This for Rememberance 4 Th Anks to a Number of Readers Some More Information Has Come to Light Regarding the Australians at Jutland

ISSUE 137

SEPTEMBER 2010 Th is for Rememberance Fuel for Th ought: Nuclear Propulsion and the RAN Re-Introducing Spirituality to Character Training in the Royal Australian Navy Navy Aircrew Remediation Training People, Performance & Professionalism: How Navy’s Signature Behaviours will manage a ‘New Generation’ of Sailors Management of Executive Oﬃ cers on Armidale Class Patrol Boats Th e very name of the Canadian Navy is under question... A brief look at Submarines before Oberon Amphibious Warfare – Th e Rising Tide (And Beyond…) Studies in Trait Leadership in the Royal Australian Navy – Vice Admiral Sir William Creswell

JOURNAL OF THE

137 SEPT 2010.indd 1 21/07/10 11:33 AM Trusted Partner

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137Collins SEPT Oct09 2010.indd A4.indd 12 21/10/200921/07/10 10:14:55 11:33 AM AM Issue 137 3 Letter to the Editor Contents Trusted Partner “the Australians At Jutland” this for Rememberance 4 Th anks to a number of readers some more information has come to light regarding the Australians at Jutland. It would appear my information regarding Fuel for thought: Nuclear Propulsion Chaplain Gibbons was slightly in error as he served in HMS New Zealand and the RAN 6 at Jutland and not HMAS Indomitable. After leaving the Navy he resided in Melbourne and, during the 1930s, gave a radio interview concerning the battle; in Re-introducing Spirituality to which he stated that ‘the sound of the German guns had a more sobering eff ect Character training in the Royal upon the ratings in New Zealand then any off his sermons could ever hope to Australian Navy 14 achieve’. Several RN offi cers and sailors who served at Jutland later served on exchange Navy Aircrew Remediation training 18 with the RAN during the war, and the 1920s, and some settled in Australia. Also several ex-RN men later immigrated to Australia. Amongst them was William Depth of expertise People, Performance & George Hodges who worked as an accountant in Mackay in the 1950s. He told Professionalism: How Navy’s Signature a friend that he had served at Jutland and following the battle his ship had gone Behaviours will manage a ‘New alongside a badly damaged destroyer whose bow had been blown off - most likely HMS Broke which had been hit by nine shells and had 47 men killed and then Generation’ of Sailors 24 collided with her consort HMS Sparrowhawk and had her bow demolished. Hodges stated his Commanding Offi cer called, through a megaphone, to a Management of executive Offi cers on young Midshipman standing on the bridge of the badly damaged destroyer, ‘Can Armidale Class Patrol Boats 30 I speak to one of your offi cers please’, to which the young lad replied, ‘I am the only surviving offi cer Sir’. the very name of the Canadian Navy is If any readers have more information on Australians at Jutland I would be under question... from their Hansard happy to hear from them. equivalent we read... 34 Greg Swinden A brief look at Submarines before Oberon and their Signifi cance for HMAS Kanimbla delivers the RAN 37 fi re trucks to Samoa Th e Royal Australian Navy has arrived Kanimbla, Commander Timothy Handover of AiP-submarine in Apia Samoa, carrying two fi re Byles said he was pleased to be able NRP tridente 40 trucks donated by the Melbourne to support the ongoing relationship Metropolitan Fire Brigade. Th e vehicles between the Melbourne Metropolitan Amphibious warfare – the Rising tide are a gift to the Samoan Fire and Fire Brigade and the Samoa Fire and (And Beyond…) 42 Emergency Services Authority. Emergency Service Authority. Th ey arrived on board the Landing “I know the delivery of these fi re Studies in trait Leadership in the Royal Platform Amphibious ship HMAS trucks will be of great assistance to the Australian Navy – Vice Admiral Sir Kanimbla. local communities,” Commander Byles william Creswell 54 It’s the second time that Navy said. had sent humanitarian aid to Samoa, “As luck would have it Kanimbla Book Reviews 71 Proudly the leading mission systems integrator for the Royal Australia Navy, Raytheon Australia draws on a following an 8.3 magnitude earthquake had a planned visit to Samoa in any 1300 strong Australian workforce and the proven record of delivering systems integration for the Collins Class and devastating tsunami that struck the event, so Navy is able to transport these Visions from the Vault 75 submarine, Hobart Class Air Warfare Destroyer and special mission aircraft. Raytheon Australia is focused region on 30 September 2009. trucks without additional cost.”  Issue Number 137 on the needs of the Australian Defence Force and has the backing of Raytheon Company — one of the Before leaving Sydney a week Front page photograph. ANi On-line Guide 76 most innovative, high technology companies in the world — to provide NoDoubt® confi dence to achieve our Printed by Everbest ago, Commanding Offi cer HMAS Printing Company customer’s mission success. thinking of Making a Contribution? 77

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4 Issue 137 5 This for Rememberance By RADM NiGeL COAteS impression at Yarralumla during the very happy and the veterans of those age. It was no coincidence that the tone Rear Admiral in Her Majesty’s outstanding member year he served there. Nigel had also to commissions cherish the memory and culture of the troubled Australian Australian Fleet 1959-2010 of his cohort and his be persuaded to go to Newport – in of their service and their captain. It Defence Force Academy improved gifts of leadership and what proved to be a marvelous 18 was not only a matter of peacetime markedly during the three years character were quickly months for himself and his family but efficiency, either. Anzac’s performance that he spent as chief instructor and n the aftermath of the First World recognised. From the also in which he was an outstanding in the Persian Gulf in 2001 changed the commanding officer of what was then War, John Buchan, author of Th e fi rst, Nigel displayed representative, still remembered, of his nature of operations in that theatre. By the Corps of Officer Cadets. For both ITh irty Nine Steps, wrote a memorial a combination of nation and his navy. implementing an aggressive campaign the military staff and the midshipmen entitled Th ese for Remembrance to practical skills, To be Chief of Staff to the Chief of interception and boarding of the oil and cadets he was as close to the ideal six friends who had been killed in intelligence and of Defence Force on his return from smugglers seeking to evade the United of what an officer – of what a human action. Intended for his children, it good sense and a sea command and the Persian Gulf Nations’ embargo, Nigel and his crew being – should be as it is possible to be. was tribute to the memory of men self confi dence that was very much not his idea, but it was played the key role in reducing the whom he had known and admired for never tipped over another post in which he did great outflow of illegal oil from Iraq by more As he was for us all.  many years and whose departure he into arrogance. Even things. Although he went on to do fine than 50%. They laid the groundwork deeply mourned. Th ey were not the 19 more importantly, work as Chief of Staff in the Australian for the Australian forces that followed, year old subalterns who have passed he maintained an Theatre and as Director General Naval not only in completing the shut down James Goldrick into legend as the fl ower of a lost unshakeable integrity LSBM Brooke Personnel and Training, it was Nigel’s of oil smuggling but in establishing generation, for none died in his fi rst and concern to do what was right that have been because, to an extent he did Summers and RADM return to the fleet as its commander the conditions which ensured that the youth. Th e youngest of the six was 38 marked out all that he did in the years not fully realise, he represented change Nigel Coates, AM, on his promotion to Rear Admiral that coalition achieved command of the sea They told me, Heraclitus, they told RAN. and all had made a mark in the world. that followed. He combined this with of another sort. He was in the fi rst really counted for him. in the Persian Gulf during the 2003 war. me you were dead Th e poignancy of Buchan’s narrative a natural kindness and consideration generation of Australian naval offi cers Nigel demonstrated again and again, While captain of the Anzac, Nigel also They brought me bitter news to hear comes not simply in the mourning for others. Where Nigel led others who received no training as junior particularly in operational situations, managed the very difficult demands and bitter tears to shed… for what might have been, as it would would follow, but he would never lead offi cers in the Royal Navy; he did not a facility for innovation, particularly of Operation Relex and the effort to …still are thy pleasant voices, thy for teenagers of unspanned potential, them where they should not go. And, undertake his warfare course with the in the context of pragmatically solving contain illegal immigration, keeping his nightingales awake but in recognition of the loss of so wherever he took his people, Nigel British, nor did he serve on exchange concrete and immediate problems. Yet people focused on their task and alert For Death, he taketh all away; but much achievement and wisdom, of the would always bring them back. with them or with another Service. Nigel was not one to initiate radical to the ethical issues which they faced. them he cannot take. untimely passing of good men who had Nigel was the last and perhaps the Apart from a couple of months as a change lightly and he was comfortable It was Nigel’s completeness as a already proven that they had so much fi nest product of the old Naval College midshipman with the United States to operate within whatever system person and his unshakeable integrity From William Johnson Cory’s more to off er and to do. which had operated since 1913. Joining Navy, he did not have an overseas he was placed. In that sense he was that will remain with me as I remember translation of ‘Heraclitus’ by Th is is my tribute to Nigel Coates at 15, the Junior Entry continued posting until he attended the US Naval conservative by nature. Indeed, he was him. They were matched by his abiding Callimachus. and my remembrance of someone for only a few years more, as did the War College at Newport, after selection a system man in the very best sense concern for others and an ability to whom I admired immensely, whom I construct of protracted education and for promotion to Captain. because his qualities and talents were connect at all levels that endeared always thought would go to the top and training within the confi nes of Jervis Nigel was thus home grown in every such that he made the best possible use him to his shipmates. Those qualities for whom I grieve. Nigel did not die in Bay. It was when Nigel was Chief sense of the word and the Australian of that system and led other people to gave him a charisma that helped other war, but his passing only a few months Cadet Captain in his fourth year at the Navy was both his professional do so as well. If change was necessary, people to do better and to be better after his 51st birthday, following a battle College that its organisation changed vocation and his belonging place. His then he would achieve that change, but than they otherwise would and this with cancer bravely fought, represents utterly with the bringing to RANC of postings outside the RAN and away his natural inclination was always to was invariably the case for Nigel’s a deep loss for both his family and the the other streams of offi cer entry and from the sea, extraordinarily fruitful as work with what was at hand and make entire career, from Cadet Midshipman navy in which he served. He had so training and female offi cers. From this they all were, were essentially imposed it as perfect as possible. to Rear Admiral. That charisma was much more to off er and to do, both time on, the move of the College away on him rather than sought. I remember This showed itself best in sea so strong that it affected not only his personally and professionally, and we from the era of a small, long serving pacing up and down with him outside command. Nigel’s performance as a contemporaries and subordinates, but are all the less for his departure. group of boys brought up within what Government House in Canberra junior officer at sea went from strength his seniors. It was well known when Nigel Coates had a remarkable was eff ectively a boarding school would in an eff ort, eventually successful, to strength and he made his mark Nigel was a very junior officer that career in the RAN. He came to the accelerate. Nigel helped make that to persuade him to maintain his in all that he did. But Nigel excelled one of the most difficult and bullying Service already steeped in the sea. change work and integrate the new volunteer status for selection as ADC above all as a ship captain and it was personalities in the RAN of the day His father was a master mariner and streams with those of the General List to the Governor General. It had to be, no coincidence that it was under his not only treated him very differently to Nigel had a skill in and love of sailing on which RANC had hitherto focused. there was simply no one else of like command that the frigates Canberra the norm but even moderated his own that would be with him for his entire Nigel was devoted to the RAN and quality and I knew that the Governor and Anzac each won the Gloucester behavior to others when Nigel was in life. From the time he joined the Naval always wanted to be with it, particularly General had already chosen Nigel Cup as the best ship in the Navy. His the vicinity – despite a difference of College in January 1975, he was the the seagoing fl eet. In part this might from the panel. He made a wonderful ships were both extremely efficient and three ranks and a quarter century in Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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impression at Yarralumla during the very happy and the veterans of those age. It was no coincidence that the tone year he served there. Nigel had also to commissions cherish the memory and culture of the troubled Australian be persuaded to go to Newport – in of their service and their captain. It Defence Force Academy improved what proved to be a marvelous 18 was not only a matter of peacetime markedly during the three years months for himself and his family but efficiency, either. Anzac’s performance that he spent as chief instructor and also in which he was an outstanding in the Persian Gulf in 2001 changed the commanding officer of what was then representative, still remembered, of his nature of operations in that theatre. By the Corps of Officer Cadets. For both nation and his navy. implementing an aggressive campaign the military staff and the midshipmen To be Chief of Staff to the Chief of interception and boarding of the oil and cadets he was as close to the ideal of Defence Force on his return from smugglers seeking to evade the United of what an officer – of what a human sea command and the Persian Gulf Nations’ embargo, Nigel and his crew being – should be as it is possible to be. was very much not his idea, but it was played the key role in reducing the another post in which he did great outflow of illegal oil from Iraq by more As he was for us all.  things. Although he went on to do fine than 50%. They laid the groundwork work as Chief of Staff in the Australian for the Australian forces that followed, Theatre and as Director General Naval not only in completing the shut down James Goldrick Personnel and Training, it was Nigel’s of oil smuggling but in establishing return to the fleet as its commander the conditions which ensured that the on his promotion to Rear Admiral that coalition achieved command of the sea They told me, Heraclitus, they told really counted for him. in the Persian Gulf during the 2003 war. me you were dead Nigel demonstrated again and again, While captain of the Anzac, Nigel also They brought me bitter news to hear particularly in operational situations, managed the very difficult demands and bitter tears to shed… a facility for innovation, particularly of Operation Relex and the effort to …still are thy pleasant voices, thy in the context of pragmatically solving contain illegal immigration, keeping his nightingales awake concrete and immediate problems. Yet people focused on their task and alert For Death, he taketh all away; but Nigel was not one to initiate radical to the ethical issues which they faced. them he cannot take. change lightly and he was comfortable It was Nigel’s completeness as a to operate within whatever system person and his unshakeable integrity From William Johnson Cory’s he was placed. In that sense he was that will remain with me as I remember translation of ‘Heraclitus’ by conservative by nature. Indeed, he was him. They were matched by his abiding Callimachus. a system man in the very best sense concern for others and an ability to because his qualities and talents were connect at all levels that endeared such that he made the best possible use him to his shipmates. Those qualities of that system and led other people to gave him a charisma that helped other do so as well. If change was necessary, people to do better and to be better then he would achieve that change, but than they otherwise would and this his natural inclination was always to was invariably the case for Nigel’s work with what was at hand and make entire career, from Cadet Midshipman it as perfect as possible. to Rear Admiral. That charisma was This showed itself best in sea so strong that it affected not only his command. Nigel’s performance as a contemporaries and subordinates, but junior officer at sea went from strength his seniors. It was well known when to strength and he made his mark Nigel was a very junior officer that in all that he did. But Nigel excelled one of the most difficult and bullying above all as a ship captain and it was personalities in the RAN of the day no coincidence that it was under his not only treated him very differently to command that the frigates Canberra the norm but even moderated his own and Anzac each won the Gloucester behavior to others when Nigel was in Cup as the best ship in the Navy. His the vicinity – despite a difference of ships were both extremely efficient and three ranks and a quarter century in Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 5 21/07/10 11:33 AM 6 Fuel for Th ought: Nuclear Propulsion and the RAN By LieuteNANt ALiSHA witHeRS

ustralia strives to be on the Perhaps before we become a nuclear produced by the combustion of an forefront of modern technology powered navy, we must become a atom of carbon from coal. whenA it comes to developing new nuclear powered nation, or vice versa. Th e nuclear reactor within a ship is Defence capabilities; however, as Whilst such a concept may be a long made up of a high strength steel reactor other nations around us become more way off in our future, it is an option vessel, heat exchangers and associated technologically and tactically savvy, we that must be considered. Th is article pipe work, pumps and valves and become more vulnerable. explores some of the issues regarding contains over 100 tons of lead shielding We are unique in our region and our naval nuclear propulsion, including to ensure to radioactive components allies are geographically distant, again what it is, the sort of navy it is suited are safe to those personnel working in adding to our vulnerability. to, some of its benefi ts, as well as some close proximity. Th e nuclear plant is Apart from our size, a major of the major considerations such as used to generate heat, which in turn is element that separates us from the infrastructure, safety, environmental converted to steam to drive the turbine the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier uSS foremost navies of the world is nuclear and economical matters. generators (for ships power) and main theodore Roosevelt propulsion. Nuclear propulsion is not propulsion turbines. (CVN 71) transits a new concept by any means, but it What is nuclear propulsion? Naval reactors must be far more the elizabeth River is a radical one for Australians. If the resilient and rugged than commercial towards Naval topic were polled on the streets today, Nuclear power comes from the reactors so as to withstand the Station Norfolk. the result would not be a positive fi ssion of (primarily) uranium, more motion of the vessel at sea and the Roosevelt had just completed a nine- one, perhaps most probably due to specifi cally the isotope U-235. Th e ever changing demands for power. month availability misconceptions in the public eye and fi ssion of one atom of uranium Th e naval reactor remains sealed period. lack of education on the subject. produced 10 million times the energy and inaccessible for inspection or (uS Navy photo)

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replacement for the life of the ship. Th e ‘Father of the nuclear navy’ was Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, USN (1900-1986). As an electrical engineer in the United States navy, Rickover envisioned nuclear power as the ‘natural next phase’ for the propulsion and power of military vessels. After the end of World War II, he was posted to the Bureau of Ships where he was appointed the Director of the Naval Reactors Branch. His biggest challenge was developing a way to reduce the size of the reactor to make it suitable for a ship or submarine, and to provide suffi cient casing so as to minimise the radiation hazards such that they would not be a safety concern. Operational Th e result of his work, the world’s requirements than conventional diesel- stores. Th ey can travel at much faster helicopters - fi rst nuclear-powered submarine, USS electric submarines, the Government speeds and are larger, thus carry more Australian medics Nautilus (SSN 571), was launched has ruled out nuclear propulsion. weaponry. Th eir major downfall is transport an injured local to an Australian in 1954. By 2009, the navies of Great Presumedly this is because they the noise they emit from the reactor Black Hawk Britain, France, China, the United recognise this capability requirement cooling pumps and turbo machinery helicopter. States, Russia and the Ukraine were all falls well within the timeframe that is that must be running at all times. An (Courtesy ADF) equipped with nuclear powered ships needed to develop the infrastructure ideal balance would be to have nuclear and submarines. Th ese navies consider and expertise in Australia to achieve a powered submarines for long range possessing nuclear-powered vessels as nuclear capable navy safely, effi ciently strategic purposes and diesel-electric being a crucial element of the defence and economically. for close-in defence. of their countries. Submarines – Nuclear vs. Some benefits of nuclear Type of Navy suited to Conventional power nuclear propulsion Th e pros and cons of nuclear versus Possessing a nuclear powered fl eet Th e RAN as it is today is not one diesel-electric submarines must be (at least in part) gives that nation a appropriate for naval nuclear weighed up against the needs of the number of unique benefi ts. Th ese propulsion, nor is the future RAN as it nation possessing them. include, but are not limited to, greater stands in the 2009 White Paper. Naval Diesel-electric, or Conventional, fl exibility, the ability to provided higher nuclear propulsion is best suited to submarines are cheaper to build, density power, energy independence aircraft carriers and large submarines, are compact and almost silent when and superiority of the sea as well and while the 2009 White Paper makes running on batteries. Th is gives them a as contribute to reducing carbon no mention whatsoever of aircraft great stealth advantage, but the major emissions in the interest of being an carriers, it does discusses the need for down side is that they must surface environmentally savvy nation. an upgraded submarine force. regularly to recharge batteries, which Unparalleled fl exibility – nuclear As outlined in the Paper, the gives away their position. Th ey are also power, as opposed to conventionally future submarines must be capable of much slower than a nuclear powered fuelled ships, provides unparalleled covering the far reaches of our strategic submarine and possess a much smaller surge ability, being able to move from approaches and be suitable for long weapon payload. one theatre to another at short notice range, short notice and prolonged Conversely, nuclear powered and being able to stay on station for patrols. Whilst nuclear submarines submarines can stay submerged far longer periods of time. Th is is are far more suited to all of these indefi nitely, limited only by food/ particularly pertinent to the Australian Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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Navy due to our geographical isolation Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is Canada and New Zealand. from the rest of the world. Should more than twice the size of our land Th e research and development of tensions occur with our neighbours mass itself, allowing us greater sea nuclear propulsion for the RAN could to the north, a nuclear-powered control should be a priority. and should be explored through this vessel would have the ability to sail Environment – nuclear power is an avenue. Not only would this reduce to northern Asia without the need to environmentally clean source of energy. the massive upfront costs that will be refuel along the way, therefore speeding Th is will be discussed further later. associated with the introduction of up the passage and producing an nuclear power to the RAN, but the outcome sooner. Th e only restriction Infrastructure wealth of knowledge possessed by placed on the ship, from a logistical naval nuclear scientists in both the US point of view, is that of food and of Whether we buy nuclear powered and the UK is overwhelming. Th e US course, crew morale. ships or submarines directly from the alone have, in the last 55 years, built High power density. By replacing US or UK, or build them ourselves, and operated nine nuclear powered conventional propulsion systems, will be a lengthy debate when the cruisers, 10 aircraft carriers and nearly View of the main such as gas turbines, diesel generators time comes. Whilst nuclear power, 200 submarines. Th e USN’s Naval diving and control etc, with a nuclear power reactor, a and nuclear propulsion in naval Nuclear Propulsion Program has station onboard the Los Angeles class considerable about of space is opened vessels is not a new concept, it is new trained more that 100 000 offi cers and nuclear-powered fast up within the ship to carry mission for Australia. We operate one small technicians. attack submarine uSS essential supplies, such as ammunition, nuclear reactor for medical purposes Hartford. weapons, smaller craft, aircraft and jet and thus the extensive fuel. Th is enables a ship to enter the knowledge, expertise theatre faster and deliver more impact, and infrastructure thus impacting the overall mission in a required to design, positive way. Th e increased amount of build and operate energy produced by nuclear fi ssion may a nuclear powered also be harnessed to power much more vessel is not in powerful radar and weapon systems. existence in Australia. Energy independence – being Th e 2009 White dependent on another nation for Paper states that the fossil fuel is a great vulnerability for Government will nations. In the US alone, the use of fund a ‘signifi cant nuclear-powered submarines and program of enhanced aircraft carriers saves them 11 million external engagement barrels of oil annually. Australian between the DSTO uranium accounts for approximately and its national and 30% of uranium worldwide, which, international partners’. for Australia holds a twofold benefi t. Th is is based on the Not only would we be less reliant on idea that Australia oil from other nations (i.e. the Middle must be innovative Eastern nations) by using nuclear so as to uphold its power, but due to our large reserves strategic capability of uranium, Australia could be in a advantage. Th e means position of control as more and more by which this will be navies’ worldwide move towards achieved is through nuclear power as an alternative to fossil Th e Technical fuel. Cooperation Program, Superiority on the seas – developing a multilateral into a nuclear navy will allow us agreement between to expand and maintain maritime the United States, superiority in our region. As Australia’s United Kingdom, Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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Safety reactor itself. Because nothing In over 50 years since the Nautilus is actually burnt set sail, there have been eight during the fission documented naval reactor accidents process, there is causing radiation casualties. These very little change in accidents occured between 1960 and volume and mass 1985, resulting in 33 deaths and 179 of the original fuel injuries (the accuracy of these figures source. It does, is not reliable; if anything, they are however, change probably higher). All of these accidents considerably happened in the Russian Navy. In in terms of contrast, the United States Navy has its radiation accumulated over 5800 ‘reactor years’ and chemical and steamed over 136 million nautical characteristics. miles without an accident and operates Even some of the more that 80 nuclear powered ships/ components of the submarines and four testing/training reactor itself will reactors. Australia is known for having have undergone high safety standards, particularly a change such compared to countries such as Russia. that they are also If and when Australia joins the radioactive (this nuclear navies of the world, we will is why the casing be adopting/adapting the practices of must be so thick). the USN and RN, both of which have There are spotless records with respect to nuclear a number of reactor safety. methods of disposing of Environmental the radioactive considerations elements. The first is that the entire The social conscience of today’s society ship can be placed is becoming increasing influential in in protective considering the size of the RAN. A Sea King helicopter from HMAS Kanimbla major decision making throughout the storage; however they need to be taken The greatest roadblocks the transports trailers world. Many people want to reduce, out of the water every 15 or so years to Australian government will have to deal and equipment reuse and recycle, drive hybrid cars and have the integrity of the hull examined. with if and when this becomes an issue to Banda Aceh, in participate in Earth Hour, but we seem The preferred method is to is that of environmental impact (which support of Operation less concerned with the massive carbon permanently dispose of it by burial. The can be easily managed, especially with Sumatra Assist emission produced by our defence entire de-fuelled reactor compartment the vast amounts of inhabitable space (Courtesy RAN). force, and notably, our navy ships. needs to be removed from the ship in Australia) and that of native land Often the environmental benefits and buried in a protected waste area. rights. This environmental impact of a nuclear navy are overlooked due The actual spent fuel is removed will not of course be forever. Due to to the (irrational) fear of a nuclear from the reactor and buried in a deep the rate of decay of the radioactive incident. Nuclear powered ships are geological repository. Whilst the idea substances, it is estimated that after 10 largely emission free, whilst their of burying pockets of radioactive waste years, it will be a thousand times less conventional counterparts emit large throughout the Australian outback radioactive and after 500 years, the quantities of carbon dioxide, among may not sound appealing, it must be fission products will be less radioactive other noxious gases. emphasised that this is only done once that the uranium ore from which they The only waste from a naval nuclear the vessel is decommissioned, so the were originally derived. vessel is that of the spent fuel in the impact is quite minimal, especially Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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Bibliography Other issues that are bypassed as Whilst there is no talk of an Australian a result of nuclear propulsion include aircraft carrier on the horizon, and Australian Government 2009 White Paper the fact that fuel/oil spills are reduced probably won’t be for a very long time, Australian Uranium Association: or eliminated and the need to ballast Australia’s strong submarine force, a www.aua.org.au Australia’s Uranium Resources: www.sea- and the environmental issues that stem recognised need of our nation, can us.org.au from that issue are eradicated. be enhanced by adding a nuclear Atomic Engines Inc www.atomicengines.com component. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Economic considerations We need to start thinking big Research: www.cmar.csiro.au Energy Information Administration and acting wisely. We are a nation (USA): www.eia.doe.gov Th e upfront costs associated with known for taking risks when it comes University of Melbourne School of Physics www.nuclearinfo.net researching and developing a nuclear to defence, yet our straightforward, navy will be immense, but can be down-to-earth Australian nature seems reduced by collaborating with our to guide us away from something as allies. Th e set-up costs must also be controversial as nuclear power. After weighed up against the cost of fossil all, a nuclear powered navy does not fuel that would be incurred during the mean a nuclear weapon-carrying navy. life of the ship, as well as operations, Th e option must be considered; it must maintenance and the cost of be fuel for thought.  decommissioning the nuclear reactor. Other considerations that should be included in an economic analysis are Figure 74 the cost to protect fuel supply lines and the environmental cost. In conclusion, the arguments for and against a nuclear propelled navy are varied. Whilst it will be diffi cult and expensive to establish the strategic benefi ts, particularly when you consider our geographical isolation and our potentially volatile neighbours, are immense. We also need to recognise that it will be a long and slow process. Our current White Paper does not allow for the development of this capability; however it is a process that needs to start. By embracing our relationships with the US and UK, perhaps by sending Australian scientists and naval personnel to study nuclear physics with them, we will make the transition far more comfortable. Nuclear power seems to be a taboo subject in Australia and it is considered to be committing political suicide to seriously suggest this be in our future. For Australia to take the next step and join the modern navies of the world, we need to think seriously about nuclear power as an alternative fuel source. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 13 21/07/10 11:33 AM 14 Re-Introducing Spirituality to Character Training in the Royal Australian Navy By LieuteNANt eLizABetH CLAytON

