st Century?

unemployment is low, the ADF struggles to both retain and recruit people. The contention is that more highly paid jobs that afford a better quality of life are available outside the service. I will address the ‘quality of life’ argument later but for now I wish to examine the prudence of enticing people to join (or stay) with promises of money, housing, education and free medical treatment. Without question such benefits make the ADF a more competitive employer and it is highly likely that many young adults have chosen tenure in the military based on the complete package of benefits offered to them. The issue here is twofold: firstly, you reach a point where The changing the celebration would be large and other than personnel safety is counter the government cannot compete dynamic of (within reason) without consequence. productive. This balance remains one (financially) with industry; and manning modern The enjoyment derived from a good of the Navy’s greatest challenges and I secondly, people who join for financial navies - Boatswain Mate Seaman run ashore with all your mess mates raise it not in the hope that our stance remuneration are not necessarily the Ronald Finch is something that the navy alone can on alcohol use will revert to pre 2003 best candidates for naval service. The stands lee offer. This in turn gives the RAN days. I simply urge caution in the outcome of both issues is simple – helmsman watch an edge over civilian employers manner in which we administer those people leave. Consequently financial on the bridge of the which, when properly managed, is an who fail our rigorous requirements. incentives are only a stop-gap. As soon USS invaluable tool for retention. There exists a very real danger that left as someone who is motivated solely Theodore Roosevelt (Courtesy USN) The challenge is balancing the unchecked, we will in time lose the by money is given the opportunity to above with OH&S. Invariably duty- wonderful social side of this profession. advance their position they will take watch should be breath tested as the To be fair, I have brazenly grouped it. For this reason I have specifically safety of the ship and all personnel the whole RAN together which belies referred to their military ‘tenure’ as rest with them. But it is inappropriate the fact that throughout the centuries opposed to their ‘career’. to suggest that a twenty year old is an people have put to sea at the behest The need for people to make a alcoholic because he has ‘blown over’ of their government for many reasons career out of the RAN is obvious – we on a couple of occasions. Certainly other than wine and travel! Patriotism, cannot laterally recruit people except stand the individual down and offer pride and honour are treasured values from foreign navies2. If people choose counselling (if necessary) but don’t in any armed force and they contribute, to leave after their minimum period tarnish his career because he happens at least in part, to most recruits’ of service they are well equipped to to work for an organisation that can determination to don their uniform. gain meaningful employment outside rigorously police rules that few civilian Obviously three square meals a day, the ADF. We, on the other hand, are organisations are able to enforce. Are a steady pay packet and subsidised left with empty billets at the level in we trying to protect the individuals housing also prove very alluring. But which we need them most – middle or are we trying to protect the RAN’s it is on these last tangible benefits of and upper management. Because you image? If it is the latter, whom are RAN service that we as an organisation cannot recruit into such positions we safeguarding it from – potential are focusing all of our retention and recruits, the media or probing political recruitment efforts. 2 Under current doctrine this is the masters? The socialising and travelling Anyone with a rudimentary case. While the concept is outside the scope of this essay, lateral recruitment from culture is a fundamental aspect of naval understanding of economics and civilian organisations deserves thorough service and to combat it for any reason history appreciates that when investigation and may in fact rescue the military in the future if managed correctly. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 7

just have to make sure we play to this their complaints bring down everyone strength. around them. The key it would seem is to afford While it is unrealistic to assume people a lifestyle that they enjoy and that you could fill a ship, let alone will endeavour to retain, irrespective the RAN, solely with sailors of the of the financial rewards offered motivated ilk, that should not lessen elsewhere. Rectifying this issue will one’s determination to try. Even a ship therefore prevent people leaving for with 25 percent of the crew falling into a better ‘quality of life’. But herein this desirable category will achieve lays the issue; who determines what remarkable results: morale is infectious. a better quality of life is? I would The cost to the RAN is nothing more suggest that for many people it would than delivering the adventure to those be regular working hours affording who seek it. them the greatest opportunity Failing to do this delivers a middle for time with friends and family. ground solution that does not cater to Unfortunately, the RAN cannot offer either school. As such, the adventurous this and nor should it. Such a lifestyle leave through disappointment and the is catered for amply by civilian ‘regular hours’ individuals depart of employment and people seeking such their own accord when their time is up. an existence should transition freely. The RAN, thus, finds itself in a position We must endeavour, where possible, where it can only throw money at those to avoid recruiting people who aspire whose loss would hurt most in the to this lifestyle because their time, hope that they will remain, however and the RAN’s budget, will be unfairly begrudgingly, until their replacement wasted. can be trained and the cycle can As previously stated we need to continue. The Navy has changed - Able you must promote people earlier cater to those most suited to naval While money is definitely important Seaman Cook Tahlia and the end state is an inexperienced service; the fun loving and adventurous it is not in itself the solution. A wise Boneham would not workforce. men and women in the community. Chief Petty Officer3 once offered up have been allowed Essentially no single strategy Partly because these people are made the slogan “Better Ships and Better to be a navy cook will address this issue but the key to of the ‘right stuff’ and partly because Trips.” The message is simple; give 30 years ago (Photo success is providing your workforce they will make a career out of the people capable and exciting ships by Leading Seaman Helen Frank) with something unique whilst also service and will thus take up the middle in which they can travel to new and attending to their material needs. I and senior leadership positions in due exotic locations. By expending funds in don’t think the navy should return course. But perhaps most importantly this manner everyone wins; the RAN to the period of open bars at sea and these individuals, when inspired and maintains a formidable capability, drunken departures from foreign ports. engaged, provide the foundations for with numerous relationship building But I do not believe the solution lies in the morale of the organisation. exercises, and SMN Smith is afforded attempting to turn the RAN into any A motivated officer or sailor who the opportunity to man the Toplite other commercial enterprise either. It is joined the RAN for travel, adventure weapon system as his AEGIS not a civilian company and we should and in the knowledge that they are pulls into Hong Kong. not try and compete along the same engaging in an honourable profession The above scenario is only a few lines. We are in the business of war can exponentially elevate the morale years away from fruition and now the and everything we do should be aimed of those around them when they government is finally delivering this at recruiting, retaining and training are employed gainfully. Conversely, capability to the Navy, we owe it to those personnel suited to this line of someone who seeks only the financial ourselves to use it. We need to keep work. People should join the military rewards will not generally enjoy the sea the momentum going and we must for reasons that extend beyond pay. time and will most likely provide less of push ahead with the next round of The RAN offers a niche employment a service. They tend to bemoan the fact over which we have a monopoly – we that they are away from their home and 3 CPOET Martin whilst working at the PWO Faculty circa June 2008. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 8 How does one man a Navy in the 21st Century? PETER MITCHELL ESSAY exciting developments. In turn, we need COMPETITION 2009 to showcase these assets to the world. 4 The Sea Power Centre - Australia (SPC-A) is Northern Trident was, reportedly, an conducting the 2009 Peter Mitchell Essay amazing exercise and must have helped, Competition, which is open to all sailors and albeit in a small way, retention in the officers of British Commonwealth navies of RAN. We need a lot more of this if we commander rank and below. are to be a competitive employer in the 21st Century. Details of the competition can be found at In discussions about recruitment and www.navy.gov.au/spc; and enquiries should retention statistics it is often suggested be directed to: that ‘Generation Y’ is not motivated by seapower.centre@)defence.gov.au. values together with the more common assertion, that ‘people don’t have just one One prize may be awarded in each of the career anymore’. There is some truth in Michael Newman, RAN, following three sections: both these statements but the overriding graduated from the Australian Defence • Open section (one prize only - AUS$1500) fact is that aspiring naval officers and Force Academy in 2002. He completed all essays are eligible for this prize. sailors should not be squeezed into his seaman officer training in HMAS these categories. The calibre of the men • Officers section (one prize only - and women we seek means that we are Adelaide in 2005 before conducting AUS$1000). not choosing from the same pool as further service in STS Young Endeavour • Sailors section (one prize only - AUS$1000). everyone else and we should not try and and HMAS Stuart. LEUT Newman adapt to satisfy ‘Generation Y.’ We should commenced his Principal Warfare The topics for the 2009 Competition are: adapt by building “Better Ships and Officer course in January 2008 and at • Is there a better alternative to the current Better Trips” and we should incorporate rank structure used by navies? a sensible approach to alcohol consistent the time of writing was the Operations How might the current global financial with the overall approach to OH&S. We Officer in HMAS Darwin. • crisis impact on the future of navies? can still sell the message of socialising and travel provided we sell it smartly. • What is the potential impact on As much as the RAN has changed international shipping, trade routes and and as much as the hypothetical Warrant the naval protection of shipping if the Officer might lament this new period in Arctic North West Passage is increasingly which we serve, the core role of both the ice free? organisation and its personnel remains • How might naval cooperation, either the same. We are still a navy that puts bilaterally or multilaterally, lessen ships to sea to stand in harm’s way so that tensions? others may enjoy their ‘regular hours’ Essays can be any length up to a maximum of jobs. We need people who are willing 3500 words. Essays must be original works, in to perform this role with determination a suitable layout, in English on international a4 and vigour. We need men and women size paper. The author’s name is not to appear who are capable of supporting the on the essay; a pseudonym, which is to appear training and deployments that go into on the title page of the essay, is to be used. the maintenance of this capability. These Essays should be in electronic copy in Microsoft people will steer the RAN safely and word format and emailed to seapower. st proudly into the 21 century and it is to [email protected], accompanied by the them that our recruitment and retention declaration form located in the competition must be focused if we are to maintain rules at www.navy.gov.au/spc. Entries are to our position in the regional ORBAT.  be received at the SPC-A by no later than 28 October 2009. Late entries will not be accepted without a compelling reason. 4 HMAS Anzac, 2006 Around the World trip Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 9 The Long Journey Home The Story of the Unknown HMAS Sydney Sailor byG S rEG wINDEN

e was badly wounded and dying, had lain in the raft in a peculiar but somehow he made it into fashion and the Assistant theH Carley Float. Whether he fell into Harbour Master later stated, it, was blown in by a bursting shell in 1981, that a coffin had to be or was placed there by his shipmates built to conform to the way the we will never know. When the light remains were preserved. In mid HMAS Sydney was sunk off February 1942 the body was the Western Australian coast on 19 buried in an unmarked grave November 1941, in her final battle in the Old European Cemetery with the disguised German raider with military honours. A report Kormoran, it was the start of one man’s on the incident was delivered to long journey home. the RAN by Captain Smith when A few months later on 6 February he returned to later 1942 a battle damaged naval pattern that month. On 31 March 1942 Carley Float (a metal tubular life raft was invaded covered with cork and canvas) was and occupied by the Japanese spotted drifting off Christmas Island and there the matter and the - then British Territory administered unknown sailor rested for many from . The Harbour Master, years to come. Captain James Smith, ordered his In 1949 the matter was assistant Edward Craig to bring the examined by the RAN when one float ashore and the badly decomposed of the men who had been present body of a man wearing a white boiler at the funeral, Sergeant JW suit was found in the raft. The Island’s Brown of the Christmas Island Above: German doctor, Dr J Scott-Clark, ascertained volunteer platoon, wrote an article for of significant value some 55 years later. raider Kormoran that the body was of a Caucasian male a WA newspaper but nothing came of In the early 1980s there was Top: HMAS Sydney in who had been dead for some time and this investigation. Again the matter resurgence in interest regarding the loss Sydney Harbour the description of the Carley Float later was consigned to the footnotes of of Sydney and two books on the matter given by Smith indicated it was from a history being only briefly mentioned were published. These were Michael naval vessel and that the float had been in the RAN’s Official History for the Montgomery’s Who Sank the SYDNEY in the water for several months. War 1939-1945 (published in 1957). At (1981) and Barbara Winter’s HMAS Also found in the raft was a Christmas Island the unknown sailor Sydney - Fact, Fantasy and Fraud shoe or boot with the broad arrow lay in his un-marked grave, but every (1984). Both mentioned the sailor (indicating Government property) and now and then Mr Jack Pettigrew, who buried at Christmas Island. From a manufacturer’s name of McCowan had been on the island in 1942 and these two books the pressure began or McEwen stamped on it. First hand returned there in 1946, would take to mount to have the wreck of Sydney evidence suggests that the shoe size interested people to see the grave site. located and the body at Christmas was not compatible with the body and One day in late 1950 he took Mr Brian Island exhumed. Throughout the it was speculated that there may have O’Shannassy, an ex RAN Signalman 1990s more books on the loss of Sydney been another man in the raft prior to it working on the island as an accountant, were written and more Australians being recovered. to see the grave and Brian took a photo became interested in the whole story. The overalls worn were described of the cemetery. Pettigrew is alleged One of these was Mr Ted McGowan as both white or blue, that had been to have also made a comment that he whose older brother, Able Seaman bleached white by the , and with recalled the body had a ‘perfect set of Thomas McGowan, had been lost with four press stud fasteners at the front teeth’ (or words to that effect). Brian the ship. He had heard the rumour as opposed to buttons. The body O’Shannassy’s photo was to prove to be that the body had a perfect set of teeth Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 10 The Long Journey Home The Story of the Unknown HMAS Sydney Sailor and, linked with the details of the shoe (Department of Defence and the grave which he found in the raft, he believed that the Department of Transport and recalled was to the body could be that of his brother. His Regional Services who issued the right of the main efforts over the next 15 years were to Exhumation Order) to exhume the line of graves at the prove to be one of the main catalysts in body of the unknown sailor. The rear of the cemetery. having the body exhumed. expedition included Denise Donlon, Additionally the Eventually enough pressure was two forensic odontologists (Lieutenant Commonwealth brought to bear within Parliament to Commander Matt Blenkin, RAN War Graves have the Joint Standing Committee and Lieutenant Russell Lain, RANR) Commission was The dig team in action at CI in 2001 (Courtesy CMDR Matt Blenkin) for Foreign Affairs, Defence and and two pathologists (RAAF Wing contacted to ensure Trade investigate and report on Commander Johan Duflou and Army that rumours that the loss of HMAS Sydney. The Captain Alan Cala). The team set to the body had been inquiry commenced in early 1998 work but despite excavating several exhumed during and released its report in March tonnes of soil (40 cubic metres) in the the late 1940s 1999. The Government formally front part of the cemetery no remains and re-buried in responded to the report in June 2000. were found. After two weeks of digging Singapore were Amongst the reams of paper was the the expedition was called off. incorrect. They HMAS Sydney unmarked grave 2006 recommendation that the body at Over the next few years Mr advised that no body (Courtesy RAN) Christmas Island should be exhumed McGowan, and others, wrote had been exhumed for further analysis. In June 2001 frequently to the Government calling from Christmas Lieutenant Commander Richard for a second search but this was to Island, although Chartier RAN took a small team to no avail. In 2004, however, Mr John other bodies had Christmas Island to attempt to locate Perryman became the Senior Naval been exhumed the grave, with a view to returning at a Historian in Canberra and took a from other remote later date to recover the remains.. renewed interest in the case following locations (including Richard Chartier’s team included the receipt of submissions from Mr Cocos Island) anthropologist Dr Denise Donlon – a McGowan and Western Australian and re-buried RAAF Reserve Squadron Leader with author Glenys McDonald. John in Singapore several years of experience in the examined the previous research and a when Kranji War recovery of human remains including photocopy of the photo taken by Brian Cemetery was those from crashed World War II O’Shannassy and recommended to opened in the aircraft – a Mr Kevin Lourey and Mr Navy Headquarters that O’Shannassy 1950s. Christmas Island dig 2006 (Courtesy RAN) Ted McGowan. Mr Lourey had lived be interviewed. He also interviewed John Perryman on the island during the period 1949- another Christmas Island resident, used this new 69 and stated he knew the location of Mr Say Kit Foo, who had been born data to convince the grave. In 2001, however, the now on the island and who as a child the Navy that a overgrown and dilapidated cemetery had often played in the cemetery. new search was was virtually unrecognisable. The team These interviews were conducted warranted and cleared the undergrowth, based on Mr separately by Mr Perryman with the in September Lourey’s recollections, and he identified assistance of Lieutenant Commander 2006, Captain Jim a location in the front portion of the John Maddock, RANR. Both Brian Parsons, RANR cemetery as the likely site. Using this O’Shannassy and Say Kit Foo identified was authorised evidence it was decided to push ahead an area at the rear of the cemetery, take a team to with a search later that year. within a few feet of each other, where Christmas Island Denise Donlon sifts soil at Christmas Island In late August 2001 the official they recalled the grave being located. to commence the 2006 (Courtesy RAN) expedition commenced work at Brian O’Shannassy further advised second expedition. Christmas Island. Lieutenant that when he took the photo he used The team consisted of anthropologist Commander Chartier had been the actual headstones as markers to Denise Donlon, forensic authorised by the Government identify the location of the unmarked odontologists Lieutenant Russell Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 11

Lain and Commander Matt Blenkin, unknown sailor who had been buried archaeologist Tony Lowe and Mr in 1942. CI Man was then flown by a Brian O’Shannassy. Interestingly RAAF aircraft to Sydney and placed Denise Donlon, Russell Lain and Matt in the Shellshear Museum of Physical Blenkin had also taken part in the 2001 Anthropology at the University of expedition to Christmas Island. Sydney for further examination. In Using the new data test trenches early February 2009 a memorial cairns were dug alongside the main row of was dedicated at Christmas Island to graves in the locations identified by mark the location where the Unknown Brian and Say Kit Foo; but nothing Sailor had lain for 67 years. was found. When the second dig Throughout 2007-08 extensive Burial of unknown was proving to be fruitless Captain investigations, directed by Commander There were also wear marks on his sailor 2008 (Courtesy Parsons called a halt and decided Fiona McNaught from Navy leg bones, known as squatting facets, RAN) to re-check the data provided. On Headquarters, were undertaken to indicating 29 September 2006 he stood where try and establish the identity of the someone Brian O’Shannassy had stood over unknown sailor. Anthropological who 50 years before and examined the data indicated he was a tall ‘gracile’ perhaps old photograph. In 1950 the photo Caucasian male, between five feet had grown included a marked grave that was not six inches and six feet two inches in up in a rural there in 1942 (that of Karl Ystenes who height with a shoe size of around size region or had died in 1948). Between Ystenes’ 11 indicating a man on the taller side possibly in 1948 grave and the grave in front of it of this range. He was also assessed as a culture (that of Bruce Stewart buried in 1909) being between the age of 22 and 31 where was a three foot gap – not enough for a years due to bone development. The squatting normal coffin but perhaps big enough remains showed signs of degeneration was a for one built to conform to a body of the vertebral column, an old healed common lying in a peculiar way. Parsons rang small depressed fracture of the right activity. John Perryman to confer and to also side of the skull, and an old healed Equally advise him he was going to commence broken toe. possible digging slightly outside the existing ‘dig’ It was obvious from the head was that the area. injuries that the man had suffered – wear marks Digging re-started at the new bone loss in the vicinity of the left ear – could Unknown sailor location and an hour or so later the that he had fractured his skull from the have been caused by other activities grave - burial tell tale sign of disturbed earth was result of a fall or being thrown against such as sports which involved flexing (Courtesy RAN) found. The team continued to dig and a solid object such as being blown by the foot back against the leg. The at about a depth of five feet the first the force of an exploding shell (a small dental examination was of particular signs of a wooden coffin were found; it piece of shell fragment was found interest as the man had significant had been buried at a right angle to the embedded in his forehead but this was high quality and expensive dental other graves. Then bones were found deemed not to with an ankle bone being the first have caused Chaplain Barry Yesberg - Christmas Island memorial cairn (Courtesy RAN) located – Christmas Island Man as he his death). was to become known had been found Forensic analysis and his long journey home had begun. indicated that The body was lying face down at a without medical peculiar angle and the state of the body attention this corresponded with details provided man would have by the Deputy Harbour Master in his died as a result 1981 letter. The remains of four press of receiving studs were also found which further these head indicated the body was that of the injuries. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 12 The Long Journey Home The Story of the Unknown HMAS Sydney Sailor work, with several gold fillings, and overalls. Thus much of the evidence positive results were obtained. there was also a missing tooth but pointed towards CI Man being an Throughout the investigation with the gap completely closed over by officer or warrant officer. process members of the public and the another tooth, but at a noticeable angle. It appeared that with all this media made claims that the research Mitochondrial DNA was extracted evidence the identity of CI Man would should include all Sydney personnel from the teeth but all attempts to soon be known; but this was not to and some claimed the body was not extract nuclear DNA failed. The DNA be. Matt Blenkin and Russell Lain had of a man from Sydney. This latter found was identified as coming from analysed over 330 dental records of the claim is highly unlikely. The first hand Haplogroup J1 which is common in men lost in HMAS Sydney, but none evidence from 1942 indicates the southern Europe and the Middle East matched CI Man, and the other records Carley Float was of a naval pattern and but also found in other regions of the could not be found in Defence Medical manufactured in Australia (when the world including Britain and Australia. Records in Canberra or had been metal tubing was opened it was found The lost with Sydney. Commander Greg to be stamped with ‘Made in NSW/ (AWM) staff analysed the press studs Swinden, a naval historian, constructed Australia’ and ‘Lysaght’ which was an and found portions of cloth still a database of the 645 men killed using Australian manufacturer of sheet metal present. This cloth was assessed as their service records to identify age, from which the raft was made). being originally white (or undyed) height and any notable injuries (such as The weed growth on the bottom and of a particular weave which was broken legs or missing fingers). Using of the float was assessed by Captain not consistent with the blue twill this data, and the dental records, a Smith, an experienced mariner, as cloth used on RAN Ratings or RAAF short list numbering just over 100 men indicating the raft had been afloat for Airmen’s overalls. Examples of RAN was created for further investigation. several months. The Senate Inquiry and RAAF overalls held at the AWM From this data base a smaller in 1998 had also ruled out the raft were examined and found to be of a group, comprising mainly officers, coming from another ship, having coarse blue twill cloth and with black was selected as being the most likely identified the date and location of buttons as fasteners. This finding was to provide a positive answer. Relatives all vessels lost in the Indian Ocean supported by photographic evidence were invited via media releases to come and South East Asia during 1941- and first hand evidence from ex RAN forward for DNA testing. Several 42. The inquiry ascertained that no Ratings and RAAF Airmen from did but in a number of cases further wreckage from these ships could have World War II. Ex RAN officers from research was required to find relatives made it to Christmas Island due to the World War II era were interviewed as many did not know they were related unfavourable currents and winds or it and many recalled being issued white to a man from HMAS Sydney. Over being physically impossible due to the overalls, with press stud fasteners at the the next 18 months the painstaking speed at which the raft would have had front, or being issued white cloth and work of the research team saw several to travel. then getting a civilian tailor to make DNA samples and photographs (which Also, and more importantly, the up the overalls using either buttons or could be used for comparison with the metal fragment found embedded in the press studs as fasteners. This evidence sailor’s teeth) collected from all over forehead of the remains was examined was supported by Australian Naval Australia and even as far away as the by a forensic ballistics investigator who Orders of the era regarding officers’ . Unfortunately no indicated it was a not a small arms

Sydney Sailor/ War Cemetery (Courtesy RAN)

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 13

Captain Jim Parsons sprinkles earth at the grave site 19 November 2008 (Courtesy CMDR Greg Swinden)

bullet but a shell fragment from a larger Sydney Memorial, including the Dome SYDNEY (II), to the site of the ship’s Minister Snowden at memorial Christmas shell or projectile. This fragment was of Souls with 645 stainless steel seagulls final resting place and a service was Island (Courtesy further analysed by the AWM and the representing each man lost as well as held over the site of the wreck RAN) Australian National University and the black marble Wall of Remembrance But it was at Geraldton that the final found to contain a large percentage of with each man’s name engraved upon farewell to the unknown sailor took manganese and silicon, consistent with it, is located there on a hill over looking place. The coffin bearing his remains German hardened steel materials used the harbour. and covered by the Australian White in high explosive shells. Geraldton was the ideal final was centrepiece to the service In September 2008 the Navy, resting place for CI Man and for many as the highest in the land came to offer in consultation with the Office of families of those lost this is the spiritual him and his shipmates the praise they Australian War Graves, made the home of the ship and her men. In deserved. John Perryman reminded decision that CI Man was to be re- late October 2008, the remains of the those gathered that while Sydney had buried with or without a name. While unknown sailor were collected from been lost with all hands she had still the government team, consisting of the Shellshear Museum where he had sunk the Kormoran and removed a naval historians, anthropologists and lain for nearly two years under the dangerous enemy from Australian forensic dentists, continued to conduct watchful eyes of Denise Donlon. She waters. It had been a high price to pay research into CI Man’s identity, the later stated – So he is on his way – I was for victory, but it was a victory none Navy undertook preparations to re- sad to see him go. The final part of his the less. bury the unknown sailor in Geraldton long journey had started. Then as the service concluded War Cemetery. Geraldton War On 19 November 2008, 67 years to the coffin containing the unknown Cemetery was technically the most the day that Sydney was lost, there were sailor was removed to make the final appropriate site as it was the closest a number of memorial services held at short journey to the War Cemetery. Australian War Cemetery to Christmas sea, around Australia and in London to Accompanied by senior public officials, Island, but it had several other factors commemorate those who had lost their naval personnel, the expedition and making it the best site. Firstly, the lives. In Geraldton a memorial service research team members and most recently discovered wreck of Sydney was held in Queens Park attended by importantly by four men who had was off the Western Australian coast politicians, senior defence personnel served in Sydney up until only a few only some 120 nautical miles from and the families of those who were weeks before she was lost, the cortege Geraldton. Secondly, Sydney had killed. At sea the HMAS made its way to the cemetery. Principal visited Geraldton several times while Sydney (IV) escorted the amphibious Chaplain Gary Lock, RAN conducted stationed in Western Australian waters transport ship HMAS Manoora a brief service and then the coffin was including a visit only a few weeks which had embarked hundreds of lowered into the ground while a volley before she was lost. Finally, the HMAS family members of those lost in of shots was fired by an honour guard Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 14 The Long Journey Home The Story of the Unknown HMAS Sydney Sailor

will continue in the future. Additionally it is proposed to undertake isotope testing which will use small samples taken from his remains to try and identify the region where he was born, or lived his last few years, using oxygen and strontium levels in the bones and teeth. We owe this to him; he has traveled so far and for so long to tell us who he is and we should do all we can to identify him. In 1993, when the then Prime Minister, Paul Keating, 2006 Christmas Island Expedition Team at the of the unknown sailor is far from over. spoke at the interment of the Unknown Sailors Grave (CMDR Matt Blenkin While some claim he should not be Unknown Soldier at the Australian War absent) (Courtesy RAN) identified, as by remaining unknown Memorial he stated, We don’t know of sailors from HMAS Sydney (IV). he represents all 645 men who lost who he is – and we never will. Perhaps The unknown sailor’s journey home their lives, there are others who would one day, however, the Unknown Sailor that had started 67 years before was like his identity known. The RAN will be identified.  finally over. continues to undertake further action ColourThe search, Ad 25/5/06 however, for10:14 the identityAM Page to 1 identify this man and DNA testing

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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 15 Marine ‘refuges’ may be the key to coral reef recovery following climate change BA J y lISON oNES

ne of the most potent weapons 1992; Furnas 2003). However, its strong visit the region in April 2009 during which time we will that marine managers have in recovery in the past indicates that coral continue the coral surveys in order to cover as much reef Ohelping coral reefs adapt to climate refuges do exist as these have probably area as possible. Fine scale mapping is an integral part of change is the creation and protection of re-seeded reef regeneration following the response of natural resource managers to identify the marine ‘refugia’ (Riegl and Piller 2003). previous disturbance. In April 2008, the resilience of ecosystems. In this way, managers can identify Pockets of highly diverse marine life AIMS research vessel Cape Ferguson pockets of biodiversity that may deserve higher protection could be the key to the survival and visited the Keppel Islands region of the from anthropogenic impacts than other areas. As such, this regeneration of coral reefs as climate southern GBR to begin surveying reef project may serve as an example for other regions to enhance changes take effect over the next sites that may make good coral ‘refuges’. the capacity of ecosystems to survive climate change.  century (Schneider, Semenov et al. Since April 2008 we have completed 2007). The survival of the reef-building surveys at 18 sites in the area and expect Alison Jones, Central Queensland University/Australian corals (Scleractinian) are the key to to complete further surveys over the Institute of Marine Science, Doctor of Philosophy candidate retaining the structural integrity of coral next year. In addition we have deployed reefs as these provide habitat, food and temperature loggers at 20 sites and light shelter to a variety of other marine life. loggers at three sites (Figure 1). Light To this end, we set about identifying loggers will be rotated around the 20 coral ‘refugia’ in one of the most sites where the temperature loggers vulnerable and highly valued marine have been placed and data from these systems, the inshore reefs of the loggers will be incorporated into GIS southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). maps. Data from the coral surveys will The Keppel region lies at the mouth of be analysed using Coral Point Count the Fitzroy River Catchment (23.1°S, with Excel extensions (CPCe version Two of the volunteers who took part in the fieldwork for the Keppels 150.9°E) which makes it vulnerable 3.4, National Coral Reef Institute). ‘refugia’ project. The picture was taken at the local island dive shop, to both climate change-induced These coral cover estimates will also be Keppel Reef Scuba Adventures on Great Keppel Island showing the sea temperature rise and increased incorporated into ArcMap to produce Envirofund logo in the background. sedimentation as a result of soil an interactive map of coral cover and disturbance along the river system. biodiversity. Samples of the most The Keppels has a history of multiple dominant Acropora species were taken disturbances in the past including coral to determine the symbiont community bleaching and flood (Byron and O’Neill structure at each site. Two local dive businesses were chartered to conduct the surveys after departure of the AIMS vessel in April. Volunteers A volunteer takes notes using an underwater pen along a 50m transect line at North Keppel Island. from the Central

Queensland community References: have been an integral Byron, G. T. and J. P. O’Neill (1992). ‘Flood Induced Coral Mortality on Fringing Reefs in Keppel Bay. Workshop on the Impact of part of the fieldwork Flooding. Townsville, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. (Figure 2,3). Weather Furnas, M. (2003). Catchment and Corals: Terrestrial Runoff to has prevented us from the Great Barrier Reef. Townsville, Australian Institute of Marine Science. conducting fieldwork Riegl, B. and W. E. Piller (2003). “Possible refugia for reefs in times GIS map showing the over a great proportion of environmental stress.” International Journal of Earth Sciences 92 (4): 520-531. position of temperature of the summer but Schneider, S. H., S. Semenov, et al. (2007). Assessing key and light loggers winter usually brings vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change. Climate Change deployed in the Keppel 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution region of the southern calmer weather and of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the better visibility. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. M. L. Parry, O. F. Great Barrier Reef. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. van der Linden and C. E. Hanson. AIMS vessel will again Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press: 779-810. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 16 A Bright Flame: The Leadership of Admiral Sir Bertram Home Ramsay RN BSbL y u iEUTENANT Glynis Bailey

It is somewhat ironic that Bertram exhausted by the time Operation of 338,226 Home Ramsay is best known for action Dynamo was put into action. It was allied taken after he had been retired from itself a momentous feat of planning troops2. the (RN). Born on 20th and execution. The operation involved In 1943, January, 1883, Ramsay rose to the rank not only coordinating an astounding Ramsay of Admiral on the 27th April, 1944. number of heterogeneous vessels, started the During World War II while technically ranging from the RN to complex retired, Ramsay was responsible for small fishing vessels, but organizing task of organising and executing many of the support required. Fuel, charts, planning the momentous British amphibious ammunition, stores, and ongoing the allied operations. As Vice-Admiral of the maintenance were all required and invasion of Dover area, he oversaw the colossal the impact of these demands was Normandy; task of evacuating allied troops from felt across the country. When the what was Dunkirk and ensured the continued evacuations began on the 27th May, to become protection of the south-eastern 1940, the fleet was subject to heavy the largest coastline from potential invasion. He attack from air, sea and land. The crews seaborne was heavily involved in planning many of the vessels were so exhausted it was invasion of the combined allied amphibious not unusual for the captains of the RN ever operations in Northern Africa (eg, Destroyers to collapse asleep on the conducted. Operation Torch) and Sicily (eg, bridge immediately after shutting off Ramsay Operation Husky). Perhaps most their engines upon returning to Dover. was appointed as overall commander significant of all, he was heavily Such was Ramsay’s ability to inspire his of the Allied Naval Expeditionary involved in the planning and execution men into action that even when they Force and the orders for Operation of the invasion at Normandy (eg, thought the evacuation was over on the Neptune, the initial naval assault phase Operation Overlord), serving as 1st June, and they bordered on extreme of Operation Overlord, were in excess the naval commander of the largest exhaustion, he was able to muster them of 1,000 pages. For this he amassed the amphibious operation of all time. It is willingly for three more arduous days largest armada ever formed with some without any doubt that Ramsay was of action. 6, 9393 vessels and over 850,000 troops the RN’s master of amphibious warfare While one cannot deny a variety taking part 4. Operation Neptune during World War II. It was a dark day of factors played a role in the success began on 6 June, 1944 and ended on for the Navy when not long after this of the Dunkirk evacuations: from the 30 June, 1944. In addition to getting on the 2nd January 1945, Ramsay was indomitable courage of thousands of the troops ashore the navy was tasked killed when the plane he was aboard naval and civilian sailors to a degree with close protection of the force from crashed after takeoff. of luck1, one also cannot deny the , warships and aircraft The two most significant pivotal role that Ramsay played while simultaneously bombarding the achievements of Ramsay’s career are in the operation – from restoring beaches in support of the landings. undoubtedly the successful evacuation conditions at Dover Command to The operation also required ingenious of allied troops from Dunkirk (ie, the execution of the task. It was his solutions to problems such as the Operation Dynamo), and the successful planning, organization and ability to underwater Pluto pipeline which was command of the naval component (ie inspire fatigued men to feats of extreme designed to refuel ships offshore at sea. Operation Neptune) of the landings at endurance that ultimately secured the It is considered by many the greatest Normandy (ie, Operation Overlord). successful evacuation of so many men. amphibious operation ever staged. The evacuation of allied forces Operation Dynamo officially ended on The success of these operations at Dunkirk came in the context of a the 4th June, 1940. It had started with hinged largely on Ramsay’s leadership number of smaller evacuations from the forlorn hope of evacuating 45,000 style which for the time represented along the French coastline. As a result men of the British Expeditionary Force a mix of both the traditional and many in Ramsay’s staff were already and ended with the successful rescue modern. On the traditional side, he was Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 17