haracter training in the Royal roles in delivery Australian Navy has had a of such training mixedC past. Delivery of character systems on ships. training has traditionally been the Rather than Junior domain of Australian Defence Force Officers, they can Chaplains, however over time, as offer experience, society has changed, so too has the wisdom, a greater concept of character training and understanding of how it is delivered. New Generation longer term vision Navy (NGN) and its associated and thereby achieve products, such as the Making the longer lasting Change workshop, share many results from culture elements of character training and change initiatives personal development, while regular such as NGN. and traditional character training, (delivered by chaplains with spiritual the Advent of elements) has become less and less Character training frequent. NGN has filled the gap and and the importance is now considered the primary vehicle of the Spiritual for shaping and changing culture in the element RAN. This trend is somewhat concerning. Character training Whilst Chaplaincy becomes less first became a and less utilised as a tool for shaping subject of interest in serving members’ beliefs, values and the wake of World War II. It produced values on which it was developed behavioural systems, other programs, a significant application for military have been questioned, challenged developed using corporate tools are psychology and psychiatry, the study and reinterpreted by society at large being used and relied on in their place. and findings of which led to new and thus, also by the military. Societal Whilst these have proven to work in policies that ensured high personal spiritual values have changed as the corporatized civilian sector, history standards, morality and conduct well, although not in isolation, as the has demonstrated just how important a within the military person and thereby methods of education itself also.2 spiritual element to character building increasing military effectiveness. The change is most evident when and moral courage is to maintaining The watershed moment of character considering NGN and how it is effective military operations in times of training occurred within the US Army presented as a platform for cultural conflict. during the Korean War. Prisoners of change. It carries the hallmarks of In the place of Chaplaincy, Junior War were exposed to indoctrination utilising consultancy to achieve Officers (and other ranks) are leading (in this case, Communist) on a scale organisational and cultural change. their shipmates through this process never before experienced. In this Whilst cynics may view traditional of culture change, the Making the example, it was those that were able character training as having too many Change workshops being a typical to demonstrate and practice their religious overtones, so too will cynics example. Whilst they may be spirituality that were able to resist note the corporate flavour of NGN, a competent deliverers of such training, indoctrination most resiliently.1 program which is almost completely I argue that junior officers may not Character training in the military devoid of spirituality. be the best method of delivering and has been heavily influenced by the NGN as an Element of Character effecting culture change programs, experience of the US army in the Training and Personal Development rather that Chaplaincy and the Ships’ Korean War, however in the last 60 Any discussion about character Warrant Officer should have greater or so years, the traditional Christian training and personal development Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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would not be complete if the vision of NGN were not broached. NGN is a program being introduced into the RAN in order to develop and change naval culture. It has been developed through much research and has been ‘rolled out’ to every individual serving member. This is being conducted in a phased approach, firstly with the issue and establishment of the ‘Navy Signature Behaviours’, then the Chaplain Barry “Making the Change” program. Both who lacks a high degree of integrity... personal development and character yesberg prepares of these tools are designed to challenge In relation to his/her work, he/ training. Officers entering the RAN are for a ceremony at members to think about their beliefs, she should cultivate initiative and exposed to at least 28 hours of personal the Christmas island their personal value system, how it be diligent in his/her professional development and character training, memorial cairn (Courtesy RAN). fits with the Navy values of honour, approach. The degree of individual through a number of classroom honesty, integrity, courage and loyalty, professionalism is related to and in activities as well as during outdoor and finally how they behave in the some instances reflects the level of leadership exercises. These 28 hours context of these values. character and moral development. are used to explore topics such as self- Above all else, moral courage is seen awareness, value systems, ethics, stress A Desirable Character for the Navy as absolutely essential....” and balance, grief and world religions. Recruits engage in a much shorter When comparing traditional character This excerpt clearly shows the links syllabus, offering four hours of training and NGN, it is important to between the Navy values and the character training. This may seem consider the result that both are aiming Signature Behaviours, as an example much shorter than initial officer to achieve. In an extensive survey of what senior leadership in the training; however it is in proportion conducted by PCHAP G. Clayton in Navy require from serving members. when taken into account how much 1989, the following characteristics Character training is an instrumental less time is spent at recruit school. were identified by 130 serving military element in being able to impart these This training is delivered at HMAS members with command experience as qualities to serving members, so that Cerberus to recruits by one of the ideal for a member of the Navy.3 they may not only value these qualities Cerberus Chaplains. However, with “In identifying a character-type but be able to live them. Provided the introduction of MTC Workshops, appropriate for the modern Navy, that NGN is delivered in the most character training and the MTC the survey responses provided appropriate manner, it most certainly workshops have been amalgamated guidelines that suggested a profile has the potential to achieve the results and incorporated into a four hour generally leaning towards a service that the Chief of Navy is striving for. module. person who demonstrates or needs The Chaplains at Cerberus have to acquire an understanding of Current Personal Development and recognised that the MTC syllabus and tradition.... The person’s first loyalty Character training examples may not have been entirely is to their family even above that to appropriate for members that have not the Navy. There is no place in the Both initial entry courses for sailors yet been exposed to Navy culture. As a Navy for a dishonest person or one and officers offer some form of result, they have changed elements of Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 15 21/07/10 11:33 AM 16 Re-Introducing Spirituality to Character Training in the Royal Australian Navy

the course, to better reflect the needs of element to character training and lack the experience, wisdom, and a new recruit without fleet experience. personal development is imperative. understanding of the long term vision The ‘People’ element is taught through Chaplains are still responsible for to be able to effect a long lasting culture an excerpt from ‘Band of Brothers’, delivering traditional elements of change. This is not a poor reflection on focussing on contrasting people skills, character training during initial junior officers in the Navy; it is simply and learning about how to interact with entry courses and leadership courses a factor of their age and thereby limited those that have fewer people skills than However these courses cannot be life experiences. Most will have no or others. The ‘Performance’ element is relied on in order to maintain a healthy little training in spiritual or cultural taught using an excerpt from ‘Apollo Navy culture in the long term. leadership. In contrast, Chaplains are 13’ and focuses on innovation and NGN is the current vehicle not employed by the Navy until they decisiveness whilst the ‘Professionalism’ for culture change in the RAN. It have demonstrated sufficient life and module is taught using a documentary challenges every member of the parish experience and the primary on HMAS Adelaide’s rescue of Tony Navy to consider their own beliefs focus of their vocational training is Bullimore, focussing on pride in the and values, align them to the Navy spiritual and cultural leadership. Navy and making Australia proud. values and demonstrate these values In conclusion, character training, To make room for elements of through the ten signature behaviours. including a spiritual element, is NGN, some of the other aspects of Facilitators of NGN’s MTC can be essential to ensure that the progress character training have been left Commanding Officers, junior officers made with culture change initiatives out, or amalgamated, however it and even Leading Seaman. such as NGN are not only continued was considered that the marriage Anecdotally, many of the MTC but maintained. Historical evidence of the modules was a natural aspect workshops have been delivered indicates that character training Chaplain David considering their similarities.4 by junior officers to ships’ crews. must contain a spiritual element in Snape officiates At the moment, there is little Whilst most junior officers are order to contribute to an individual’s at a ceremony in formalised character training between more than capable of delivering ability to withstand the psychological the combat zone of Baghdad, iraq (ADF initial entry and promotion courses, the content of such training, many components that are ever increasingly picture) zonetheatre. and that which does occur, is on an ad hoc basis. Indeed, if not for initiatives such as NGN, a sailor may not receive character training between initial entry and their category intermediate course, a period of approximately five years. Initiatives like NGN will be instrumental in changing Navy culture, however it is essential that regular and continual character training is conducted to ensure that a desirable Navy culture is maintained and sustained.

Delivering Character training – the Most effective Vehicle for Culture Change

It has been outlined in the history of character training as to why including a spiritual Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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being used in modern confl ict. It is character training should be examined essential that the most suitable people, if the opportunity to meet the previous such as Chaplains, deliver this training recommendation is unfeasible. to ensure that the training itself, retains Ensure character training is a its integrity of purpose. compulsory element of Monthly Divisional Meetings. Divisional it is recommended Navy: meetings are an ideal setting for Combine culture change initiatives character training; they occur regularly, such as NGN with regular and they are compulsory and are fl exible compulsory, traditional character enough to include 20 minutes of training. Culture change not only character training. needs to be instilled, but also needs to If the afore mentioned be maintained. Traditional character recommendations were included, training with elements of spirituality, this would increase opportunity and should be attended to regularly by all exposure to Chaplaincy and thereby individuals, and be delivered by the spirituality as a factor of character most appropriate means available. training.  Increase the number of Chaplains in sea-going billets. Currently there are 24 Permanent Navy billets for Chaplains. Of those, six are seagoing. More seagoing billets would be benefi cial to increase crew members’ understanding of the spiritual element of character Bibliography training, as well as providing many Acuri, S. Maj USAF, 2005, ‘Performance more opportunities for regular of POW’s in the Vietnam War: Adequate character training delivered from the Training or Creative Leadership? Air Command Staff College, Air University, most benefi cial source. In current Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama fi nancial conditions this is unlikely to Brown, M. 31 December 2009, ‘Vietnam Tested Chaplains Ability’, Sydney Morning become feasible within the Permanent Herald, sourced: www.smh.com.au/ Navy. In terms of Naval Reserve, national/obituaries/vietnam-tested- chaplains-ability-20091230-ljuw.html Chaplaincy has recently received a Clayton, G. PCHAP RAN, 1990, ‘An reduction in funding. For example in Assessment of the Character Training Program in the RAN with Implications for the southern states, funding has been Chaplaincy Ministry’, D.Min. Dissertation, cut from 220 Reserve days to 190, paid San Francisco Th eological Seminary

at Lieutenant level. Notes Involve Ships’ Warrant Offi cers 1. Acuri, S. Maj USAF, 2005, ‘Performance of POW’s in the Vietnam War: in character training. Ships’ Warrant Adequate Training or Creative Leadership? Offi cers are in themselves, a wealth of Air Command Staff College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama experience, wisdom and knowledge 2. Brown, M. 31 December 2009, and are generally well respected by ‘Vietnam Tested Chaplains Ability’, Sydney Morning Herald, sourced: www.smh.com. Command and the rest of Ship’s au/national/obituaries/vietnam-tested- Company. Whilst they work closely chaplains-ability-20091230-ljuw.html 3. Clayton, G. PCHAP RAN, 1990, ‘An with Chaplains in maintaining Assessment of the Character Training welfare of crew members outside Program in the RAN with Implications for Chaplaincy Ministry’, D.Min. Dissertation, the divisional system, they are an San Francisco Th eological Seminary Members of transit Security element 57, from 1 Platoon ‘A’ Commpany ideal choice for delivering character 4. Author conversation with CHAP M. 8/9 RAR, conduct Rigid Hull inﬂ atable Boat (RHiB) training with training to members of ship’s company. Lund, Chaplain at CERBERUS, in charge members of ASSAiL twO whilst aboard HMAS BROOMe during an of combining character training module Operation ReSOLute Patrol. Th e potential for extending SWO’s delivery and amalgamation with NGN knowledge in the spiritual elements of Workshops. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 17 21/07/10 11:33 AM 18 Navy Aircrew Remediation Training By LieuteNANt SAM DALe

he Royal Australian Navy be a significant saving for the RAN, as helicopters (currently Seahawk operates a selection of capable money spent on training aircrew who and Sea King). Thelicopters, and requires competent are ultimately removed from training and skilled helicopter aircrew to fly cannot be recovered. RAN observer training is conducted in them. The helicopter force is set to Trainees usually receive the same three discrete phases: increase in the near future1 and the or similar instruction during the • Basic Observer Course (BOC) complexity of the future aircraft course of their training. If the group of is delivered at SAW, using the systems will make the quality of aircrew trainees was homogenous, all would Super King Air, managed by training even more important. achieve the exact same standard at the RAAF utilising military RAN aircrew receive category the end of the course. This is not the instructors; dependant training in preparation for case, and in order to identify why some • Observer Rotary Course (ORC) Operational Flying Training (OFT). trainees can meet the standard easily is delivered at 723 Squadron Pilots receive initial fixed-wing training where others cannot, an examination with RAN instructors using the at Basic Flying Training School (BFTS) of the differences between trainees is AS350BA helicopter; and and No 2 Flying Training School required. This analysis may also serve • OFT is delivered at operational (2FTS) before receiving RAN-specific to highlight strategies to improve the squadrons using operational helicopter training at 723 Squadron. output of future aircrew from the helicopters. Observers receive initial fixed-wing training system. training at the School of Air Warfare This article examines the RAN aircrewman training is conducted (SAW) before commencing RAN- effectiveness of RAN aircrew in two discrete phases: specific helicopter training at 723 remediation training, and assess • Aircrewman Rotary Course Squadron. Aircrewmen receive training options for improving or augmenting (ARC) is delivered at at 723 Squadron. the existing process. 723 Squadron with RAN The aim of aircrew training is instructors using the AS350BA to ensure all personnel possess the RAN Aircrew Training System helicopter; and required skills and competencies RAN pilot training is conducted in four • OFT is delivered at operational to safely and effectively operate the discrete phases: squadrons using operational relevant helicopter at the completion • basic fixed wing training helicopters. of training. Due to varying baseline is delivered at BFTS, using skills, backgrounds and abilities, some the simple CT4-B aircraft, Delivery of Instruction trainees are unable to achieve the managed by BAE Systems, All aircrew training outlined above is required standard in the allocated time. utilising military instructors; delivered as a combination of ground The training system features processes • advanced fixed wing training theory and airborne practical training. to deal with this situation, and in the is delivered at 2FTS, using The broad sequence of learning in all first instance offers additional training, the more advanced PC-9/A phases is as follows: known as remediation training. If the aircraft, managed by the Royal • the syllabus outlines the trainee is still unable to achieve the Australian Air Force (RAAF) learning outcomes; mandated standard after remediation utilising military instructors; • theoretical knowledge is training, they will be removed from the • helicopter training and RAN- delivered in ground school; course. specific training is delivered as • specific flying sequences are Wastage rates due to failure vary for the Pilot Rotary Course (PRC) described in a student study each course: for pilot training at BFTS at 723 Squadron, with RAN guide (or Flying Guide); and 2FTS, wastage is around 35%. For instructors using the AS350BA • mass briefs are delivered to observer training at SAW, wastage is helicopter; and students as a group, elaborating around 35%. For training conducted at • Operational Flying Training on each specific flying 723 Squadron, wastage for pilots and (OFT) is delivered at sequence; observers is approaching zero, and operational squadrons • sortie briefs are conducted for aircrewmen it is around 30%.2 A (currently 816 and 817 before each flight, revising the reduction in the wastage rate would Squadrons) using operational sequences to be conducted Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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during the fl ight; • airborne instruction introducing new sequences and revising previously learnt sequences; and • post fl ight debriefs conducted to appraise the trainee’s performance and discuss strategies for improvement3. Th e Demonstrate-Direct- Monitor (DDM) sequence of instruction is used throughout for airborne training.4 Th e main areas of learning are described Figure 1: Generic in AAP 2518.001 as: an appropriate response. A simplifi ed specifi cally targeting the Situational 7 • Knowledge – the ‘thinking’ or representation of this process is identifi ed problems; and Awareness Model ‘cognitive’ domain; illustrated in fi gure 1. c. return to training to reattempt • Skills – the ‘psycho-motor’ An alternate aviation-specifi c model the failed sortie.10 domain; and for SA is illustrated in fi gure 2. • Attitudes – the ‘aff ective’ or Trainee aircrew who fail to meet the Th e phases of remediation training ‘feeling’ domain5. required standard have generally failed are designed to correct problems as to grasp a specifi c knowledge, skill or follows: Analysis attitude, or may have a broader failing a. the tutorial is intended Reasons for Failure in situational awareness underlying, to address problems with Trainees fail to meet the required and manifesting as, a problem with a knowledge factors, standard because of an inability to specifi c KSA. b. the airborne sorties are acquire one or more of the main areas intended to address problems of learning. Trainees may struggle System Response to Failure with skills and attitudes, and with knowledge, skills and/or attitudes When a trainee is unable to meet the c. the return to training is (KSA). required standard, RAN policy dictates intended to assess the success AAP 2518.001 lists the barriers to that the Training Progress Reporting of the remediation training. trainee participation as follows: (TPR) system be invoked.9 Th is system a. over-confi dence, serves to highlight the problem to Outcomes of Remediation Training b. under-confi dence, training offi cers and command, and Remediation training can be eff ective c. forgetfulness, formally notify the trainee of the when the trainee has a simple problem d. inconsistency, and problem. Th e TPR system also triggers relating to one of the KSA areas. e. apathy.6 remediation training. If a problem occurs as a result of Remediation training is described substandard instruction, remediation Flying involves a complex situation, in the Navy Flying Instructors training may correct introduced errors. and requires aircrew to receive inputs Standardisation Guide, and the process In the case of the more complex from a number of sources, process the is individually tailored for each case, SA problems, the eff ectiveness of information, project the implications generally consisting of the following: remediation training is reduced. and implement an appropriate a. a one-on-one tutorial session, Th e model for remediation training response. Situational Awareness (SA) is covering the underlying theory does not specifi cally target SA. the common term used to describe the of the problem sequences; Th ere may be some coincidental ability of aircrew to appreciate what is b. airborne instructional sorties improvement in SA for the trainee as going on around them and formulate (usually up to two fl ights), a result of remediation training, but Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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generally this occurs only through the within an additional 20 percent of ‘Projection’ areas, the KSA-based additional fl ying practice that occurs fl ying hours, the trainee must be component. Th e traditional view in the airborne sorties included in the removed from the course. Additional that ‘capacity’ is fi xed and cannot be remediation. fl ights may improve the outcome of changed, has meant that improving the Considering the entire aircrew remediation training, but published amount of information being received training pipeline, it is apparent that guidance limits the amount of extra by the brain, the link between seeing/ remediation training is limited in training available. hearing and processing, has largely eff ectiveness. Pilot training has around Adjust. Th e existing format of been ignored. a 35% wastage rate, observer training remediation training is focussed on Traditional models of the human has around 35% and aircrewman problems with KSA. Where KSA are brain have described ‘capacity’ as training has around 30%. Th e trainees problematic, remediation training is fi xed from about the age of 18 years that make up these wastage rates have eff ective. Th ere is no published basis to onwards. However, modern ideas of passed the relevant aptitude testing, alter the format of remediation training ‘neuroplasticity’ describe the brain as and received remediation training, for KSA. To address SA problems, constantly changing, and capable of but have still been unable to meet remediation training would need to increasing ‘capacity’ at any age.12 Th e s e the required standard. Th ese wastage specifi cally target SA. ideas have signifi cant implications fi gures have been accepted because it Target. Modifying or augmenting for aircrew training, and indicate that is thought that some trainees simply do remediation training to target it may be possible to improve the not possess the “capacity” to achieve situational awareness is a desirable capacity of the brain, and enhance or the required standard. alternative, and has the potential to increase the input of information to reduce wastage rates and improve the improve SA. Alternatives end product of aircrew training. To Scientists at the forefront of Options to Improve determine a suitable method to achieve neuroplasticity research have Remediation Training this, an analysis of how to improve the developed a range of training programs To improve the outcome of SA of a trainee is required. aimed at enhancing the ability of the remediation training, there are three brain to receive and process auditory key areas for examination: Enhancing Situational Awareness inputs, and visual inputs. Th e initial a. increasing the amount of A simplifi ed illustration of the targets of these programs were remediation training in the processes associated with SA is in children with learning diffi culties, but existing format, fi gure 3. later programs have been developed Figure 2: Aviation b. adjusting the format and Traditional remediation training for normally functioning adults. Situational content of remediation has focussed on the ‘Processing’ and Posit Science is one of the leading Awareness Model8 training, and c. specifi cally targeting improvement of SA in remediation training.

Increase. In almost all cases, increasing the number of fl ights, and providing additional airborne practice for trainees has the potential to improve both KSA and SA. Cost is a limiting factor, and training courses must have a maximum duration for programming purposes. Policy dictates that a maximum increase of 20% is allowed for aircrew training.11 If a trainee cannot achieve the required standard Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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proponents of this research, and they older users would off er two programs in particular: not be necessary Brain Fitness Program, aimed at for trainee improving auditory processing and aircrew to yield memory; and an improvement Cortex with InSight, aimed at in SA and fl ying improving visual processing. performance. Even a small improvement Brain Fitness Program in the throughput Th e Posit Science Brain Fitness of information Program (BFP) is a commercially (auditory and at auditory processing, memory and Figure 3: Situational available program that has been visual) is desirable. visual processing. Th e programs Awareness Processes developed to target auditory processing Both Posit Science programs start off ered by Posit Science have proven and memory. BFP is a computer-based with a baseline assessment of the user. results, and are expected to off er some program, intended to be used for one Th e program then tailors the diffi culty benefi t to trainee aircrew.  hour per day, fi ve days per week for to the user’s baseline level, ensuring eight weeks. Th e program has been the that they start at their natural level, and subject of numerous clinical studies, then progress in diffi culty as they use and ‘the exercises increase processing the program.15 Th is baselining ensures speed and make basic signals stronger, that the program can benefi t even sharper, and more accurate, while those users already at an above average stimulating the brain […]’.13 level. Based on the measurable results Cortex with InSight the Posit Science programs have Th e Posit Science Cortex with InSight been demonstrated to achieve, and program is a commercially available the tailoring of diffi culty through program that has been developed to baselining, it is highly likely that the target visual processing. Cortex with programs will yield some benefi t for InSight is a computer-based program, aircrew trainees. intended to be used for one hour per In summary, RAN aircrew training Lieutenant Sam Dale studied day, fi ve days per week for eight or is complex and diffi cult, and faces information Systems at the Defence more weeks. Th e program has been signifi cant wastage rates. Current Academy, graduating in 1998. He was demonstrated to increase useful fi eld remediation training practices are then the fi rst RAN student to graduate of view and improve visual attention in successful for trainees exhibiting simple 14 from ﬂ ying training at BFtS, attended clinical studies. problems, but are less eff ective for trainees with complex problems, in 2FtS, and was the last Navy student Applicability of Posit Science particular, reduced SA. at the ADF Helicopter School in 2000. Programs to Aircrew SA is linked to the ability to receive Sam deployed to the Gulf as a member auditory, visual and other inputs, of HMAS Adelaide Flight in 2004, and Most of the published clinical studies process those inputs, project them is currently the Pilot training Offi cer at of the two Posit Science programs into the future, and formulate and have examined the eff ects on older execute an appropriate response. 723 Squadron, Nowra. subjects. Improvements in these older Traditional views of learning and the subjects have been dramatic and easily human brain have described a person’s Bibliography measured. In the absence of specifi c capacity for these tasks as fi xed, but Australian Defence Force 2009, Airborne studies of younger people, or aircrew, it modern neuroscience off ers alternative Instructor Manual AAP 2518.001, Defence Publication System. is not possible to predict with certainty theories. Commonwealth of Australia 2008, ABR how successful these programs might Research in modern neuroscience 5150 – RAN Aviation Instructions, Defence Publishing Service. be for trainee aircrew. Th e large, easily has led to the development of a small Department of Defence 2009, Defending measured improvements seen in number of training programs aimed Australia in the Asia Pacifi c Century – Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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Defence White Paper 2009, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Doidge, Dr N. 2007, Th e Brain Th at Changes Itself, Viking Adult. Gillies, J.A. 1965, Textbook of Aviation Physiology, Pergamon Press. Headquarters Fleet Air Arm 2009, Personnel and Training Plan – 2010, S.J. Bateman, CAPT, RAN. Headquarters Fleet Air Arm, Navy Flying Instructors Standardisation Guide, Commander Operational Airworthiness and Standards. Th e Journals of Gerontology 2007, Th e neural correlates of an expanded functional fi eld of view, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. Pohlman, D.L. and Fletcher, J.D. 2010, Handbook of Aviation Human Factors, Wise, CRC Press, Florida. Posit Science 2008, InSight Overview – Visual Processing & Memory, Posit Science Corporation. Royal Australian Air Force 2009, 2FTS Student Air Training Guide, No 2 Flying Training School.

Notes 1. Depart ment of Defence 2009, Defending Australia in the Asia Pacifi c Century – Defence White Paper 2009, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, p 72. 2. Batema n, S.J. CAPT, RAN 2009, Personnel and Training Plan – 2010, Headquarters Fleet Air Arm. 3. No 2 F lying Training School 2009, 2FTS Student Air Training Guide, Royal Australian Air Force Ch 1, p 1. 4. Austra lian Defence Force 2009, Airborne Instructor Manual AAP 2518.001, Defence Publication System, Canberra, Sec 2, Ch 2, p 2. 5. ibid, Sec 1, Ch 1, p 1. 6. ibid, Sec 1, Ch 4, p 5. 7. Pohlma n, D.L. and Fletcher, J.D. 2010, Handbook of Aviation Human Factors, Wise, J.A. (ed), CRC Press, Florida, Ch 13, p 16. 8. Gillie s, J.A. 1965, Textbook of Aviation Physiology, Pergamon Press, Oxford, Ch 39, p 1088. 9. Common wealth of Australia 2008, ABR 5150 – RAN Aviation Instructions, Defence Publishing Service, Ch 5, Ann B. 10. Command er Operational Airworthiness and Standards 2008, Navy Flying Instructors Standardisation Guide, Headquarters Fleet Air Arm, Ch 10, p 2. 11. Commonwealth of Australia 2008, ABR 5150 – RAN Aviation Instructions, Defence Publishing Service, Ch 5, Ann B, p 2. 12. Doidge, Dr N. 2007, Th e Brain Th at Changes Itself, Viking Adult, Ch 3, p 84. 13. ibid, Ch 3, p 88. 14. Th e Jou rnals of Gerontology 2007, Th e neural correlates of an expanded Royal Australian Navy sailing vessel Scarborough of Cerberus-photo by Chris Sattler functional fi eld of view, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 15. Posit S cience 2008, InSight Overview – Visual Processing & Memory, Posit Science Corporation, p 5.