an undoubted disciplinarian. On assuming command of HMS Broke in 1917 he filled more than two pages with faults, most summed up with ‘discipline – bad.’5 His need to have everything done properly stayed with him through his junior years to his most senior commands and was noted by those around him. He was strict, fair but never harsh. The exacting standards he set for himself and his senior staff meant they set a very high standard to his subordinates. From Ramsay’s own perspective his strong need for discipline helped him form an organized representation of his world. It is likely that this trait permitted him to successfully conduct such ambitious, complex and dynamic to improve his knowledge and he was like accountability, is a great motivator. American assault operations as Dynamo and Neptune. amongst the second group to attend For the most part Ramsay had good troops in a huddle behind The precision in his orders and in the RN War College. Ramsay sought relations with his superiors and his the protective front his training of those working with him and accepted responsibility throughout subordinates. Indeed, he was one of of the craft as it nears ensured that his operational orders his career but never was this more the few commanders who got on well a beachhead, on the were carried out successfully and obvious than at the outset of World with General Montgomery, whom Northern Coast of without him having to attend to every War II when, despite being on the most of the British and American France. Smoke in the background is Naval detail. Ramsay believed that success retired list, he arrived at the admiralty commanders could not stand.8 While gunfire supporting of command at sea rested upon two and started work. serving as the executive officer of the the land (Courtesy US principles. Firstly, his subordinates His decisions and calm demeanour HMS Benbow in 1915 he Navy) should know precisely what is expected in stressful of them both in a general sense and in situations regard to their specific role. Second, inspired work should be delegated. Ramsay confidence in was adept at delegation and there is those around no doubt that without an excellent him. Similarly, ability to delegate neither Operation Captain WG Dynamo nor Operation Neptune Tennant, the would not have been a success. Indeed, Senior Naval he held a modern outlook for the time officer at that amongst other things involved Dunkirk said that a decentralized command structure6 Ramsay inspired that permitted flag officers more confidence time to think. Where ever possible he because ‘all of us preferred to alter methods to improve with a job to do efficiency. felt that we were Ramsay also continuously sought trusted.’7 Trust, Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 18 A Bright Flame: The Leadership of Admiral Sir Bertram Home Ramsay RN earned the respect of her crew through his keen organisational abilities and by distributing duties across the ship.9 When Ramsay was placed on the retired list in 1938, the Admiral of the Fleet Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt wrote to him, ‘I have always looked upon you as a future First Sea Lord and I think you would have made a damned good one.’10 The First Sea Lord, Andrew Cunningham trusted him implicitly during their operations together and gave Ramsay his unreserved support to be in charge of Neptune. However, not all of Ramsay’s relationships were smooth. The breakdown of his professional relationship with the Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet Admiral Blakehouse, and their professional disagreements on leadership and personnel management led the then Rear-Admiral Ramsay to While this is not unusual for significant though a statue of him stands at Dover. This photo tells the resign as Blakehouse’s chief of staff in naval figures or even for naval He is a forgotten commander, no ship story of how the December 1935. It was this incident achievements in general, Ramsay’s or establishment bears his name. France beachhead was supplied on that was ultimately responsible for critical involvement in Operations By rescuing the bulk of the British “D-Day”. (Public Ramsay being placed on the retired list Dynamo and Neptune begs for greater land forces and many free French domain) in 1938. He was not reinstated to the recognition than he receives. While from the beaches of Dunkirk, Ramsay active list until shortly before being he was considered to hold a unique ensured they would be available for promoted to Admiral in 1944. place in the hearts of the British people the invasions in Northern Africa and Ramsay possessed an unusual immediately after Operation Dynamo Europe that he would subsequently degree of flexibility in planning it is doubtful that many would know plan and execute, most notably the and commanding operations that his name or achievements today even for Operation enabled him to adapt quickly to War Tunnels in the White changing conditions and to anticipate Cliffs of many of the eventualities. By his Dover. From own admission11 the frequently inside these changing nature of both the situation tunnels, and operational requirements for Ramsey Operation Dynamo were its greatest orchestrated Operation challenges. Part of his operational Dynamo success stemmed from his ability to (Courtesy pre-empt situations such that when ASA Summer requests were made for naval support Programs) he already had the vessels in place. He had exceptional organizational and management skills, and was considered among the RN’s most intelligent and capable officers during World War II.12 Ramsay is perhaps not as well remembered as he deserves to be. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 19

Bibliography he considered paralysed staff performance. Overlord. We can only guess at Ambrose, S. E. 1999, The Supreme 7 Chalmers, op cit, p 77. how successful the evacuation of Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. 8 Simpson, M. 2004, A life of Admiral of Eisenhower. University Press of Mississippi. the Fleet Andrew Cunningham: A twentieth Dunkirk or the Normandy landings Chalmers, W. S. 1959, Full Cycle: century naval leader. p 157. would have been without Ramsay’s The Biography of Admiral Sir Bertram 9 Chalmers, op cit, p 29. Ramsay K.C.B., K.B.E., M.V.O. Hodder and 10 Chalmers, op cit, p 50. command. Moreover it is likely that Stoughton, Ltd.:London. 11 Ramsay, B. H. The evacuation the outcome of the war would have D-Day Museum: Frequently asked of the allied armies from Dunkirk and questions for D-Day and the Battle of neighbouring beaches: Dispatch to the been significantly different had either Normandy. Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty 18 of these operations not been successful. http://www.ddaymuseum.co.uk/, June, 1940, Printed as a Supplement to The Retrieved 12 September 2008. London Gazette, 15th July, 1947. pp 3295- We are also left to speculate as to what Gardner, W. S. J. R. 1992, Admiral Sir 3318. influence Ramsay would have had on Bertram Ramsay, In S. Howarth [Ed], Men of 12 Madsen 1998, The Royal Navy and War: Great Naval Leaders of World War II. German Naval Disarmament 1942-1947. not only the RN but also amphibious pp 349-362. p 10. and combined operational doctrine Historic Kent – Dover Castle. http:// www.historic-kent.co.uk/dovcast.html, had he not been killed so soon after the Retrieved 02 September, 2008. war.  History of War – Sir Bertram Home Ramsay (1883 – 1945). http://www. historyofwar.org/articles/people_ramsay_ bertram.html, Retrieved 14 September, 2008. Howarth, S. 1992, Introduction, In S. Howarth [Ed], Men of War: Great Naval Leaders of World War II. Butler & Tanner Ltd.: Frome, Somerset. pp 1-16. Madsen, C. 1998, The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament 1942-1947. Routledge:London, p 10. Ramsay, B. H. 1947, The evacuation of the allied armies from Dunkirk and neighbouring beaches: Dispatch to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty 18 June, 1940. Printed as a Supplement to The London Gazette,15th July, 1947. Pp 3295- 3318. Ramsay, B. H. 1947, The assault phase of the Normandy landings: Dispatch to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Sub Lieutenant Glynis Bailey BSc (Hons) Expeditionary Force 16 October, 1944. Printed as a Supplement to The London PhD RAN joined the Navy as a Seaman Gazette, 30th October, 1947. pp5109-5124. Royal Navy: Bertram Ramsay – Naval Officer from the University of New Leaders http://www.royal-navy.mod. South Wales where she was a Research uk/server/show/nav.3892, Retrieved 14 September, 2008.Simpson, M. 2004, A life of Fellow and occasional Lecturer in Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham: A twentieth century naval leader. Routledge: Psychology. This essay was completed London. Yung, C. D. 2006, Gators of Neptune: as a requirement for the New Entry Naval Amphibious planning for the Officers Course. She commenced the Normandy Invasion. US Naval Institute Press. Junior Warfare Application Course (Endnotes) in 2009.The author is grateful to 1 e.g., the presence of mist that allowed for the hidden advancement of allied troops comments provided by Lieutenant along the beaches or that the harbor channel Desmond Woods on an earlier draft of at Dunkirk remained clear of the wrecks that littered the bay. this essay. 2 Chalmers, W. S. 1959, Full Cycle: The Biography of Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay K.C.B., K.B.E., M.V.O., p 271. 3 Composed of: 1213 warships, 4126 transport vessels, 736 ancillary vessels and 864 merchant vessels. 4 Chalmers, op cit, p 271. 5 Howarth, S. 1992, Men of War: Great Naval Leaders of World War II, p 359. 6 as opposed to the centralized structure favoured by some of his superiors and which

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Welcome to the future of naval maintenance

Photos courtesy KBR's capabilities include ILS planning at of Defence the conceptual stage of a project

Applying commercial best practice to sustain complex maritime platforms and systems

Jointly providing integrated materiel services to the RAN’s amphibious and afloat support ships

Contact Email: [email protected] Phone: 1800 194 866

K0709 09/07

Welcome to the future of naval maintenance

Photos courtesy KBR's capabilities include ILS planning at of Defence the conceptual stage of a project

Applying commercial best practice to sustain complex maritime platforms and systems

Jointly providing integrated materiel services to the RAN’s amphibious and afloat support ships

Contact Email: [email protected] Phone: 1800 194 866

K0709 09/07 Issue 132 21 Visit to BRNC Dartmouth – CDRE Harry ADAMS prize bySbL u - iEUTENANT Matthew Norris

As a relatively new member of the The Senior Cadets’ mess was equally RAN (joining in January 2007), I was impressive, offering the use of the incredibly honoured to be given the original 1905 table and chairs, views opportunity to visit the British Royal of intricate stained glass windows and Naval College (BRNC) Dartmouth in displays of historical photos around the the UK in December 2008. The trip was walls. my prize for winning the CDRE Harry The corridors of the College Adams essay competition. revealed further history with displays of I chose to visit BRNC in their final Napoleon’s original uniforms, artefacts Brittannia Royal Naval College week of operations for 2008, enabling from the original Brittania and other me to witness their Passing Out antiques. The structure itself shows parade and Christmas Ball. Having evidence of the reconstruction required annual leave available enabled me to after the college was damaged during incorporate the airfare prize money bombing in the 2nd World War. into a two month around the world My week at BRNC included a full itinerary. The end result was my visit tour of the grounds and buildings, to England expanding to include an afternoon on the River Dart Christmas in Paris, New Years Eve in experiencing each of the RHIBs in New York, and a week on the beach in use by the RN and time in the Bridge Jamaica. Simulator. A visit to Dartmoor was also Dartmoor Built in 1902, BRNC became the included where the adventure training home of Naval Officer training. Prior to exercises are conducted. However, the this, training was conducted onboard main event for the week was being able the former warship Brittania which was to witness the Passing In and Passing moored on the River Dart. The College Out Parade (PIPPOP) of graduates, was opened in 1905 by King Edward followed by the equally impressive VII. Apart from a period of evacuation BRNC Christmas Ball. during WWII, Officers have trained The training undertaken by Junior here for the RN ever since. Officers at BRNC is very similar to Upon arrival at BRNC, my first that undertaken by RAN Officers. The impressions were confirmed that this training period is slightly longer, but the is an establishment seeped in history content is almost identical. Regardless and tradition, but on a much grander of the rank of new Officers, all recruits scale than I could have ever imagined. wear an additional rank to Progressing up the sweeping roadway depict that they are still under training. which led us to the magnificent This proved especially effective during Quarterdeck and main buildings, I the Sea Training Phase. was aware that I was in for an amazing The adventure training exercises experience. held on Dartmoor are very similar to The Wardroom was very inviting, those held at HMAS Creswell. They with spectacular views over the local are spaced throughout the training town of Dartmouth and the River Dart. process and include similar activities The ceiling offered some interesting and objectives. The main difference blanketed in fog and rain in less than 30 Two photos above: “graffiti” with the signatures of Prince being Dartmoor weather is incredibly minutes!! Passing In and Charles, Prince William and Prince unpredictable, with the weather The Passing In Parade Passing Out Passing Out Parade at BRNC Andrew on the 18ft high ceiling! changing from clear and cold to being Parade (PIPPOP) was very impressive. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 22 Visit to BRNC Dartmouth – CDRE Harry ADAMS prize.

Braving the cold and windy conditions, Pakistan, Jamaica, Sierra Leone, Qatar before we retired for the evening. the Parade Ground was full to capacity. and Bahrain. Overall, the visit was an amazing experience. I was The PIPPOP allows for the new entry Another highlight of the visit was welcomed into the College and Wardroom as a colleague and Officers to Pass In to the College, the Christmas Ball. Being welcomed friend. A great deal of interest was shown by the RN Officers alongside the Officers who have at the entrance by artists juggling fire about transferring to the RAN. It was great to experience completed their initial training and sticks indicated that it was to be a being part of the greater RAN family and to be involved in are Passing Out of the College. Sailors memorable occasion. The focal point all of the celebrations. BRNC is steeped in tradition, making from HMS Raleigh, another training was the indoor parade ground, which our Navy seem very young in comparison. The visit made establishment, also participated to had been transformed into the dance me appreciate the importance of tradition in the RAN and enable them to share in this major floor. The Royal Marine band played allowed me to experience an opportunity that few Junior milestone of a Junior Officer’s career. In as guests were treated to champagne RAN Officers will have access to. For this, I am extremely the past, a member of the Royal Family and canapés. Dinner was a traditional grateful to the ANI. I can has attended the Parade when possible. English roast, followed by a visit to the only urge other Junior While this did not occur for this chocolate fountain! A mini casino with Officers to enter the parade, the guest of honour was RADM pre-issued chips was set up offering a CDRE Harry Adams Ibbotson, Flag Officer Sea Training and very popular option for guests to try essay competition this CAPT Franzini of the Uruguay Navy. their luck at Blackjack without having year, or to apply for other It was interesting to note the to part with any cash. A chance to exchange initiatives such diversity of cultures and ethnicity of get some fresh air was available as as Exercise Longlook. It’s Officers who train at BRNC. Training the fireworks were set off later in the an experience you won’t alongside the RN Officers were evening. To conclude the festivites, forget.  Officers from the Navies of Oman, “breakfast” was served in the Senior The Bahamas, Iraqi, Kuwait, Nigeria, Cadets mess at approximately 0100h

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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 23 A transcript of the Keynote Address given by Commander Nat Gould RAN (Rtd) at the Fleet Air Arm of Australia AGM - 27th October 2007, in the Club - HMAS Albatross.

entlemen, basic training at Archerfield inTiger things were pretty Moths. We didn’t even have a rank or grim and they ThankG you for inviting me down today. a uniform. We wore civvies and they were enthusiastic gave us, overalls and a beret. We had about getting When I was asked to say a few words, as no rank. Sergeants called us ‘Sir’. God some recruits. I usual I’ve reservations about addressing knows why, I was only 18 and a civvy. think there were a gathering like this, because a lot of Anyway we finished with Tiger 12 of us from the you know me and I’m terrified of being Moths, graduated, and went to Wagga, RAAF at that time. accused of shooting a line. It’s very and we were the first people to go direct Anyway I got into difficult to talk about your own career from Tiger Moths onto Wirraways. It a Hurricane and without saying a few words and being a was a bit of a jump, because not only it was a very early little immodest. The other worry I have that, but the instructors didn’t know model, and the is that my memory is not what it used much about the aeroplane themselves. radio didn’t work to be, so if I get dates, and places and My instructor was a Flying Officer but I took off and people a little bit mixed, tolerate me, pre-war RAAF, absolutely terrified got airborne and please. of Wirraways, claiming demons and got up into some Commander Nat Now to talk about myself, I grew up “wapites”and that sort of thing. So cloud, but finally found my way home. Gould RAN (Rtd) in Brisbane as a pre-war bloke, and all being brash I taught him aerobatics in The second trip in a Hurricane, I wanted to do was fly aeroplanes. It a Wirraway, but at that age, I was only Sutton Green was the name of the was the days of Kingsford-Smith, Amy 20, you can do those things. Finally I got airfield down near The Wash, I got Johnson, Bert Hinkler, and some of the my wings and came out as a Sergeant airborne in this machine but by the RFC WWI blokes were still around. All Pilot from Wagga Wagga. time I got my wheels up, the radio I wanted to do was fly, but we couldn’t We were losing the war in those days didn’t work of course, I was in cloud afford it, so what I did was go out and – this was the end of ’40; September/ and came up above cloud and I didn’t collect cow manure, and mushrooms, October 1940 – things weren’t going know where I was. I saw what I thought and sell them to the local people at one very well so we rushed off to the UK was a Bristol Blenheim bomber so and sixpence a bag or whatever, until and I got there in January ’41 and went I thought he’ll find his way to some I had collected 10 shillings and then to an OTU down on the East Coast airfield so I tried to formation on him. I could go out to Archerfield and get near The Wash, where the cloud base But I couldn’t catch him. He kept myself half an hour. never got above 800ft, it never stopped going but I couldn’t catch him, and Eventually I got a licence at the age raining, it was freezing, and we hadn’t I’d only had about an hour and a half of 18, and incidentally in the meantime flown for a long while because it took us on a Hurricane. So I shot out over the I’d joined the Army Reserve and I’d six weeks to get there. North Sea and let down and found my become a Bombardier in the Artillery. A Pilot Officer, , who way back. As I got out of the aeroplane, When war broke out in 1939, I was had been shot at a few times, came everyone clapped and cheered “well actually in camp with the Army, but as over to introduce me to a Hurricane. done Nat”! When I asked what for, they I had a licence and they’d started the But first of all he sat me in the back seat said I had just chased a JU88! It turned Empire Air Scheme at that time, I was of a Harvard and gave me a couple of out that the JU88 had just bombed the asked to join the RAAF. It was rather circuits. I think I touched the stick once airfield, knocked out Sergeant Smith nice that I didn’t have to apply. and then he said “OK off you go in a and had killed two people and they all In our course, which was No Hurricane”. It sounds terrifying, and it thought here’s this brave Australian just 1, nearly all the chaps had flying was, but remember that in those days on his second trip chasing after him. experience of some sort. I did my the Battle of Britain was just over, and My aircraft recognition was nil, but Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 24 A transcript of the Keynote Address given by Commander Nat Gould RAN (Rtd) at the Fleet Air Arm of Australia AGM

I told them the truth, I couldn’t take know about her credit for that. got it wrong. She Anyway I graduated. We all was the very, graduated – even if you couldn’t handle very first aircraft the darned thing you still graduated, carrier in the they needed you, and I got sent to world, long before a very, very famous Royal Air Force the Americans. Squadron, called No17. No 17 had been She was in the thick of the B of B, and they had commissioned lost a whole pile of blokes, they had shot as an aircraft flying different Hurricanes, Mk.2s – HMS Argus (Courtesy naval-history.net) down something like 70 or 80 aircraft, carrier in 1918. I’ve learnt all this since didn’t know much about them – the and one poor bloke I got talking to had of course, BTW. compasses had never been swung, but been shot down twice in one day. Anyway here I was with 120 hours it didn’t matter, because I’m sure as you Anyway, I joined 17 Squadron and or something, in this Argus, and we still are all aware, being near the North Pole fortunately they were due for a rest didn’t know where we were going of a compass always points north. So our and got sent up to Scotland. I had my course, and my knowledge of strategy briefing was take off, do a port turn, 21st birthday up there. There was no and international politics and how the we’ll put a destroyer on the starboard war on up there and being young and war was going – as a sergeant of 20, I beam, line her up, pull your directional enthusiastic and it was still mid-1941 didn’t know much about it. Anyway, gyro out, and line her up. Now that and the desert wasn’t going very well, got aboard this aircraft carrier, never made sense to me, and they said now and with Australians there, I wanted to seen one before, we went out from fly along for half an hour or whatever it go out to the Middle East, so I asked for Glasgow out of the Clyde, turned was, (oh by the way, they gave us maps a transfer, and I finally found myself in a right, and I said that’s not the way to which were in Russian and which we little airfield near Catterick in Yorkshire, the Middle East, and as it happened couldn’t read anyway) and fly till you hit and I started getting issued with a lot of it wasn’t, it was the way to Russia, So it, Russia’s a big country, you can’t miss flying clothing like passion killer things, they told us we were going to Russia, it, and when you hit it, turn right, go flying suits, flying boots and so on, and I though that was strange because I along a little bit and then and go down which didn’t look like they were for the thought we were fighting the Russians – the river and on the right you’ll find an Middle East to me. I told you I didn’t know much about all airfield! Anyway there were three other this. Actually it wasn’t long after when I should mention that Argus had Australians with me, and the next thing Britain and Russia decided we were all a little ramp on it, something like the I knew we were on a little aircraft- on the same side. ski jump on the modern RN carriers, carrier called the Argus. I was still a We got on this carrier, low cloud, way back in 1941 they had this and the Sergeant Pilot, and it was HMS Argus, fog and so on, and after a while on whole idea was to scoop you up in the which people didn’t know very much our way to Russia, and we were air but none of us had ever been on a about, and a lot of people who did up near Spitsbergen, and we were carrier before, and none of us had ever flown these aircraft which hadn’t been tested for many weeks. They lined us up one at a time, as far back as we could, but there was no wind over the deck, and poor old Argus was flat out, and if she could do 20 knots I would be surprised. Anyway we went charging along and we got airborne – I did at any rate – but two of the blokes hit this little ramp and broke their undercarriage. We were also briefed and told later on not to worry if we went in the water, because Hurricane it was so bloody cold you weren’t going Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 25

to last very long, and in any case the roubles for every German aircraft they aboard” so Nobby and I got on board destroyer’s not going to stop and pick shot down and they didn’t want to share this destroyer. you up because there’s a lot of trouble any of it with us, and in any case one I got a pair of twin Lewis guns out around. of our bright blokes said that well, if on the bridge, I’m not sure what for, We eventually got to this place called we kept the money we would lose our but this bloody mad Captain, instead Vianga, just outside of Murmansk; amateur status. of going back to Scapa Flow and back just an airfield, the snow hadn’t started What a peculiar war it was. It’s to UK, was going in and out of all then, this was July, and the Russians had almost hard to believe. You have to the fiords at night looking for that funny little Fighters there, and some remember that the Russians were very something, and eventually he found Dive Bomber things, and they had no strange people at this time in that they his something, and it was a German two-way radios. They had no radar of just had very little to say, had no two- troopship tied up alongside at Passano, any sort, and the Germans had a big way radio, had no radar, and the army so he torpedoed it. Then he found base at Passano,which was not very were fighting a very big battle only he needed more fuel so off we had to far away, 40 or 50 miles, that sort of about 20 or 30 miles away from us. go, back to Vianga, to refuel. We then thing, with ME109s and JU88s, so the The Germans had a couple of Infantry headed back to Scapa and UK, and first thing we knew about a raid on us Divisions trying to take Murmansk, a eventually I got back to London and was either when the flak opened up or warm water port. We could go to bed at reported in down there. I went in and the bombs dropped. And just to show night and hear the guns at the front, so said “Sergeant Pilot Gould here”, and a little bit of support, we had nothing it wasn’t very far away. they said “you’re missing in action” and else to do, but get airborne. The strange ‘A’ flight were sent to escort a couple I said “I hope you haven’t told anybody”. thing was too that at some stage, the of these Russian dive bombers who The Squadron then went to Finns, who were then enemies of the were going to give close air support to Northern Ireland for a rest and we got Russians, had Hurricanes, and so too their troops up one of the big inlets. re-equipped with Spitfires. It was very a lot of Russians, the Hurricane was My flight went off to give some sort pleasant in Northern Ireland then, I the ‘baddie’, and we got jumped quite of support to the Russian destroyer can’t remember what the weather was a few times by the Russians, which which was up this fiord because of like, but we did some nice flying, but it confirmed my idea that we should have the presence of the German 109s was non-operational, and we escorted been fighting them instead of being and the JU88s. It was a beautiful the odd coming in off the with them. day, with not a cloud in the sky, you coast. And then for some reason, they This was a bad time and the could see everywhere. To my absolute commissioned me and I became a Pilot Russians were losing the war, and so astonishment, I saw the lead Russian Officer. Mr. Churchill had promised them some dive bomber dive down and dive bomb Oh by the way, on the way back from help, so that is why the two Hurricane the Russian destroyer. To my further Murmansk to UK, December 1941, squadrons were there. The whole idea astonishment, I saw the destroyer open Pearl Harbor happened. We heard was not just for us to teach them to fly up and shoot this bloke out of the sky. about it over the ship’s system. Again, them, which was fairly easy, but also We saw the crew bale out and so on. you need to put your mind back to how to maintain them, because the That’s how strange the war was… those sort of grim days, we were losing Hurricane was a quantum leap on the Eventually came the day when it the war, no doubt about it, and we little agricultural things they had. Rolls got really and truly in to winter and were terrified about what was going to Royce Merlins and 100 octane were it was time for us to go and we had happen with the Japanese and Australia. a bit of a surprise for them. That was handed over the aircraft but there had So we four Australians said we wanted what it was supposed to be, but we been no organisation to get us back, to come home, and they “yes you can” did get involved in quite a few sorties no real organisation, so another young after a little time. I remember it was St. and we were officially confirmed Australian – Nobby Clark – and I, Patrick’s Day, 1942, when I sailed from with 15 German aircraft. It was quite went down to the wharf at the fiord. Belfast and came back via Canada and a few more than that. The Russians There was an RN destroyer called the the US on the first American troopship themselves were strange people Intrepid and I went up to the destroyer to come to Australia, and I eventually and they didn’t want to give us any and asked the bloke where they were got back in May ‘42. confirmed. We found out afterwards going and he said back to UK. So I A couple of weeks leave, and then that they themselves got X number of asked for a lift and he said “sure, hop I joined RAAF 75 Squadron which Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 26 A transcript of the Keynote Address given by Commander Nat Gould RAN (Rtd) at the Fleet Air Arm of Australia AGM had been up in Moresby, and those in one day, and of you who know anything about the 76,who were with history of Moresby know it was a very also us up here, bad time for 75. It had been shot out they too lost a of the sky almost to the last pilot, and few. However, certainly to the last aircraft, and so the biggest deal they were in a bad way. It was not only was not the aerial myself of course, but a lot of other combat. The Japs Australians had come home via various were coming in to ways, and so we got rushed up to join land at Milne Bay, 75 Squadron, which were flying P40 and because the Kittyhawks. weather was foul, Before I left, I had a couple of weeks the B25s and B26s RAAF Kittyhawks in in Kingaroy, and then went back up to from Moresby couldn’t get out. So the and the mountains was only about three formation. Although New Guinea to a place called Milne two Kittyhawk Squadrons went off or four miles, and it was thick jungle a fair fighter, the Bay, and we got up there round about with 2 x 500lb bombs instead, and our canopy and the army was fighting machine was no June or July ’42, and we had a very bad briefing was go for the troopships of through this stuff and they asked us to match for the Japanese Zero time. Milne Bay was just a little strip course, never mind the naval ships, and give them strafing support and what in the mud with this PSP planking try to stop the landing. they did, the leading unit would fire a stuff all over it and if you went off the Again a typical area of low cloud red Very through the canopy and then runway you would hit a coconut tree, and rain and the Japanese were quite a number of whites for every hundred no taxiways worth talking about. Poor well escorted, a lot of flak ships and yards past the reds (it was something ground crew, I take my hat off to them, destroyers and so on, so I came out of like that but I can’t remember the it never stopped raining, it was mud, the cloud and of course the squadron exact figure now,) and of course it and there was no cover at all, they was split up and dispersed because the sounds pretty good but if you’re in a worked on the aircraft, the armourers flak was pretty intense, so I went down Kittyhawk with low cloud and you’ve and fitters and riggers, God knows how to dive bomb a troopship, dropped my got two or three blokes with you and they did it. bombs, then back up in the clouds and you’re pulling out of low cloud at 180 We all had malaria; I had malaria came home. The boss came over when or 200 hundred knots or whatever it is, and dysentery at the same time, going I landed and said “well done Nat” and and the mountains are there, and up at both ends! I hope you’re all enjoying I said “what for” and he said “you sunk through the canopy comes this thing this! The sort of thing that happened that flak ship” and I said “well I was - trying to pinpoint where was almost is you would be in your little tent on aiming at the bloody troopship”! So impossible. So what you tried to do was your stretcher, and the Doc would that’s how good my dive-bombing was! line something up on the coast. Anyway come in and say “don’t you get out of Anyway the biggest part of the war to make sure you strafed well ahead of that stretcher”, and as he walked out in Milne Bay from our point of view where you thought it was, you strafed the CO would come in and say “go and from the armourer’s point of view, well ahead of where you thought it was, and get airborne”, so you would go and and I don’t know whether people realise and we did this for a couple of days, and get airborne. It was unpleasant flying this, but it WAS the first time the to our astonishment, the army said it in the Kittyhawk with the diarrhoea. Japanese army was beaten on land. The turned the battle for them so they were I remember you would take your army did an incredible bloody job there, very grateful. mask off and have a quick vomit, and they finished up hand-to-hand fighting. Well, we came out of Milne Bay then put your mask back on, but the At one stage, the Japs owned round about Christmas time 1942, and diarrhoea would be running down the practically their end of the strip and we I was sent to Mildura, which was the back of your legs and you had another owned this end. We used to take off up Fighter School, and that was far worse hour and a half on patrol, and the over the water, and crouch down over than any war I ever went to because the chance of a dog fight in the middle of it. the armour plating, pull your wheels up, kids were coming out of school with We did very well up there, (but) breath a sigh of relief, turn round and their wings, 200 hours, maybe 250, and we lost a hell of a lot of blokes I think. strafe. A sortie was something like 10 to they came to Mildura and we had them One day we lost five from the squadron 15 minutes. Between the water’s edge for six weeks. Six weeks was all you Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 27

Clive Caldwell and I think I fired going up to get ready for the attack on my guns only the home (Japanese) islands, and you’ve once. Anyway, got plenty of pilots, can we have some? it was good fun The two governments agreed of course, and I enjoyed it, and so one day I was a Flight Lieutenant but after about with a big moustache, and the next day 10 or 11 months I was a Lieutenant RNVR, without a I got sent back to moustache! Mildura. This was early ’45, and we went About this to Schofields, just outside Sydney. time, the Royal There were 12 of us and we were all had them for and in that time we had Navy to convert them – we had three front came out in a big way, and line aircraft at the time, Boomerangs, I’m now talking what, early Spitfires and Kittyhawks. You converted ’45, or late ‘44/early ’45, and them to whatever, and taught them I don’t know if there are fighter tactics – we weren’t flying any RNers here, but they instructors – and we had blokes from brought out a magnificent the Middle East all twitched up with new force, which a lot of DFCs, DFMs, and blokes who’d been in people probably don’t know tank battles and so on and you had to about, and included were sit in the back seat of a Wirraway, as if aircraft carriers. Some of you were an instructor, and teach these you would know them of HMAS Formidable blokes fighter tactics. course, the Implacable, Indomitable, quite experienced, ranging from Pilot fleet aircraft carrier On the day I arrived there they killed Indefatigable and Formidable. Officers to Squadron Leaders, and we (Royal Navy photo) four, and on the dive bombing range I I served at sea in both the all became , there were think there were more casualties than Implacable and the Indomitable, and some pretty gonged-up blokes too. there were bombs at one stage, because we had 80-odd aircraft in each ship. It Anyway they put us onto Seafires, and these blokes didn’t have enough time. was quite an armada, seeing so many the Squadron I joined had 36 aircraft You put them in a Kittyhawk and sent ships together, and we had a lot of and that same number of pilots, and I’d them off solo, then air combat, strafing, aeroplanes in the sky. been in the Navy half a dog watch, and Seafire Mk III after dive bombing and so on. About this time, the RN and the I was the Senior Pilot, didn’t even speak breaking a carrier After about two months of this I RAAF got together and said, look we’re the language. arrester wire went up to the Group Captain and said “Can I get out of this bloody place” and he said “get in the queue” but finally a very famous Group Captain, Clive ‘Killer’ Caldwell came. He and I had been great friends for many years and when he took over I thought here’s my chance so I went up to him and he said “where do you want to go”, and I said “anywhere”. He then said “well, I’m going up to take over the Wing in Darwin, the Spitfire Wing, how would you like to come”. Oh boy, so, to cut a long story short again, I found myself up in Darwin with 457 Squadron, flying Spitfires. However, the war was tailing off up there, the Japs were moving away Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 28 A transcript of the Keynote Address given by Commander Nat Gould RAN (Rtd) at the Fleet Air Arm of Australia AGM