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 22 21/07/10 11:34 AM 137 SEPT 2010.indd 23 21/07/10 11:34 AM 24 People, Performance & Professionalism: How Navy’s Signature Behaviours will manage a ‘New Generation’ of Sailors By LieuteNANt ANDRew StOKeS

they have no idea what a broken record is or what you about the same 1 mean when you say they sound like one time, regarded 10 any organisations are facing the challenge of collectively” . managing a workplace that has been inundated by a Twentieth newM cohort of talented, well educated, techno-savvy, open- Century 2 minded young workers known as Generation Y. These generations young adults, often portrayed as lazy and self-interested, typically represent are one of the most misunderstood generations in recent a period of twenty 3 history. years. There are The Royal Australian Navy is not immune to the trials many theories on faced by other organisations. Navy has realised the need the exact birth to recruit, manage and retain Gen Y and has a strategy to years for each take on this challenge. Getting underway early in 2009, the generation. For New Generation Navy (NGN) initiative is a reform program the purpose of this designed to transform the RAN into an organisation fit paper the five main to deliver future capability outlined in the Defence White generations of the 4 Paper. Twentieth Century 5 In order “to support its new capability”, the Navy are: will change course to focus “on the management and 6 engagement of its people”. Chief of Navy Vice Admiral Russ table 1: twentieth Century Generations Crane, reiterated this point relaying that NGN was designed Generations within Navy - Chief of “to transform our Navy into a more sustainable and people Name Birth Years Age at Year 7 Navy VADM Russ focused organisation”. 2010 Crane; Able Seaman To kick-start NGN’s cultural change, a set of ten Builders* Early 1900s – 65 – 110 years Kristy Debnam and ‘Signature Behaviours’ were developed. Seen as “core to mid 1940s warrant Officer 8 NGN” , the Signature Behaviours are designed for Navy Baby Boomers Mid 1940s – 45 – 65 years of the Navy Mark personnel to demonstrate in order for Navy to “successfully mid 1960s tandy cut the cake 9 to celebrate the first adopt and sustain [its] desired culture”. Generation X Mid 1960s – 29 – 45 years early 1980s birthday of NGN. Within this article I profile Navy personnel according to their generation to demonstrate to Navy managers how Generation Y Early 1980s – 13 – 29 years late 1990s adopting and accepting the New Generation Navy Signature Generation Z Late 1990s - 0 – 13 years Behaviours is a crucial part of attracting and retaining personnel to enable Navy to meet future capability. *Builders = a combination of the ‘Interbellum’ and ‘Silent’ Generations To do so I explore: Source: McQueen (2008, p. 14) a. Generational Theory – including profiling Navy personnel according to their age and rank; and Generalisation b. Navy’s Signature Behaviours – how the adoption Attempting to characterise people based on the year they of the behaviours will ensure Navy’s culture is aligned to were born does have limitations. Some writers even dismiss the expectations of recent generations. the concept altogether. However there is enough recent research on generational theory to confirm that profiling Generational Theory generations is a valid study producing useful tools for 11 TheOxford Compact English Dictionary defines the parents, teachers and managers. word ‘generation’ as “all of the people born and living at It is important to realise that a person’s generation is Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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table 4: Percentage of Navy Personnel Representing each Generation only one factor that helps understand their behaviour. Also it must be realised Across Different Rank Levels that characteristics describing a generation will not always fit every member of 12 the group. For example, not all students in the 1960s were hippies . Generational Rank Gen Y Gen X Baby theory aims to “highlight and examine the patterns and trends of the significant Boomer 13 majority of a cohort” while recognising there is always “a place for diversity and Seaman / Able 86.77% 12.01% 1.22% 14 non-conformism”. Seaman Leading Seaman / 40.16% 53.84% 6% Petty Officer Characteristics Chief Petty Officer / 0.16% 61.28% 38.56% Behaviour and characteristics of generations are influenced by events and 15 Warrant Officer circumstances its members experience. Characteristics of the Baby Boomers, Lieutenant 42.6% 45.53% 11.87% Gen X and Gen Y can be summarised as follows: Lieutenant 0.64% 51.28% 48% table 2: Summary of Characteristics of Baby Boomers, Gen X and Gen y Commander / Commander Topic Baby Gen X Gen Y Source: DWI (2010, p. D-8). Note: Information reflects data Boomers reported on PMKeyS as at 31 January 2010. Percentages may Employment Jobs are Jobs are a dime a not add to 100 due to rounding. Attitudes hard to find I’ll work if I have to dozen I’ll work my Loyalty to This could lead to If I can’t take Analysis employer way to the the top Saturday off, I’ll quit top Looking at table 4 it is clear that those personnel given Men of Men and women the responsibility to manage most departments and ships Role Models character of character What’s character? (LCDR/CMDR) mostly represent Gen X and Baby Boomers. Respecting Is earned not Senior Middle managers (WO / CPO) are predominately Elders Is automatic Is polite assumed Gen X and Baby Boomers. Frontline supervisors (LS / PO) Tell me what Show me how to Show me why to Education to do do it do it are mainly Gen X, and Able Seamen / Seamen have a large majority of Gen Y. Change Dislike Accept Demand In the coming years the percentage of Gen Y in the Technology Ignorant of Comfortable with Masters of 17 workforce will increase. Therefore it is important Mobile phone, for organisations to position themselves in such a way Communication Via parents’ Via personal email, chat rooms, phone phone facebook, etc, etc that embraces Gen Y’s strengths and develops them as 18 tomorrow’s leaders. Wealth I’ll earn it I don’t care that Gimme, or I’ll take it much about it Characteristic differences between generations have Source: McQueen (2008, p. 45) created new challenges for many organisations in how they 19 manage their workforce. Inevitable differences between generations can frustrate all members. Understanding each Statistics other is the key to working together more effectively. Using the information from table 1 combined with data from the Australian In particular if Baby Boomer and Gen X managers can 16 Defence Organisation Personnel Report, the following tables represent the understand why their Gen Y subordinates behave the way percentage of Navy personnel representing each generation at different rank levels. they do, workplace morale will improve, more members will be retained, Navy will become a more attractive employer table 3: Percentage of Navy Personnel Representing each Generation and expected future capability will be met. As Gilburg says, “you need to understand what makes them tick and how to Generation Percentage of Navy Personnel 20 work with its members to bring out their high potential.” GEN Y 55.9% GEN X 32.6% New Generation Navy – Signature Baby Boomers 11.5% Behaviours Source: DWI (2010, p. D-8). Information reflects data reported on PMKeyS as at 31 Signature Behaviours are designed to be lived by all Navy January 2010. personnel, however it is evident that personnel at the Commander / Lieutenant Commander and Warrant Officer / Chief Petty Officer level (predominately Gen X and Baby 21 Boomers) are the key to the implementation of NGN. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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These personnel were also given responsibility to deliver the Given Gen Y’s focus on personal development and 22 NGN message in the workplace. their personal goals, they look for companies that have Navy places significant importance on the Signature strong personal development policies and educational 29 Behaviours that must be considered during every decision opportunities. Promoting and accommodating programs 23 made. Put simply, “if it doesn’t fit the signature behaviours such as the Defence Assisted Study Scheme will help satisfy 24 – don’t do it, or change course so it does”. these desires. Now I will look at how Navy’s ten Signature Behaviours Communication is one critical factor to an organisation’s 30 relate to Gen Y and why their Gen X and Baby Boomer success in managing Gen Y. When most Gen X and Baby managers need to accept and adopt them in order to attract Boomer managers were more junior members, they were and retain Gen Y. likely to blindly perform their duties with little desire to enquire into why, how or where their order came from. table 5 – Navy’s Signature Behaviours 1, 2 & 3: focus on People Attitudes have changed and Gen Y desire understanding on the rationale behind the tasks they perform. How we behave towards each other 1. Respect the contribution of every individual table 6 – Navy’s Signature Behaviours 4, 5, 6 & 7: focus on Performance • Recognise the value of each person’s contribution to Navy • Be respectful of role, experience and How we behave in the way we perform our duties background 4. Challenge and innovate • Value diversity • Challenge, question and be open to change 2. Promote the well being and development of all Navy • Generate new ideas people • Support creative solutions • Develop Navy people to their full potential 5. Be cost conscious • Know and care for people • Understand the cost implication of the • Keep people at the core of all decisions decisions you make • Build the team – provide guidance and • Find solutions that are enduring, efficient and challenge their abilities add value 3. Communicate well and regularly • Use it like you own it • Keep your team informed 6. Fix problems, take action • Be clear, consistent, timely and accurate • Seek and accept responsibility • Engage thoughtfully and check for • Take ownership of what you say you will do understanding • Turn your ideas into actions • Express and receive feedback gracefully • Be a part of an effective solution 7. Drive decision making down Source: Crane (Sep 2009[b]) • Make sound, timely decisions based on principles not just rules How Signature Behaviours 1, 2 & 3 Relate to • Drive decision to the appropriate level Gen Y • Trust and support people make good Gen Y desires a workplace where their opinions and ideas decisions 25 count. Utilising and recognising peoples’ unique skills can Source: Crane (Sep 2009[b]) boost individuals’ self worth and help them recognise their importance to the team. Blanchard & Bowles share this How Signature Behaviours 4, 5, 6 & 7 Relate sentiment by suggesting that part of a team’s success relies to Gen Y on developing individuals’ skills for the benefit of the whole Gen Y is known for their sense of entitlement, 26 team. outspokenness and inability to take criticism. Feedback Mutual respect and flexibility are taking the place of and critique needs to be delivered gracefully as they have 31 power and experience in the workplace. Gen Y wants to been overpraised and protected from feeling unsuccessful. work for people they respect and can learn from. They do Managers who probably received a more robust style of not respect someone because of age or seniority. Managers feedback in years past will need to adopt this more refined must earn respect – measured by what they do and what they approach. 27 achieve. 25. Gen Y tends to place high-achievement objectives 32 McGee lists ‘Build personal relationships’ as one of five on themselves. Providing challenging work will help the 28 key ways to manage Gen Y. Managers need to talk and workplace take advantage of this approach. listen to their Gen Y employees in or to know and understand Gen Y seeks more feedback, responsibility and 33 them. Gen X and Baby Boomer managers need to realise that involvement in decision-making. Without effective not all employees want the same thing they want. leadership at the top of the organisation, other leaders Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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throughout the organisation are less likely to be empowered Navy has identified a need for cultural change in order 34 to exercise their own leadership skills. to meet future capability. New Generation Navy will attract and retain a new generation of sailors, while emphasising table5 – Navy’s Signature Behaviours 8, 9 & 10: focus on the importance of managers to accept and adopt Navy’s Professionalism Signature Behaviours.

How we behave while representing Navy in a professional manner Recommendations 8. Strengthen relationships across and beyond Navy In order to enhance managers’ understanding of the • Work together to identify and achieve people they command, the following recommendations are common purposes and objectives • Build inclusive partnerships presented: • Deliver on Navy’s promises, and do it well a. Add a ‘Generational Theory’ component to management 9. Be the best I can courses. In order to target the right people, it is suggested Strive for professional excellence • that generational theory components be added to the: • Know yourself and seek self-improvement • Maintain your personal wellbeing Junior Officers Leadership Course (JOLC) and/or the 10. Make Navy proud, make Australia proud Junior Officers Management and Strategic Studies Course • Lead by example (JOMSSC); CPO Promotion Course; and WO Promotion • Value Navy’s identity and reputation Course. • Live Navy’s Values b. A ‘Generational Theory Awareness’ course could be Source: Crane (Sep 2009[b]) developed for delivery through CAMPUS to provide ‘catch-up’ education to those who have already completed How Signature Behaviours 8, 9 & 10 Relate the courses above; and to Gen Y c. Elements of this paper could be added to the NGN According to Gen Y, you should have ‘one life’. They do Toolbox to give managers easy access to key information. not distinguish between work, home and social life and For example, table 2 could be used as a quick reference 35 therefore expect to shape their jobs to fit their lives. guide.  As they personally experienced the cost of their parents’ ‘workaholism’: stress; broken marriages; and absent parenting, they do not wish to be slaves to their jobs like 36 their Baby Boomer parents were. In order to create a more Lieutenant Andrew Stokes, GDipAppMus, RAN joined the flexible workplace, Navy has introduced Flexible Work Royal Australian Navy in 1990 and has served in a number 37 Practices. Such reforms are also likely to be welcomed by of appointments based around the need to provide music for Gen X who have been battling for years against their Baby 38 important occasions. He gained his commission in 2003 and Boomer managers for more flexible work arrangements. has continued to lead and motivate teams in this area. He is Obviously, Gen Y will become Navy’s future senior managers. Gen Y leaders will be civic minded, visionary, currently serving within the position of Assistant Director of confident, optimistic, moralistic, principled and value Music – Navy. 39 driven. These traits fit directly into NGN principles. Regardless of our generation, cultural background and upbringing, we all desire a positive workplace. Society’s culture is ever-evolving and organisations such as Navy need to consistently update their leadership culture in order to (Endnotes) sustain their workforce. Managers have a choice – be part 1 References: McQueen, M. (2008). p. 5. The ‘New’ Rules of Engagement – A of the problem or part of the solution – embrace change or Guide to Understanding & Connecting with Generation Y. Australia: resist it. Nexgen Impact. 2 Tulgan, B., & Martin, C.A. (2001). Managing Generation A crucial step in embracing cultural change is Y – Part 1. Retrieved September 26, 2009, from the time to self-educate about the characteristics of people 3 McQueen (2008) op. cit. pp. 6-7. you manage will go a long to breaking down the frustrating 4 Crane, R.H. (2008). State of the Navy: 2008 Video Symposium (DVD). Canberra: Department of Defence. generational barriers that hinder understanding and 5 Menhinick, R & Orton, T. (2009). p. 3. New Generation Navy communication. Strategy [electronic version]. Retrieved February 05, 2010 from Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 27 21/07/10 11:34 AM 28 People, Performance & Professionalism: How Navy’s Signature Behaviours will manage a ‘New Generation’ of Sailors generation-Y.html> 6 Ibid. p. 4 7 Crane, R.H. (June 2009). para 3. New Generation Navy – BIBLIOGRAPHY Structural Reform [electronic version] Retrieved February 05, 2010 Ahmed, T. (2006). Driven to Distraction. Retrieved September from driven-to-distraction/2006/10/20/1160851100690.html?page=fullpa 8 Crane, R.H. (April 2009). para 7. Promulgation of New ge#contentSwap1> Generation Navy Actions [electronic version]. Retrieved February AON. (2006). Managing and leading across the generations: are 05, 2010 from 26, 2009, from Australia With Pride [electronic version]. Retrieved February 10, AUSNAVSTRATCOM – see Australian Navy Strategic 2010, from Australian Navy Strategic Command. (2009). New Generation 10 Soanes, C. (Ed.). (2003). p. 460. The Oxford Compact English Navy Culture Project 1 Making the Change engagements [electronic Dictionary (2nd ed. revised). Oxford: Oxford University Press version]. Retrieved February 05, 2010 from 12 Ibid. Baby Boom Generation. (n.d.). In Wikipedia online encyclopaedia. 13 Ibid. p. 18 Retrieved September 04, 2009, from 15 Gilburg, D. (Oct 2007). para. 6. Management Techniques for Blanchard, K., & Bowles, S. (2001). High Five! The Magic of Bringing Out the Best in Generation Y. Retrieved September 26, Working Together. London: HarperCollins Business. 2009, from Retrieved February 05, 2010 from Australian Defence Organisation Personnel Report [electronic Bratton, J., & Gold, J. (2003). Human Resource Management version]. Retrieved March 01, 2010, from MacMillan. 17 AON. (2006). p. 2. Managing and leading across the Brown, G. (2008). How to Manage Generation Y. Retrieved generations: are Gen Y a different species? [electronic version]. September 04, 2009, from speakers_corner/people_capital_management_2006.pdf> Budd, H. (2008). Taming Generation Y. Retrieved October 18 McQueen (2008) op. cit. 23, 2008, from 20 Gilburg (Oct 2007) op. cit. para. 3. Byrne, S. (2009). Managing The Generation Gap For X & Y. 21 Crane (2008) op. cit; Crane (April 2009). Op. cit; Hughes, Retrieved September 04, 2009, from 22 Australian Navy Strategic Command. Conger, J.A., & Riggio, R.E. (Eds.). (2007). The Practice of [AUSNAVSTRATCOM](2009). New Generation Navy Culture Leadership – developing the next generation of leaders. San Project 1 Making the Change engagements [electronic version]. Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc. Retrieved February 05, 2010 from (DVD). Canberra: Department of Defence. 23 Crane (April 2009) op. cit. Crane, R.H. (April 2009). Promulgation of New Generation Navy 24 Menhinick & Orton (2009) op. cit. p. 5. Actions [electronic version]. Retrieved February 05, 2010 from 25 McGee, P.E. Jnr. (2004) para 2. A new generation at work: Y Retrieved September 04, 2009, from Reform [electronic version] Retrieved February 05, 2010 from 26 Blanchard, K., & Bowles, S. (2001). High Five! The Magic of 27 The Challenges of Managing Generation Y. (2006) paras 1-2. Crane, R.H. (Sep 2009[a]). Release of New Generation Navy Retrieved September 26, 2009 from ; AON (2006) op. cit. p. 10. 29 AON (2006) op. cit. p. 16. Crane, R. H. (Sep 2009[b]). Navy Values – Serving Australia 30 McGee (2004) op. cit. para 1 With Pride [electronic version]. Retrieved February 10, 2010, from 31 Gilburg (Oct 2007) op. cit. paras 2 & 9. 33 Generation Y. (n.d.). In Wikipedia online encyclopaedia. Culture Projects Overview. (n.d.). In New Generation Navy Retrieved September 04, 2009, from gov.au/navyweb/sites/NGN/ComWeb.asp?page=101095> 34 Henry, A. (2008). Understanding Strategic Management. Directorate of Workforce Information [DWI]. (2010). Australian Oxford: Oxford University Press. Defence Organisation Personnel Report [electronic version]. 35 The Challenges of Managing Generation Y. (2006) op. cit. Retrieved March 01, 2010, from DWI 36 AON (2006) op. cit. p. 16; Gilburg (Oct 2007) op. cit. para 2. – see Directorate of Workforce Information. 37 Flexible Work Practices in Navy. (n.d.). In New Generation Flexible Work Practices in Navy. (n.d.). In New Generation Navy Navy Flexible Working Practices. Retrieved February 10, 2010 from Flexible Working Practices. Retrieved February 10, 2010 from asp?page=101095> 38 Gilburg (Oct 2007) op. cit. para 11. Generation X. (n.d.). In Wikipedia online encyclopaedia. 39 Understanding Generation Y. (n.d.). Retrieved September 04, Retrieved September 04, 2009, from

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Generation_X> McGee, P.E. Jnr. (2004). A new generation at work: Y and how to Generation Y. (n.d.). In Wikipedia online encyclopaedia. manage it.Washington Business Journal, May 10, 2004. Retrieved Retrieved September 04, 2009, from washington/stories/2004/05/10/focus3.html> Generation Z. (n.d.). In Wikipedia online encyclopaedia. McQueen, M. (2008). The ‘New’ Rules of Engagement – A Guide to Retrieved September 04, 2009, from Impact. Gilburg, D. (Jan 2007). Generation X: Stepping Up to the Menhinick, R & Orton, T. (2009). New Generation Navy Leadership Plate. Retrieved September 26, 2009, from asp?page=101095> Gilburg, D. (Apr 2007). Leadership and Generation X. Retrieved Overview of New Generation Navy. (n.d.). In New Generation September 26, 2009, from defence.gov.au/navyweb/sites/NGN/ComWeb.asp?page=101095> Gilburg, D. (Oct 2007). Management Techniques for Bringing Roy Morgan Research (2009). Department of Defence Census 2007 Out the Best in Generation Y. Retrieved September 26, 2009, from Public Report. Melbourne: Roy Morgan Research Retrieved February 05, 2010 from Retrieved September 04, 2009 from (2nd ed. revised). Oxford: Oxford University Press Henry, A. (2008). Understanding Strategic Management. Oxford: Steinhorn, L. (2006). The Greater Generation – In Defence of the Oxford University Press. Baby Boom Legacy. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Hughes, W. (2008). ‘Work Smarter not Harder: CN’s New The Challenges of Managing Generation Y. (2006). Retrieved Generation Navy’, Defence Magazine, issue 4 2008/2009. September 26, 2009 from generation. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Tulgan, B., & Martin, C.A. (2001). Managing Generation Y – Part Kramar, R., McGraw, P., Schuler, R.S. (1997). Human Resource 1. Retrieved September 26, 2009, from Longman Australia Pty Ltd. Understanding Generation Y. (n.d.). Retrieved September 04, Linstead, S., Fulop, L. & Lilley, S. (2004). Management and 2009, from List of Generations. (n.d.). In Wikipedia online encyclopaedia. Verhaagen, D. (2005). Parenting the Millennial Generation – Retrieved September 04, 2009, from Praeger Publishers.

HMAS Armidale (Courtesy of RAN)

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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he Executive Officer of an Armidale Class Patrol Boat T(ACPB) has at least twelve separate jobs onboard (sometimes more depending on the Officer and their experience/competency), not the least of which, being the Second in Command, as well as the Navigation Officer and Operations Officer. At present there is a lot of discussion in the Fleet regarding whether current XOs are too overburdened with such a high workload, and not having the experience levels to cope with the added stress levels associated, to be an effective Second in Command as well as the Navigator of an ACPB. The purpose of this paper is to explore this statement and will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the XO position, taking into account the An Armidale-class constraints imposed by manning throughout the Navy regarding the expressed. It is argued ‘Officers are vessel under difficulties in the RAN. logic behind having the XO also being sent to be XOs without enough construction This article discusses the difficulties performing the role of Navigation experience, particularly leadership/ (Courtesy RAN). the Fleet is having in filling this Officer (NO) and Operations Officer navigation experience’. difficult position and what effects (OPSO). This train of thought still these difficulties are having on current exists today due to the misinformation Rationale and potential XOs on ACPBs. It will of Seaman Officers and an incorrect So why was the decision made to make discuss the management techniques understanding of the position. The an ACPB XO position encompass the currently being utilised as well as future most commonly expressed arguments jobs of NO and OPSO? Whilst there techniques that could be used to fill that I have come across throughout the are numerous reasons for this, the two this position. Correct implementation fleet when discussing the ACPB XO major reasons are: of these techniques could make the job position are; c. On the Fremantle Class Patrol popular and considered a stepping- a. ‘The XO will be over-burdened, Boats the XO was the Boarding stone in a Seaman Officer’s career will burn out quickly and Officer, Explosive Custodian rather than a sideways step. This will become ineffective’; and Officer, and Personnel and ensure constancy of postings for the b. ‘Not having a full time Physical Security Officer ACPB XO position and the ability to navigator means the risk (PERSECO and PHYSECO), recruit the right personnel for the job. of collision or grounding is however, on the ACPB, the The article determines what if any greater’. strategic structure is different. are the best management strategies for The Boarding Party is now ensuring the achievement of an ACPB More recently, due to the introduction the ‘Primary Weapon System’ XO position is the optimal step in a of promotion to Lieutenant 12 months of the Patrol Boat, and when Seaman Officer’s career progression. post Bridge Warfare Certificate has utilising a Primary Weapon When the composition of the crew caused an influx of junior Seaman System you need a cohesive of the ACPB was originally announced Officers becoming XOs, there is C2 structure to ensure its there was a chorus of disapproval another argument that has been widely effective operation. Therefore Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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utilising the XO in the ACPB C2 structure when conducting Boarding Party Operations no matter how complex means ACPBs are operationally very effective and efficient – a point which is critical in a minimum manned vessel. d. The second reason for having the XO as both the NO and OPSO is that ACPBs are restricted to a 21 person crew with only two billets available for officers. (The BO billet is a LEUT/CPO billet) There have HMAS Armidale by been various efforts to try and statement. As the workload waxes and XOs than crews. This results in XOs Chris Sattler. increase officer billets to three, wanes, as is the case in any position being recalled as Operational Reliefs however, due to RAN manning throughout the fleet, it ranges from a during Off Crew rotations, when they constraints this was considered medium workload to a peak of very should be on leave or conducting unachievable. Although COs high to almost unrealistic at times. career progression courses. This leads are Navigators on our Landing “It is this unrealistic workload that to the job becoming more stressful Craft Heavy (LCH) ships, it was causes stress which leads to frustrated and unmanageable even for the most determined the task would be and discontented XOs”. In addition, energetic XOs due to the lack of respite. far too burdensome in ACPBs these unrealistic workloads mean This occurred in 2008 when several given the nature of the duties certain aspects of the job are missed or XOs left their jobs because of stress being performed. It is argued discounted as being less important due related issues and over 20 Lieutenants that navigation is so important to other pressing tasks. Of particular refused the posting. that COs should not be the NO concern is when it is the Navigation The following list is what assists on LCHs. Thus the workload responsibilities that are discounted or to make the job more enjoyable and and responsibility of the NO on corners cut, which is a significant safety achievable: ACPBs falls to the XO. concern. e. CO/XO relationship (essential A prolonged state of undermanning to the successful conduct of the After discussions with current XOs of Seaman Officers in combination posting); it leads me to believe that most XOs with a negative perception of the XO f. Experienced, motivated and are happy with the job. However by position has meant new XOs are not enthusiastic crew; the time their posting is up, they are experienced enough, particularly in g. Experience of the BO; more than ready to move on due to the management skills and leadership. h. Competence and confidence of high work loads and stress involved, The major concern expressed by the XO, with particular regard more often than not looking for shore prospective XOs is that the posting will to leadership, management and postings. The reason for this change interrupt the individual’s career choices motivational ability; and in attitudes over the last two years is and not allow them to continue with i. Variety of the job. due to the management techniques – their career progression; and through discussed below – that are currently in utilisation of reservists the ACPB XO The management techniques for place in an attempt to manage the XO’s concern is at present being barely making the ACPB XO position a step workload thus making the job more managed. In addition the recent influx in the optimal career progression of realistic and achievable. of Potential Irregular Immigrants; the Seaman Officer Lieutenants should As mentioned, the heavy workload press coverage allocated to this; and therefore focus on these. of the XO position stems from the the massive increase in work load and many requirements of the role, not stress could reduce the number of Developing Management techniques just those mentioned in the duty volunteer junior officers leading to less Courses such as Junior Officer Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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Leadership Course, Junior Officer This is due to the fact that an XO of XO role would be: Management Staff Skills Course, as well an ACPB is required to become adept • A/PWO (currently only as the current Mentoring initiative are at time management in order to keep conducted after being an XO), M A R I T I M E all in place due to the realisation that up with the demanding workload. The • NO of a Mine Hunter or these skills are not only a nice to have, XO is also better adapted to changing Hydrographic ship or but also a basic necessity for an XO. situations due to the uncertain nature • (the best example) the role of a These courses give the XO the ability of Patrol Boat life. They are able to ACPB BO, as this provides the and belief that they are prepared for manage personnel to a high standard officer with appropriate ACPB all that will be required of them during due to their whole ship responsibilities experience as well. their tenure. not just departmental. The CO/XO Desig Course is To reward this high workload and XOs of MWVs have high workloads designed to allow both COs and XOs considerable stress levels, consideration already. Add to that the extra duties to see what will be required of them must be given to increasing MWV of an ACPB XO and the result is an during their tenure, and to give them XO/Nav to pay group five. This will extremely high workload, and someone the tools they will need to perform attract a large amount of popularity that is required to conduct a large their assigned duties at an acceptable in the position as well as providing an number of roles often multitasking level. incentive to those Officers with more during busy periods. However, as the Even though it generally means experience. position creates a more cohesive C2 more work for the XO, breaks from In addition to this, some form of structure in the Patrol Boat, and there operational tasking are usually visible recognition to all personnel who are not enough Seaman Officers to fill beneficial by providing job variety have given a significant commitment three officer billets, the workload and and increased motivation for the XO to Operation RESOLUTE in Patrol diversity must be effectively managed. and the crew, particularly domestic Boats would also boost the willingness With continued effective and overseas deployments. Since the of personnel to take on the demanding management practices, as well as beginning of 2008 there have been an role of an ACPB XO. practical solutions the role of an increasing number of deployments ACPB XO can be seen as a fulfilling Ser vice anchored given to ACPBs. Development of experienced XOs and positive position, as well as being The XO is involved in a great deal beneficial to the career of the Officer. Future Management onboard ACPBs from the day to day With these measures in place and There is no career, posting or monetary routine running of the Ship, to ensuring an effective ongoing system to review in experience and advantage at present to persuade the crew is sufficiently manned; the the effectiveness of these management personnel to become a MWV XO, morale of the crew motivation, as well strategies, the role of an ACPB can • Fleet operations and management as opposed to staying on Major Fleet as the jobs of NO, OPSO, Divisional become one that is appealing to both skill Units (MFUs) for consolidation Officer, Safety Officer, Environmental senior and junior Lieutenant Seaman • Fleet maintenance and management with possibly two ancillary duties. Officer, Training Officer, Canteen Officers.  This is despite there being “a general Manager, Welfare Chairman, as well • Vessel and port services agreement amongst senior naval as being a watch keeper. Noting Acknowledgements officers that being an XO creates a this, the best thing would be to Beatty, Leut J., RAN 1 Bentley, Leut J., RAN • Integrated logistics management more rounded officer”. The problem have OOWs, who have a reasonable Graham, LCDR J.P., RAN with this is that whilst it would seem level of experience and who have Harper, LCDR J, RAN • Marine systems support XOs are considered the more rounded developed at least some leadership, Learoyd, LCDR B., RAN officer, as far as career progression is personnel and time management skills. LeGrand, Leut N., RAN concerned, becoming an ACPB XO Experience shows that XOs who have Milton, Leut J., RAN • Vessel build and modification means a disadvantage compared to consolidated properly i.e. more than Moore, Leut C., RAN staying on an MFU, as this is not taken 12 months on different platforms, Parnwell, Leut A., RAN • Maritime project management into consideration until many years have improved leadership, personnel Rixon, CAPt V, RAN, later when applying for promotion to and time management skills, as well as Santos, Leut A., RAN • Maritime training CMDR and above, or seeking Charge performing at a much better standard Spagnol, Leut J., RAN (Commanding Officer) jobs, when than those who do not. The jobs that Stewart, Leut F., RAN ‘breadth of experience’ is considered. would best prepare an OOW for the DMS Maritime Pty Limited Tel: 02 8001 1600 Email: [email protected] Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Level 6, 210 Clarence Street, Sydney NSW 2000 Fax: 02 8231 0172 Web: www.dmsmaritime.com

137 SEPT 2010.indd 32 21/07/10 11:34 AM DMS_ANI JOURNAL_ADVERT.10 16/7/10 6:11:29 PM M A R I T I M E

Ser vice anchored in experience and skill • Fleet operations and management • Fleet maintenance and management

• Vessel and port services

• Integrated logistics management

• Marine systems support

• Vessel build and modification

• Maritime project management

• Maritime training

DMS Maritime Pty Limited Tel: 02 8001 1600 Email: [email protected] Level 6, 210 Clarence Street, Sydney NSW 2000 Fax: 02 8231 0172 Web: www.dmsmaritime.com

137 SEPT 2010.indd 33 21/07/10 11:34 AM DMS_ANI JOURNAL_ADVERT.10 16/7/10 6:11:29 PM 34 The very name of the Canadian Navy is under question... from their Hansard equivalent we read...