We embarked in Indomitable; did him, here I was this our deck landings just off the coast lowly Lieutenant here, which went pretty well all right, RNVR, and I said to though we lost one bloke off the coast this extremely high here. Then I went toIndefatigable ranking Admiral and did a tour round New Zealand, “Sir, I would like which was great fun. Then I went to to join your Navy Implacable, which, with the rest of the on one condition” fleet went off to the home islands. We’re and he asked what now getting towards mid-45 and half a condition, and I said dozen of us were put on a small escort “that we continue to (carrier), can’t remember the name of it fly”, because I could now, part of the fleet training, to back see us all going back up the main fleet, and we got just north to the UK, poor tired Seafire Mk III of Truk. When we got to Manus, in the old UK, because the war was over, and one day and there are signs that it’s readying for takeoff Admiralty Islands, we saw an armada they weren’t going to waste any money possible, that we may fly again though you’ll never see again in your life, the on us flying aeroplanes, we were going we won’t call it a carrier. I believe the Yanks, the Brits and the Australians to get a dead-end job getting ready for the attack on the home somewhere. And he islands. There were , aircraft said “I’ll fly the arse carriers, as far as you could see, off you”. too, it was an enormous sight. Four of us went One night in the mess I got talking across, and the next to some Yanks and they wanted to talk day we joined the about Spitfires and I wanted to talk Royal Navy, and about their aeroplanes. I said I wanted signed up for four to fly Hellcats and they said ok, have years. He kept his mine buddy – and I had a flight in a word, and they spent Hellcat the next day, so I’ve got a Hellcat a lot of money on in my LogBook! me. They sent me We got up to north of Truk in this to Central Flying little escort thing, and they dropped School, Instrument the ‘Bomb’ on Hiroshima. So we did a Flying Instructors School. School of ship they’re looking at is 600 or 700 ft, Seafire F XVII SX 336 wings up (Kennet ‘180’ and came home, and that’s nearly Naval Air Warfare, and I was then fully about 20,000 tons, which is about the Aviation image) the end of my story you’ll be glad to qualified. In 1948, Australia bought same size and shape as Sydney was. If hear. But not quite because we got back, the carrier Sydney, and the RAN FAA you get one of these with VTOL aircraft and our Flag Officer Aircraft Carriers was born, and I had a letter from the I hope and pray we get back into fixed was Sir Philip Vian - amazing bloke. Australian Commonwealth Naval wing flying, and I don’t see any reason He loved us, and he called us his Abos. Board, “Dear Lieutenant Royal Navy why we shouldn’t, because if you want He gave us a party aboard his Flagship, Gould, would you like to join our to project your power in this part of can’t remember its name now, and we Navy!” I said you bet, the money was the world and show something, you’ve all got a little bit drunk, and he said better and in any case I wanted to come got to have a carrier with fixed-wing “what are you all going to do, you’ll be home, I had been away for two and aircraft on it, and project wherever you out of work”? I didn’t know, I still loved one half, nearly three, years I suppose! want to. my flying and I was only what, 25, I Anyway, you know the rest of my story, Gentlemen, thank you very much didn’t want to be a civvy, and he said I joined the and for listening to me.  “would you like to join my Navy?” came home. I thought about it for a while and a Just to end up, one of the saddest Transcript by Tom McDonald, couple of us got together and decided things to me is we no longer have a 15 November 2007; edited in places by it wasn’t a bad idea, so I went back to carrier with fixed wing, and I hope Tom Lewis Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 29 Maritime Law Enforcement Beyond the Littoral byL T iEUTENANT imothy A Martin

aritime law enforcement is is also a strong history of USN and as strategic competitors in the post- distinctively complex in part US Coast Guard involvement and Cold War era. Changing dynamics dueM to the environment in which it is influence. of world events are providing strong carried out, and partly because in the During the 1990s, in the dawning reasons for states at the regional post-Cold War era, cooperation of post-Cold War era, shifting priorities level to develop and strengthen their maritime security elements in regional affected regional security relations maritime security within a framework areas has required careful diplomacy between states.1 Henceforth, regional of cooperation. Maintaining maritime between actors through mainly weak systems of states could increasingly security at a level that satisfies international institutions. In some depend on the protection to their international expectations and avoids maritime regions only relatively weak territorial sovereignty afforded by foreign intervention beyond the level institutions exist to counter-balance the international law rather than super- of diplomacy and indirect assistance, influence that powerful foreign actors power allegiance. Michael Bahar noted requires that policy makers in maritime might impose. Nevertheless, existing in the conclusion to his 2007 treatise regions determine a future strategy that maritime law enforcement mechanisms on naval deterrence and anti-piracy, encompasses protection of sovereign in two archipelagic regions, Southeast that ‘since, and perhaps because rights of states, ensures that maritime Asia and the Caribbean Sea, have of, the demise of the Soviet Union, trade routes remain open for business, been able to address different facets asymmetric and law-enforcement type and allays the concerns of powerful of the same problems that arise in threats have dominated the strategic foreign actors. The expectations of other regions, which in all cases is the landscape’.2 foreign actors, in particular the US and persistent incidence of crime at sea. This evolution away from major China but also India to the west and Enforcing law on land requires an power dominance allowed law Japan and to the north, force adaptation to the environment and enforcement authorities to interact states in Southeast Asia to reassess context in which the event takes place. with states directly in actively seeking how they respond to heightened In a similar way, enforcing law on the non-military agreements. Minor state threat levels, to security in general, HMAS Anzac sea has involved a projective reach of actors have been expected to interact and maritime trade in particular, and Boarding Party in the state power from the littoral, into the as defence partners, rather than act a reassessment of priorities for littoral Gulf (Courtesy RAN) territorial waters, and onto the vast high seas environments. Challenges to such extensions of state interests and power include protecting isolated shipping routes, and a limited capacity of local authorities to enforce law at sea (at least for some states), resulting in the ease of making a quick and complete getaway for those who commit crime at sea. Addressing this problem of ‘escape’ across state territorial, maritime borders and hiding in the coastal deltas has long been the bane of law enforcement authorities. Cooperation has been limited in scope and duration. Caribbean Sea states currently have cooperative maritime security arrangements with north, central and South American, as well as Europe national strategic and commercial interests. Due to its proximity, there Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 30 Maritime Law Enforcement Beyond the Littoral

states. the Sea, 1982 (UNCLOS) – the most that no proscribed activities are being Crime at sea is associated with comprehensive set of international conducted’.6 violence, theft, injury, illicit drugs and codes of practice for mariners – which Nevertheless, there are similarities death. It is the responsibility of state specifically prohibits the transport of in the incidence of sea crimes in governments to uphold legal and weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) the Caribbean and Southeast Asia. moral obligations to protect seafarers, through international waters. Typically, crimes occur relatively close migrants and refugees against abuse at Despite contextual differences, both to coastal state territories. Increasing sea, as well as preventing the smuggling Southeast Asia and the Caribbean numbers of violent sea-crimes and of weapons by sea to destinations Sea have shared common problems illicit drug and small arms smuggling where they could contribute to misery in policing crimes committed at have indicated a corresponding and death. Human Rights Watch sea through acting cooperatively to increase in crimes ashore. Crimes considers crimes committed at sea are prevent maritime law enforcement documented by the International broadly defined as violations against getting bogged down by those rules, Maritime Bureau (IMB), International humanity.3 Attacks against ships in regulations and codes of practice Maritime Organization (IMO), maritime regions, such as South East provided through UNCLOS. Given Regional Cooperation Agreement on Asia, and increasingly off the coast the relative scale of seas and straits Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery of Somalia and Nigeria directly affect compared to the capacity of states against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP) professional seafarers, who have to patrol them at any given time, [Information Sharing Centre variously been robbed, held at gun- maintaining a continuous maritime (ISC)]7 and other maritime security point, assaulted, taken hostage and in policing presence is difficult. While watchdogs, have occurred at sea where some instances, murdered. Piracy is coastal radar systems, maritime aerial theft of money or valuables, or demand defined by international law in different patrols and the presence of the U.S. for ransom for the return of vessel and/ ways, but is universally accepted to Coast Guard and other international or crew appeared to be the objective. be a criminal act under international naval forces in the Caribbean, and Politically inspired insurgency has also law. Illegally boarding a vessel for ‘Eyes-in-the-Skies’ programs, and been a suspected motive, even before the purpose of committing robbery, coordinated patrolling in Southeast President George W. Bush declared a violence or hijacking against the vessel Asia extend the range of surveillance, ‘war on terrorism’, although incidents and its crew is a crime against the in practice they are subject to strict of maritime insurgency are not easily interests of the state where the vessel is rules of engagement, and scope of linked to other crimes that occur on registered. In other maritime regions, interdiction. the high sea. such as the Caribbean Sea, illicit drug Interdiction has traditionally Despite setbacks to international trafficking (smuggling) increases the referred to the strategic operations intentions to secure Southeast prevalence of illegal arms, violence and of naval forces when denying Asia against lawlessness at sea, and murder rates ashore.4 This presents a access or transit through specified notwithstanding official rhetoric problem where the coastal state has no maritime regions during times of war. from coastal state governments, there municipal laws prohibiting such acts, Since World War II, ‘interdiction’ remains some resistance to what and does not have the political will to has increasingly referred to law is considered in some quarters as Boarding Party 5 enforce them, or a capability to do so. enforcement operations, as a means foreign interference. Nevertheless, closing in (Courtesy Enforcing international law at sea to enforce trade sanctions, to prevent financial incentives and resource USN) can place authorities in a tenuous the movement of weapons of mass legal position, requiring specialized destruction (WMDs), and specifically response mechanisms and procedures, in the case of the Caribbean Sea, the and a clear understanding of what smuggling of illicit drugs. Where is legally acceptable and what is not. international waters meet territorial Determining what is ‘reasonably seas, perceptions about the meaning suspected’ is likely to be contestable, of interdiction becomes complicated. as many states reserve the right to ship ‘Interdiction’ is used here in its military, nuclear and other materials by maritime law sense, provided by Devon sea, and there is nothing in the United Chaffee, described as the interception Nations Convention on the Law of of ships and vessels and ‘ensuring Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 31

A VBSS team, assistance of those states with vested that seeks to limit the risk of WMD within the territorial sea and thus the assigned to the interests in securing the seaways, distribution internationally, many jurisdiction of the state of Singapore, dock landing ship including from the U.S. Japan, India smaller states may accrue beneficial as a natural adjunct role to coast guard USS Carter Hall, and China, continues to influence the U.S. attention in the future. Larger and naval forces operating beyond it. approaches MS Al- way that maritime law enforcement and smaller states derive benefits However, Ken Booth’s trinity Kausar, an Indian cargo dhow to is managed. Agreements have not from such multilateral efforts but of diplomatic, military and conduct a master reached the stage of being codified in cultural, political or historical issues police functions suggest that consent boarding Southeast Asia but similarities with may prevent an easy association with interrelationships between the military (Courtesy USN) the Caribbean Regional Agreement one or more states in any long term and police can be of limited utility. (CRA)8 model suggest this may not be multi-lateral mechanisms. Therefore, While naval forces demonstrate a an impossibility. a proposal that seeks to address law ‘prestige’ presence as Booth indicates, The CRA is an example of a enforcement at sea must identify core they also extend state power through cooperative approach that has potential common denominators affecting a visible image. Nevertheless, the to improve the capacity of Caribbean state’s maritime security interests. The state’s control of law and order, at least Sea micro-states to address drug question is, will these form the basis for beyond its own jurisdiction, is limited trafficking and its associations with a successful formal agreement? and may or may not be considered a organized crime, and implications for Pirate attacks on shipping, and core role of military forces.10 Making societal security. Benefits for states the activities of smugglers prompt a distinction between the diplomatic, may include wider strategic influence, law enforcement as well as military military and policing roles of navies, increased financial investment and challenges, particularly if police have Michael O’Conner argues that where potential military aid. By agreeing limited maritime capabilities restricting there is a crime without political to also adopt the International Ship their capacity to operate into and legitimacy (such as terrorism), the and Port Security (ISPS) Code, which beyond the territorial sea.9 Land- military can only be an appendage to has developed from the U.S. led based policing patrols, for example police and intelligence investigations Proliferation Security Initiative concept Singapore’s Water Police, operate in law enforcement issues.11 Modern Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 32 Maritime Law Enforcement Beyond the Littoral detection suites, such as radar, are of such as manageable deployment but little use against small, speeding ‘go- this still relies on a political willingness fast’ boats full of balaclava-clad pirates of states to support police, military, and or semi-submerged vessels commonly intelligence gathering agencies. used to smuggle illicit drugs. Where conflict is a result of a While municipal police provide criminal act, such as piracy, policing limited investigative capability close has dual meaning; naval (military) and to shore, some coast guards, notably civilian jurisdictions apply. The nexus the US Coast Guard, provide a of coastguard/military cooperation constabulary role to the limit of the will depend on political decisions territorial sea and into and beyond about need and cost. Booth raises Boarding Party contiguous and extended economic questions about the function of navies, undermines perceptions that state members from an zones. If the role of naval forces is including its military, diplomatic and authorities remain in control.17 In Australian Navy ship extension of state power beyond all judiciary (policing) roles but it still the Caribbean Sea multiple bilateral (Courtesy RAN) territorial borders, only coast guards positions naval forces as an adjunct agreements to CRA principles that are capable of carrying out law to regional law enforcement and improve cooperation on matters such enforcement, that is, a ‘constabulary’ order.15 Wirtz argues that a (US) naval as ‘hot pursuit’ of suspects vessels into role, beyond (to seaward of) the role has become an important and territorial waters have allowed littoral territorial sea. This is certainly the case relevant component of the globalized states to retain control of maritime for the U.S. Coast Guard, although its ‘peacetime’ of the post-Cold War era movements within their territories posse comitatus limitation has resulted because of its flexibility to relocate large while enhancing the law enforcement in some imaginative use of the U.S. force elements and logistical backup capability through cooperation with Navy in assisting with law enforcement. quickly to remote regions, without (primarily) the US Coast Guard. Carrying goods by sea is still the relying on an intact infrastructure The behaviour of non-state actors, preferred and most cost efficient means being available ashore. Carrying all the most likely source of disruption of transport between trading states, supplies and armaments with them, to maritime security in peacetime is and James J. Wirtz links the increased having a capacity of thousands of a costly concern for all who use the interconnectedness of international tonnes, naval forces fulfil a role which sea. The political affect of attacks trade, that is, globalization, to the neither an air force nor army is able on military, civilian and commercial spread of democracy. However, in to do efficiently. Only naval forces targets is evident in the attacks on circumstances where a naval presence could get ashore on northern Sumatra’s the USS Cole (12 October 2000), would be provocative, a Coast Guard battered littoral in January and MV Limberg (6 October 2002)and offers a less threatening means of February 2004 following a devastating Super Ferry 14 (26 February 2004). providing international cooperation, earthquake and tsunami, as roads TheUSS Cole attack was a significant training and awareness.12 and airports were unusable. Beyond precautionary lesson in the need Julian Corbett’s imagined maritime an emergency response role, naval for solid regional awareness and construct remains relevant, as the forces are important as they are able intelligence. The other attacks caused sea and its littorals continue to hide to influence globalization through grief to crew members and passengers, 13 modern sea-raiders. Corbett the protection or denial of shipping. added risk to the passage of goods and considered that the conditions peculiar Naval theorist Corbett, considered transport of people, and translated to conflict at sea ‘both make possible the real value of targeting commercial resulting fears into pressure for higher and dictate a greater degree of strategic and industrial vessels is to avoid direct insurance premiums for shipping dispersal than on land.’14 Patrols by conflict with superior military assets.16 companies. In the Caribbean Sea, a small craft are well suited to ‘strategic In the Caribbean Sea at least, increased high level of drug smuggling has caused dispersal’, as they represent assets naval activity has also translated a reported increase of criminal violence which, due to low relative cost, are into increased interdiction of drug and facilitated illicit drug trafficking usually available in greater numbers, smugglers. ashore, consequently tying up naval and to smaller states than far more Employing private security and other law enforcement authorities costly major assets such as warships. forces onboard commercial ships of several countries in sometimes There are additional advantages of scale may prevent pirate attacks but this complicated maritime interdiction. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 33

Boarding team Reaction of governments to the sea or drug smuggling with jihadist time, Law of the Sea was a debatable members from challenges facing enforcers of law at insurgency are also possibilities, despite negotiation of colonialist interests, guided-missile sea are varied. John F. Bradford points basic differences in rationale for each uncertain geographic proprietorship, destroyer USS James out that while Japan and Singapore type of behaviour, and lack of evidence and limitations of power. Hugo Grotius E. Williams (DDG 95) have both made maritime piracy a to suggest this is other than a low argued that an incident had to be board North Korean cargo vessel Dai Hong national security issue, the problem has probability threat. Graham Gerard seen in the context of contemporary Dan (Courtesy USN) only been ‘politicized’ by Malaysia and Ong suggests an overlap of threats, understandings that oceans were not remains essentially ‘non-politicized’ with similar roots, nature of violence, territories, so that law that applied in Indonesia.18 Maritime piracy is use of the sea, nature of threat and on land did not necessarily apply officially recognised as a threat in Japan impact, as well as legal status. However, upon the sea. Grotius was to write and Singapore but down-played by while pirates and drug smugglers are his foundational text, Mare Liberum other South East Asian actors. Rekizo interested in sustained trade, maritime (Freedom of the Seas) based on a Murakami, of the Japanese Coastguard terrorism is ‘often pyrrhic’.20 premise of ‘natural law’. ‘Law of the Academy, points to the need for a SE In an historical context, maritime Sea’ had emerged from such disputes Asian cooperative network. Despite law enforcement cooperation has been over maritime territoriality but also improvements since 2004, Murakami a mix of tradition, norms and legal indicated the need for policy by which argues that the lack of joint legislative context. In the early 1600s, for example, sovereign authorities could administer frameworks and laws for the collection the Dutch East India Company sought and police and know the limitations of and submission of evidence and/or the legal clarity to support its claim that a that authority.21 transfer of criminals between countries Dutch privateer was within its rights The United Nations notes that the will limit successful prosecution of to apprehend a Portuguese galleon ‘freedom of the seas doctrine’ of the those who commit crimes against in the Strait of Malacca. Whereas a seventeenth century, national rights shipping.19 similar event occurring today would and jurisdiction of territorial waters Conflation of pirate attacks at be regarded an act of piracy, at the and open oceans, was understood, Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 34 Maritime Law Enforcement Beyond the Littoral