Iroquois-class destroyer provided aid the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) was the title of the country’s to the victims of the Haiti earthquake. maritime forces from 1911 to 1968. in the 1960s unification of land, The achievements and innovations of this nation’s navy have established air and sea services was appropriate: all three were unified forming Canada’s reputation in the naval the Canadian Forces. the naval component was known as Canadian community and in the world at large. Forces Maritime Command (MARCOM), which has continued despite As Vice-Admiral Dean McFadden has said, tonne for tonne, Canadian ships some reversal of the unification idea. and personnel are equal to the best in the world. languages, as soon as possible. The origins of the Navy go back CANADA He said: Honourable senators, this 100 years. In the first decade of the Debates of the Senate motion is about restoring pride of place 20th century, Sir Wilfrid Laurier 3rd SESSION. 40th PARLIAMENT. to a world-class national service with decided to develop the Dominion’s VOLUME 147. NUMBER 31 its own history and culture forged in own permanent fighting navy. The title war but operating effectively in ‘‘Royal’’ was approved by King George Motion to Encourage the Minister restoring peace and dealing V in 1911. of National Defence to Change the with disaster. This motion is about Underfunded and short-handed Official Structural Name of the acknowledging a modern navy giving as the navy was, leaders like Admiral Canadian Navy – Debate Adjourned outstanding performance both at home Charles Kingsmill and Commodore and abroad. Walter Hose built up the Royal THE SENATE Recently, HMCS Fredericton Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve, returned home to Halifax in time for with volunteers from all walks of life, Motion to Encourage the Minister the May 4 celebrations marking the and the Royal Canadian Naval Reserve, of National Defence to Change the one hundredth anniversary of the drawn from the ranks of the merchant Official Structural Name of the navy. The frigate had been deployed navy. They turned out be the fighting Canadian Navy – Debate Adjourned for six months to the Arabian Sea, the navy that represented us only six years Gulf of Aden and the Horn of Africa, later in the Great War. Speech by: The Honourable Bill conducting counter-piracy and anti- Canadians acquitted themselves Rompkey Thursday, May 27, 2010 terrorism operations alongside the well in the naval conflict of this war. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, The first naval flying ace in the world Hon. Bill Rompkey, pursuant to notice NATO, and coalition partners. Such is was a Canadian - Redford ‘‘Red’’ of May 4, 2010, moved: the modern role of our navy: protecting Mullock of Winnipeg. Canadian our own shores but able to operate Raymond Collishaw of Nanaimo, That the Senate of Canada encourage proudly and successfully in blue water B.C., was the leading naval ace of the the Minister of National Defence, in anywhere in the world. First World War with 60 confirmed view of the long service, sacrifice and When Saddam Hussein invaded victories. Of 936 Canadian naval courage of Canadian Naval forces Kuwait in 1990, Commodore Ken aviators of World War I, 53 gained the and personnel, to change the official Summers led a task force to the status of air ace in combat. structural name of the Canadian Persian Gulf to enforce the United It was World War II that saw the Navy from ‘‘Maritime Command’’ Nations embargo. By the mid-1990s, navy come to maturity. When war to ‘‘Canadian Navy’’ effective from new Halifax-class frigates were able to with Germany broke out in 1939, the this year, as part of the celebration of act as one-for-one replacements for RCN, although remarkably efficient, the Canadian Navy Centennial, with American warships. Canadians abroad had so long been underfunded and that title being used in all official and assumed command of coalition fleets. shorthanded that it was still little more operational materials, in both official This year, a Halifax-class frigate and an than an offshoot of the Royal Navy. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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Enormous Canadian naval expansion Canadian became necessary to meet enemy defence threats in the Atlantic. At the beginning capabilities. of World War II, the navy consisted of To the navy’s 13 ships and under 3,000 personnel. chagrin, However, ships poured out of Hellyer shipyards all across Canada, and men succeeded and women volunteered in huge first in numbers. Throughout the war, Canada integration commissioned 434 vessels of which and, finally, 341 were fighting ships. Of those ships, in the 31 were lost. Just under 400, 000 men unification and women passed through its ranks. of the Well over 2,000 paid the supreme Armed sacrifice. Canada played a pivotal role Forces. Canadian Navy in the Battle of the Atlantic – that The navy battled for its survival and in 1911. The response from sailors has Halifax-class frigate long and relentless battle that, more its identity, but lost the fight against been instructive, the vast majority of HMCS Regina-photo by Michael Nitz. than anything else, made possible the the politicians. Admirals who opposed whom never served in the RCN. In liberation of Europe. The navy engaged Hellyer’s policies were retired early, if general, they reject what they see as a in virtually every type of operation in they had not already been fired. backward step. They want to be seen as every theatre of war. Canadian naval Many other officers retired early as moving forward, not backward. airmen flew with the Fleet Air Arm. a form of protest, and most of those That view was anticipated by The RCN, no longer only an who remained did so to preserve a navy Lieutenant-Commander Alan Easton offshoot of the Royal Navy, had become that had been recast in the form of in his excellent account of his World a major national institution by 1945. Maritime Command. War II sea service in his book 50 North. However, it was still at risk. Cut back For a number of years confusion He recalls a wartime conversation with from nearly 100,000 to 7,500 personnel, reigned at National Defence a senior Royal Navy officer: morale suffered. Headquarters and morale took a We went on to speak of tradition. Brooke Claxton, then Minister serious hit. The new green uniform He said that in the RN tradition was a of National Defence, ordered a disregarded naval tradition, and the heritage of which they were very proud, commission of inquiry in 1949. new rank structure, based on army and in a sense was the moral backbone The subsequent report of Rear practice and culture, had little relation of the service. ‘‘You are not far removed Admiral Rollo Mainguy has been to naval requirements. from it yourselves, you know. You are called the Canadian navy’s ‘‘Magna Other navies did not emulate part of the Empire and much of our Carta.’’ Initiating major changes to Canada’s example as Hellyer had stock is British.’’ ‘‘Canadianize’’ the navy, it came just predicted. Yet in spite of it all, the That’s so, sir, I acknowledged. But, as the Cold War gave the RCN new navy rose above the setbacks. It although we learned your customs and Canadian wwii and meaningful roles. An apparently continued to meet all national and in fact were patterned after the Royal Fairmile ML imminent threat of war with the Soviet NATO requirements. Its contribution Navy, I feel, and I think most of us feel, 084-courtesy Union gave Canada the NATO role was noted and some of its ambitions that we have no direct right to your National Archives of Canada. of convoy escort and anti-submarine realized when in 1985 sailors got back traditions. Nor, could they apply really, warfare. Thus, when the navy the blue uniform. The return of this celebrated its fiftieth birthday in 1960, universal symbol of identity was met the RCN, with about 20,000 men and with great rejoicing, ushering in a new women, had grown to well over 50 era. vessels. As we celebrate the centennial, there Once more, the navy was is renewed interest in naval matters. A threatened. After the election of 1963, recent editorial in The Globe and Mail the Minister of National Defence, urged the return of the Royal Canadian Paul Hellyer, set about modernizing Navy, the title King George V approved Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 35 21/07/10 11:34 AM 36 The very name of the Canadian Navy is under question... from their Hansard equivalent we read...

because, what made them occurred Navy/ mainly before we were in existence. marine is a Our tradition, I suggested, is term that has possibly being made now. That point of survived 42 view, I believe, would be shared by the years of official, majority of those serving in the navy political and today and by many who have retired. statutory For half of the hundred years deletion. that the navy has existed, those who Vice- enlisted did not serve in the RCN. Admiral Dean The RCN disappeared with a wave of McFadden Paul Hellyer’s wand. Unification was has pointed accepted by today’s sailors. From left, Canadian ship HMCS Regina, seen as an insult to the many who had out how closely the story of the navy The face of young Canada is rapidly Peruvian ship BAP served in the RCN because it instantly parallels the development of Canada. changing. The demographic is no Sanchez Carrion, and and arbitrarily took away symbols and Both came from humble beginnings longer one of British, or even European, uS Coast Guard Cutter traditions that were part of their long but aspired to contribute beyond the ancestry. The talent pool for the future uSCGC thetis (Courtesy and distinguished legacy of service. shores of the country. Both modelled navy has no connection with the royal Royal Canadian Navy. Surely, bringing back the themselves on remarkable institutions designation. As the population ages, designation RCN today would be of Great Britain. Both came of age the navy is in an almost life and death doing the same thing to those who in the crucible of war. He could have competition with every other industry. have served over the past 42 years. added that just as Canada has emerged If the navy does not attract more What of the innovations that are truly from the shadow of Britain to tread Aboriginals, more francophones, more Canadian? Now women serve and the world stage as a respected and of the anglophone and francophone command at sea; now we have bilingual able nation in its own right, so did immigrant communities and visible warships; now we have a diversity of the Canadian Navy emerge from the minorities, it will die a slow death. people from many ethnic and racial shadow of the RN to become a world- Maritime Command is a bland backgrounds reflecting the unique renowned navy in its own right. It has nonentity that has no synergy mix that is Canada itself. These are become a navy reflecting the diversity, with other naval forces and has no traditions that are in part handed down creativity, competence and multi- discernible character with which the and are in part earned by Canadian culturalism of the country itself. Canadian public can identify. Everyone sailors who never served in the RCN This chamber is not the Royal knows the navy. The time has come to but who proudly served in what is Canadian Senate, although we owe institutionalize the name ‘‘Canadian commonly known as the Canadian much to British origins; we are the Navy/La Marine Canadienne.’’ This navy. Like those who suffered from Senate of Canada. We are Canadians motion is simple: Let us throw unification they should not have their with our own constitution and identity. Maritime Canada overboard and signal accomplishments cast aside. So it is with the Canadian Navy, with that the Canadian Navy will be called The men and women of today’s its own insignia, customs, practices and officially the Canadian Navy/La Marine navy know that for some time they history. Canadienne. have been working more and more The connection with the sovereign (On motion of Senator Comeau, HMCS Victoria SSK-876 closely with the USN whose continent is acknowledged through the debate adjourned.)  (uS Navy photo by Ray we share. Indeed, they interface presentation of the Queen’s Colours, F Longaker Jr.). more and more with foreign navies which who identify them as the Canadian recently Navy. Francophones have been in occurred for what is now Canada longer than any, the third time except for the First Nations and Inuit. in Halifax. Francophones do not use ‘‘Maritime Additionally, Command’’ when identifying the navy. the use of For them, the French word for navy is HMCS is a ‘‘La Marine.’’ practice well Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 36 21/07/10 11:34 AM Issue 137 37 A brief look at Submarines before Oberon and their Significance for the RAN By MiDSHiPMAN JOHN Lee

unheard they work, unseen they win. that is the custom of ‘the trade.’

Rudyard Kipling1

he then-Prime Minister Rudd recently highlighted Tthe importance of submarines for maintaining the security of our country.2 Historically however, the same level of support has not always been received and since federation there has been debate as to whether submarines are the best option for the RAN.3 Prior to the first Oberon class Submarine in 1967, the RAN acquired four different classes of submarines tony woodland with varying degrees of success and never been found. AE1 was the first significantly contributed to the efforts took this shot of a significance. loss to the Australian fleet and the first of the ANZAC landing at Gallipoli and crowded Sydney Here I examine the four classes of allied submarine sunk during World thoroughly enhanced the reputation skyline, featuring submarines prior to the Oberon class War I. It is not believed that she was of the RAN. For this reason alone, the Daring-class destroyer HMAS highlighting major events; evaluate the sunk by enemy action but more likely E-Class submarines proved to be a very 5 Vampire and Oberon- level of significance of each class, weigh by accident. good use of defence spending. class submarine any lessons learnt and finally decide AE2 has become very well known HMAS Onslow, both whether they were an effective use of for her exploits in the Dardanelles. J-Class now features of the defence spending. The Turkish forces at Gallipoli relied Australian Maritime on shipping for resupply, and it was After World War I the British Museum. the ‘e’ Class believed that if a submarine could Admiralty gifted Australia with six penetrate the 35 mile Dardanelle Strait J-Class submarines. These were The first submarines acquired by and reach the Sea of Marmara, it would considered too large and expensive Australia were of the ‘E’ type, ordered create havoc amongst the enemy to remain in British service. The from Vickers Maxim in England, shipping, thus assisting the ANZAC six submarines arrived in Sydney in in 1910, and commissioned into landing at Gallipoli.6 Two submarines July 1919, where it was discovered the RAN in February, 1914. Two tried and failed before AE2 penetrated that the boats were in poor repair submarines were acquired and given the Dardanelles on April 25, 1915. after years of war service, and were the designation AE1 and AE2. After She spent the next five days harassing put into immediate refit. This refit commissioning in England, both the enemy in which time she sunk a proved slow and expensive and was boats commenced an 83 day transit Turkish mine laying cruiser, and caused fraught with difficulty. The facilities to Port Jackson, in Australia, setting a confusion for the Turkish fleet. She was utilised were inadequate to cope with submarine endurance record on the eventually sunk on 29 April after hits submarine refit and very few technical way.4 from a Turkish gunboat.7 personnel had sufficient knowledge AE1 is the subject of one of the The ‘E’ class was a very short, of the requirements of submarine greatest mysteries of the RAN. During however significant foray into maintenance. This resulted in the cost a patrol off Papua New Guinea in submarines for the RAN. During of refitting the six boats blowing out September 1914, AE1 disappeared what was described at the time as, ‘the from the original maintenance cost without a trace and to this day has finest feat in submarine history’8, AE2 estimates provided by the Admiralty. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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Despite these difficulties a submarine flotilla was formed at Osborne House in Geelong. This flotilla remained in operation until August 1922 when due to pressure to decrease Navy expenditure, the J-Class boats were decommissioned.9 Through acquiring the J-Class, the RAN gained a high level of experience in submarine maintenance. The lessons learnt during this time assist the RAN to be better prepared for the maintenance of submarine squadrons in the future. There were no costs associated with purchasing the boats K-iX under Dutch colours (Courtesy tom Lewis). but the overwhelming costs of getting K-iX them to an operational level were unacceptable and the funds could have In 1942 a Dutch K-Class submarine been better spent elsewhere. was offered to the RAN for use as an BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anti–Submarine Warfare training boat. Davidson, J. 2005, Beneath the southern seas; the silent service, O-Boats The Navy accepted the offer and set University of Western Australia Press, Crawley.

out to complete a major refit on the 21 Evans, B. 2001. “The loss of AE1.” Wartime. Issue 16 (Summer). After decommissioning the J-Boats, year old boat. In 1944 K-IX suffered Kipling, R. 1914–1918, “The Trade” - Sea Warfare. Available: it was decided to purchase two new a battery explosion and due to costs http://www.kipling.org.uk/poems_trade.htm. Last accessed 14 Sep submarines. Two O-Class submarines involved it was decided not to proceed 2009. 12 were ordered and were commissioned with repairs. Stevens, D. 1958. The Royal Australian Navy - A History, Oxford on 1 April 1928. These submarines The K-IX proved once again that University Press, South Melbourne. were advanced for the time and were shortcuts are not possible in gaining Anon. Submarines Photofile No. 7, Australian Seapower, Topmill ordered with unproven engines. a submarine capability. The K-IX Pty. Ltd, Marrickville. During the transit to Australia, these refits were expensive and virtually no Walters, P. 2009, “Security beneath the waves”. Weekend engines failed resulting in a nine month effective service was gained from her. Australian, 18 Oct 2009. delay in Malta.10 This restarted the Through time submarines have White, M. 1992. Australian Submarines: A History, AGPS, debate in Australia as to the future become necessary for the defence of Canberra. of submarines in the RAN. Due to Australia. Before the acquisition of these factors and the onset of the great the Oberon Class, their importance NOTES depression in 1931 it was decided to was questionable. The E-Class boats Kipling, R. 1914–1918. “The Trade” - Sea Warfare. Available: 11 return the boats to the RN. proved to be an important part of our http://www.kipling.org.uk/poems_trade.htm. Last accessed 14 Sep Given the financial position of history; however the other three classes 2009. Walters, P. 2009. “Security beneath the waves”. Weekend Australia at the time the O-Class boats proved to be expensive blunders. By Australian, 18 Oct 2009, p 24. should never have been purchased. purchasing boats second hand, the Evans, B. 2001. “The loss of AE1.” Wartime. issue 16 (Summer), p 10. Once again the costs involved were RAN inherited the costs required White, M. 1992. Australian Submarines: A History, AGPS, enormous, yet only two years of to return the boats to a suitable Canberra p v. White, op cit, pp 31–39. effective use were gained. The lessons state of repair. Prior to gaining these Stevens, D. 1958. The Royal Australian Navy - A History, Oxford learnt with the acquisition of the submarines, suitable infrastructure for University Press, South Melbourne pp 43–46. Anon. Submarines Photofile No. 7, Australian Seapower, Topmill unproven engines are important and the maintenance should have been put Pty. Ltd, Marrickville pp 13–14. are relevant considering that Australia in place. Without this infrastructure, Stevens, op cit, pg 45. White, op cit, pp 79–110. is currently investigating options for the boats were simply an overly Davidson, J. 2005. Beneath the southern seas; the silent service, propulsion for its latest generation expensive piece of steel.  University of Western Australia Press, Crawley, pg 126. White, op cit, pp 157–164. submarines. White, op cit, pp166–177. Shipyards: Australia and USA Email: [email protected] Fax +61 8 9410 2564 Tel: +61 8 9410 1111 Journal of the Australian Naval Institute WWW.AUSTAL.COM

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Shipyards: Australia and USA Email: [email protected] Fax +61 8 9410 2564 Tel: +61 8 9410 1111 Journal of the Australian Naval Institute WWW.AUSTAL.COM

137 SEPT 2010.indd 39 21/07/10 11:34 AM 40

Handover oF he Portuguese Navy class 209PN AIP-submarine, NRP Tridente is handed over to the Portuguese Navy at AIP-SUBmarine THowaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) shipyard in Kiel, NRP Tridente Germany. Th e opened hatches/launchers are for deployment of the CIRCE system (Containerised Integrated Reaction Countermeasures Eff ectors). CIRCE is a rapid reaction multi-eff ect soft kill torpedo countermeasures system designed to defeat modern lightweight wire and non wire- guided acoustic homing heavyweight torpedoes. Th e second of class 209PN submarine NRP Arpao has conducted deep-water sea trials off Kristiansand in Norwegian waters. Arpao will be commissioned in 2011.

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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After a crew familiarisation period and additional crew training at sea Tridente was expected to leave Germany to head for Lisbon, Portugal, where the submarine will be commissioned. Th e two class 209PN submarines replace three French- designed Albacorra-class submarines; the last operational boat Barracuda will be decommissioned in December 2010. Th e two class 209PN submarines have a contract value of EUR 800 million. 

Photo and story by Michael Nitz

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 41 21/07/10 11:34 AM 42 Amphibious Warfare – The Rising Tide (And Beyond…) By LieuteNANt DuNCAN MACRAe

mphibious warfare is the new must look both at what assets and black. Amphibious operations structures we have currently in place areA the here and now and future of and also in what circumstances we RAN capability and doctrine and they might conceivably have to stand up as will be the ADF’s modus operandi for operation. The requirement to conduct many years to come. With the advent amphibious operations, or operations in particular of major ADF projects “from the sea”, has been understood such as the LHD, AWD, MRH 90 within the ADF for some time and we amongst others, it is imperative that can see this in the purchases in the we all take the hint and strap in for the mid-90s of the two LPA:, HMA Ships paradigm shift that will occur with the Kanimbla and Manoora. Since their arrival of these assets. entry into service, they have continually This article is written in an attempt proven their worth in the amphibious to contextualise amphibious operations realm, most notably in the area of in the light of these new capabilities humanitarian aid and disaster relief and also to light the spark in people’s (HADR). minds to start thinking seriously about Combined with current assets such the way we will be operating in the very as the Army’s S70A Blackhawk or the near future. Current ADF amphibious Navy’s SK50 Seaking, and with the doctrine, contained primarily in ADDP LCM8 or LCH landing craft, the ADF 3.2 and its supporting documents, has been able to deliver and support A lighter amphibious provides a highly detailed description forces “from the sea”. Thess include in a phase of major acquisition which resupply craft of the various parts that make up an a number of capabilities ranging is providing the ADF with the new and (LARC-V) drives through the well deck amphibious force, ant also outlines from infantry, medical teams, light improved capabilities required of our of the amphibious the overall concept of operations that and armoured vehicles and aviation amphibious future. transport dock uSS would be applied to an ADF mission. assets. Additionally, forces not In acquiring the Navantia-designed New Orleans during This overall concept holds true for deployed ashore are also supported Canberra-class LHD, the ADF will the ship’s amphibious the main part when applied to future with the embarkation of deployable have the ability to project a Battalion- warfare certification operations, however, being a lengthy headquarters staffs and medical teams level Ready Group (BRG) into an (uSN photo). and fairly complex publication, it is who can conduct operations whilst Amphibious Operating Area (AOA) hopelehere to provide a more succinct afloat. This has been particularly useful many miles from our shores. Through hypothesis of how a “whole of ADF” in the earlier phases of operations when the procurement of the Hobart-class amphibious operation may unfold. the necessary infrastructure has not AWD, and the upgrade of the fleet In doing sot I will focus on the key been available ashore, or when an LPA’s of Anzac-class frigates, the RAN is areas of assets and their deployment, services can be used supplementary to positioning itself to be able to provide force integration and training. From those ashore. a significant level of multi-threat this précis it is further hoped to The challenge faced by the bulk protection to the amphibious mission. reinvigorate change in the areas of of the ADF’s current amphibious The role of the highly capable Collins- individual and collective training to inventory is that of age (obsolescence) class submarine force in the conduct better prepare our people and our and an increasing capability gap of an amphibious operation should thinking for the significant challenge brought about by the increasing size of also be remembered, where (current that lies ahead. operations (particularly disaster relief), availability issues aside) the addition the greater public focus and subsequent of only one or two submarines to an Background political demand for force options and amphibious mission is vital in preparing finally, the increased distance from and shaping the future battlespace. In order to see where we might go in Australia at which these operations will As I wiln demonstrate, to the benefit regard to amphibious capability we likely be conducted. Fortunately, we are of the Army, the introduction of MRH Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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90 and ARH will, when embarked doctrines and how, by considering these boots on the ground, the size of the and operated from the LHD, greatly supporting factors in context, we can group to be determined by the extent of improve both the speed at which force see that amphibious warfare is one of the mission. can be applied to (and beyond) the sea/ the primary warfare disciplines of the Also available in situ is the embarked shore interface and also the supporting future; one which requires bold and HQ, most likely the Amphibious Task firepower which can be provided to dedicated change in which to prepare Group (ATG) or Fleet Battle Staff the landing force, if required. In a and train our current force. (DJFHQ-M), who can take initial disaster relief situation, the use of the carriage of C2 requirements until the MRH 90 will greatly increase the speed The HADR Mission and NEO arrival of the dedicated CTG/CTF. The and effectiveness of any delivery of aid ADF medical team will embark, and or stores and also the evacuation of HADR is an amphibious operation in conceivably, based on the capacity and personnel from affected areas, either which the ADF has a distinguished facilities of the LHDe augmented by back to the ships or to other unaffected history, particularly in recent times. any civilian medical agencies assisting reception facilities. There are also a Noteworthy operations such as relief operations. Standby HADR significant number of smaller projects SUMATRA ASSIST (2004-2005) and stores are most likely loaded in Sydney, and capabilities that will have to come PADANG ASSIST (2009) have shown Darwin and possibly Townsville, or together if we are to maximise the that ADF assets can be organised and via STRATAIR to the nearest port and effectiveness of our future amphibious dedicated to a HADR area quickly within 48-72hrs the HADR amphibious operations and these will be introduced and with great success. Primarily, mission is underway. Within a week as I move through my proposed the amphibious component of these this force will be in position off the concept of operations (CONOPS). operations has consisted of an LPA coast of the affected area, providing In crafting a CONOPS though, operating with embarked elements of the first aid response and preparing the we need to consider the types of helicopters, medical teams, landing AO for the arrival of further support amphibious missions we will be craft and a combined HQ staff (DJFHQ, elements such as STRATAIR (RAAF conducting. Current doctrine offers HQ1DIV). HADR stores and logistical C-130 and C-17), Non-Government four principal types of amphibious components have also been transported Organisations (NGO) and further operation1 however, in attempting to and managed utilising the LPA. support forces from other contributing paint a picture of future amphibious Using these assets, and in nations. operationsleI will consider three consideration of the success achieved In many ways, the conduct of an scenarios which I believe more so far using this construct, we can easily amphibious evacuation operation will accurately reflect the future amphibious expect that future HADR missions will be almost identical to that of a HADR mission: HADR, Non-combatant involve the online LHD being activated mission with the key components Evacuation Operation (NEO) and and then integrating the various being the LHD with embarked MRH finally, the more traditional military supporting elements. While this is an 90 flight, Ready Group, embarked HQ the LHDs will be the amphibious landing or operation expectation that I hold to be generally and medical team. Again, on order, biggest ships ever which I will term Amphibious Combat true, it is ultimately one which, to these elements will stand-to and within operated by the RAN Mission (ACM - inclusive of the achieve optimum effect, must undergo the 48-72hr period will be en route to (defenseindustrydaily). current assault, raid, demonstration and significant change, particularly in how withdrawal). It should be noted that I the various enabling elements integrate have ordered these ie the likely ordet with the LHD and each other. these operations will be conductede In providing an optimum outcome, howevel leaning more towards the we should expect that ideally (and this latter which is where I believe more is where bold decisions and dedicated work needs to be done in preparing the change comes into play) the helicopter ADF for such a mission. element is stationed on the LHD and So now that we have our three types will be activated at the same time, of future amphibious operations, let providing the first assets, say up to us turw to how our CONOPS for each six or eight MRH 90s. Added to of these should be supported by a vast this comes the online Company- or range of capabilities, platforms and Battalion Ready Group to provide the Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 43 21/07/10 11:34 AM 44 Amphibious Warfare – The Rising Tide (And Beyond…)

the affected area. Once again, the size and capacity of the LHD will be a key factor. The awe-inspiring sight, as dawn breaks, of this huge ship sitting off the coast will instil both confidence and hope in the minds of evacuees, whs will then be further reassured as the LHD’s attached helicopters and landing craft arrive at the Evacuation Point whee, speedily thee will establied initial Reception and Processing Areas.

Amphibious Combat Mission

So far, the two scenarios we have seen have relied heavily on the involvement of the LHD and its attached elements. There has been no real requirement for capabilities from other warfare spheres to be included, given the generally terrorist organisations. It is Amphibious assault vehicles transporting permissive nature of the operations. also known through improved Having obtained a supporting u.S. Marines and Combat missions within the intelligence sharing networks that UNSC Resolution, the Coalition is soldiers from the amphibious environment however, will Country Y has been providing now in the process of mobilising Malaysian Army involve a wide range of ADF capabilities military equipment to Country X the amphibious task force that will 9th Royal Malay contributing to what will be a complex in the form of small arms, basic conduct the operations against the Regiment pass the amphibious dock and challenging plan. To see the vehicles and explosives. Due to insurgent groups on Country X. landing ship uSS nature of this operation, let us conduct the militant nature of Country Harpers Ferry (uSN a hypothetical amphibious operation X’s armed forces, it is reasonably While the above scenario is simplistic, photo). where I will attempt to highlight the assessed that a significant amount it contains the main components of a contribution of each of the respective of this equipment is being filtered future ACM. We have a requirement elements and capabilities. Consider the through to the insurgent group. for a military force to be inserted into following scenario: a hostile area at great distance from With a marked increase in terrorist Australia; the amphibious transit Country X is a small island natios activities and their connection to will potentially be opposed by a known to be a central training area the training camps on Country X, comparable force; and the AOA will for a regional insurgency group. the UN has been presented with a contain significant threats to both the While traditionally non-aligned, it request for military action against Amphibious Task Force (ATF) and the has in recent years been receiving those camps within Country Landing Force (LF). Taking these into overt support from its larger X. This will be conducted by a account we can now develop a picture neighbour, Country Y. Country Coalition force drawn from a of how our forces will be utilised for the Y is a semi-closed society ruled small number of regional players conduct of the mission. by a fundamentalist government including the US and Australia, The first phases of the operation and its military capabilities closely with the aim to eliminate the will focus on battlespace preparation resemble that of Australia. While insurgent group in Country X and and ISR efforts. Primary amongst publicly, Country Y’s support restore stability to the region. This the assets used in this area will be our has been primarily economic, it proposed action has been met with intelligence agencies, submarine force, has increased political support defiance by Country X and Y with Special Forces and Clearance Diving to Country X in light of recent the later stating it will take such elements. With the re-introduction of claims through the UN regarding action as necessary to protect the the Intelligence Officer qualification its harbouring and support to sovereignty of Country X. in the RAN and the subsequent Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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creation of the Maritime Intelligence supplement the MRH 90 aircraft. and utilising capabilities such as dipping Support Centre (MISC) we have an Upon sailing, the final Task Group sonar, ISAR and advanced sonobuoy organisatios positioned to provide an would consist of an AWD with two or processing (ideally a capability also held initial assessment of the battlespace, three FFH (upgraded with the latest by the surface combatants), would be its key players and the threats these ASMD systems under SEA 1448) utilised for closer contact prosecution pose to the mission. It will also form providing defence for the force, the and limited area searches. Air defence a key component of the ongoing LHD and a group of new heavy landing would be provided by the AWD and intelligence support to the operation. craft (Phase 5, Project JP 2048) and FFH until arrival in the AOA where The submarine force, through the a fleet auxiliary providing logistical they would combine with other AW clandestine insertion of SF and CDT support. Closer to the AOA, this force assets of the multi-national force, in forces will provide key updates and ISR would be further strengthened by a particular the carrier-borne aircraft that support to the force both leading up to Task Unit of Armidale-class patrol would undoubtedly form part of the and during the amphibious mission. boats or recently acquired multi-role overall contribution. The submarine too, will provide Ocean Patrol Vessels (OPV - SEA 1180, Having successfully reached the invaluable intelligence and surveillance Phase 1) who would provide the ATG AOA, we see again the utilisation of for the force and will have the surface force protection inside the the full suite of capabilities within the secondary ability to combat the ASW forward areas of the AOA, where water Task Force. Protecting the resupply Sea threat posed from Country Y. The use depth and manoeuvring limitations Lanes of Communication (SLOC) and of the submarine in an offensive mining may otherwise preclude the stationing the approaches are the major surface role must also be considered in an effort of the escorting FFH and AWD. combatants and submarines. Inshore, to deter Country Y involvement and Additionally, in the Mine Warfare and the patrol vessels actively seek out and limit its freedom of manoeuvre; if only hydrographic survey configurations, eliminate force protection threats to in theory as part of a well coordinated the OPVs would provide further depth the landing force of the LHD and heavy Information Operations campaign. and support to the Task Force through landing crafe making their final internal Likewise, our CD forces will conduct clearance of chokepoints and other preparations to disembark the LF. The defensive MCM at the proposed suspected mine danger areas and the operation is commenced with Naval landing sites. provision of continuing environmental Gunfire and land-attack missiles from At this initial stage our geospatial data. the AWD/FFH engaging the shoreline, agencies will have a major role to On transit, the surface force would targets having been provided from play in assessing and proposing the be supported in its ASW and ASuW rear-area targeting agencies in Australia most suitable landing sites and time roles through the use of land- (eg. or by imagery obtained from the UAV windows. Their participation will GlobalHhawk) and sea-based UAVs surveillance of the battlefield. MRH continue throughout the operation (Scan Eagle, embarked on units of the 90s conduct the airborne insertion with Rapid Environmental Assessment task force such as the FFH or LHD) and of the first LF elements, escorted by (REA), beach surveys and other the latest MPA (AIR 7000). Organic ARHs (and potentially MH60Rs) who ongoing support to CATF being vital helicopters such as the NRH90 or provide close-air support against the HMAS Manoora-photo to choosing the right place and time to MH60R, operating from the escorts more mobile targets not neutralised by Chris Sattler. conduct the landings. In preparing for departure, the LHD would embark the assigned CJTF/CATF personnel, augmenting the standing Staff already onboard. Any additional vehicles, armour and ammunition required by the embarked Ready Group would also arrive and a flight of ARH helicopters would embark to Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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from the previous naval bombardment. knowledge from all areas will have been This support continues throughout the put to the test with the ultimate success beach assault as the heavy landing craft of the mission dependant on the ability and organic landing platforms from the of the men and women involved to do LHD combine to disembark the bulk of their jobs. the Battle Group onto the beach in the Due to its demanding and first wave. complex nature, the ACM is the Through the combination of scenario which must be considered mobility and firepower, supported at the forefront of current and future by the speed of the amphibious planning. While there are a number of lodgement, the land forces rapidly recent initiatives (Intelligence Officer establish themselves ashore and quickly primary qualification, Aircraft Handler locate and destroy the overwhelmed specialisation) and projects (JP 2048) insurgents’ camp sites. Casualties supporting the amphibious nature of are quickly withdrawn beyond the future operations there still remains beachhead to the LHD where the a pressing requirement for significant medical reception and treatment team change and improvement in many provides the necessary care. Prisoners, areas. too, are withdrawn to the LHD for This change will not only be further processing. structural and procedural but will also As quickly as the amphibious raid require a dramatic shift in current was launched, shore forces are extracted thinking as to how we operate as a and returned onboard the landing craft Navy and indeed as a Defence Force, and LHD. The amphibious units return particularly in the areas of embarked to the umbrella of protection provided HQ, embarked aircraft flights/ A Sea King helicopter by the major surface escorts and the squadrons and embarked Company or assault schedules and landing craft from HMAS Kanimbla combined joint task force withdraws, Battalion Groups. The following is a waves. Accelerated training in transports trailers returning to their bases or further summary of those key issues considered multi-TADIL operations (Link 16, and equipment tasking. Through the utilisation of all to require urgent action and resolution. 22), must also be implemented. to Banda Aceh, in spheres of warfare, and near-seamless It is by no means exhaustive nor does support of Operation integration in a joint and combined it profess to provide the only solution; • PWOs must be trained to Sumatra Assist (Courtesy RAN). environment, the mission is achieved its purpose is to provoke thought and understand and use the specific with surprise, minimal casualties and where possible action throughout the components of an amphibious perceivably in timeframe of no more relevant departments and authorities. force; not just what their names than a few days from amphibious Training. Our people will need to be are and how they fit into a neat lodgement to withdrawal. highly trained in existing and future diagram, but rather how all these specialisations. They must be trained elements interact, how they can The Way Ahead today on the systems they will use be used by the CATF/CJTF and tomorrow to avoid unnecessary delays what effects they bring to the As demonstrated, an amphibious during the introduction of capabilities battlespace. operation will require participation into RAN service. This includes: • Sea Training Group (STG) must from all areas of the RAN and the • Amphibious components to be strengthened with the addition majority of the ADF. Even before Bosun’s Mate and Combat System of specialists dedicated to the troops hit the shore, the full ensemble Operator training to specifically amphibious sphere in a similar of RAN capability will have been address duties such as the control fashion to the existing warfare utilised.N Naval units will have and operation of the LHD’s well- disciplines. operated across all warfare spheres dock and landing craft, or the and within the challenging and often development and maintenance • These specialists must then be misunderstood joint combined of the Recognised Amphibious further supported in the training warfighting environment. Specialist Picture (RAMP) and control of scenarios used by STG to assess Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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a ship’s readiness. Amphibious that assets are not being made In conclusion, future operations will be conducted in the operations must take prime available or if they are, they are amphibious battlespace. They will be expeditionary in nature position in a unit’s readiness not being committed in sufficient and involve capabilities across the entire ADF. We can no training and assessments; not strength or capability, ultimately longer remain reactionary to emergent capability and its just for the LPA/LHD but also for to the detriment of the exercise demands in regard to manning, training and procedures. frigates, destroyers, mine hunters, outcome. Development of doctrine and procedures, training of our patrol boats and submarines. personnel, and establishment of support constructs – these Scenarios must be re-written to • Interoperability must be enhanced key factors, along with many others, need to be enacted now. assess a unit’s contribution to an by the closer integration of key By correctly identifying requirements and implementing amphibious operation and the elements of the Amphibious appropriate solutions, we will be well positioned to establish use of more littoral areas, such as Task Force. Manning and unit ourselves as highly skilled and capable proponents of future the Shoalwater Bay Training Area constructs must more readily warfighting with the ability to achieve the Navy mission ‘to (SWBTA) is required. reflect reality; we must train as we fight and win in the maritime environment’. fight. • Joint Exercises and Interoperability. Single-service • LHDs should carry an embarked and joint exercises must be and fully integrated flight of up to Lieutenant Duncan reviewed and rescheduled to eight MRH 90 aircraft. Carefully MacRae, RAN, joined the support a systematic approach to planned rotation of aircraft and Navy in 1999, graduating building and maintaining (raise, personnel through a maintenance, from the Australian train and sustain) interoperability training, embarkation cycle will Defence Force Academy in and corporate knowledge across ensure continuity and enhanced all areas involved in amphibious ability across both the aviation and 2001 with a Bachelor of operations. surface ship communities. Science. After graduating from PwO Course in 2007, • Large-scale exercises such as • Companies of the online Ready Duncan conducted an Fleet Concentration Period must Battalion should be stationed on operational deployment be shaped around amphibious the LHD in a similar fashion to the scenarios and current dedicated embarked Marine Expeditionary in HMAS Arunta and amphibious exercises such as the Units of the US or the Royal subsequent postings as the Fleet Force Protection Officer and SEALION and SWIFT EAGLE Marines of 3 Commando Brigade. more recently, Operations Officer in HMAS Manoora. series must be further enhanced By remaining embarked over by the dedication of additional a prolonged period (6 to 18 Fleet units to these. Providing months), land forces will be more these assets once every two years acclimatised to operating from the during TALISMAN SABRE is sea and will provide a seriously no longer suitable when none of improved level of readiness the ship’s previous training and in support of strategic level workup has included operations operational requirements. in, or in support of, an amphibious environment. • An afloat HQ element must be embarked. With vast • There must be greater liaison improvements in habitability between Services to synchronise and communications with training opportunities and the introduction of the LHD, exercises. Currently, the full elements of an embarked HQ staff

potential of most exercises is (DJFHQ, HQ 1DIV) would have (Endnotes) not being realised due to the little trouble in maintaining their 1 Being assault, raid, demonstration and withdrawal, with military support operations being cited as another source of amphibious conflict of Service programming current and future functions from operations with focus on such things as humanitarian aid and requirements. This conflict means the dedicated facilities onboard. disaster relief. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 47 21/07/10 11:34 AM 48 Qualities of Leadership By LieuteNANt COMMANDeR tOM LewiS y examining selected qualities of than in the army”, and goes on to – hence the grim naval toast to “A leadership, we can compare Royal give some evidence. He quotes naval bloody war and a sickly season”. (By BAustralian Navy leaders against a set of surgeon Peter Cullen: comparison with promotion rates in criteria. To give an example, this article Th e duty of a sea life is very diff erent times of confl ict, the author knows takes Admiral Lord Nelson, the hero of to that of the military one. For of one RN member who joined as Trafalgar in 1805, as a model, as well as promptitude in obeying orders may a midshipman at the outbreak of examining the characteristics of other be the only safety of a ship or of a WWII, and by 1945 had been made well-known leaders, both civilian and fl eet….A seaman looks up to his Lieutenant Commander.) Admittedly, military. oﬃ cers, as a son to a father, whom many wartime promotions are made To become a true naval leader is he knows to be the more wise, more to people who are members of a navy diffi cult. US Navy Admiral William V. experienced and more skilful than for “hostilities only” and in peacetime Pratt made some useful observations: he can possibly be, because [he is] when the Navy contracts their Th e greatest problem facing the scientifi cally taught.3 positions disappear and in the main career naval oﬃ cer is leadership…. they return to their former life. So many feel that if they follow Th is study takes seven qualities of Th ere are a diminishing number of the course of average naval life, leadership and uses them to measure positions as one climbs the promotion experience will fi nally give them the its subject matter. It is known as “trait pyramid. A further diffi culty is that qualities of the great leader, and leadership”, with some derivation from promotion is within specialisation opportunity may regard them with the “Great Man” model. Th e seven streams. A branch might have one a high command. Few realise that qualities are not exhaustive. Th is study Commodore, fi ve Captains, ten the growth to sound leadership is a suggests a capable naval leader is an Commanders, and so on. So even if life’s work….it requires the wisdom achiever; expert in his or her fi eld; there are eight excellent Commanders the column in and judgement of the statesman, the inspires others, and takes initiative; when it is necessary to promote six London with Nelson’s keen perception of the strategist and impresses by their physical qualities; new ones, only half a dozen will be status atop, erected tactician…but above all, it requires empathises with others, and is an promoted. by a grateful nation 1 sterling worth of character… eff ective communicator. Accordingly, promotion must after trafalgar.

Achievement Discussions of leadership in the armed forces is nothing new. We can imagine Th is is not necessarily discussed by the that the earliest military leaders were means by which it is often measured discussed in a spirited fashion by in armed forces – by promotion – but their subordinates as to the merit – rather in accomplished results. Did or otherwise – of their leadership the person under discussion improve qualities. In naval circles the discussion their organisation? Did they leave it seems not so ancient, but writer John a better place by being a member? Horsfi eld2 noted that articles on what Nevertheless, promotion can often constituted naval leadership appear as mean the member has achieved, and so early as 1759. John Moncreiff published an understanding of it is germane here. Th ree Dialogues on the Navy in that Any hierarchical organisation year, and the British Naval Chronicle must have a certain number of second published “Essay On the Duties of a division leaders; third division leaders Captain”, in 1801. and so on. In the Royal Australian Th e duties of a naval leader Navy that means at the top there will are diff erent to those of an army be a Vice Admiral, then some Rear commander. Horsfi eld suggest that Admirals; Commodores, Captains and there is “…a traditionally closer rapport so on. between offi cers and men in the navy In peacetime promotion is slow Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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be recognised as a measure of Navy. Before the fi ght began, the During the battle of Cape St achievement, but include the answer to following dialogue took place between Vincent, Nelson – a man of courage whether the Royal Australian Navy was the lead ships across the water: and action – led the charge of the improved by this person? “Th is is an English frigate. If you do men from HMS Captain up the side not surrender, I will fi re.” of the Spanish 80 gun San Nicolas, Expert in one’s Field “Th is is a Spanish frigate. You may followed by “my old Agamemnons” Sergeant Major Miller of the US begin as soon as you please.” - a detachment of the Sixty-Ninth Army served in Vietnam and won Regiment of Foot.1 Together they the Congressional Medal of Honour A fi erce fi ght then took place, and stormed the ship, Nelson leading – America’s highest decoration – for the English began to win. Called with a cry of “Westminster Abbey his Special Forces role. He eventually upon several times to surrender, the or Glorious Victory” and if that was trained US Army members in combat senior Spanish offi cer, Don Jacobo not enough, when fi red upon by the techniques. Many students asked Stuart, replied with: “No sir, not San Josef, which had collided with her him what the secret was to being a whilst I have the means of fi ghting sister ship, he seized the moment and man who commands the loyalty and left”, thus inspiring his men. When led the way aboard her too. Together respect of his subordinates. His answer the Spanish commander eventually the men from Captain took this was twofold. Th e fi rst was that “… struck his colours, Don Jacobo was ship as well. By the end of the action you must show that you know more most generously treated. Nelson wrote Nelson’s ship had to be towed away, than the soldier you are leading. Your personally to the captain-general to but the British fl eet – outmanned subordinate must be aware that you whom was given the prisoners, and and outgunned – had won the day, have knowledge he does not possess, asked that they be looked after, saying: thanks to Admiral Jervis’s training and that you are trying to teach him”.4 “It becomes great nations to act with and discipline of his men and Nelson’s Anyone who aspires to be a leader generosity to each other, and to soften initiative. Th e tactic was celebrated in and an example to others must the horrors of war”. Both leaders’ the public’s acclaim as “Nelson’s Patent obviously have expertise in their craft. actions inspired their followers in being Bridge for Boarding First Rates”, with In naval terms, that translates as being resolute, courageous and honourable. the man of the moment immediately an expert “ship-driver”; an aviator par Th ere are many examples of how promoted to Vice Admiral. His wife excellence; an engineer possessing a Nelson inspired his people, and it is however, quite understandably begged wealth of theoretical and practical one measure of the man that so many him as an Admiral to “leave boarding knowledge - and so on. Nelson, for did: Hardy, who was with him when he to Captains”. Initiative, of course, often example, was a master at strategy – died; his fellow admiral Collingwood means acceptance of risk.2 which becomes a commander of fl eets whose battle line he raced to be fi rst to Nelson was a man who had the – but also of tactics, which behoves a engage at Trafalgar; ship commander courage of his own convictions, who ship captain. He was also an inspired Berry, who followed him from ship could often have left off and blamed man-manager. How to measure to ship, and Captain Hallowell, who superiors for failure. Instead, he was

greatness relies here on two marks of after the Battle of the Nile made him 1 One of Nelson’s earlier commands, achievement: fi rstly superiors’ personal a present of a coffi n fashioned from the fourth rate 64-gun Agamemnon, which he was given in 1793, had on board a reports, and also the opinions of others. the French ship L’Orient’s mainmast detachment of men from the 69th Foot – Nelson kept it in his cabin and was Regiment; such soldiers serving as marines: Inspirational a curious blend of sea-goers who could indeed buried in it. tail onto a sheet or man the capstan, but Th is leader inspires others to perform preserving step and other land-going Initiative soldierly habits all the while. Men from similar deeds as he or she does. In this this regiment were later deployed on board manner, the leader’s followers may Sometimes described as “going Captain and accompanied Nelson in the boarding action; Nelson handing to one of embark on actions they would not have in where angels fear to tread”, this them, William Fearney, the surrendered attempted if they were leaderless. Often measure means to use judgement and swords of the Spanish offi cers. It is said - see Southey - that Nelson referred to them as this is shown by the leader’s actions advance where necessary. It also means “my old Agamemnons ”. in front of their subordinates. For that the leader is brave in psychological 2 We might note in passing, that the example, Admiral Nelson once engaged terms, and takes the lead where victory at Cape St. Vincent resulted in the ennoblement of Jervis as Earl St. Vincent - with his own two frigates two ships necessary. It does not mean going Jervis Bay, where RAN offi cers are trained, of equal size belonging to the Spanish forward rashly. is named after him, as is the little town of Vincentia on that Bay. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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a man who chose to use initiative and fragments into his face. He suff ered might add that the bearing, carriage advance when he knew the defeat of most terribly and often from wounds, and speech of a leader should be of the the enemy was attainable and essential. quite willing to lead from the front. highest standards. At the Battle of Copenhagen, walking His right arm was amputated after the Empathy the deck while the guns roared their battle of Santa Cruz in Teneriff e due broadsides, and deadly splinters to his being hit by grapeshot. On the Th e great soldier of the 18th century, whistled about his ears, he confi ded way back to the Th eseus Nelson was Frederick the Great, had good advice to Colonel Stewart, commander of lying in the bottom of the boat with on how to attain the next quality of the infantry, who was with him on the a tourniquet around his arm, barely leader – Empathy: quarterdeck, that he would not be conscious. When they reached the ...talk with the soldiers, both when “elsewhere for thousands”. Whether he ship, he was half-hauled on board, you pass their tents or when they was fearful or not – and who would not clinging to a rope with one arm while are on the march. Sample often to have been – Nelson led by example. he climbed up the ship’s side. Once on see if the cookpots have something And when his uncertain superior, board he gave orders for the surgeon good; fi nd out their small needs and Admiral Parker, made the signal to to be called immediately, saying “for do what you can to satisfy them; leave off the action, Nelson refused to I know I must lose my arm, and the spare them unnecessary exertion. see it, putting his telescope to his blind sooner it is off the better.” But let fall the full vigor of law on the eye and exclaiming: “I really do not see Th is is what is meant by “looking mutinous soldier, the backbiter, the the signal”. Th e British won the battle the part of a leader”: behaving in such pillager...10 with much help from Nelson’s use of a way that people can be inspired. But initiative. it is also something more. It means to Empathy is diffi cult to defi ne, and look resolute and act with resolution even more diffi cult to live up to. It Impressive Physical – as did Nelson. To lead by example. means to be able to imagine yourself Qualities To not show physical cowardice. Th e – as leader – in the role of your What is meant by this? It might be great Russian soldier and writer Von people, and to show that. According rephrased as “looking the part of a Clausewitz said: “War is the province of to the Collins English Dictionary, it leader”. Would anyone have said that danger, and therefore courage above all is: “the power of understanding and Horatio Nelson achieved this? Yes – things is the fi rst quality of a warrior”. imaginatively entering into another and no. A short, thin man not blessed Th e author WJ Wood defi ned “physical person’s feelings”.11 What does it mean with good looks, he fi rst entered the courage” in Leaders and Battles as in example? British navy in 1771 as a midshipman involving “ the exposure of the body to General Montgomery said to his at 12 years and three months.5 Despite the threat of wounds or death”.6 One troops at the Battle of Alamein: “We being prone to sickness: “I have had all of the most famous generals of WWII, will stand and fi ght here. If we can’t the diseases that are”, he once said; he General Montgomery, as Wood later stay here alive, then let us stay here adapted well to the vigorous and often notes, added to that “moral courage: “… dead”.12 Th e word to notice here is “we” dangerous life that was the Navy. He that resolution and that determination – Montgomery was, as the defi nition volunteered early in his service for a which will enable him to stand fi rm above says, entering into the feelings two-ship voyage to the Arctic, where when the issue hangs in the balance””.7 of all of his people, who feared that he and a fellow midshipman left the Another notable British General, they would die. Churchill’s best known ice-bound ship in the middle of the Wavell, agrees: he calls it “robustness”, speech of WWII did the same: “We night to hunt polar bears. Th e two and notes: “Th e general is dealing with shall defend our island, whatever the adventurers were later seen attacking men’s lives, and must have a certain cost may be, we shall fi ght on the a bear some distance from the ship; a mental robustness to stand the strain landing grounds, we shall fi ght in the signal was made for them to return; of this responsibility”.8 It might include fi elds and in the streets, we shall fi ght which they did reluctantly. “panache”, which the military novelist in the hills: we shall never surrender.” Nelson was a man of raw physical Ronald Welch once described as: “… Such statements say to you – the courage who led by example. He lost the almost untranslatable expression listener – that your leader will be with an eye when an enemy shell, exploding of dash, of valour, the ability to do you, no matter what the cost. during the siege of Calvi in Corsica, things with an air of reckless courage It was said of Isambard Kingdom drove splinters and dust and rock and inspiring leadership”.9 Finally, we Brunel, builder and designer of Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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railways, bridges, tunnels and ships: of what “you” have done; “Like a true leader, he inspired willing not “my troops” or even work by occasionally rolling up his what “we” have done, sleeves and working alongside them”.13 but of what “you” have For the leader of warriors it is the same: done.16 Slim was later share their burden; put yourself last a Governor-General of where you can, and realise that the Australia from 1953 to privilege of rank is actually the privilege 1960, and he certainly of being allowed to lead fi ne people, was then a “man of the not material benefi ts. people”. Th ousands of Attention to detail is part of this years earlier the Greek quality. Captain D. Michael Abrashoff warrior Xenophon said commanded USS Benfold for a little something very similar: the Battle of 3 under two years in the late 1990s. “A good leader gives direction, sets an he stood in strong contrast with many waterloo by Robert He brought the ship to a high peak example, shares danger or hardship other senior naval offi cers: even an Hillingford shows of effi ciency, and later analysed the on an equal footing and wins the Admiral as outstanding as Jervis, later the General giving reasons behind why the ship became a willing support of others.” It has been Earl St. Vincent, had a reputation for encouragment to one of the British squares byword for the right way to get things said of another mighty Greek leader being fair but also harsh. While the during the battle. done. One interesting aspect of this is – Alexander – certainly amongst the naval mutinies of Spithead and the that Abrashoff stepped aside from the greatest generals in military history, Nore raged, Nelson’s ships remained top role in some ways: he let the people that: aloof from the dispute, although the he commanded know that it was not He shared in the men’s dangers, as stories had leaked through to his ships’ “his” ship, but “their” ship. His book is the scars of his wounds testifi ed… companies.4 It is signifi cant that when signifi cantly titled It’s Your Ship. he ate the same food as they did. He the Th eseus, a ship implicated in the At the Naval Academy we studied was highly visible….he fought hard mutinies, was sent to join Nelson’s legendary military leaders, from himself but he was ever on the watch ships, a scrap of paper was casually Alexander the Great to Dwight for any acts of conspicuous courage dropped on her quarterdeck a fortnight D. Eisenhower, but I sensed that in the face of danger amongst his later. It read: something was missing from those men.17 Success attend Admiral Nelson! portraits. Biographers described their victories and heroic gestures, Sergeant Major Miller, who we have 3 We might pause here for a byword on Nelson and the offi cers of his time. but my years in the Navy taught met before, had a second criteria Nelson, by comparison with many of his me that the art of leadership lies for the good leader. You needed to fellow captains, was often merely logical: he did not have the eccentricities of many of in simple things – commonsense demonstrate for your people: his peers, some of whom dressed their gig actions that ensure high morale and A genuine concern for his safety crews somewhat strangely according to their personal taste; were hopeless drunkards, or increase the odds of winning…I and well-being. Th e concern must simply dull. Although promotion was not found that the more control I gave be real, because a young soldier purchased, as was the curious norm in the British Army, incompetent offi cers were up, the more command I got. In the can spot a faker a mile away. If your not unusual, some having risen to their beginning, people kept asking my concern for him is genuine – and he rank through patronage or semi-political plotting. Earl St. Vincent, Admiral John permission to do things. Eventually knows it – then you can rest assured Jervis, the great reformer of the British Navy I told the crew, “It’s your ship. You’re that he will follow you into the jaws at this time, never tired of reminding offi cers 18 that “…the present indiscipline of the Navy responsible for it. Make a decision of death”. originated with the licentious conduct of and see what happens”.14 the offi cers”. He was straightforward in his criticism. Sir Charles Knowles of Goliath, Nelson by the standards of his time had for example, was described by Jervis as “…an Th e great WWII General Sir William the gift of being able to imagine the imbecile, totally incompetent, the Goliath no use whatever under his command”. Slim said: “Th e best way to get known hardships of his men, and was just and On one occasion, three mutineers were to your men is to let them see you and considerate in his actions. Although convicted on a Saturday, to be executed at 8.00am the following morning. Vice Admiral hear you by going among them and Nelson served in a time when naval Th ompson protested about the execution on talking to them”15 In his talks to his discipline was stern, he was never one a Sunday and was immediately overruled by troops Slim always reminded his men to fl og a fl eet into shape. In this respect, Jervis, who had him removed from the fl eet. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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God bless Captain Miller! We thank In other words part of empathy made the same journey the following them for the offi cers they have consists in knowing what is required night to ensure that his orders had placed over us. We are happy and by one’s own leaders, as well as one’ been obeyed, since they had been comfortable, and will shed every own people. Th e British historian John received ‘in a sulky manner’, and drop of blood in our veins to support Keegan opines that General Ulysses when he found that they had not, them, and the name of the Th eseus S. Grant, unlike other Generals of he put the offi cers under arrest, shall be immortalized as high as the the Civil War, was well aware that the marched them to headquarters and Captain’s – Ship’s Company. American people “required humility had them tried and cashiered.20 to the authority of government”. Grant Th is was the commander who even put himself forward with just that, Th ere are many other such leaders before his fame grew to its eventual and – importantly – even given the who exhibit a special empathy that immense proportions had men petition highest military offi ce, he chose not to mark them out for a place in history. to serve under him, and who often took surround himself with the trappings of Some are only found in misty historical a personal interest in their welfare. offi ce. Keegan’s thoughtful words are accounts: Arthur of the Britons, Although we might think of such worth quoting in full: for example, while others are more interest as being perfectly normal, the Generalship is bad for people. fi rmly known: Alfred of the Saxons period of the Napoleonic Wars was As anyone intimate with military who fought the invading Danish to a a hard and savage era of history, with authority knows only too well, the standstill in Britain around 871 and the “mob” below and leaders such as most reasonable of men suff use with beyond.21 But a common mark of all Nelson far above. Nelson, unusually for pomposity when stars touch their such leaders were that they knew their the age, while not rubbing shoulders shoulders. Because “General’ is a people, and they placed themselves on all occasions with his men, saw word which literature uses to include amongst them, and therefore knew them as being humans and worth his in the same stable Alexander the of their problems; shared their hopes, time. On one of the many occasions Great and the dimmest Pentagon despair and triumphs – and all were he was wounded, Nelson refused paper-pusher, perfectly well- loved as a result. to allow attention to be paid to him balanced colonels begin to demand Communication before the others of the ship’s company the deference due to the Diadochi awaiting the surgeon’s ministrations. when promotion carries them to A great communicator can make all On another occasion, after the Battle the next step in rank. And military the diff erence in a precarious situation. of Copenhagen, he visited the hospital society, that last surviving model It was the opening moves of Waterloo in which his men lay wounded even of the courts of heroic war leaders, when a tactical commander was told by before visiting his mistress Emma regularly does them the favour of General Wellington what was needed: Hamilton. Unusually for the age, he indulging their fantasies.19 Captain Moyle Sherer, who was took especial interest in his men, giving serving in Hill’s division, had their nurses a guinea each as a mark Even a somewhat distant leader – recognised in the three columns of especial encouragement in their Wellington, the victor at Waterloo in of ‘black enormous masses’ in the Admiral Nelson in duties.5 1815 – knew what was necessary in glittering steel and clouds of dust, 1800, fi ve years this area. Keegan, once more, noted of his fi rst sight of a French army… before the Battle 5 It should be noted that the British of trafalgar (Public public had become to a certain extent largely Th e Duke: thoughts of Boney’s invasion camp inured to the brilliance of some of their domain). offi cers. It was expected that British fl eets …hearing after the siege...that many at Boulogne, of would win against numerical odds, and a [troops] had been left without Italy overrun, single-ship action (ie: one frigate against another) was always expected to result in shelter, he rode thirty miles after of Austerlitz, of a victory. Such an attitude persisted in the dinner to expel some uncaring Jena fl ooded his minds of “the mob” for years, and indeed in the minds of many of its captains. Captain offi cers from their lodgings and mind. Suddenly Philip Broke in Shannon epitomised this install the wounded in their place. He he heard a loud, attitude in 1813 against USS Chesapeake deep voice where he took on the enemy and won a victory in such a decisive manner that one ever seen, so the expectation was somewhat issuing orders: deserved. It may be, by actions such as these might be excused for thinking it the norm, “If they although the British were in fact doing badly and well aware of the fi ckle crowds who against the Americans at the time. Th e could quite often infl uence the government, attempt this that Nelson was simply insuring himself British Navy was then (and perhaps is now) point again, the most expert naval force the world had against political disaster. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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Hill, you will give them a volley, and fl eet was largely pounded to pieces, and communicator. We have seen many charge with bayonets; but don’t let Napoleon and his army were stranded great leaders who exhibited those traits. them follow them too far down the in Eygpt. Nelson had hoisted just two Th is series will examine how many of hill.” signals through the entire battle.24 Australia’s naval leaders performed in Th e style of this order – ‘so For the autocratic manager this these fi elds. decided, so manly’ – was just what would have been disastrous – an Sherer needed. It fi lled him with authoritarian leader would not trust confi dence, leaving him in ‘no doubt’ his subordinates to make momentous that he and his comrades would decisions and fi ght on their own. repulse any attack. Yet at the same Nelson, however, trusted his individual time Lord Wellington’s manner was captains. So too, in the long pursuit (Endnotes) simplicity itself, without a touch of of the French, years later in 1805, he 1 Montor, Professor Karel, and bludgeoning or bombast: He has had regular meetings with his “Band Major Anthony J. Ciotti USMC. (Eds.) Fundamentals of Naval Leadership. nothing of the truncheon about him; of Brothers” – the name fi rst applied Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1984. (77) nothing foul-mouthed, important, to those who fought under him at 2 Horsfi eld, John. Th e Art of Leadership in War. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 25 or fussy: his orders on the fi eld are the Nile. During the long chase the 1980. (8) all short, quick, clear, and to the offi cers would pool their ideas for 3 Horsfi eld (12-13) 4 Miller, Franklin, with Elwood JC 22 purpose. forthcoming battles; the best use of Kureth. Refl ections of a Warrior. California: tactics; what a following ship would do Presidio, 1991. (201) 5 Description of Admiral Lord Nelson However, rank does not always when its fellow was sighted engaged and his career are drawn from Kenneth signify that its holder is an eff ective and so on. Consequently even the Fenwick’s HMS Victory; Christopher Lloyd’s Nelson and Sea Power; Peter Padfi eld’s Broke communicator. One needs to be necessity for signals within the ensuing and the Shannon and Robert Southey’s Th e understood at all times. It was once battle was dispensed with; the captains Life of Horatio Lord Nelson. 6 Wood, WJ. Leaders and Battles. said of Admiral Howe of the RN, a First knew each others’ minds. California: Presidio, 1990. (32) Lord of the Admiralty… “He was also To a certain extent Communication 7 Wood (59) 8 Connelly, Owen. On War and an apostle of new signalling tactics – means to be able to use words Leadership. New Jersey: Princeton an unusual interest for a man whose eff ectively to persuade others. Winston University Press, 2002. (91) 9 Welch, Ronald. Tank Commander. verbal instructions baﬄ ed subordinates Churchill was a great exponent of this. London: Oxford University Press, 1972. by their obscurity”.23 Eisenhower, then a US General and (135) 10 Connelly. (16) Like Wellington, his naval peer later President of the United States, 11 Collins English Dictionary. Sydney: Nelson employed in his leadership style experienced the British Prime Minister Harper Collins, 1991. (510) 12 Adler (116) something quite unusual for its day: the in action: 13 Adler (204) art of eff ective communication. One Churchill was a persuader. Indeed, 14 Abrashoff , Michael. It’s Your Ship. characteristic was to invite others to his skill in the use of words and logic New York: Warner Books. 2002. 15 Adler. (219) contribute their ideas for a campaign, was so great that on several occasions 16 MacDonald Fraser, George. or a battle, or a change of some sort; to when he and I disagreed on some Quartered Safe Out Here. London: Harper Collins, 1995. educate his men and get them – and important matter – even when I was 17 Adler (232) him – to know each others’ minds. convinced of my own view and when 18 Miller, Franklin, with Elwood JC Kureth. Refl ections of a Warrior. California: Nelson embarked upon the Battle of the responsibility was clearly mine – I Presidio, 1991. (201) the Nile in 1798 by letting his captains had a very hard time withstanding his 19 Keegan, John. Th e Mask of Command. London: Pimlico, 1999. (233) 26 engage in individual fashion. Th e arguments.  20 Keegan. (160) French fl eet, anchored by the bows in 21 Encyclopedia Brittanica, CD-ROM version, 1997. a line in shallow coastal water, engaged •• 22 Longford, Elizabeth. Wellington: the in ship to ship fashion by fi ve British Years of the Sword. New York: Harper and Row, 1969. (228-229) vessels sailing inside the line and We began with a suggestion that a 23 Horsfi eld. (37) anchoring, and the rest engaging from capable naval leader is an achiever; 24 Ireland, Bernard. Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail. London: Harper Collins, outside. Th us the French were caught expert in his or her fi eld; inspires 2000. (148-151) between two forces. At the end of others, and takes initiative; impresses 25 Th ursfi eld, James R. Nelson and other Naval Studies. London: John Murray, 1920. hours of fi ghting, the French had lost 1, by their physical qualities; empathises (125) 700 men to the British loss of 200; their with others, and is an eff ective 26 Adler (76) Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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Vice Admiral Sir William Creswell, kcmg, kbe, ran By LieuteNANt COMMANDeR tOM LewiS