if not yet codified. This situation prevailed until the mid-twentieth century, when claims to offshore resources caused states to seek clarity on ownership of the sea. In 1967 Malta’s Ambassador to the UN, Arvid Pardo, called for an ‘international regime’ over ocean resources which extended beyond ‘national jurisdiction’. A conference on Law of the Sea was convened in 1973 and ended in 1982 with what the UN terms a ‘constitution for the seas’, the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (1982).22 Multiple negotiated agreements between maritime states for the provision of security at sea, can be (Endnotes) corbett1.htm> termed a ‘regime’ if acceptance of the 1 David A. Lake & Patrick M. Morgan, 14 Mahan, (1918): Introduction Regional Orders: Building Security In A New 15 Ken Booth (1979) pp.15-25 terms of the agreement become law, are World, University Press (1997) pp.3-44 16 Corbett, Julian S., Some Principles enforced, and become normalized. A 2 Michael Bahar, ‘Attaining Optimal of Maritime Strategy, “Part 111: Conduct Deterrence At Sea: A Legal And Strategic of Naval War, Chapter 1, Introductory.” security regime exists where an agreed Theory For Naval Anti-Piracy Operations’, Published by Longmans, Green and authorization is given, or arrangements Vanderbilt Journal Of Transnational Law, Company, London, England, (1918). pp. vol.40 (2007) 139-145 (found at) can be sought to pursue suspect vessels The United Nations Open-Ended Informal 17 Raymond. Catherine Zara, “Malacca Consultative Process On Oceans & The and Singapore Straits Security: a Private across maritime territorial boundaries. Laws Of The Sea’, 2 June (2003) 18 Bradford, John F. “Japanese 4 Theodore Legget, ‘Crime, Violence, Anti-Piracy Initiatives in Southeast Asia: states remain problematic, extensive, and Development: Trends, Costs, and Policy Policy Formulation and the Coastal State and built upon previous bi-lateral and Options in the Caribbean’, United Nations Responses.” Contemporary Southeast Asia multi-lateral successes and failures. Office on Drugs and Crime and the Latin 26.3 (2004): 480+. (viewed on Questia. America and Caribbean Region of the 29 Nov. 2005) http://www.questia. Negotiations are dynamic, requiring World Bank, report no.37820, March (2007) com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5008547826 ongoing maintenance through 5 Michael Bahar (2007) 19 Murakimi, Rekizo, ‘Measures to 6 Freedom Or Force On The High Seas? Suppress Piracy & Armed Robbery Against negotiation between signatories and Arms Interdiction And International Law, Ships in the Southeast Asian Seas’, Ship & reassessment of the context in which Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (draft) 15 Ocean Newsletter No. 2 February (2004), August (2003) Japan Institute for Ocean Policy http://www. sea-crimes occur.  7 Both launched in 2006 sof.or.jp/ocean/newsletter_e/pdf/ssp2.pdf 8 ‘Agreement Concerning Cooperation 20 Ong, Graham Gerard, ‘Ships Can In Suppressing Illicit Maritime And Be Dangerous, too: Coupling Piracy and Air Trafficking In Narcotic Drugs And Terrorism in Southeast Asia’s maritime Psychotropic Substances In The Caribbean Security Network’, (in) Derek Johnson & Area’ (needs ratitification) Mark Valencia (eds) Piracy in Southeast Lieutenant Timothy A Martin RANR is a 9 The territorial sea is measured from a Asia: Status, Issues & Responses, ISEAS Royal Australian Navy Reserve member baseline mean high-water mark ashore out Publications, Singapore (2005) to a maximum of 12 nautical miles (nm) 21 Grotius, Hugo. The Freedom of the in the Naval Intelligence Reserve. He offshore….UNCLOS paraphrased extract Seas (originally published-1608), (translation 10 Ken Booth, ‘The Functions of by) Ralph Van Deman Magoffin, (ed) James is currently completing a doctorate Navies’, Navies and Foreign Policy, Holmes & Brown Scott, Oxford University Press (1916) Meier Publishers, NY, (1979) pp.15-25 22 United Nations Convention On The comparing maritime law enforcement 11 Michael O’Conner, ‘Terrorism & Law Of The Sea: A Historical Perspective, agreements in South East Asia and the National Security’, Quadrant, vol.XLIX, Oceans and Law of the Sea 2-Month Africa Mission’, 4 August (2008) [sighted 11 August 2008] in Terrorism and Security Studies at 13 Corbett, Julian S., Some Principles Deakin Univerity. He works part-time of Maritime Strategy, ‘Part 111: Conduct for HQJOC and is a Senior Defence of Naval War, Chapter 1, Introductory.’ Published by Longmans, Green & Company, Interviewer with DFR in Melbourne. London, England, (1918). pp. 139-145

uring its brief existence, Britain’s Charles Samson, the senior of the Royal Naval Air Service teemed three, joined HMS Britannia in 1897 withD pioneer aviators who sought out and received his commission as a Royal the best roles for aviation in support Navy sub-lieutenant in 1902. After 1 of naval operations. In an age serving in a number of ships at home when minimal historical experience and abroad, including the command was available for air organizations of a torpedo boat based at Devonport, to develop doctrine, three men he volunteered to be one of the first immediately preceding World War The aft turrets of the HMS Queen Elizabeth in particular improvised naval air four naval officers to be trained in One and took over command of RNAS seen in 1915 employment concepts while under flying airplanes. In April 1911, after units around Dunkirk after Samson actual combat conditions of the First qualifying for his Royal Aeronautical departed for the Dardanelles in late World War. At a time when many Club Certificate (certificate no. 71), he February 1915. In January 1916 the who served worked to improve the became Britain’s first fixed-wing naval Admiralty transferred Longmore back capabilities of Britain’s new naval air aviator. He subsequently directed to the fleet, where he served as a senior arm, Charles Rumney Samson (1883- Britain’s earliest naval flying school watchkeeper and turret commander 1931), Arthur Murray Longmore at Eastchurch and led a squadron to aboard the HMS Tiger. (1885-1970), and Hugh Alexander Flanders when the Great War began. He saw action at Jutland and later Williamson (1885-1979) employed In spring of 1915, he commanded returned to the RNAS to serve as innovative methods for aircraft, the RNAS contingent sent to the station commander at Eastchurch providing leadership during the Great Dardanelles to support the Gallipoli and then as a staff officer with the Air War that transformed Britain’s naval air landings. Throughout his career, Board. He finished the war serving as arm out of its early experimental stage he was known to be “impatient of the commander of all RAF units in the 2 into a combat arm of significant value. discipline.” His service record shows Adriatic. In many ways Samson, Longmore, that Samson’s commanders lauded his Hugh Williamson’s early career and Williamson shared a common zeal and ability but also lamented his was unique for a naval officer. 3 background. All three men were born lack of tact. Like Longmore, he entered HMS in the mid-1880s and attended HMS Arthur Longmore attended HMS Britannia in 1900, but Williamson Britannia (Britain’s pre-commissioning Britannia three years after Samson, soon volunteered for the Royal training establishment) as teenagers. but following a number of assignments Navy’s new submarine service in Each served on capital ships in the afloat, also including the command 1906 and subsequently captained two Royal Navy at some point in their of a torpedo boat, he likewise submarines. In 1911 he learned how careers, and they all learned how to volunteered to learn how to fly along to fly at his own expense – while on fly in 1911. All three participated in with Samson, Lieutenant R. Gregory, leave and on weekends – and finally combat operations during the Great RN, and Captain E. L. Gerrard of the earned his Aero Club Certificate War and each one chose to transfer to Royal Marines. Longmore passed in November, becoming the 160th the Royal Air Force when the world’s his Royal Aero Club checkride only British pilot. In 1912 he was posted first independent air force stood up in a few minutes after Samson did and to the new battlecruiser HMS Lion, April 1918. After retiring from military became Britain’s 72d fixed-wing pilot and in September 1913 he attended service, all three wrote memoirs. But and the Royal Navy’s second. A year the in order to most importantly, they tenaciously later Longmore moved on to be a flight qualify as a naval pilot for the RNAS. sought to improve the effectiveness and instructor at the joint Central Flying Thus, Williamson possessed the unique efficiency of naval air power at every School, where the British Army, the experience and perspective of being opportunity during their time in both Royal Navy, and the Royal Marines both a submarine commander and a the RNAS and RAF. worked together to train their first naval pilot during his career. The differences among the three generation of pilots. He commanded During the opening months of the men are perhaps more striking. two naval air stations in the years Great War, Williamson flew patrols Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 36 Doctrinal Innovation in the Royal Naval Air Service: Samson, Longmore, and Williamson along the southeast coast of Britain In October 1911, the Admiralty agreed Holmes Lights – an early floating flare and in late 1914 was appointed to purchase two airplanes as well that produced smoke – which served second-in-command and senior flying as provide naval ratings to serve as as the pre-briefed signal for destroyers officer of theHMS Ark Royal, a new mechanics and approve the formation to close on the position. Finally, visual 5 carrier converted from a of a naval flying school at Eastchurch. and aural communications between merchant steamer. In March 1915, Samson and his men immediately airplane and destroyer proved feasible while spotting HMS Queen Elizabeth’s went to work in order to develop and through the use of airborne Klaxon gunfire against Turkish batteries in the prove concepts for employment of horns and shipborne semaphore flags 10 Dardanelles, Williamson was severely naval aircraft. In January 1912, Samson and steam sirens. wounded in a seaplane crash. After flew a Short pusher biplane off a bow Although such laudatory pre-war convalescing, he was deemed unfit platform from the pre-dreadnought accomplishments set the stage for for sea service and transferred to the battleship HMS Africa, using a track later developments, the test of armed 6 Admiralty in London, where he first system he had designed himself. A conflict prompted Samson’s most served as the personal assistant to few months later he flew the same important innovations in naval aircraft the Director of Air Services and then aircraft offHMS Hibernia, another pre- employment. While operating in as the RNAS representative with the dreadnought, while she was underway. France and Belgium in the opening Admiralty’s Operations Division. Other pre-war experiments included months of the war, Samson’s squadron In May 1918, he was appointed to dropping dummy 100-lb. bombs from observed German efforts to improve command No. 18 Group, RAF, with aircraft and transmitting with wireless Belgian ports to later serve as U-boat responsibility to defend merchant radio in 1912, flying at night and bases and to construct zeppelin bases. convoys sailing along England’s east designing and testing folding wings His men also attempted to bomb these coast. for shipborne in 1913, and facilities as well as German infantry 11 Samson, Longmore, and practicing formation flying during the and artillery positions. In November 7 Williamson were only three men summer of 1914. 1914, Samson conducted what was among a lengthy list of Great War Samson’s most significant pre-war probably the first night bombing innovators, but they stood out because was a series of “proof of mission in aviation history, when he they helped to establish roles and concept” exercises involving airplanes attacked German batteries near the missions that naval aviators still carry attempting to locate submerged port of Ostend with eighteen 16-lb. 12 out today. Their experiences also submarines and then directing bombs. A complicated series of remind us that military organizations destroyers to their position. In reaction raids under Samson’s leadership in often rely on mid-level commanders to a January 1912 paper submitted February 1915 against German port with operational savvy to employ new by Lt H. A. Williamson – where the facilities in Belgium demonstrated the technology effectively. submarine skipper (mentioned above) ability of RNAS airmen to coordinate not only suggested using airplanes attacks from different directions, Samson to spot enemy submarines but also by different units, against varied 13 Charles Rumney Samson was an proposed that the Admiralty should target sets. Samson’s leadership of aviation pioneer in every sense of the investigate building decks on ships for the naval squadron supporting the 8 word. As the senior officer among both launching and landing airplanes landings on the Gallipoli Peninsula the first four of the RN’s aviators, he – the Admiralty approved a series of in 1915, however, established forever served as the leading advocate at the experiments for the summer and fall the following roles for : 9 tactical level for answering a brief yet of 1912. Samson played the leading photo-reconnaissance, naval and army rather complicated question: in what role in these trials, which took place gunnery spotting, close air support, ways could fixed-wing aircraft support October 1912 in the Firth of Forth. In interdiction, strategic attack, anti-ship naval operations? The first step was these exercises, Samson demonstrated strike, air superiority, and, finally, anti- to convince the Admiralty to actually that aircraft could spot periscopes and submarine patrol. purchase airplanes for the RN; Samson submarine–produced oil slicks easily After the RN failed to force the and his three colleagues had learned from altitudes between 1,200 and 3,000 Narrows at the Dardanelles using to fly on airplanes borrowed from a feet, depending on visibility and sea battleships alone in February and civilian flying enthusiast and under conditions. Once located, he marked March of 1915, the British Cabinet 4 instruction from a civilian volunteer. the position of the submarine with decided to land troops on the Gallipoli Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 37

peninsula. RNAS aircraft from the efforts yielding intelligence that Turkish positions. The aircrew was able to seaplane carrier HMS Ark Royal had forces were inactive in that sector. On immediately signal to the gunnery been spotting the fall of shot and 6 August, Hamilton noted in his diary officer aboard the battleship to shift conducting reconnaissance during that photographs from Samson showed fire “up 200 yards” and use shrapnel; the bombardment of the forts, where no Turks “on the move” and only 100- according to the aircrew, only half pilots and observers developed their 150 yards of trench and a half dozen of the Turkish gunners survived the 17 21 own techniques of abbreviating gun emplacements. This information ensuing barrage. Spotting for the wireless messages to gunnery officers doubtless contributed to Hamilton’s army’s artillery was less effective since on the battleships. In preparation decision to land two divisions at Suvla their supply of shells was severely for the landings, they continued their on 8 August. Unfortunately, a lack of limited, allowing only for barrages of air reconnaissance and in late March initiative to expand the beachhead as short duration where spotting was Samson’s No. 3 Squadron, RNAS, well as a rapid Turkish reaction to man not as useful. Nevertheless, Samson arrived to set up an airfield on the the hills above the landings made Suvla assigned an Army officer serving as an island of Tenedos, strategically located another failed operation. Although the RNAS observer, Australian Captain near the entrance to the Dardanelles. Gallipoli expedition resulted in massive A. H. K. Jopp, to work with ANZAC The squadron brought 11 pilots, casualties on both sides and ended gunners in order to devise a system three observers and over 100 support with a brilliant evacuation in January of of air corrections to counter battery 22 personnel to employ 18 aircraft of six 1916, Samson’s fire, which met with some success. types. Subsequently, only a half dozen and photographic intelligence proved Samson later claimed that aircraft aircraft proved useful in operations, to be, as historian Alan Moorehead airborne over Turkish batteries in Asia since many of the aircraft suffered from states, the “most important part” of his Minor “always” caused their fire to 18 underpowered engines or inadequate air support of the troops ashore. diminish for fear of incoming British 14 23 structural robustness. This tiny force In addition to reconnaissance gunfire directed by the airplanes. would be for many months the only air and photography, Samson and his During the Gallipoli operation, support available to British, Dominion, No. 3 Squadron provided many Samson and his men also developed and French troops fighting the Turks other services to Allied units fighting now-familiar bomb dropping roles at Gallipoli, as the Royal Flying Corps the Turks. From the start of No. for aircraft. In 1915 there was no could spare no units from the Western 3 Squadron’s flight operations on distinction between close air support, 15 Front. 28 March until early November, interdiction, and strategic attack, but Between 28 March and the 25 Samson’s pilots and observers flew Samson realized the merits of bombing April 1915, the day of the first Gallipoli 349 sorties in support of naval gunfire tactical, operational, and strategic landings, Samson and his squadron or army artillery batteries. Most targets. In May, he reported to the flew many observation sorties of these flights were of 2½ hours Air Department that he normally sent 19 that provided detailed intelligence duration. On one occasion in May, up an early morning bombing attack concerning Turkish positions near one of Samson’s pilots spotted for the against Turkish positions each day. the landing beaches. Between April battleship HMS Agamemnon, which He asked for “a steady supply of 100 and June of 1915, one of Samson’s was firing on a Turkish artillery battery 100-lb. bombs a month” and promised pilots, Flt Lt C. H. Butler, took over menacing British and Dominion that he would be able to “get rid of 24 700 photographs and used them to troops ashore. Three of four howitzers them as quickly as they are supplied.” 20 piece together a photographic map were destroyed. Another case On a number of occasions Samson’s of the landing areas, passing this demonstrates the capabilities of early pilots bombed Turkish troops in the intelligence to Sir Ian Hamilton’s army spotting efforts of naval gunfire. A front lines as well as their supporting 16 headquarters on a regular basis. few days after the initial 25 April bivouacs, ammunition dumps, and Aerial photography later played landings, one of Samson’s airplanes artillery positions. During a massive an important role in the Suvla Bay spotted for the pre-dreadnought HMS Turkish counterattack on 19 May, landing, an operation designed to Prince George, whose 6-inch guns Samson dropped bombs directly onto outflank Turkish positions containing were firing on a Turkish battery on assaulting troops, a feat lauded in the initial landings. In late July, the shore of Asia Minor. After losing Hamilton’s diary as contributing the Hamilton’s headquarters asked Samson their guns to the battleship’s fire, the successful defense of the Allied trench 25 to reconnoiter the heights above Suvla, Turkish artillery crews ran from their line. During the summer of 1915 Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 38 Doctrinal Innovation in the Royal Naval Air Service: Samson, Longmore, and Williamson 31 37 the squadron began bombing Turkish bombs. An interesting series of built Taube aircraft. Samson taught positions at night, using the light of anti-ship strikes also deserve mention. his pilots to be aggressive; standing 26 campfires to serve as aiming points. Although not under Samson’s direct orders called for attacking enemy Interdiction efforts became more command, a seaplane piloted by Flt aircraft as soon as they were sighted, prominent as the stalemate developed Cdr Charles H. K. Edmonds was the even when on spotting missions. ashore. Samson targeted Turkish first aircraft to attack a ship with a Samson wanted his pilots to open fire supply depots along the coast as well torpedo on 12 August 1915. Although at close range in order to guarantee as ordering four attacks against a key the Turkish steamer had already been hits as well as ensuring the target was 38 railroad bridge and dozens against damaged and beached by a British an enemy aircraft. Largely due to 27 a major railway junction. In his submarine, Edmonds attack with a the relatively poor performance of memoirs, Samson wrote that a German 14-inch torpedo from 300 yards proved airplanes on both sides – that is, rarely staff officer serving at Gallipoli said the torpedo-strike concept. Five days achieving speeds over 100 miles per that the bomb dropping attacks had later, Edmonds damaged another hour – air-to-air engagements seldom a “terrible effect…on the transport steamer, this one underway, from a ended with a kill. Samson was pleased 28 columns and disembarkation points.” launch range of 800 yards. Edmonds’ to report, however, that no RNAS Ak Bashi Liman and Kilia Liman, ports wingman, Flt Lt G. B. Dacre, sank a airplane was ever shot down while at the neck of the Gallipoli peninsula third Turkish ship on the same day operating under his command in the that the Turks used to bring in supplies while water-taxiing his own seaplane. Dardanelles, while his men brought by sea, became favorite targets for the Thus, three seaplane-launched down two enemy aircraft during eight 39 airmen. torpedoes actually struck their targets months of operations. During the 32 Samson even planned a strategic air in that month. Allied evacuation from the Gallipoli attack against Constantinople, but his While employing his aircraft as peninsula in December and January, aircraft were not capable of carrying bombers, Samson’s men dropped 179 British air superiority prevented both bombs and fuel for the long-range 100-lb. bombs and 507 20-lb. bombs German and Turkish reconnaissance 29 33 flight. Instead, he sought to damage through mid-November. Samson aircraft from discovering the 40 Turkey’s overall war effort by attacking himself claimed to have dropped withdrawal. the main railway connecting Europe to over 4 tons of bombs while in the Lastly, Samson made use of his pre- 34 Constantinople. He chose the Maritza Dardanelles. Nevertheless, the RNAS war submarine spotting exercises when railway bridge, near Adrianople in established and developed the close air the Germans sent Otto Hersing’s U-21 European Turkey, as his target and sent support, interdiction, strategic attack, to operate near the Gallipoli peninsula four bombing missions against it, flying and anti-ship strike roles for naval beginning in late May 1915. Hersing the first one himself. Although these aircraft relatively early in the Great torpedoed and sank two British pre- endeavors achieved limited damage – War, using underpowered airplanes dreadnoughts – HMS Triumph on Samson’s first attack closed the railway and employing a pilot force that 25 May and HMS Majestic on 27 35 bridge for four days – they did succeed averaged 6 to 7 available each day. May – and caused great concern to in forcing the Turks to withdraw anti- The final two roles for naval aircraft, the Allies who relied completely on aircraft guns from other theaters to which were less regular but no less the sea to supply their expeditionary 30 defend the bridge. important from a developmental force on the Gallipoli peninsula. Finally, Samson’s men bombed standpoint, were air superiority and Samson subsequently added submarine Turkish shipping whenever the anti-submarine patrol. The RNAS’s patrols to his list of missions for No. opportunity arose. Although attacks first air-to-air engagement of the 3 Squadron. On two occasions he against warships were common, the Gallipoli campaign took place on attacked Hersing’s U-boat himself, relatively light 100-, 60- and 20-lb. 2 May, when Flt Lt Reggie Marix each time achieving near misses with 41 bombs available caused little damage downed an enemy seaplane near the bombs but causing no damage. It 36 to steel-plated naval vessels. In May, Turkish coast. Turkish pilots and would not be until the closing years of however, one of Samson’s pilots their German allies avoided flying over the war, however, that RNAS and later bombed an elderly Turkish battleship, Allied lines until the closing months of RAF aircraft would become effective at putting a turret out of action and killing the campaign, when they occasionally helping to neutralize the danger of the 10 sailors. Another No. 3 Squadron raided Tenedos and the new airfields German U-boats. aircrew sank a Turkish transport with on the island of Imbros with German- Samson thus established forever Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 39