in Vice Admiral Creswell the Royal midshipman in charge of the Australian Navy has its father. A ship’s cutter. Not understanding Royal Navy offi cer of extensive and the convention that forbade wide experience, he eventually left crossing the bows of a senior that service at a time when the Navy was going through radical change, in offi cer’s boat, Creswell particular with its propulsion systems commanded his crew to row – from wind to power – and in gunnery harder so as to race and cross in and armour concepts. He was called front of a captain’s vessel. Th e back to the Colours to serve in fi rst the near-collision that ensued also South Australian Navy, and then the saw Creswell taken away from Queensland service. Leading the fi rst command of the cutter. During Australian naval expedition abroad to his ship time he was also to China, he returned in 1901 determined suff er from seasickness. that the new nation should have its A later biographer – own navy, instead of a reliance on the Stephen Webster – notes British Squadron. Once seeing this take place, he then worked tirelessly attaching oneself to a senior to consolidate the force he had largely offi cer for promotion prospects established, and although well due was a recognised method of for retirement, stayed at the helm advancement, but Creswell to guide the ﬂ edgling force through was not successful in this 3 wwi. Given Creswell’s consistent and endeavour.’ He was posted to Vice Admiral Creswell unwavering belief in the need for an the frigate HMS Phoebe, a sailing ship to Britain in 1871 Creswell was 5 Australian navy, it is not surprising that which had been converted to engines. appointed Sub-Lieutenant. He he made political enemies, some of In this vessel, and in company with was posted to HMS Minotaur in whom were to harass him even into his fi ve other RN ships, Creswell travelled the Channel Fleet. RESWELL retirement. But Creswell’s policies have C halfway around the world. Th e cruise In 1873 Creswell joined HMS since been vindicated by the historical events of the last century, and he is now of the ‘Flying Squadron’ was under the Th a l ai in Singapore. Th a l ai was rightly and generally recognised as the direction of Rear Admiral Sir Geoff rey somewhat of a curiosity – Phipps Hornby, and directly concerned Creswell described her and founder and father of the RAN. 4 with the education of young offi cers. her sister ship Juno as a A visit to the ‘Spanish Main’ saw combination ‘corvette and HO S orn in Gibraltar on 20 July 1852, Creswell’s second language of Spanish troopship’. He was soon NO RTU R INTEGRITAS VI William Rooke Creswell saw brought to the fore as his Captain’s temporarily transferred Bextensive service at sea around the Aide-de-Camp. Th en the ship travelled to Midge, a small sloop, barque-rigged world. At the age of 13 he joined the on to the West Indies, Central America but with twin screws. A series of Royal Navy, fi rst of all in the training and then to Australia. His leave in missions followed, often in ships’ boats ship HMS Britannia.1 At the end of Melbourne was undistinguished, and a schooner – the 40-foot Badger his time there, he ‘…was awarded a mainly because a shipmate failed – against pirates. Th ese were small, Qualities of First-class Pass coming out second in a to return to take ship duties for the often desperate events, fought with Leadership class of 46’.2 He otherwise distinguished second week of the ship’s stay. Japan small guns and rockets backed up with himself – in a negative sense – as and Honolulu followed, and returning smallarms. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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One action saw a fierce fight against two large boats and about 120 pirates, with the British contingent heavily outnumbered and, to make matters worse, Badger aground on a mud flat. The ensuing action saw repeated attempts to refloat her while taking defensive action against the pirates, and Creswell and Sub-Lieutenant Abraham Lindesay both wounded. Creswell’s injury was from what he described as a ‘heavy Schneider bullet’ in the thigh. However he continued to fight, and the pirate attack was beaten off and the schooner refloated. The bullet was never found, and Creswell later surmised it was still inside him ‘for the 1 the RANC play rest of his days’. shipping being inspected. One such as a ‘lukewarm interest’ in his future against Duntroon in Both officers were promoted as transgression almost brought Creswell prospects from his own Captain, the 1916 at the newly- a result of the action. According to undone, when he removed seven slaves coveted step to Commander2 would formed College in Webster, this early promotion was from a plantation without sufficient not be forthcoming. Jervis Bay. significant in Creswell’s career – he saw evidence to ensure they were indeed ‘the lesson learned from that jump was recently bought human cargo. He 6 not quickly forgotten’. was found to have used an ‘excess of An appointment to HMS Topaze zeal’ but escaped with a reprimand. as a watch-officer followed, with To make up for this, a little later a voyage to India as escort for the he was able to command a small Prince of Wales. He was posted to steam cutter and capture a ‘splendid Undaunted in February 1876, and then great dhow cram full of slaves’ – the on exchange with another lieutenant biggest capture ever made by HMS of the London while at Zanzibar off the London. 7 African coast. London was employed Although the intricacies of as the depot ship to a number of ‘patrol political manoeuvres did not lay our boats’ – vessels somewhat unlike that Victorian adventurer low, malaria fitting the modern description – open contracted in the region certainly HMAS Creswell in its vessels deployed away from the ship did. Contracting this dehabilitating At the end of the 1870s, and commissioning year for lengthy periods, and for which, as illness, and with London not equipped once home in Britain, the death of of 1958. Foster notes, an ‘iron constitution’ was with the facilities to treat it properly, Creswell’s father had to be dealt with. 8 needed. In these, the RN chased the Creswell was ordered home. He had Creswell is somewhat reticent about small handy boats used by the slave nearly achieved his goal of promotion the reasons for his retirement from traders, then operating offshore where – he and a Lieutenant O’Neill had the Royal Navy at the same time. In they off-loaded their human cargo into received the special thanks of Lord his later autobiography he describes bigger ships. Salisbury, Foreign Minister of the time, his father’s passing ‘and certain other 9 The anti-slavery work was for their work. But without patronage, considerations which need not be dangerous and a constant, almost and with what Creswell described entered into here’ that made him 10 background task of the Royal Navy, decide to leave the Service. His and moreover fraught with possible 1 An excellent account of this horrible biographer notes he did enter into a disaster if diplomatic restraints were traffic is given in the novel Flash for torpedo course at HMS Vernon, but Freedom, by George McDonald Fraser. incurred – not all nations were against Although a fictional account, the author’s the practice, and many resented their meticulous research locates the story well in 2 The rank of Lieutenant Commander the politics and practises of the time. within the Royal Navy was not yet in use. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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other accounts say he was ‘invalided in South Australia is but one example 11 12 out’ from the Royal Navy in 1879. of how a hostile power might suddenly 15 Australia was an attractive prospect, appear and perhaps begin hostilities. and it was later that year, with his Th e eff ective modern communications younger brother in company, that that now we take for granted was not he landed back in Australia. Th e even a dream in the 19th century, ‘Australian interlude’ within the civilian and news was often carried by hand. world is quickly dealt with by Creswell Th e possibility that Britain, and himself. He notes ‘…exploratory by implication her colonies, might expeditions to the Northern Territory; unexpectedly be plunged into a state of RANC with front left Creswell - date unknown. cattle droving from NSW to far north war – which would be announced by Queensland, and in one period of 18 the fi re of enemy ships – was a real fear. months sleeping only once under a Th e presence of the Royal Navy did 13 roof. Much of this time was spent something to stem these feelings, but in the saddle, but as riding was a skill the British squadron was stationed in acquired at an early age, Creswell noted Port Jackson, the harbour for Sydney, no discomfort from this considerable far away from many capitals, on the transformation of his way of life. east coast of the continent. Further, Creswell was in the Northern the Squadron was often depleted Territory in 1885 when it was when ships were away on other Cerberus arriving in Port Phillip Bay with temporary barque rig and raised sides. suggested he return to Naval Service. duties. South Australia eventually Commander Jim Walcot, an ‘old friend purchased Protector, a vessel of 920 and shipmate’ mentioned in a letter to tons displacement and 188 feet in Creswell that he might consider joining length, armed with one eight-inch and 14 16 the South Australian Navy. Th is force fi ve six-inch guns. Other Colonies had been recently formed to give naval also took this course, with Victoria and protection to the State, with similar Queensland both purchasing vessels – bodies being formed by some of the Cerberus and Gayundah respectively other colonies. Creswell refused for a – and organising navies. number of reasons, including that his Th e fears of attack or invasion were prospects were beginning to look good. ongoing and pervasive through much Protector and ship’s company - date unknown. However, a little later, he visited his of Creswell’s career. Alfred Deakin’s brother in Mackay, and found him ill. speech to the Australia Natives return to naval routine was easier than A move to a colder climate, the doctors Association in March 1898 was typical: expected, and eventually, as a bachelor suggested, was essential for better with more evenings free than if he had health. While Creswell was considering Let us recognise that we live in an a family, he had a fair amount of time his future, another letter from Walcot unstable era, and that if we fail in on his hands. He subsequently had arrived, urging reconsideration of the the hour of crisis we may never some leisure to think on the future of off er. Th is time Creswell accepted, and be able to recall our lost national navies and Australia, and began writing was appointed as ‘fi rst lieutenant’ or opportunities. At no period during some of his thoughts down. Th ree 18 second-in-command, under Walcot, the fi rst hundred years has the articles were published in the South of the South Australian naval service’s situation of the great Empire to Australian Register, and Creswell’s Protector. which we belong been more serious. ideas were appearing in public as a At this point it is worthwhile to From the far east and far west alike commentator on naval aff airs. pause and note the curious state of we behold menaces and contagion… His thoughts centred on three aff airs regarding Australia’s defence in Happily your voice is for immediate main themes. Th e fi rst was that the 17 those days. In her isolation, Australia and absolute union. Australian Colonies needed local naval Qualities of was often seen by its inhabitants as defence if the Squadron were absent. Leadership being vulnerable. Th e arrival in 1882 Th is was the background to much Th e second was that military forts were of three Russian warships off Glenelg of Creswell’s future agitations. Th e insuffi cient to provide defence against Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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long-range gunnery from the seas. Australian political machinations as a later Creswell was left in command, The third theme was that the primary whole. albeit of a force now largely reservist threat might come from foreign raiders In 1888 he married the daughter of in nature. Soon he was promoted to pursuing what the French describe Adelaide Stow, daughter of (the late) Commander. He took it upon himself as ‘Guerre de course’ or war on Justice Randolph Stow. The Creswells to remedy manning shortfalls, and did commerce. moved into a house in Largs Bay, and this with three initiatives: dropping There was often bitter debate over set about raising a family. Three sons the requirement for previous nautical naval defence, with many colonists of and two daughters eventually took up experience; introducing weekend the opinion that defence was a matter much of Creswell’s time ashore. He training as opposed to a month-long to be handled – and paid for – by the and his wife were popular figures in cruise, and approaching the local Yacht British Government. Creswell was of their society, and Creswell later became Club (of which he was Commodore) 22 the opposite opinion, and he must have an Honourary Aide de Camp to the for recruits. In all of these measures 20 seen much frustration over defence Governor. he was successful. funding and the pace of change. He In 1890 Creswell took command Another initiative was brought occasionally refers to his feelings in his of the South Australian naval forces about by a tragic event of some five autobiography: while Walcot took a year of leave, years earlier. This was the destruction with Creswell as acting Commandant. of the Star of Greece, an iron-hulled It was not until the year 1887, at the During the year Creswell journeyed sailing ship driven ashore off Willunga Colonial Conference of that year, to Melbourne and attended a series in south Australia in a storm of July that the colonial premiers…agreed of public lectures on naval matters 1888. A large loss of life resulted, and to supplement the existing British from the Secretary of the Victorian the Colony’s rescue facilities were squadron by an ‘auxiliary squadron’ Department of Defence – Commander found in a subsequent inquiry to be of five fast third-class cruisers Robert Muirhead Collins. inadequate. It was suggested that and two torpedo-gunboats….But The work on board Protector Creswell become the head of a revised apart from this resolution…the was often mundane, and the ship ‘lifesaving service’. He not only took up indifference of the Australian public, was utilised by the South Australian the cause with enthusiasm – arguing the coldness of the governments, government in a variety of non-naval for new safety standards and a set of continued, and were a source of tasks. Webster records Creswell national laws – but also succeeding in worry and bewildered amazement as being involved in ‘…training obtaining funding for the restoration to me. As a zealous naval lieutenant, reformatory boys, rigging displays of equipment. Subsequently a state- thoroughly convinced of the at the Jubilee Exhibition, ferrying of-the-art lifeboat was acquired by the necessity of cherishing to the utmost important passengers, and providing South Australian government, and 21 the naval services of his country hands for Marine Board work’. He launched by Creswell’s wife in 1896. – the country of his adoption – I was able to devise a practical and Twelve coastal rescue stations were 23 chaffed and fretted at the scant interesting programme of training also established. attention paid to its crying needs, which took advantage of visiting ships, As commander of the South and bitterly envied the care and the local army troops and various Australian Navy, Creswell was in a affection lavished upon the military voyages on board the ship. He was good position to make his thoughts forces. While the Navy is almost also rigorous in his expectations of his public on maritime defence matters, starved, was my angry reflection, the subordinates’ behaviour: when three and he took up this crusade with 19 Army is feasted. Petty Officers deserted their duty for a relish. He gave lectures in a number nearby public house Creswell had them of locations and to a number of 24 For the rest of his naval career Creswell dismissed from the Service. audiences. The naval enthusiast would continue to advance his cause A few years later a crisis beset may have found a ready reception, for by many and varied means. His actions the small navy. The South Australian Germany had embarked on a naval often meant he was involved in debate, government, faced with economic programme that even today would be much of it heated, which reached hardship in 1893, decided to disband impressive: 69 ships to be built over 25 further than the borders of South the force, and Walcot resigned in seven years, including 19 battleships. Australia: occasionally into the pages protest. When the government It was the beginning of an arms race. of The Times in Britain, and also into reversed their position a little while In 1897 Creswell was appointed a Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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Companion of the Most Distinguished South Wales off ered to provide a crew the fourth commission a new RN Order of Saint Michael and Saint for one of the ships of the Auxiliary version proposed for all Australian 26 27 George. Squadron in reserve in Sydney. offi cers joining the force. Th is would In August 1899 he attended the Th e off er fell somewhat fl at, with rate Creswell as a Commander, a Melbourne conference of naval only Protector from South Australia reduction in rank upon which subject commandants, as instructed by the being judged as not too old and slow he immediately wrote to the Admiralty premiers of the colonies, who were for the task. Subsequently Creswell in protest. becoming increasingly enthusiastic commanded the force. His account Protector had survived the trip 28 about the idea of a federal naval force of the expedition has fortunately without damage or ‘defects’, which as Federation became a matter for survived, although it was not included seemed to surprise the local RN force, discussion. Th e conference, as Creswell in his autobiography, completed some as did the lack of any ‘sick’ members on later noted, was tedious, but in the years later. board. Creswell was told by Admiral end a small sub-committee took Creswell noted he was off ered Sir Edward Seymour: ‘I wish you would responsibility for producing a report, command of his old ship primarily teach the battleships to do without with Creswell writing it himself. Th is because he had just left it, and his ‘sick’’. Soon the combined force was urged the formation of a 3000-man stewardship had impressed those now deployed to bombard the fortifi cations naval force, a resolution met later with in charge of the South Australian Navy. at Shan-hai-Kwan, the city at the some disdain by the Royal Navy – for Upon joining, he commented that: sea end of the Great Wall of China. not being strong enough, as well as ‘Every soul on board I knew’. Although However, on the day the fl eet came other reasons. Th e sub-committee’s the ship’s company was largely drawn within range, the fort capitulated. report went largely unnoticed by from Reserve forces – and therefore Such bluff , threat and avoidance of Australia’s politicians, who were might be expected not to be as handy confl ict marked the next few months. largely taken up with the problems of in their abilities – he was pleased to As winter set in, with Creswell gloomily Federation. fi nd out she had been prepared and contemplating the frozen water on the With the outbreak of the Boer War stored for war in around a week from decks of the ship in the mornings, a in October 1899, armed forces came receiving notice to deploy. signal was received recalling Protector once more to public and political On the voyage north the ship’s to Hong Kong. Creswell confessed later attention. In April 1900 Creswell took company were hard at work practising to wanting to take home ‘a trophy’, with up the post of Commandant of Naval for every eventuality. Creswell noted ‘a great bell derelict near the shore’ Forces in Queensland, largely because, the high morale, which survived receiving some covetous glances, but as Bob Nicholls in Statesmen and problems such as tricky navigation it was deemed too heavy to recover. Sailors tells us, the salary was almost through the Barrier Reef; storing water However, someone amongst the double that he was receiving in South at Th ursday Island; ineffi cient loading Australian force saw fi t to commandeer Australia. Webster suggests that the of coal, and a four-day typhoon near a bronze cannon, which eventually possibilities for career improvement the Philippines, where ‘…hatches, ended up at the Royal Australian Naval were probably seen as more attractive ports, every opening on the deck had College in Jervis Bay, where it may be than that of the South Australian Navy. to be closed. Red hot below and hardly seen today. Th e China Boxer rising of May a dry spot on deck was the order of To the sounds of a Highland band 1900 thrust matters of hostilities things’. and the cheers of the 700 men of HMS further into the limelight. Th e more Upon reaching Hong Kong, which Goliath, the little Australian ship began powerful Colonies of Australia pledged Creswell had last visited as a Sub- the journey to Hong Kong, her 120 to answer a call made by beleaguered Lieutenant 28 years previously, he men having done their best to cheer forces in China, and ships and men found himself in the curious possession a return salute. Creswell navigated were volunteered from a number of of no fewer than four commissions. the ship through another typhoon on sources, as Nicholls outlines: Th e fi rst was in the RN as a Lieutenant his way back to the British base, later Victoria proposed raising a force (retired), for naval offi cers hold their learning that a colleague’s ship had of 200 sailors with fi eld guns, while commissions until they die, resign it, or been pooped twice, that is, having Qualities of Queensland and South Australia cabled have it taken from them. Th e second the stern of the ship fl ooded by an Leadership that they could make available ships was as a Captain from South Australia, overtaking and overwhelming wave. from their respective naval forces. New the third as a Queensland offi cer, and Creswell put his survival down to ‘… Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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steaming slowly. The screw did not pin his views. He wrote a number of naval force. The somewhat unwieldy the steep stern down as happens when articles for the Brisbane Courier, once title was ‘Australian Marine Defence: 29 steaming fast’. again in a thin disguise. Advocating The Best Method of Employing Upon the voyage back to Australia a federal defence, Creswell argued Australian Seamen in the Defence Creswell had time to reflect. He later that one of the primary purposes of of Commerce and Ports’. Written in described the expedition ‘…in its main the British Auxiliary Squadron – to blunt terms, the present arrangement purpose…disappointing’, due to the train Australian seamen – had been was described as ‘one of stagnation circumstances dictating the ship’s neglected. He proposed a programme and continued military impotence’. inability to use her main armament. to promote Australian involvement Creswell proceeded in facts and figures However, he valued the ‘…warm- with federal defence, specifically to lay out his proposal: one circulating hearted, kindly reception by the old utilising a ‘special service cruiser’. This federal ship, naval districts; overhaul Service, which rang genuine and true’. would not only be capable of coastal of gunboats; a training ship, and And indeed, the Admiral’s report defence, but would also be capable another three warships at intervals, commented that ‘The Protector was – like Protector – of being deployed together with an Appropriation Act. most useful, being an efficient and elsewhere in the service of the Empire. The paper also laid out organisational well-kept man-of-war, reflecting credit Creswell’s articles were warmly plans for permanent forces, reserves, on Captain, Officers and Men’. Captain received by the newspapers. The Age and training schools. Creswell also was Jellicoe, then the Admiral’s Chief of enthused ‘…a wise policy too. Captain capable of some useful imagery: Staff, and later the famous RN Admiral, Creswell has rendered a service in also commented on Protector as ‘… trying to bring it out of the clouds …the spectacle of 5, 000, 000 Anglo- never having been sick or sorry when and place it on the basis of a practical Australians, with an army splendidly 30 wanted for a job of work’. service.’ The Sydney Morning Herald equipped, unable to prevent the The matter of Federation had been and the Adelaide Register also praised burning of a cargo of wool in sight of 33 pressing when the expeditionary the pieces. Sydney Heads, is only the ordinary force left Australian waters, and on Despite this campaign, Federal consequence of a policy of naval 36 his return Creswell found defence defence matters moved slowly when impotence. had been thrust into a turmoil by this they advanced at all, and they were change to Australian government. The dominated by Army concerns. A The Colonial Conference of 1902, future of naval and army forces was a Federal Committee had been formed held in London, proposed a different hot topic. Creswell had seen foreign to formulate a federal defence policy outline. This suggested Australians powers’ navies – those of Germany out of the colonies’ former activities, would be trained in the ships of an 31 and Russia – in waters near China. but it consisted solely of army officers. Imperial Australian Squadron. The Japan too was emerging as a strong When Creswell was sent by Sir John chief Australian architects were the competitor for territory, and all of this Forrest, the new Minister for Defence, Prime Minister, Edmund Barton meant for Creswell that now more a draft of the military committee’s first and Sir John Forrest, the Minister than ever a combined federal naval deliberations he thought it ‘one to suit for Defence. The proposal met with defence of Australia was of paramount Switzerland or any country with no sea hostility back in Australia, and Creswell 34 importance. frontier’. Furthermore, there was also began to assume more prominence That this defence should be federal emerging a possibility of the abolition in the public eye with his outspoken in nature was the natural opinion of of the State naval forces. criticism. Rear Admiral Beaumont Creswell and many others. But this The first Federal Defence Bill was noted in a private letter that ‘The was a short-lived dream. Financial introduced to the new Parliament popular cry lately has been in favour of stringency was the new order in federal in July 1901. Much debate ensued, Creswell’s Australian Navy – though circles. Furthermore, the Admiralty and the Bill was strongly criticised. It it is more in the papers than amongst 37 was not in a hurry to hand over defence contained nothing in the way of naval the people…’ Prime Minister Barton of this part of the Empire to anything defence proposals, and concentrated introduced a compromise with the 32 35 hastily conceived. instead on ‘citizen soldiery’. Public second reading of the Bill in the new This new campaign – beginning argument followed, and a paper from Parliament: the local naval forces would in early 1901 – saw Creswell return to Creswell arrived in important quarters, not be disbanded. The eventual passing the media as a platform to advocate outlining a proposal for an Australian of the Bill therefore left a solid nucleus Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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43 of opinion that would eventually ‘Rising Sun’ badge. A metal sculpture ‘Defence of Australia’, which was 38 combine into an Australian force. – a collection of bayonets and sword subtitled – signifi cantly – ‘Reports :a) Th e next Prime Minister, Alfred bayonets radiating from a crown – was In reply to questions asked by Minister Deakin, sought re-organisation used as a basis for sketches for an Army of Defence as to the formation of an of the local naval brigades under badge. Th e actual sculpture had been Australian Navy; (b) upon Australian federal control. A conference of naval apparently made on board Protector. Defence; (c) re Submersibles or commandants was organised. Creswell Later it was in the safe-keeping of Submarines’. Th is proposed three was soon appointed by the government Hutton, who presented it at a dinner, cruiser-destroyers, 16 torpedo boat as the (Acting) Naval Offi cer presided over by Creswell, before the destroyers and 15 torpedo boats fi rst Commanding. Under the Australian Major General returned to England. At and second class. Th e two latter types Naval Agreement of 1903 the federal the dinner, he said that the badge had: Creswell described as most useful for government would contribute 200, ‘scouting’ for the enemy. Submarines 000 pounds per annum to the Royal …resulted from a coordinated eff ort he dismissed as being unproven and Navy, which would agree to maintain by the army and navy in South also of such slow speed as to be outrun a certain number of vessels on the Australia…to me it represents by ships. Australian Station, one of these to be not only the coordination of Th e war of 1905 between Japan 39 manned by Australian seamen. military forces, it also represents and Russia was at this time attracting Th e end of 1903 saw a title change the coordination of the naval much attention, and Creswell was for Creswell. From 24 December 1904 and military forces of the off ered a position by Th e Times 45 he was no longer the Naval Offi cer Commonwealth, and this is happily to comment upon matters. He Commanding but rather the Director suggested by the circumstances of its reluctantly declined, but the effi cient of Naval Forces. He had also been construction . . . it was constructed use of “torpedo boat destroyers” by the appointed to the position of Naval aboard the fi rst major sea-going ship Japanese must have weighed heavily on Commandant of Victoria, a post he of the Commonwealth Naval Forces. his mind during the confl ict. 40 held concurrently. Nevertheless, he Although Creswell was advocating was still, in some sense, an impotent Creswell apparently placed the trophy change, and there was indeed fi gure. Alun Evans has pointed out in the care of the Naval Commandant, opposition, there was certainly a quite aptly: ‘…it was almost a lone in Port Melbourne. From there it groundswell of support for Australia battle for him; it speaks volumes was transferred to the Williamstown having input into how Defence matters for the depth of his conviction and Naval Depot, and then Flinders Naval were run. Th e chief reason for this was his assiduous tenacity, that he was Depot where it remained until 1969. cost: Australia by the end of 1905 was 41 successful in the end’. Th e badge is now in Russell Offi ces, contributing 5/12ths of the cost of the Creswell had a serious enemy Canberra. British naval force on the station. As in the shape of the General Offi cer On 1 March 1904 the Deakin pointed out to the Governor- Commanding, Major General Sir Commonwealth Defence Act of 1903 General at that time, the sphere of Edward Hutton. Determined to came into force, with Creswell as operations for that force included 44 46 advance the causes of a land force, Naval Offi cer Commanding (Acting). Chinese and Indian waters. Australia if necessary at the expense of naval Although based in Brisbane, eventually was contributing substantially towards forces, Hutton, whom Webster Creswell took over the ships of the the upkeep of a squadron which Britain describes as ‘always curt and frequently State Navies, which included the would have kept there in any case 42 tactless’, headed the Commonwealth Victorian Cerberus, together with the yet the new country had virtually no Defence Committee. Creswell was torpedo boats Countess of Hopetoun, control over the ships. Deakin waxed Vice President of the Committee, at Childers, Lonsdale and Nepean. eloquent: ‘…we have no identifi cation the instigation of the third Minister for From Queensland came gunboats with the squadron…there is nothing Defence, Senator Dawson. Hutton and Gayundah and Paluma, and torpedo naval that can be termed Australian… Creswell clashed repeatedly, both in boats Midge and Mosquito. South we merely supply funds that disappear committee and beyond. Australia’s Protector was still in service in the general expenditure of the Qualities of However, of interest is the story that and a number of smaller vessels were Admiralty’. It may well be that this was Leadership Creswell, with Hutton, was involved available. the moment when Deakin made up his in the design and choice of the Army’s In 1905 Creswell also produced mind for a uniquely Australian force, Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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52 though as Nicholls points out, we may Meanwhile, in Australia, the argument three-mile limit. Deakin emerged 47 never know with certainty. Certainly settled down into two camps: the from the whole process exhausted, the state of the Australian naval forces British squadron, or an Australian but convinced of the worthiness were at make-or-break: Creswell noted navy. One officer investigating the of destroyers and submersibles for he had ‘…only two Lieutenants on the situation for the Admiralty, Captain any new Navy. At the end of the active permanent list really fit for hard Charles Ottley, RN, was of the opinion year he introduced into Parliament 48 duty’. in a memorandum to the Navy that it a proposal for defensive measures. 1906 saw Creswell visit Britain was best to let the argument ‘run out Coastal forts would be strengthened, for an examination of torpedo craft of steam’. Indeed the Admiralty had a national guard introduced; ships and in all their facets; and to endeavour not replied at the time of the Captain’s submarines purchased, and the whole to visit training establishments of writing – May 1906 – to Fisher’s arrangement closely controlled by the various kinds. In all, he toured around points raised some time before. Ottley British. The outcome was a rejection 20 establishments. The subsequent further noted that the ‘…Australian of some of Creswell’s ideas, especially ‘Report of the Director of Naval Naval Agreement still has 7 years to in connection with British control and 49 Forces’ was aimed mainly at showing run. During those 7 years the present with the adoption of submarines. It is that building torpedo boats within agitation in favour of a local Australian worth while noting, however, that on Australia was indeed possible, with Navy will very possibly disappear’. one point the Admiralty would not models of the vessel firstly provided. He was blunt in further criticism: the budge: in times of war any Australian The change to oil-fired engines was desire for a local force was labelled force would come under their control. noted. Also suggested were the ‘sentimental considerations’. Ottley The Assistant Secretary of the differences that vessels designed in further was of the opinion that much Admiralty, W. Graham Greene, was of Britain but operating in Australia of the support came from ‘the Irish the opinion in February 1908: would require, and special reference element’, ‘a section of the Labour was made to the rough nature of Party’ (sic) and of course the people Under international law there is only Australian seas outside the enclosed already employed in navy work within one executive authority in the British waters of the Barrier Reef. This report Australia. Creswell, incidentally, was Empire capable of being recognised would have confirmed Creswell in the misspelt throughout with a double ‘s’. by foreign states, Colonial ships minds of many readers as an expert in September 1906 saw Creswell cannot operate independently of the 53 his field: it is authoritatively written; involved in the dismissal of a Sick Berth Royal Navy. logical, explanatory, and recognises Attendant, William S. Patchett, in what arguments for and against various eventually became a controversial In 1908, Colonel H Foster, Director of 51 ship types. The Brisbane Courier was matter that made the papers. Military Studies at Sydney University, probably echoing the sentiments of Patchett brought a defamation case produced, ‘with Remarks thereon by many in September of that year when it against a Warrant Officer, and the Captain WR Creswell’ the report ‘The 54 commented on the wisdom of Creswell matter dragged on through Patchett’s Defence of Australia’. This pointed out being able to devote all of his time to discharge and an eventual court- that an attack on Australia would mean Commonwealth naval matters: martial. Creswell’s role was negligible, that any enemy would automatically but the publicity could not have been be at war with Britain, but it did not This is a recognition of services welcome. discount small attacks on Australia. whose value can only be estimated The 1903 Naval Agreement was It saw the need for small garrisons to by those who have had an reviewed at the Colonial Conference protect ‘the capitals and Newcastle’; opportunity in following the work he of 1907. It was apparent that there and organised mobile forces to deal has done both as State and Federal was now a softening of ‘One Navy, with attacks elsewhere. Naval forces Commandant in combating the One Empire’ policy, and suggestions would interdict any large movements prejudices of the Admiralty and were made about an Australian against the land, and also provide in pleading for the recognition of force. However, questions were left protection for troops being moved as Australian nationality…It is largely unanswered, including those relating to necessary. due to his representations that men the overall command of the ships, their The report seems to represent a like Admiral Fitzgerald now favour type and number, and the legal status of small backdown for Creswell, but given 50 an Australian navy… the ships operating outside Australia’s that he was in a supplementary role, Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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this is not surprising. Th ere was no for a ‘fl eet unit’, a battlecruiser3, around established 57 mention of numerical strengths, either which a fl eet could be built. Th e need by 1933, was in army troops or naval platforms. for the Australian force to fi t into the created, with a In essence, this seems what might in RN force, and that of other Empire force of 15, 000 later years have been called a ‘position colonies such as New Zealand, was members manning p a p e r ’. important. An Imperial Conference 18 cruisers, 18 Th e arguments over the nature of 28 July 1909 led to the formation by destroyers, 12 of a naval force went back and forth Canada and Australia of independent submarines and through the fi nal months of the navies; but those navies would operate three support Deakin government. How should it be as an integral part of the RN in time of ships. A Naval 58 Battle map Sydney composed; who should have control; war. While the fi nal composition was Board was proposed, as well as a Naval versus emden. where should its men be trained, and not immediately decided, it was agreed College for education of offi cers. more besides. One of the clinching that the new Australian navy would On 11 March 1911 Creswell was arguments for the building of an need destroyers. Australian force was the growing What of Creswell? He was now 57, recognition of German ambitions. Th e but still in good health, despite the Two-Power Standard, by which the Schneider bullet somewhere inside 59 RN was kept at the strength of any two him. He inspected the building of other Great Powers, was being eroded, the fi rst two destroyers, Parramatta and the cries of the British public and Yarra, in Britain. A third ship – refl ected a desire for more great ships: Warrego – after being built there was ‘we want eight, and we won’t wait’, was to be re-assembled at the Cockatoo a popular proclamation, and saw a Dockyard in Sydney to provide a HMAS Sydney 55 similar feeling across the Empire. beginning for Australian warship With the building, after 1906, of a building. Although in principle a good Dreadnought fl eet for the Royal Navy idea, this project and others beyond – a programme that made all other it were to fall foul of a combination of battleships obsolete overnight – the poor management, union problems, presence of an Australian naval force, and machinery ineffi ciency. However, which could be added to the RN in Warrego was launched a year later. time of need, was a catalyst. If the As well as this ship-building Australians were determined to have programme, Creswell was organising their own force then it might be best training, shore units and the structure emden aground postbattle for the Admiralty to at least infl uence of the new Navy – all overseen, of the nature of that force so they could course, by the Royal Navy, mainly in promoted to Rear Admiral. He had use it in time of need. With the the shape of Admiral Sir Reginald been a captain since 1895. Th e year also second Labor government (of Prime Henderson, an old shipmate of saw Creswell honoured with the award 60 Minister Andrew Fisher) in power and Creswell’s from 40 years before. A of a knighthood, the second degree of advocating an Australian force the old grand vision of a two-ocean navy, the Most Distinguished Order of Saint 61 arguments were ended. On 5 February 3 Th e development of warship types Michael and Saint George, giving 1909 the Australian government cabled in long and complicated, but the concept him the post-nominal of KCMG. He of a ‘battle ship’ revolved around a ship its representative in London to open which could take its place in the ‘line of was now appointed to the new Naval 56 tenders for fi ve destroyers. battle’, referring to the lines in which ships Board, as the First Naval Member. But had traditionally fought. Th is meant by Although there was much pressure this time a heavily gunned ship that was not all were favourably impressed. Th e from various parties to build a also armoured against its enemies. Th e newly arrived Commander in Chief, battlecruiser was a less armoured and dreadnought to add to the RN’s might, Vice Admiral Sir George King-Hall, therefore faster ship that could scout ahead or even to buy one outright for Britain, of the battle line. Unfortunately the two observed that, in his opinion, Creswell Qualities of the Australian proposal stood fi rm. terms eventually became synonymous ‘talks too freely to reporters’, and also – in many minds; the WWII meeting of Leadership But the nature of the new force was the Hood and the Bismarck showed what refl ecting perhaps his own teetotaller now the main subject. Some argued happened when a battleship caught a habits – that Creswell drank to excess: battlecruiser. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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‘…too much whisky I think. Two glasses 62 at lunch and a glass of port on top’. On 10 July 1911 King George V granted the title of ‘Royal Australian Navy’ to the Permanent Commonwealth Naval forces. The RAN moved ahead with the implementation of its fleet and the organisation to support it. A Navy Office was established in Melbourne. Cockatoo Dockyard arose again as a problem, with the Third Naval Member, Engineer Captain William Clarkson, arguing against it. The timetable of building the new was to be implemented. And a site for the Naval German Cruiser emden College had to be chosen, which was didn’t get any’’, and ‘If you were on some of it in public, with Parliament (Photo Franz Joseph). primarily the duty of the Second Naval watch it was gone by the time you came involved, and a large amount of Member, Captain Chambers. Jervis Bay down and you didn’t get any until the acrimony and accusation. The end 64 was eventually decided upon, although next meal’. result was that while the grounds and buildings were Life was difficult, too, on the Naval Hughes-Onslow being prepared a first intake was Board. One matter of 1913 led to much was dismissed chosen and settled at a temporary site bitter discussion – the discovery that in late 1913. of Osborne House in Geelong. The the only Fleet unit in the Pacific area For a time it appointment and status of the officer would be the Australian one. The looked as if the who would command the ‘Fleet Unit’ collection of outdated vessels on the dismissal of – that is, the command of the fleet China Station was not considered a other members when at sea – had to be decided. Naval useful addition if indeed a conflict including intelligence was organised, primarily arose – perhaps with the newly trained Creswell would under the auspices of Commander and somewhat aggressive Japan. follow, on the Walter Thring. Another problem was the arrival basis of making 1912 saw the acquisition of Sobraon, of the new Second Naval Member, a clean sweep an ex-clipper, given a new life as a Captain Constantine Hughes-Onslow. and a fresh training ship, and renamed HMAS Aggressive and of strong opinions, he start. Indeed, Tingira. Moored in Sydney Harbour, looked set to become a difficult person. Creswell may be she moved very little, but provided a Indeed this was so, with Hughes- seen as having salty experience for young teenagers, Onslow perceiving many challenges to been weak here: who scrubbed the decks and learnt his authority, and arguments arising, as Nicholls Captain Von Muller of about matters nautical under the including with Creswell. This state of has pointed out, he might have acted the emden. 66 guidance of experienced sailors. affairs eventually crystallized into a sooner to hold the board together. An The training was hard: as one of the re-worked version of the plan for the alternative view might be that Creswell original sailors recalled, they received defence of the Pacific area, with Thring was being strong by not contributing for breakfast ‘…a steaming bowl of hot combining with Clarkson and Hughes- to a discussion in a way which would 63 cocoa, and a hard sea biscuit’. Every Onslow to take on Creswell and others. simply add fuel to the fire. However, trainee had to be quick for meals, and This was presented to the Naval Board eventually the issue died down and 65 it almost appeared as if the Navy made in June 1913. Creswell’s place was once more secure. a practice of ensuring some missed out The new report proposed an On the horizon a bigger problem was as a form of encouragement. As one abandonment of the Henderson ideas building for the new Navy. recalled: ‘…the call was made ‘‘Come and concentration on a new forward In contrast with these bitter and and get it’ – and if you were last you defence policy. Much debate ensued, tiresome debates about structure and Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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direction, there was one signifi cant Based in the colony of Tsingtau on the balanced the demands made on the and glorious event of 1913: the coast of China, they were at large in the new Navy with the growing status 71 entrance of the Fleet to Sydney Pacifi c. Australia led a fl otilla of ships of the new, and fortifi ed, Australian 72 Harbour. On 4 October the brand- to fi nd them. Th e German Admiral, nation. However, he had a major new HMAS Australia, wearing the Von Spee was not to be found and the struggle with the fi rst Minister for fl ag of Rear Admiral Sir George search was to be in vain. Paradoxically, the Navy, Jens August Jensen. Jensen Patey, led a proud collection of ships: the fi rst action of Australian naval emerged as Minister after the division the cruisers Melbourne, Sydney forces was on land: the taking of in mid-1915 of the massive and and Encounter, with the destroyers a German radio station in New unwieldy Department of Defence 67 Warrego, Parramatta and Yarra. Th e Guinea. A short battle ensued, and an into separate departments for each fl ag of Admiral Sir George King-Hall offi cer and a sailor were killed on the of the Services. Although the new was struck, signifying the transfer of Australian side before the station was Department of the Navy had acquired

responsibility to Patey and the end taken. its own cabinet representative Jensen of Admiralty responsibility for the Later in the year a battle took was to become a thorn in Creswell’s 74 station. Further ships were building, place between the cruisers Sydney side. and the submarines AE1 and AE2 were and Emden off Australia’s north-west Creswell was concerned with the readying for their passage to Australia. coast. Th e raider Emden had sunk future of the Navy and Australia after Th e future looked promising for the or captured 25 victims before being the war. Japan, although an ally was new Navy. caught by Captain Glossop, who already, even in 1915, being seen as 75 In July 1914 Creswell was on leave. had been despatched from a convoy, a potential threat. How should any Commander Th ring received a warning ferrying troops to Eygpt, to confront future force be structured? A proposal message from the Admiralty and took the raider. Although Captain Von was resurrected to bring back the steps to place the new Navy on a war Müller fought bravely and capably, his concept of ‘one Imperial force’ but footing. Around 9, 000 men were ship was no match for Sydney and was this was rejected largely through the 68 ready to meet the call. 16 ships were pounded into a wreck and eventually condemnation of the Dominions. 69 76 in commission, with fi ve building. beached on the North Keeling islands. Creswell himself thought it lacked Creswell’s many years of planning and Th is is another triumph for Creswell’s strategic vision, something he evidently preparation were not to be in vain. Navy: although much of the crew were had: according to his biographer Creswell called immediately for British, many were Australian, and the Webster he was an enthusiastic strict censorship of naval matters, ship was fought well by all of them. supporter of both oil-fi red boilers and and harsh penalties for transgression. Th e war years saw their share of of the new force component of aviation Port protection and the despatch political trouble. Creswell sometimes being brought to the service of both the of troops were concerns, and of disagreed with the usage of RN and military and of naval forces. pressing immediacy was dealing with Australian ships, for example, with the Creswell worked with Captain German possessions and ships in the decision to use Australian and New Arthur W Jose, who was employed in Pacifi c area. Th e Navy offi ce was re- Zealand ships in island operations the Intelligence section of the Royal 77 organised in practical terms, with a in the Pacifi c rather than the hunt Australian Navy. Jose was in the 1920s 73 24-hour watch system presided over for German warships. Th i s w a s to begin work on a Creswell initiative: by Creswell, Captain Gordon Smith – vindicated somewhat by the sinking of the story of the RAN in WWI, which 70 who had replaced Hughes-Onslow two British warships by Scharnhorst was to become the offi cial history of – Clarkson and Th ring. Although and Gneisenau in the Falklands. the Navy in the War. command of the Navy was transferred Creswell knew that if Australia had not Further problems during Creswell’s to the Admiralty much background been tied to such local operations the war included arguments about the responsibility remained within outcome would have been diff erent. protocol of communication between Australia. Other struggles included the the Admiralty (in Britain) and the Th e German presence near ownership and responsibilities attached Naval Board and diffi culties in the Australia was formidable. Th ey to various Pacifi c colonial claims. arrangement of Naval Intelligence. One Qualities of possessed three light cruisers – Creswell managed to establish regular person who frustrated matters was the Leadership including Emden – and two armoured patrolling along both the east and Governor-General, Sir Ronald Munro- cruisers, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. west coasts of Australia. He carefully Ferguson. In those days the role of the Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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79 then Governor-General was much leader for the College was lost. was not receiving any pension, as no 81 more concerned with the mechanics of After the Great War the Board was superannuation scheme existed. government than the largely symbolic overhauled, and Creswell’s age was a The request was refused, with the role it was to become in later years. factor in reconstruction. He was past Naval Board citing Creswell’s supposed Munro-Ferguson was at odds with the RN mandatory level of retirement, non-qualification by sea-service Creswell in particular concerning the and it was obviously a suitable time to and command. The letter of refusal, issue of communication between the withdraw gracefully from the scene, Nicholls records, was even ‘scrappy, 82 Admiralty and the Australian Naval given the end of hostilities and the badly prepared and typed’. But two Board. Another fight was with the difficulties of the Board. However, years later feelings had changed and Governor-General’s secretary, who was the management problems had Creswell was promoted to the rank involved in intelligence matters, but in managed to become a media matter, of Vice Admiral. This messy interlude a manner not approved of by Creswell. and Creswell’s position was implied by may have given rise to some confusion Creswell clashed with the new the Argus newspaper as a cause, and about Creswell’s retirement date. The Minister over a number of matters, the failures – real and imagined – of Naval Archives Branch’s Outline of 80 including the arrangement to the Navy’s administration. It must Australian Naval History, for example, purchase the completely unsuitable be admitted that the relationship gives his retirement date as 1922. ship Emerald, at first unbeknown to with another member of the Board Creswell enjoyed another decade Creswell, and the acquisition of the – Clarkson – had never been really and more of a busy retirement, Shaw Wireless Works, located in repaired after the Hughes-Onslow combing rural pursuits with an Randwick, NSW. The ship and the affair, and the effectiveness of the active interest in many schemes Works were both bad purchases for Board had suffered as a result. It is hard for the development of Australia: the Navy. In addition, Jensen neglected to apportion blame, but there must be horsebreeding; developing the Murray the Board: from his appointment to some attached to Creswell as well as his River, and more. From the Ferndale his departure in 1917 the Board met opponent. property Creswell also wrote the first 14 times, with Jensen attending only Creswell’s last months within the part of his memoirs – Close to the 78 once. Navy and in the early stages of his Wind. In retirement he continued a On a personal note, in 1917 retirement were not marked by a happy deep interest in the Navy, and was not Creswell lost two sons to the war. This relationship between the Service and averse from writing letters both to must have been shattering, and made himself. The first taste of petty-minded people of influence and the Press. He all the more so by the pressing weight bureaucracy was when Creswell wrote took an active role in the management of running the Navy in wartime. It to the Minister asking him for travel of Ferndale, and travelled overseas. 83 must have been a terrible situation for warrants to visit Queensland, New Creswell died on 22 April 1933 a father and a naval officer: prosecuting South Wales and South Australia – after a bout of pneumonia, at the 84 the war with all the vigour he could all States where he had commanded age of 80. He was survived by his muster, but knowing that war was naval forces. Acting Minister Poynton family, including his wife. Although killing his sons. refused to allow the authorisation. his later years had been marked by The interference with the role of the Creswell retired in 1919 at the some ill-feeling, the respect in which Naval Board continued under the next age of 67 to a 450 acre farm called the navy held Creswell was to grow Minister, Joseph Cook, in the closing ‘Ferndale’ north of Melbourne. A in the decades that followed. From stages of the war. An example, which year later he wrote to Cook, the new the early 1950s it became clear that effectively amounted to an abrogation Minister for the Navy. He pointed out Flinders Naval Depot, near Melbourne, of the role of the Board, concerned that the ‘almost invariable custom’ of where naval officer training had been the performance of the Commanding granting a member the next higher transferred in 1930, was becoming Officer of the Naval College at rank on his retirement had not been overcrowded. The government Jervis Bay, Commander Grant. This followed in his case. Creswell pointed decided in 1956 to return the RANC officer had expelled two trainees for out that his service had not lacked in to its original site, and after many misconduct, a punishment supported any way, and asked for the shortcoming arguments and much hard work, the by the Board. The Minister overruled to be remedied. The granting of the return to Jervis Bay was achieved on the decision. Commander Grant rank was, as Nicholls notes, only an 20 January 1958. On this occasion the resigned in protest, and a valuable honourary one, for the Rear Admiral establishment was commissioned as Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 65 21/07/10 11:34 AM 66 Studies in Trait Leadership - A Dedicated Achiever Vice Admiral Sir William Creswell, kcmg, kbe, ran

HMAS Creswell, a mark of signifi cant everything he set his hand to, and his strategic vision. Creswell envisaged a tribute. Th e only known bust of contribution to the Royal Australian Navy far into the future, both before Creswell is in pride of place in the Navy is arguably the most signifi cant the formation of the RAN and beyond Establishment’s Historical Collection. of any member in that Service’s its 1911 inception. He worked tirelessly Creswell’s reputation has grown history. We might well ponder on how and with perception towards his vision, steadily over the years. Alun Evans diff erently WWI might have turned out and it is testimony to Creswell that the noted in 1986 that: for Australia without the RAN in the Navy acquitted itself so well in its fi rst …his persistent advocacy in support form it was in 1914: how would forces fi ght and beyond. Truly may Creswell of Australian naval power in the have proceeded to Eygpt, and what be called the ‘father of the Royal face of powerful opposition during might have been Australia’s fate at the Australian Navy’.  twenty or more diffi cult years, hands of the strong German forces in helped in a signifi cant way to mould the Pacifi c. •• opinion, both in the Parliament and As a junior offi cer, Creswell 85 among the general public. performed with ability and expertise. As a ship commander, Creswell’s Robert Hyslop notes in Aye Aye command in the Boxer Rebellion was Minister – Australian Naval of singular excellence. As a planner, Administration 1939-59: strategist and manager, he performed Elsewhere in this book I have given through the years prior to the examples of senior offi cers who establishment of the RAN, and beyond were out of their depth in a political through WWI, at a level of great ability. milieu. Before 1959 Vice Admiral Sir Some political diffi culties, however, William Creswell was the only senior might have been handled diff erently. offi cer to exhibit the characteristics Not only in his time, but beyond his of the famous political admirals of commands to the present, Creswell has the Royal Navy in the nineteenth been an inspiration in his perseverance, century, and Vice Admiral Sir John dedication and fortitude. Although not Lieutenant Commander tom Lewis Collins was the only senior offi cer noted for his empathetic understanding PhD, OAM, RAN has served in a variety serving in the RAN who was at ease of others, Creswell is distinguished as of PNF and reserve roles within the in his relationships with political a writer for his cause, and as a tireless 86 Navy. He led uS forces on deployment in persons. advocate through the use of speeches. Baghdad in 2006. In these ways and by his continual Vice Admiral Sir William Rooke good example, Creswell reached out to Creswell might be best remembered Australia in his crusade for the RAN in for his three main achievements. Th ese a way few other naval members have. were the development of the Colonial Who better than Creswell exemplifi es and State Navies, where he took a using initiative in going forward for managerial role; the development one’s cause? In his early days within of an Australian Navy, rather than the Colonial navies he continually an off shoot of the RN, and the put forward new and perceptive management of the RAN throughout ideas. With his campaign for the WWI. And across the fl eet of today establishment of the RAN, he achieved there is a quiet acknowledgment of his much: the creation of a balanced fl eet; achievements: Creswell is truly seen as the successful training establishments being the ‘father of the Royal Australian brought into being for a new Navy; the N a v y ’. eff ective force which went off to fi ght How can we judge Creswell as successfully in WWI - all of this and Qualities of a leader within the areas of ‘trait more can be accredited to Creswell. Leadership leadership’ under discussion? In summary; one of the leaders Creswell achieved in almost within the RAN’s history who had true Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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(Endnotes) China expedition. ‘Foundations of the Royal Australian Navy’. 1 General biographical information on 29 Vigne. (432) (23) Creswell’s career up until 1885 is drawn 30 Vigne. (433) 62 Nicholls (182) from Creswell, Admiral Sir William. (Ed. 31 Webster (110) 63 75 Years. Film - History of the Royal Paul Thompson) Close to the Wind. London: 32 See footnote in Webster, p.114. Australian Navy. Canberra: RAN, 1988. Heinemann, 1964. 33 Evans, Alun. ‘Creswell’s Crusade’. 64 75 Years. 2 Webster, Stephen DeWitt. ‘Creswell, (62-63) 65 Webster (229-232) the Australian navalist: a career biography 34 Webster (120) 66 Nicholls (221) of Vice Admiral Sir William Rooke Creswell, 35 Webster (124) 67 Royal Australian Navy. Original K.C.MG., K.B.E. (1852-1933)’. Defence 36 Creswell, Admiral Sir William. program for the Fleet Entry of 1913. Library Service. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, ‘Australian Marine Defence : The Best Wardroom, HMAS Creswell. 1975. (5) Method of Employing Australian Seamen 68 Webster (238) suggests this number; 3 Webster. (9) in the Defence of Commerce and Ports’. the 1928 official historian’s account 4 Webster. (9) Commonwealth of Australia: Government suggests 3, 800 Permanent Personnel (see 5 Close to the Wind. (118) Printer for the State of Victoria, 1902. (8) Jose: Appendix 5). Presumably Jose is not 6 Webster. (17) 37 Private letter to Lord Selbourne, including Reservists. 7 Webster. (18) 10 March 1902. Lambert, Nicholas A. 69 Jose, Arthur W. The Royal Australian 8 Foster, Hubert. ‘The defence of Australia’s Naval Inheritance. Canberra: Navy 1914-1918. St Lucia: University of Australia together with remarks thereon’. Department of Defence (Navy), 1998. (95) Queensland Press and Australian War Canberra: Parliament of Australia, 38 Webster (138-143) Memorial. 1987. Parliamentary Papers, V.2/35, 1908. (Copy 39 Memorandum by Captain Charles 70 Nicholls (221) in Defence Library Services) Ottley. ‘Australia – General Scheme of 71 Joseph, Franz, Prince of 9 Close to the Wind. (192) Defence’. 1 May 1906. Lambert, Nicholas Hohenzollern. Emden. New York: G. 10 Close to the Wind. (193) A. Australia’s Naval Inheritance. Canberra: Howard Watt, 1928. (7) 11 Royal Australian Navy. Naval Department of Defence (Navy), 1998. (124- 72 Daw, CE and LJ Lind. HMAS Sydney. Archives Branch. Outline of Australian 130) 1913-1929. NSW: The Naval Historical Naval History. Canberra: 1962. (Chapter 40 Department of Defence (Navy). Society of Australia, 1973. (7-17) VI, 2) ‘Foundations of the Royal Australian Navy’. 73 Webster (243) 12 Vigne. (424-433) Australian Government Publishing Service. 74 Webster (250) 13 Close to the Wind. (193) 1976. (Copy in file B.088047. RAN College 75 Webster (254-256) 14 Close to the Wind. (194) Historical Collection) (23) 76 Webster (259-261) 15 Webster (26) 41 Evans, Alun. ‘Creswell’s Crusade’. (71) 77 Webster’s monograph has two 16 Webster (28) 42 Webster (147) mentions of Jose (pp. 258 and 269), with 17 Burke, Anthony. 2001. In Fear of 43 Origin of the Rising Sun Badge. the first stating ‘By 1917 Thring had broken Security. NSW: Pluto Press. (17) http://www.netspace.net.au/~harrison/ down the work of the Intelligence gathering 18 Close to the Wind. (196) Webster badge.htm March 2002. section of the War Staff as follows:’, and then notes (pp. 39-43) that despite Creswell’s 44 Webster (142-148) he lists four names, of which ‘Captain Jose’ is claim in Close to the Wind, there do not 45 Webster (156) the fourth. However, he lists two Lieutenant appear any such articles in 1886 editions 46 Alfred Deakin to the Governor Commanders and then a Lieutenant and of the Register. There are some letters by General. 28 August 1905. Lambert, Nicholas then Jose - other biographical details on a ‘Johnny Haultaut’ – presumably a pen A. Australia’s Naval Inheritance. Canberra: him do not state whether he was a Navy name, but these letters lack Creswell’s style Department of Defence (Navy), 1998. (115- or an Army captain – a considerable rank and diverge from opinions that later were 116) difference. The latter seems more likely: certainly his. In 1887 three lengthy articles 47 Nicholls. (112) given Jose’s comparative lack of experience did appear under the pen-name ‘Torpedo’ 48 Evans, Alun. ‘Creswell’s Crusade’. (72) in military matters an appointment as a very which Webster attributes to Creswell. 49 Report of the Director of the Naval senior officer is doubtful. 19 Close to the Wind. (198-199) Forces (Capt. WR Creswell, C.M.G.) on 78 Webster (278-9) 20 Webster (95) his visit to England in 1906 to inquire into 79 Webster (281) 21 Webster (81) the latest naval developments. Canberra: 80 Webster (283) 22 Webster (80-90) Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary 81 Nicholls (276) 23 Webster (90-95) Papers V.2/82 /1906. 82 Nicholls (276) 24 Webster (59-63) 50 Naval Records Society. Collective 83 Plaque erected by his ‘family and 25 Evans, Alun. ‘Creswell’s Crusade’. Naval Defence of the Empire. England: brother officers’ in 1937, within the Naval A Navy for Australia. Sydney: ABC Ashgate Publishing, 1997. (65) Chapel, Garden Island, Sydney. Enterprises. 1986. (75) (Copy in file 51 Evans, Wilson P. Deeds not Words. 84 Royal Australian Navy. Naval B.088047. RAN College Historical Melbourne: The Hawthorn Press, 1971. Archives Branch. Outline of Australian Collection) (136-138) Naval History. Canberra: 1962. (Chapter 26 Nairn, Bede & Geoffrey Serle. 52 Nicholls (116-12) VI, 2) Australian Dictionary of Biography. (Volume 53 Naval Records Society. Collective 85 Evans, Alun. ‘Creswell’s Crusade’. 8). Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, Naval Defence of the Empire. England: A Navy for Australia. Sydney: ABC 1949. (Copy in file B.088047. RAN College Ashgate Publishing, 1997. (xiv) Enterprises. 1986. (83) (Copy in file Historical Collection) 54 Foster, Hubert. ‘The defence of B.088047. RAN College Historical 27 Nicholls, Bob. Statesmen and Sailors. Australia together with remarks thereon’. Collection) Balmain: NSW, 1995. (37) Canberra: Parliament of Australia, 86 Hyslop, Robert. Aye Aye Minister 28 Vigne, Randolph. ‘A Colonial Parliamentary Papers, V.2/35, 1908. – Australian Naval Administration 1939- Gunboat in the Boxer War’. The Mariner’s 55 Nicholls (144) 59. Canberra: Australian Government Mirror. Volume 86, No. 4. November 56 Webster (187) Publishing Service, 1990. (31) 2000. (424-433) This article contains a 57 Webster (189-191) lengthy account of some 5000 words which 58 Department of Defence (Navy). according to Vigne, was typed up later by ‘Foundations of the Royal Australian Navy’. GL Macandie, secretary to the Australian (24) Naval Board 1941-46, with the original now 59 Webster (194) in the possession of the Creswell family. It 60 Webster (202) forms the basis for the account here of the 61 Department of Defence (Navy).