most of the roles and missions carried submarine-hunting exercises that out by naval aircraft ever since the Samson had pioneered in 1912, and Great War. During the Gallipoli he conducted seaplane experiments campaign, he accomplished this with with airborne wireless, landing at night, only a handful of planes and pilots, not launching torpedoes, and testing new 46 being reinforced until late August 1915, aircraft and engine designs. when a second RNAS unit arrived with Longmore’s greatest contribution 42 16 additional pilots and 22 airplanes. to naval aviation, however, took place In his final, technical contribution after the Great War began by putting to Great War naval aviation, he into practice the Admiralty’s strategy introduced the use of a towed 60- of attacking enemy zeppelins and foot barge – known as a lighter – to submarines while in their bases. Also Belgian Coast serve as a runway for a single Camel known as an “attack at source” strategy, Coastal work comprising patrols fighter. Towed by a 30-knot destroyer, the idea was grounded upon the fact to Ostend and Zeebrugge [the main this mini-aircraft carrier’s fighter that these German weapon systems German U-boat bases on the Belgian accompanied patrols in the North Sea were easier to locate and destroy at coast], attacking enemy submarines, in order to intercept German naval their bases than while operational observing for fire of ships’ guns, and zeppelins that might be flying nearby. above or under the surface of the seas – searching for mines. On 11 August 1918, Flt Lt S. D. Culley, a traditional English method of dealing Attacks on Submarine Building one of Samson’s pilots, shot down with pirates and invasion threats Yards, Power Stations, and other zeppelin L-53 with his lighter-borne since the Age of Sail and a concept objects of military importance. 43 Camel. not unlike NATO’s Cold War plans to Development of wireless attack Soviet naval and air bases with spotting and photo-reconnaissance 47 49 Longmore carrier airstrikes. On two occasions, techniques. Arthur Longmore worked closely Longmore commanded air units tasked These priorities reflected the with Samson during their first year of with executing this strategy: first, increased threat to merchant shipping aviation service at Eastchurch, where while leading RNAS air units around after Germany’s first U-boat campaign Britain’s first four naval aviators honed Dunkirk in 1915 and, later, when in in early 1915 as well as the growing their flying skills and experimented charge of RAF units in the Adriatic in menace of zeppelin bombing raids over with new employment concepts for 1918. southern England. It is interesting to airplanes. Longmore worked with When the war began, Longmore note that in his memoir Longmore aircraft designer Oswald Short to and his pilots supplemented Samson’s revises slightly his priorities in Dunkirk fabricate and test airbags that enabled force in Flanders and flew coastal by listing efforts “to prevent zeppelins 44 airplanes to land on the water. patrols in Britain until taking complete and aeroplanes operating from bases After a tour as an instructor at the responsibility for RNAS operations in Belgium for raids on England” as his Central Flying School, Longmore on the continent once Samson first task, attacking “enemy submarines commanded the Cromarty Air Station departed for the Dardanelles in late using Ostend and Zeebrugge and 48 in the Scottish Highlands, where his February 1915. Longmore’s 14 to obtain information as to their three seaplanes worked with naval pilots and 130 men, initially named movements” as his second task, with 50 vessels based at Invergordon at “every No. 1 Squadron and based at Dunkirk, the other roles lower in priority. 45 opportunity.” carried on parallel efforts to mature Nevertheless, Longmore’s aviators In January 1914, he took command the roles and missions that Samson conducted these operations under of the Calshot Air Station, which was so ardently developed in the eastern terrible weather conditions using in close proximity to the extensive Mediterranean. relatively “primitive equipment,” complex of naval facilities around The Air Department charged including prewar British and French 51 Portsmouth. In the early days of Longmore’s naval airmen with a aircraft designs. No. 1 Squadron the RNAS, the Air Department variety of missions that were eventually was soon reinforced and Longmore considered Calshot an experimental codified in June 1915 to include: assumed command of a larger No. 1 station and Longmore thrived in To attack the enemy’s airships and Wing of six small flying squadrons, the test environment. He continued aeroplanes in the air, or in their sheds. expanding the effort to bomb the Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

Issue 132 41 Doctrinal Innovation in the Royal Naval Air Service: Samson, Longmore, and Williamson

German U-boat and zeppelin bases bombs resulting in a massive explosion began defending 54 in Belgium to include submarine and the destruction of LZ-38. with fighter aircraft construction sites in Antwerp and Longmore’s “attack at source” efforts as well as anti- 56 zeppelin sheds in Brussels. No. 1 Wing resulted in the Germans abandoning aircraft artillery. records indicate a strong emphasis their Belgian zeppelin bases, operating The need for escort on “attack at source” missions which henceforth only from their bases along fighters explains the Morane restored single after ten months under Longmore’s the northern coast of Germany. The integration of DeHavilland bombers seat fighter (Courtesy command resulted in numerous U-boat bases, however, continued to with Camel fighters in composite Aviation Institute of Maintenence) attacks on German facilities yielding 10 serve as a thorn in the Royal Navy’s squadrons. By late October 1918, the U-boats bombed (but none sunk), 2 of side until the closing months of the war. RAF had supplemented Longmore’s the massive zeppelins destroyed, and 1 Longmore’s efforts forced the Germans 52 zeppelin severely damaged. to begin a considerable investment One “attack at source” example of resources in defending Ostend, highlights the challenges that Zeebrugge, and Bruges from air attack Longmore and his men faced when – attacks which RNAS and RAF would 55 using “primitive” technology to carry continue until 1918. out such varied missions. On the night As mentioned above, Longmore left of 6 June 1915, Longmore received Dunkirk and returned to duty with the word from the Admiralty that three fleet where he participated in the Battle British “Large America” zeppelins would be returning from of Jutland aboard HMS Tiger. Later Adriatic Group with flying boats flying boat used in an unsuccessful bombing raid on service with the Air Board and at home for anti-submarine patrols and also anti-submarine patrols England, providing him an opportunity air stations led to his selection as senior planned to employ large, Italian-made during to intercept them. Before dawn the RNAS (and then RAF) officer in the Caproni bombers for airstrikes against Courtesy of the Livock 57 next morning he sent two aircraft as Adriatic in early 1918. In this capacity Cattaro. Collection, Fleet Air Arm Museum Yeovilton airborne interceptors to patrol above he received approval to expand the Longmore’s air campaign against Ghent and two more to bomb zeppelin small naval air force based in Italy in Cattaro and Durazzo, another Austrian sheds near Brussels. In short order order to carry out a bombing campaign naval facility, got under way in May Flt Sub-Lt R. A. J. Warneford earned against Austrian submarine base at 1918 and by August had accomplished notoriety by downing of LZ-37 near Cattaro, which incidentally served 19 major raids against the two ports. Bruges. After outclimbing the airship as the headquarters for the German H. A. Jones’s official air history of the in his Morane single-seater, he dived on Navy’s Mediterranean U-boat Flotilla. Great War, entitled The War in the Air, his target and dropped six 20-lb. bombs By spring of 1918, Longmore’s RAF notes that in June 1918 Mediterranean along the length of the zeppelin’s . Adriatic Group Headquarters oversaw shipping loses were reduced by The resulting explosion completely the operations of two attack wings: half. While the introduction of destroyed LZ-37 and almost brought No. 66 Wing (at Otranto) Mediterranean convoys around that down Warneford, who had to gain No. 223 Squadron (12 Short time caused much of that reduction, control of his airplane after the shock Seaplanes) Jones argues that RAF bombing efforts wave turned him upside down. No. 224 Composite Squadron (12 at least deserve consideration as a part Warneford was awarded the Victoria DH9s plus 6 Camels) of that success against the Austro- Cross for achieving the first air zeppelin No. 225 Composite Squadron (12 German U-boat forces in the Adriatic, 53 kill of the war. While Warneford was DH9s plus 6 Camels) where enemy submarines and crews struggling with his rather large airborne No. 67 Wing (at Taranto) suffered “some damage and much 58 target, Flt Lt J. P. Wilson and Flt Sub-Lt No. 226 Composite Squadron (12 anxiety.” J. S. Mills successfully bombed LZ- DH9s plus 6 Camels) Thus in two air campaigns, 38 in its shed at Evere, near Brussels. No. 271 Squadron (unknown Longmore put into practice the Dropped from an altitude of 2,000 feet number and type of Seaplanes) concept of attacking German zeppelin in the darkness, Wilson’s three 65-lb. and submarine bases “at source.” bombs made a direct hit on the shed, Longmore’s flyers traversed the This concept would witness further causing smoke but no explosion. Ten Adriatic, across 100 miles of open sea, development during World War II; as minutes later, Mills let go his four 20-lb. to attack Cattaro, which the Austrians Air Officer Commanding RAF units Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 42 Doctrinal Innovation in the Royal Naval Air Service: Samson, Longmore, and Williamson in the Mediterranean during 1940, publication; and finally putting “best Longmore himself used a strong force practices” he had discovered as a of medium bombers to neutralize the staff officer into use when he took Italian Air Force by attacking their command of No. 18 Group, RAF. The 59 air bases in Libya. RAF Bomber most important of these practices Command and the US 8th Air Force was the use of aircraft to provide likewise devoted many sorties to both a close in and distant air escort bombing German U-boat bases and for coastal convoys sailing the busy 60 construction yards. The doctrine shipping lanes along the east coast of of employing NATO naval aircraft England. to attack Soviet bases “at source” After recovering from his injuries during the Cold War therefore owes resulting from his March 1915 aircraft its existence to Longmore and other accident, Williamson was posted to the pioneer RNAS aviators. Air Department to serve as Personal Assistant to Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Williamson L. Vaughan Lee, the Director of Air adapted Williamson’s Air Exchange Submarine B3 Hugh Williamson – the submariner Services. In this role, Williamson System to track the location of U-boats who taught himself to fly and later researched and wrote reports on and send aircraft to transferred to the RNAS – was a deep- various issues for his chief, represented investigate sightings and thinking, articulate officer who was the RNAS at a number of conferences radio direction finding outspoken with his views on naval and boards, and in general focused (D/F) information. aviation. Although Williamson was a great deal of intellectual energy on The fusion of human 62 credited with the initial concept of the questions of naval aviation doctrine. intelligence from sources modern aircraft carrier – a 1915 design In September 1916, he joined the in Belgium, Holland, that featured a superstructure on the Admiralty War Staff as a member of and Germany with starboard side of the flight deck and the Operations Division, where he existing communications a wire arrestment system for landing advised both his staff colleagues and infrastructure eventually airplanes – his main contributions admirals commanding fleets and naval led to a submarine to naval aviation fell in the area of districts regarding RNAS operations tracking room at the 61 64 anti-submarine warfare. As a staff and capabilities. Admiralty. officer in the key developmental years During this latter tour of duty, As a staff officer, of 1915-17, Williamson occupied Williamson expanded a telephone Williamson was also position where he could collect data communication system between the keenly aware of the from air units in the field, decide which Admiralty’s London headquarters need to share the latest ideas were the best, and then write and the various air and naval stations developments and patrol Hugh Williamson memoranda for senior Air Department around the coast of Britain. Known results with all naval air units. In June photo courtesy Juli Webb and Admiralty officers to consider. His as the Naval Air Exchange System, the 1917, he published the first monthly elevation to RAF group command in communications web allowed the rapid RNAS Anti-Submarine Report under May 1918 allowed him to put these transmission of information, and it was the auspices of the Admiralty’s Anti- ideas into practice. initially used to aid the interception of Submarine Division. TheASR s listed Williamson’s importance as an zeppelin and Gotha bomber attacks all known U-boat sightings and attacks innovator of naval aviation stems by passing radio direction finding by RNAS aircraft, as well as statistics from three ideas relating to air anti- information to the nearest intercepting summarizing each units’ number of submarine warfare: the use of direct fighter squadrons. To accomplish sorties, hours, and miles flown. All telephone lines between stations and this, Williamson had a staff of 30 aircraft sorties, including airplanes, higher headquarters to report rapidly officers and 120 men at the Admiralty seaplanes, flying boats, airships, and 63 submarine sightings; the establishment to work the lines. When naval air kite balloons, were included. Later of monthly anti-submarine reports to units began coastal anti-submarine editions summarized French air ASW 65 share information between air ASW patrols in earnest during the spring and efforts. units and serve as a de facto doctrine summer of 1917, the Admiralty simply As part of the ASRs, Williamson Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 43

often included general remarks with this arrangement, since it meant indicating new technology and tactics little change from the RNAS days. that RNAS units employed with For the most part, the operators success. For example, one report themselves did not change; former recommended the use of floating RNAS commanders and aircrew simply flares to ascertain whether an object donned new RAF uniforms, assumed in the water was moving relative to RAF rank, served in numbered RAF 66 the stationary flare. Another edition squadrons and groups, but still carried admonished naval aviators to take out the same missions for the same time to study pictures and drawings of naval commanders. German submarines and to coordinate After four months of commanding with RNAS units in close proximity to 20 air stations and sub-stations, with 67 their own. Through his close study a complement of 300 officers and of unit reports and his compilation of 4,000 men and 100 aircraft ready to data into monthly ASRs, Williamson fly each day, Williamson reported to in effect established the first air ASW Admiral E. Charlton, the Vice Admiral doctrine for the Royal Navy in its Commanding, East Coast of England, 69 history. his views on air ASW. Knowing that After almost three years of the memorandum would make its His goal, weather conditions and RAF groups in 1918 serving as an Admiralty staff officer, way to the Admiralty and then to the maintenance status permitting, was to Williamson finally received a field Air Council, Williamson reported his have two to four airplanes or seaplanes command. In May 1918, he took over recommendations on both doctrine with each convoy as a distant escort, No. 18 Group, RAF, and assumed and equipment. He found that even working in reliefs from his string of the rank of Colonel in the new, though pilots feared straying too far bases along the coast. Additionally, he 68 independent RAF. In this capacity he from land, airplanes proved more tried to have two airships with each commanded all naval cooperation air useful than seaplanes and airships convoy as a close-in escort (within one units in eastern England between the simply because they could withstand to two miles of the ships); the extended Wash and the Scottish border. More worse weather conditions than the range of airships meant that they could importantly this vital command, with other weapon systems. Convoy escort accompany the convoy during its entire the responsibility of guarding merchant by aircraft in conjunction with surface journey through Williamson’s sector. convoys traversing the waters off the forces proved effective in hampering Additionally, effective communications east coast of England, gave Williamson U-boat operations. He reported that existed between aircraft, convoy the opportunity to employ the ideas he available weapons (65,100, and 230-lb. commodores, and escort vessels by had developed over the preceding three bombs) were not powerful enough to using Aldis lamps. Finally, Williamson years. destroy submarines, and he planned to brought aircrew and captains of When the RAF absorbed the RNAS experiment with 520lb. versions aboard escorting naval vessels together in April 1918, the new air service his new Blackburn Kangaroo airplanes, regularly at naval bases to coordinate 71 agreed to provide each regional naval the only purpose-built ASW airplane escort procedures. district with an air group equipped to see service during the Great War. According to standing aircraft with naval cooperation aircraft. The Finally, he complained that although orders to No. 18 Group, the first group would be under the operational they were useful in providing an air priority was for air units to provide control of the commanding admiral, presence, the DH-6 trainer aircraft air escort of merchant convoys and but under the administrative control that the RAF had pressed into ASW naval vessels sailing along the east of the local RAF Area Command. patrol service needed to be replaced by coast. The second priority was to In essence, the RAF provided the improved aircraft with long range and carry out patrols of the war channel aircraft and crews, while the local sufficient carrying capacity for fuel and and to keep sighted U-boats down 70 commanding admiral – advised by his bombs. by maintaining an air presence over RAF group commander – determined A month later Williamson reported their last known position. The orders how to employ his assigned assets. on his overall scheme of operations clearly delineated assigned patrol areas The Admiralty was initially pleased in using aircraft to escort convoys. for each air station. Finally, given Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 44 Doctrinal Innovation in the Royal Naval Air Service: Samson, Longmore, and Williamson sufficient warning, No. 18 Group characteristics: both had been made Command in 1939, and finally RAF aircraft were ordered to be ready to operationally viable only a few years from May 1940 help in defending against coastal raids before the war’s start in 1914; both to May 1941. He finished the war on by both German surface vessels and began as mere auxiliaries to surface the staff and retired in May 72 zeppelins. forces, but later achieved important 1944 after achieving the rank of Air As a result of his air ASW doctrine independent roles; and both seemed to Chief Marshal. Interestingly, Longmore and the increasing use of coastal be at once fragile and great absorbers of spent the final months of the war 77 convoys, the intensified U-boat activity combat damage. going back to his roots – as a volunteer along the east coast of England in Britain’s Royal Navy, possessing the motor boat skipper in the Yachtmen’s spring and summer of 1918 met with world’s most powerful fleet in 1914, Emergency Service. He died in late 79 failure. According to Williamson’s had a tradition of waiting for new 1970. memoir, no ships protected by both technologies to be proven elsewhere After the Great War, Williamson air and surface escorts succumbed to before committing to their use. As served in Iraq and at the Air Ministry, submarine attack on the east coast John Brooks persuasively argues in retiring in 1928 as a Group Captain. during the period of his command Dreadnought Gunnery and the Battle Upon the outbreak of hostilities in 1939, 73 of No. 18 Group. As a matter of of Jutland, the Royal Navy was “a user, Williamson rejoined the RAF where he record, during the entire war, only five not a creator, of technology because served as station commander at two ships that were accompanied by both it would rely on its suppliers to meet Coastal Command airbases and again 78 air and sea escorts – of thousands of its technological needs.” The British at the Air Ministry. He retired a second ships escorted in ocean-going and did rely, however, on well-educated time in 1943 and died in 1979 at the age 80 coastal convoys – were lost to German operators to hone new technology into of 94. 74 U-boats. Although somewhat useable weapon systems for the fleet and Modern navies owe much of their neglected during the interwar years, also to think through how new weapons current capabilities and employment the use of aircraft to counter the would be employed in combat. Such doctrines to the operational savvy of submarine threat became a decisive was the case within Britain’s relatively these men. They are only the first, factor in winning the Battle of the small naval aviation community, where however, of a lengthy list of innovators Atlantic 25 years later. Williamson’s Samson, Longmore, and Williamson in whose willingness to improvise, pioneering work in the development particular represented an extraordinary think, and adapt made the airplane an of doctrine and infrastructure for air spirit of innovation before and during important, and in later years a decisive ASW certainly paid off in the latter the Great War. weapon system in naval warfare. conflict, where 324 U-boats (of 821 After the Dardanelles operation, German submarines destroyed during Samson took charge of a seaplane carrier World War II) owed their destruction squadron in Egypt, served on the Air 75 to Allied aircraft.  Department staff, and commanded the naval air station at Yarmouth. In The impact of technology on the October 1917, he took command outcome of the Great War is a well of the RNAS air group responsible trodden story. Historians of the for defending the southeast coast of First World War have already argued England, and he continued in this the merits of tank and artillery position as an RAF colonel until the end development, submarine warfare, and of the war. He subsequently served in 76 most recently dreadnought gunnery. a number of RAF command positions John J. Abbatiello is a Colonel in the Indeed, the Great War witnessed the both at home and in the Mediterranean, USAF and member of the Air Force evolution of two branches of naval retiring in 1929. Samson died Academy faculty. He received his PhD warfare that – while not necessarily unexpectedly in 1931 at the age of 47. from King’s College London in 2004 decisive technologies in the war at Longmore went on to senior RAF and is the author of Anti-Submarine sea – proved to be a vital, preliminary command positions later in his career, stage in weapons development for later including his leadership of the RAF Warfare in World War I: British Naval 20th Century conflicts. The airplane College at Cranwell in 1929, RAF Aviation and the Defeat of the U-Boats and the submarine possessed similar Coastal Command in 1936, Training (Routledge, 2006). Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 45

(Endnotes) World War I (Washington, D.C.: National 50 Longmore, 45. 1 In its early years, the Royal Navy’s Defense Intelligence College Press, 2006), 51 Ibid. aviators called themselves the “Naval Wing 44-48. 52 Extracts from “Report on the Performances of No. 1 Wing, of the Royal Flying Corps.” Prior to World 17 Samson, 256; Hamilton, II: 54-55. RNAS during 1915,” nd, in Documents, 262-66. War I, the RFC was a joint service providing 53 Longmore, 45-46; WIA, II: 350-52. Ten days after his air-to- 18 Alan Moorehead, Gallipoli (London: air support to both the British Army and air victory over LZ-37, Warneford was killed in an aircraft accident Hamish Hamilton, 1956), 123. Royal Navy; however, the “Naval” and near Paris. 19 Samson, “Report of Operations,” 23 “Military” Wings rarely worked together 54 Ibid. Nov 1915, in Documents, 257. and gradually grew into distinctly different 55 Abbatiello, Chapters 3 and 7. 20 Documents, 205. organizations. In , the RN officially 56 Longmore, 75-77. Other sources, such as “Disposition of 21 Samson, 238. adopted the term “Royal Naval Air Service” Aircraft” Reports (NA Air 1/670) and Jones’s WIA, Vol VI (Oxford: 22 Samson, 250-51. for its flying units. On 1 April 1918, the air Clarendon, 1937), each list a slightly different unit strength for the 23 Samson, 240. services amalgamated to form the Royal Air Adriatic Group, depending on the exact month and whether or not 24 Documents, 205. Force. units in the process of forming were included. 25 Hamilton, I: 238. 2 Obituary, “Air Commodore Samson,” 57 “Disposition of Aircraft on Naval Duties,” 31 Oct 1918, NA 26 Samson, 252. The Times, 6 Feb 1931, 16c. AIR 1/670/17/124. 27 Documents, 257-58; Samson, 279. 3 Samson naval service record, Public 58 WIA, VI: 321-23. 28 Samson, 251. Record Office, The National Archive [NA], 59 Samson, 220-21. 29 Samson, 251-52. Kew, ADM 196/48, 431-32. 60 Historical Section, Admiralty, The Defeat of the Enemy 30 Samson, 273-79. Attacks from other 4 Mr Frank McClean and Mr G. Attack on Shipping, 1939-1945, edited by Eric Groves (Aldershot: units also targeted the Maritza Bridge, B. Cockburn, respectively. Sir Walter Ashgate, 1957, 1997), 165-74. including seaplane sorties from HMS Ben- Raleigh, The War in the Air, Vol. I (Oxford: 61 Unpublished Williamson Memoir, WLMN 4, Churchill My-Chree, a seaplane carrier operating in Clarendon, 1922), 125-26. Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge University, Chapter the Aegean. WIA, II: 66-67. 5 WIA, I: 185. 8; R. D. Layman, Naval Aviation in the First World War: Its Impact 31 Documents, 257. 6 Ibid. and Influence (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1996), 105. 32 WIA, II: 64-65. 7 Ibid., 225, 265-74. 62 Williamson Memoir, Chapter 9. 33 Documents, 257. 8 Lt H. A. Williamson, “Paper on 63 Ibid., 102-04. See Nicholas A. Lambert, “Strategic Command 34 Samson, 285. Aeroplanes for Naval Service,” 2 Jan 1912, and Control for Maneuver Warfare: Creation of the Royal Navy’s 35 Documents, 257. The maximum NA AIR 1/626/17/88. For a summary of ‘War Room’ System, 1905-1915,” The Journal of Military History number of pilots at Samson’s disposal at any Williamson’s contributions to carrier aircraft 69: 2 (Apr 2005), 361-410, for the story of the genesis of this one time was 11. Due to illness or injury, development, see R. D. Layman, “Hugh communication system. the average available was 6 to 7 daily. Williamson and the Creation of the Aircraft 64 Abbatiello, 98-99; Patrick Beesly, Room 40: British Naval 36 Samson, 239-40. Carrier,” Cross and Cockade Vol 13, No. 2: Intelligence 1914-1918 (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 37 Samson established a new airfield 70-73. 1982), 262-66. at Imbros in the summer of 1915. Hans 9 Admiralty minutes in NA AIR 65 Williamson Memoir, 118; ASRs are located in NA AIR Busk mentions a number of Taube raids 1/626/17/88 make references to June 1912 1/2105/207/41. They later became Naval Air Operations Reports on RNAS airfields in his diary. See Mary airplane-submarine exercises near Harwich, after the RAF stood up in April 1918. NA AIR 1/626/17/59. Busk, E. T. Busk, A Pioneer in Flight, With a but this author was not able to locate any 66 ASR September 1917, NA AIR 1/2105/207/41/4, 4. Short Memoir of H. A. Busk (London: John after-action reports of these trials. 67 ASR December 1917, NA AIR 1/2105/207/41/7, 6. Murray, 1925), Chapter 11. 10 Cdr C. R. Samson to Capt R. W. 68 Williamson Service Record, NA ADM 196/49, 135. 38 Samson’s Standing Orders, 4 Johnson [Captain of the Submarine Depot 69 Williamson Memoir, 7b. December 1915, in Documents, 259-62. Ship HMS Vulcan], 23 Oct 1912, and 70 Williamson, “Employment of Aeroplanes for Anti-Submarine 39 Samson, “Report of Operations,” 23 Submarine Committee Report on Hydro- Work,” 14 Aug 1918, NA AIR 1/642/17/122/252. For aircraft Nov 1915, in Documents, 257. Aeroplane & Submarine Exercises in specifics of the Blackburn Kangaroo, only 11 of which saw service 40 WIA, II: 74-76. During this period, the Firth of Forth, 18 Oct 1912, NA AIR by the Armistice, see J. M. Bruce, British Aeroplanes, 1914-1918 however, German fighters met with success 1/626/17/88. (London: Putnam, 1957), 96. in downing RNAS aircraft. Admiral Sir 11 Charles Rumney Samson, Fights and 71 Williamson, “Aircraft on Convoy Escort, East Coast Roger Keyes to his wife, 12 and 16 Jan 1916, Flights (London: Ernest Benn, 1930), 160. Command,” 15 Sept 1918, NA AIR 1/289/15/226/139 Pt II. in Paul G. Halpern (ed.), The Keyes Papers, 12 Samson, 177-79. 72 Vice Admiral Commanding East Coast of England, “East Volume I (London: George Allen and 13 Abbatiello, Anti-Submarine Warfare Coast Aircraft Orders,” 30 Sep 1918, NA ADM 137/2242. Unwin, 1979), 322, 328. in World War I: British Naval Aviation 73 Williamson Memoir, 134. 41 Samson, 247-48; Moorehead, 213. and the Defeat of the U-Boats (London: 74 D. W. Waters, “Notes on the Convoy System of Naval 42 WIA, II: 62-63. Routledge, 2006), 62-63; Harold Rosher, Warfare, Thirteenth to Twentieth Centuries, Part 2: First World 43 Samson, 363-64. Samson, “Uses With the Flying Squadron (New York: War, 1914-18,” Table III, March 1960, Historical Section, Admiralty, of Camel Aeroplanes flown from Towing MacMillan, 1916), Chapter 12. Naval Historical Branch, Ministry of Defence, Whitehall [now Lighters,” 2 Aug 1918, in Documents, 686- 14 H. A. Jones, The War in the Air, Vol. located at HM Dockyard, Portsmouth]. According to the Historical 88. II (Oxford: Clarendon, 1928), Chapter 1. Section, 84,570 vessels were convoyed in Home Waters during the 44 WIA, I: 185. 15 General Sir Ian Hamilton, Gallipoli period between February 1917 and November 1918. Of those, 257 45 Sir Arthur Longmore, From Sea to Diary (London: Edward Arnold, 1920), I: were sunk by submarines; five of those while under both air and sea Sky (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1946), 29. 110. A French squadron later arrived in escort. 46 Longmore, 34-38. May to support French troops in the theater. 75 Abbatiello, 163-70. 47 Norman Friedman, Seapower as WIA, II: 28. 76 John Brooks, Dreadnought Gunnery and the : Strategy: Navies and National Interests 16 WIA, II: 28; Samson to Commodore A Question of Fire Control (London: Routledge, 2005). (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2001), M. F. Sueter, 2 May 1915, in Captain S. W. 77 Abbatiello, 11-12. 200; Geoffrey Till, Seapower: A Guide for Roskill, ed., Documents Relating to the 78 Brooks, 299. the Twenty-First Century (London: Frank Naval Air Service (London: Navy Records 79 Obituary, “Sir Arthur Longmore,” The Times, 12 Dec 1970, Cass, 2004), 232. Society, 1969), 205. [Hereafter referred to as 12e; Longmore. 48 Longmore also took part in the Documents.] The RFC in France had been 80 Williamson service record, NA ADM 196/49, 134-35; February raids on German bases in Belgium, conducting aerial photography of German Williamson Memoir. mentioned above. positions regularly a few months prior to 49 Operations Order A.D. No. 15, Butler’s work in Gallipoli. See Terrence “Orders for Naval Air Service Units Finnegan, Shooting the Front: Allied Based at Dunkirk,” 21 June 1915, NA AIR Aerial Reconnaissance and Photographic 1/672/17/134/33. Items (a), (b), and (c) are Interpretation on the Western Front – verbatim; item (d) is paraphrased. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

Issue 132 47 Visions from the Vault VisionsVisions from from the the Vault Vault

n 18 February 1982 HMAS sponsored Multi-National Force and tight the ship’s company was warmly Tobruk sailed from Brisbane Observers in the Sinai. received by the local military and the Oon the first of her many overseas After an uneventful passage of the mission successfully accomplished. deployments. Embarked were eight Indian Ocean Tobruk passed through This photograph shows one of the RAAF UH-1H helicopters and eight the and arrived at the Israeli Iroquois helicopters being craned out ISO containers packed with stores. port of Ashdod on 19 March. The four of Tobruk’s hold immediately after All were destined for the Australian day visit was the first for an Australian arrival at Ashdod.  contingent of the United Nations warship, but although security was

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute 48 Thinking of Making a Contribution? Style Notes for Headmark

In general, please present your work So: Moodie. At the end of the article, please supply full honours with the minimum of formatting. Adkin, Mark. Goose Green. London: - Lieutenant Commander Bill Crabbe, CSC, RAN - unless Paragraphs: Leo Cooper, 1992. you would prefer not to use them. Then please supply a Don’t indent, and leave left justified. Adler, Bill (Ed.) Letters from Vietnam. paragraph on yourself, to a maximum of 50 words, including Separate paragraphs by one line. Single New York: EP Dutton and Co., 1967. any qualifications you would like listed, and any interesting spacing only. Use one space only after Articles use quotation marks around biographical aspects. If possible please supply a colour or stops and colons. their title, which is not in italics. greyscale head and shoulders e-photo of yourself for use Conventions: If citing web sites please use the alongside the article title. Use numbers for 10 and above, words convention: Illustrations: below. Ship names use italics in title Australian Associated Press. “Army Do not embed graphs or figures in your text without case; prefixes such asHMAS in capitals admits mistakes in SAS investigation”. sending a separate file as well. If supplying photographs use and italics. Book and Journal titles use 17 February, 2004. Forwarding your article: Citations: So, web site name. Article title. Full date Please send to the Editor on Endnotes rather than footnotes. Use of accessing the site. Full URL. Editorial considerations: footnotes to explain any points you want Bylines: The Editor reserves the right to amend articles where the reader to notice immediately. Book Supply your everyday title for use necessary for the purposes of grammar correction, and to titles follow Author surname, first name, at the beginning of the title, so: delete tables or figures for space considerations. title if any. Title. Place of publication: Lieutenant Commander Bill Crabbe, publisher, year of that edition. or Jack Aubrey, or Reverend James

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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Issue 132 49 ANI On-line: A guide to the new website.

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