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) Band Deployment Group, attached to HMAS Kanimbla, play at wet ‘n’ wild, Hawaii, as part of the united States independence Day Celebrations.

Lead vocalist of the Royal Australian Navy Band deployment group, Able Seaman Musician (ABMuSN) Stephanie Hutchinson sings during a performance held at the Hale Koa Hotel, in waikiki, Hawaii, during united States independence Day festivities. She’s joined here by ABMuSN Melissa Ballantyne (left) and Leading Seaman Musician David Coit. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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Able Seaman Musician (ABMuSN) Melissa Ballantyne (left), Leading Seaman Musician David Coit, ABMuSN ellen zyla and ABMuSN Adam Arnold of the Royal Australian Navy Band, play during a performance held at the Hale Koa Hotel, in waikiki, Hawaii, during united States independence Day festivities.

ATIN 37543 Headmark 185x130_art_OUT.indd 1 Journal of the Australian11/16/09 Naval Institute 11:43 AM

137 SEPT 2010.indd 69 21/07/10 11:35 AM 70

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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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wide range of academics, historians and directions and policy when warships were confronted with ordinary readers. This latest book on the potential enemy raiders. Hore’s analysis of this indicates that a loss of Sydney is no exception. number of British warships, engaged in hunting raiders, made Captain Peter Hore, RN (Retired) the almost fatal error of approaching too close before adequate has done an excellent job piecing identification was made. This includes one British cruiser that together new information and previously came within one mile of a disguised British merchant cruiser overlooked evidence. His well written and whose captain was able to convince his compatriot that he was very interesting book is based on Captain a harmless merchant ship! The second aspect is British cruiser Detmer’s version of the battle; with construction and the flaws in design and construction which several new details from an encrypted could have led to Sydney’s loss. Hore concludes that British account of the battle which remained warships were generally well built and could give and take a hidden, for many years, in a dictionary punch. This is supported by the first hand evidence of the action owned by Detmers. Captain Hore has and, once the wreck of Sydney was found, this was corroborated Sydney Cipher and Search been involved in researching the loss by an analysis of the damage sustained by the cruiser. The by Peter Hore of Sydney for several years and this has extensive damage sustained to Sydney’s bow by a torpedo strike included a painstaking search of archival appears to be the fatal blow that ultimately caused the loss of the Annapolis MD: Naval institute material held in Britain and Australia, ship. on behalf of the Australian Government, Finally Hore’s research was also important as it assisted Press, www.nip.org, 2009, 312 pp, as well as conducting interviews with those searching for the wrecks of both vessels. His analysis of illustrations, maps, appendices, notes, surviving Kormoran officers. The story German and Allied records as well as the first hand account of bibliography, index. uS $ 28.95, paper. unfolds in an easy to read detective novel the action by Reinhold Malapert (Kormoran’s communications iSBN 978-1-59114-857-1. style which is substantiated by extensive officer) supported the ‘northern’ location of the action. Peter Reviewed by Greg Swinden use of first hand reports from German Hore readily shared this information with ‘Wreck Hunter’ David and Allied sources. Mearns and the research was instrumental in setting the datum Much of the book deals with the for the 2008 search. Hore’s research was vindicated when the On 19 November 1941 the Australian controversy of Sydney’s loss and the wrecks were finally located in the northern search area some light cruiser HMAS Sydney, commanded location of the action (and thus the 2,500 metres deep on the floor of the Indian Ocean in March by Captain Joseph Burnett, encountered location of the wrecks of both vessels). 2008. the German raider Kormoran (under the Hore has used his extensive knowledge of The book’s subtitle “Solving the last great mystery of the command of Captain Theodore Detmers) the German official accounts, Detmer’s Second World War” is, however, somewhat misleading. While off the coast of Western Australia. In the own coded account, interviews with Hore’s research helped to locate the site of the ensuing battle both ships were mortally German survivors and several Allied Sydney/Kormoran action, and subsequently the wrecks of damaged and later sank; Sydney with the documents on the action to try and both vessels, there is no firm loss of her entire crew of 645 men. piece together what really happened evidence put forward as to why Burnett took his heavily Sydney was the glamour ship of the in the desperate fight between the two armed cruiser to within one mile of Kormoran. Captain Hore Royal Australian Navy following her ships. Much of this documentation has supports the claim made by Detmers that Sydney did not suspect exploits in the been available to researchers for many Kormoran was a raider - yet why did Sydney continually repeat Mediterranean in 1940, during years; but a re-analysis of the decryption her signal challenges right up to the point that Detmers made which she saw extensive action, that and cross comparison of each item had his fateful decision to open fire? Did Burnett simply make a included her destruction of the Italian previously not been done and shows the fatal tactical error or is it possible that the German Navy was cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni. Her loss value of dedicated and thorough research. reading Allied naval codes and lured Sydney into a deadly (and was a severe blow to Australia and one Captain Hore also does not pull any of his potentially illegal) trap? This possibility is mentioned in vague which is still felt by many to this very punches when calling to account some terms but never really fully investigated. day. Many theories regarding her final researchers and historians who have Despite this Captain Hore has produced a very enjoyable and action have been put forward including made a number of poor assumptions exceptionally well researched book; it is highly recommended German treachery, Japanese involvement based on their failure to adequately for the armchair historian and non-naval reader alike. While this prior to Pearl Harbor and an Australian review the available primary resources. book is an excellent addition to the ongoing study of the Sydney/ Government cover up. Any book written The book also examines two very Kormoran action it does leave some questions unanswered. on this subject is bound to receive in- important aspects concerning Sydney’s The book outlining the full reason for Sydney’s loss has yet to be depth scrutiny, and skepticism, from a loss. The first of these is British Admiralty written; and probably never will. Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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that the author’s last job in active of describing the Defence strategy. But the US Department naval service was in 1983 as the Head of the Navy is ‘…the most strategically independent of the of Strategic Concepts Branch (OP- services – it has its own army, navy and air force’ (p 174). 603), and therefore responsible for Given the unique nature and size of the USN as a service the production of the 1984 Maritime and strategic entity, what then can an Australian reader draw Strategy. from Navy Strategic Culture? Is it worth reading and why? Navy Strategic Culture builds its Firstly, our alliance with the US is, in the words of the case through a straightforward and White Paper, ‘our most important defence relationship’. Navy logical structure. It starts with a broad Strategic Culture gives the reader a detailed and coherent explanation of strategic culture before explanation of ‘The Maritime Strategy’ of the 1980s. It does focussing on the maritime context not attempt to discuss the contemporary US maritime that the Navy operates in and why strategy (Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower) this leads its thinkers to be different. which is more relevant to our current circumstances but if How naval forces are used to achieve one views strategic development as evolutionary then this Navy Strategic Culture: Why strategic goals is then discussed and book is invaluable in providing insight into its antecedents. the Navy Thinks Differently an entire chapter is then devoted to Secondly, it is an interesting reflection on why naval the ‘core concept’ of naval services – officers are different from their land equivalents. The book By Roger w. Barnett “Expeditionary”. The role of technology opens with a list of senior joint command appointments and its relationship to strategy follows. in the US that in 2007 were filled by USN Admirals; ADM Publisher: Naval institute Chapter 7 is the climax and logical Fallon at CENTCOM, ADM Stavridis at SOUTHCOM, Press, Annapolis, Maryland end of the book – it explains ‘how ADM Mullen as CJCS, and ADM Olson at SOCOM. Navy PP: 212 pages plus index the Maritime Strategy of the 1980s would appear to be over-represented and Barnett asserts pulled all the loose ends together into that ‘…the ability of Navy officers to think strategically, Reviewed by Captain Gordon A. a coherent, truly strategic, approach to to rise above the minutiae of the tactical battlefield, and Andrew, RAN conflict with the Soviet Union’ (p. 7). to discern “where the big picture fits in” rendered them However, the book doesn’t end uniquely valuable as combat commanders in that particular For an Australian reader the title there. There is one final chapter prior to global security environment’ (p 1). As Napoleon is reported of this book needs clarification so the Conclusion entitled “Retrospective”. to have said ‘An admiral commanding a fleet and a general as not to be misleading. When the The author explains its role is to ‘… commanding an army are men who need different qualities. author uses the word “Navy” he does address countercultural issues – ones One is born with the qualities proper to command an not do so generically – this book with the potential to thwart the full army, while the necessary qualities to command a fleet are is unapologetically and specifically realization of the culture…’ (p. 7). It acquired only by experience.’ about the United States Navy and the deals with the perceived evils of a One wonders what Napoleon would make of Australia, United States’ strategic policy. Further, changing global security environment, where the concepts of jointness and joint command are well- it is about the strategic culture that increased ‘jointness’, those that would developed and entrenched, and the RAN is proportionally led to the Maritime Strategy of the charge the USN with a disinterest in less well-represented in joint commands and senior 1980s. This was, in the author’s view, mine and riverine warfare, those that appointments than in the US. ‘…a unique focusing of the various believe that a modern surface navy Unfortunately, this is one of the least well-developed of elements of Navy Strategic Culture’ (p. is vulnerable, and those that would Barnett’s arguments. He never establishes whether a navy 86) and ‘… a coherent, persuasive and impose civilian social constructs onto trains and develops its officers to be different or just attracts powerful strategy document’ (p. 100). a military. While not adding much to different people. Neither does he look closely at differences Since the publication of the Maritime the main argument of the book, it is an in availability and curricula of schooling and education in Strategy of the 1980s, the Navy has interesting account of the author’s view comparison to other military officers. Far more interesting been ‘…cast back…’ (p. 100) and its on what has gone wrong since he left treatments of the development or lack thereof, of a naval strategies of the last 20 years ‘…have the service - more on this later. officer’s character can be found elsewhere – notably At War not qualified as operational, or even Arguably, the USN is also the At Sea by Ronald Spector. planning, strategies’ (p. 123). This view only navy in the world that could Thirdly, despite the difference in scale, the discussion of the Reagan-era Maritime Strategy unilaterally publish a document called of expeditionary warfare, the employment of naval forces, as the pinnacle of US Naval strategic ‘The Maritime Strategy’. In Australia, a and the role of technology are applicable to all maritime thinking is perhaps unsurprising given maritime strategy is, of necessity, a way forces. As the ADF develops its expeditionary capability with Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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the introduction into service of the grappling with its “don’t ask, don’t from a wide variety of sources covering all the subjects Canberra class LHDs the discussion tell” policy and whether or not to covered in the book and then some. It is a treasure that of the USN view of what it means to allow women at sea on submarines. rewards regular revisiting. be expeditionary – forward, mobile, Reading Barnett’s reflections on this Navy Strategic Culture is an idiosyncratic look at the offensive, self-reliant and adaptable – is issue I was struck at how anachronistic USN and maritime strategy in the 1980s by an author who relevant and worthy of more discussion the arguments sounded – and was retired from active service 25 years ago and has viewed as it relates to our circumstances. reminded very strongly of the debate the subsequent development of USN strategy from an Fourth, his litany of contemporary Australia had in the mid 1980s. We academic’s stand-point. The author’s closeness to the ills in Chapter 9 is a valuable “compare have moved on – I expect the USN will Maritime Strategy of the 1980s is both a boon for the rich and contrast” exercise for the RAN. also, given time. detail he can bring, and a distraction as his personal views The USA is, on the whole, more Finally, the Appendix alone is sometime cloud his logic. Although the book does not socially conservative than Australia, a ‘must-have’ for any staff college completely satisfy its sub-title’s claim to answer “Why the and this is reflected in the respective student or general writer on naval and navy thinks differently” it is, overall, a valuable commentary militaries. Where Australia now maritime affairs. I started this review on navies, on maritime thought and on the USN’s view of unexceptionally have our surface by saying the title for the book was the world. It is a valuable touchstone for how our navy, and combatants commanded by females, misleading. The title of the Appendix our defence force, conducts ourselves as maritime forces send women to sea on the Collins – Treasure Chest of Quotations – is, in operating in a maritime environment under a maritime class, and do not discriminate based contrast, absolutely accurate. Fifty-six strategy and it should encourage us to think more about our on sexual orientation, the USN is still pages of short quotations assembled own Navy strategic culture.

Commandant of the U.S. Marine the body of literature on the Corps. But Leathernecks is not Corps, Michael Hagee, was asked a critical examination of Marine Corps history; it does not whether his organization was prepared address some of the more controversial incidents in which to rotate troops into that troubled the Corps has featured, particularly in recent years, or some nation for an unspecified period of the major questions that confront the organization today. of time. As described by Merrill While the book is not merely an exercise in boosterism, the L. Bartlett and Jack Sweetman in authors are clearly fans of their subject. Nonetheless they Leathernecks: An Illustrated History of have provided a compelling, useful, and highly readable the United States Marine Corps, Hagee account of an extraordinary organization. responded, “We are prepared to do The authors’ brisk narrative in Leathernecks weaves anything” (p. 430). together the two major streams of the Corps’ history – the This sentiment perhaps best sums operational and the institutional – and their interacting up the nearly 235 storied years of effects. A few major themes result. Leathernecks: An Illustrated the Marines, a fascinating and often The Marines’ legendary mystique is a feature that was History of the United States inspiring history that Bartlett and carefully cultivated by the Corps’ earliest leadership to help Marine Corps Sweetman ably chronicle, from the secure its survival. Major William Ward Burrows, the first founding of the Corps in 1775 to the de jure Commandant (the Marines acknowledge Samuel By Merrill L. Bartlett & Jack Sweetman present day. The two professional Nicholas, the senior-most officer of the Continental Marines, historians set out to provide both as its first de facto Commandant), “…sought to establish the Reviewed by Celeste ward Gventer a readable academic history of the Corps as a separate sea service and to define a distinctive Corps and a collection of rich (and role for its guard detachments at sea…He understood that iSBN: 9781591140207; Hardcover; often rarely seen) illustrations. In both the achievement of these aims would require the Corps to 479 pages; 287 illustrations; uS Naval missions, they have succeeded. establish a glowing image with Congress and the public at institute Press, 800-233-8764; www. Leathernecks is an enjoyable and large” (p. 35). Burrows’ successor, Franklin Wharton, “… usni.org; $60.00 List Price; $48.00 informative read, and the stunning understood the relationship between esprit de corps, public maps, photographs, lithographs, relations, and political capital, and the role spit and polish Member Price and paintings are worth the price of could play in fostering all three” (p. 43-44). This relationship As violence in Iraq was escalating admission alone. Marines and their has been well understood throughout the history of the sharply in 2003-2004, then- admirers will appreciate this addition to Marine Corps (and remains so), and partly explains their Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

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extraordinary success. including multiple proposals to fold these questions in the final chapter, “The War on Terror,” Operational competence, daring, the Corps into the Army, the Navy, and neither does it reference some of the more controversial and willingness to do whatever or disband it altogether. The Marines incidents involving Marines in recent years. In November missions the nation required also fended off these challenges, partially by 2005 a group of Marines allegedly killed 24 Iraqis, including contribute to the Marines’ enduring evolving with the changes in warfare women, children, and elderly people in a rampage in the renown, which is another major theme and technology – from ship’s guards city of Haditha, Iraq. The trials of the accused are not yet in Leathernecks. From Lieutenant and boarding parties to ship gunners to complete, but as a rather notorious event that occurred Presley O’Bannon leading Marines amphibious landing and forced entry during the Marines’ tenure in Anbar province, it would seem 600 miles across the desert to confront to stability operations and “small wars” to merit at least a mention. The chapter also describes an the pasha of Tripoli at Derna in 1805, – but also in no small measure due to incident during the battle for Fallujah in November 2004, to Captain Samuel Miller’s brave their carefully cultivated reputation as in which a wounded Marine Sgt. Rafael Peralta pushed a resistance to the British in the battle the supremely capable elite. grenade underneath his body, apparently to save his fellow of Bladensburg in the War of 1812, The Marines are in no danger of Marines. But the authors do not go on to note that Peralta’s to countless displays of extraordinary elimination today; a recent proposal in likely act of heroism remains controversial; the U.S. Defense toughness and heroism in the Battle of Congress would change the name of Department did not award him a posthumous Medal of Fallujah in 2004, Marines continued the “Department of the Navy” – under Honor, as recommended by the Marine Corps, because an to distinguish themselves in battle, which the Marines are a Service – to investigation into the matter concluded that the nature of and prove the organization to be the “Department of the Navy and his wounds would have prevented Peralta from making a unique, flexible and (to use a modern Marine Corps.” But questions remain conscious decision to smother the grenade. His family has term) highly deployable. Archibald about their purpose and future, along refused to accept the next lower award – the Navy Cross – Henderson, the longest serving (1820- with a more general uncertainty about and the matter reportedly remains in dispute. 1859) and one of the most influential the future of warfare and American While it may be unnecessary to mention every Commandants “…never forgot that, in strategy. Defense budget hawks are controversy in the long history of the Marines, the lack the final analysis, the Corps’ reputation known to wonder aloud why the of discussion on such recent events may suggest an rested on Marines’ performance in United States effectively has a second inclination in the book more generally. Moreover, the wars battle” (p. 61). Army, Air Force, and Navy inside in Afghanistan and Iraq receive a fairly superficial treatment Leathernecks contains many the Marine Corps. At over 202,000, in Chapter 15, which also contains factual inaccuracies, such morsels of insight into the Marines’ the Marines are the smallest of the as that the US Army’s First Armored Division helped to rich traditions. Those not immersed in US military Services, but larger than put down the Baghdad uprising of Moqtada al-Sadr and his Corps history may enjoy discovering the British Army and the entire followers in April 2004 (p. 433-434). In fact it was the First the origins of the Marine Hymn (its Australian Defence Forces. Some are Cavalry Division, which took over responsibility of the area author is unknown, but it was made a also beginning to question the ongoing from First Armored during the worst day of the uprising, mainstay of the Marine Band partly by utility of amphibious assault, one of April 4th, and continued an intense battle through the end of John Philip Sousa, who led the Band the Corps’ key missions; and after that month. But this may be understandable given that these from 1880-1892), the source of the two protracted land wars in recent events occur at the end of 235 busy years. monikers “Leathernecks” and “Devil years, analysts have suggested that Despite these deficiencies, the book makes for both a Dogs”; why the Marines have the rank the Marines have become little more visual and an intellectual treat, and will deservedly adorn of gunnery sergeant, and whence the than another Army. If confirmed the coffee tables and bookshelves of anyone interested in the phrase, “a few good men,” and the by Congress, the newly-nominated Marine Corps, maritime history, and US military history. motto “Semper Fidelis.” Commandant James F. Amos (who Indeed, readers will readily relate to the aphorism recounted The final theme readers will note is would be the first aviator to serve the in the Preface that “there are only two types of people in the that the Marines’ ultimate purpose has post in Corps history) will confront, world, Marines and those who wish they could have been evolved over time, partly in response among other challenges, the inevitable Marines.” to questions that regularly emerged consequences of a force that has been Reviewer Celeste Ward Gventer, a senior defense analyst about the organization’s utility. As at war for nine years, and questions at the RAND Corporation, was political adviser to the early as December of 1829, President about how much the Corps should operational commander of US forces in Iraq in 2006 and Jackson proposed to Congress that prepare for its conventional missions deputy assistant secretary of defense for stability operations the Marine Corps be merged into the versus the kinds of wars fought in Iraq capabilities in the U.S. Department of Defense in 2007-08. Army. Many subsequent challenges and Afghanistan. followed throughout the Corps’ history, But Leathernecks does not tackle Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 74 21/07/10 11:35 AM Issue 137 75

HMAS Sydney (II) RetUrnS - 20tH JULy 1940

MAS Sydney (II) returns to destroyers started it off by hauling out never forget”. Th e Australian destroyers Alexandria on 20 July 1940 after of line in the channel and cheering her - each fl ying seven Australian fl ags for herH victory in the engagement with the as she passed them. Her berth lay at the occasion - gave her a tremendous Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni. the far end of the harbour, a distance of welcome and Waller [Captain Hec Shortly before she entered harbour, about two miles from the boom. Every Waller, RAN], leading the cheering in the Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Sir ship in the harbour had cleared lower [HMAS] Stuart, gave an Australian Andrew Cunningham, made a general deck, and as she passed down harbour fl avour to his greeting with the signal, signal to the Fleet, giving arrival details they cheered in turn. To one of Sydney’s “Whacko Sydney”. It was a great and adding ‘Give her a rousing cheer.’ company it was a “continuous roar for Australian day in Alexandria. As later described, ‘Her own about fi fteen minutes... something I will

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 75 21/07/10 11:35 AM 76 ANI On-line: A guide to the website.

Our website is now on-line! in addition to the features available on the Changing your details previous site, the site also features a library of past journals, a discussion When your account is created, only your member ID and password are forum, a news section and member list. this short guide is designed to help stored in the system for privacy reasons. However, you may provide other details that are visible to other ANI members. In order to change you take full advantage of all its features. your details, login and click the “Change Your Details” menu item (fi gure 5). Th en select the “change” link (fi gure 6) next to either your personal details or password. Change the text appropriately and click the “save” button (fi gure 7). Figure 1 Th e personal information that you provide will be visible to other Obtaining an account members of the ANI but will be hidden from members of the general In order to access the features of the site you must have a user public. You may provide as much or as little detail as you wish but account for the website. If you have a current subscription to the ANI, none of the fi elds are compulsory. However, you may not change your navigate to the website www.navalinstitute.com.au using your web member ID as it is the link between the on-line database and our off - browser (fi gure 1), click the “Members Login” menu item (fi gure 2), line records. then click the link to download an application form. Fill in the form, then fax or post it to the ANI Business Manager. Once your account has been created, you will receive an email that outlines your member ID and password.

Figure 7 Figure 8

Participating in the forum In order to post topics and replies in the discussion forum, fi rst login Figure 2 Figure 3 and click the “Forum” menu item (fi gure 8). Th en select a forum that Logging in to your account you would like to view by clicking its “View Topics” button (fi gure Once you have your account details, you are ready to login and access 9). Select a topic that you would like to read by clicking its “View this the new features of the site. In order to login, navigate to the website topic” link (fi gure 10). If you are not interested in any particular topic, (fi gure 1) and click the “Members Login” item (fi gure 2). Enter your you may add your own by clicking the “Add New Topic” button (fi gure member ID and password as they were provided to you, then click 10). Similarly, once you are viewing a topic, you may post a reply by the “Login” button. Th e case of the member ID and password are clicking “Add New Post”. Fill in the heading and body of your reply and important: i.e. “CaSe” and “case” are considered entirely diﬀ erent words click the “Submit” button to add your reply to the topic. If you change by the authentication system. Each letter of the password will appear as your mind while writing your reply, you may click the “Cancel” button a single “*” to prevent others from seeing your password as you type. and your reply will not be added to the topic. If you have entered your details correctly, you will be presented with the news page. Th e grey status bar at the top notifi es you of the account you are using (fi gure 4). You are now able to access all of the new features of the site.

Figure 4 Figure 9 Logging out of your account In order to protect your identity and to prevent malicious use of your account by others, you must log out of the site when you are fi nished browsing. Th is is especially important on public computers. In order to log out, click the “Logout” link in the grey status bar (fi gure 4). Figure 10

Further questions If you have specifi c questions regarding website features or even a Figure 5 Figure 6 feature request, post a topic in the “Website Questions” forum and a site administrator will reply. Otherwise, happy browsing!

Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 76 21/07/10 11:35 AM Issue 137 77 Th inking of Making a Contribution? Style Notes for Headmark

In general, please present your work publication: publisher, year of that Commander Bill Crabbe, or Jack Aubrey, or Reverend James with the minimum of formatting. edition. Moodie. At the end of the article, please supply full honours So: - Lieutenant Commander Bill Crabbe, CSC, RAN - unless Paragraphs: Adkin, Mark. Goose Green. London: you would prefer not to use them. Th en please supply a Don’t indent, and leave left justifi ed. Leo Cooper, 1992. paragraph on yourself, to a maximum of 50 words, including Separate paragraphs by one line. Single Adler, Bill (Ed.) Letters from Vietnam. any qualifi cations you would like listed, and any interesting spacing only. Use one space only after New York: EP Dutton and Co., 1967. biographical aspects. If possible please supply a colour or stops and colons. Articles use quotation marks around greyscale head and shoulders e-photo of yourself for use Conventions: their title, which is not in italics. alongside the article title. Use numbers for 10 and above, words If citing web sites please use the Illustrations: below. Ship names use italics in title convention: Do not embed graphs or fi gures in your text without case; prefi xes such as HMAS in capitals Australian Associated Press. “Army sending a separate fi le as well. If supplying photographs use and italics. Book and Journal titles use admits mistakes in SAS investigation”. a minimum of 300 dpi. We are keen on colour images but italics. 17 February, 2004. Please send to the Editor on Endnotes rather than footnotes. Use So, web site name. Article title. Full footnotes to explain any points you date of accessing the site. Full URL. Editorial considerations: want the reader to notice immediately. Bylines: Th e Editor reserves the right to amend articles where Book titles follow Author surname, Supply your everyday title for use at the necessary for the purposes of grammar correction, and to fi rst name, title if any. Title. Place of beginning of the title, so: Lieutenant delete tables or fi gures for space considerations.

Naval personnel from the present-day HMAS Sydney prepare for the 2010 AnZac day march in their home city (Photo courtesy of Evan Williams) Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 77 21/07/10 11:35 AM 78 Australian Naval Institute

The Australian Naval Institute was formed as a self- considered. As much of the RAN’s attention Editorial Board. supporting and non-profit making organisation; incorporated operational and administrative history Articles of greater length can in the Australian Capital Territory in 1975. The main is poorly recorded, the recollections of submitted to the Sea Power Centre- objectives of the Institute are: members (and others) on these topics Australia for possible publication as • to encourage and promote the advancement of knowledge are keenly sought. a Working Paper (seapower.centre@ related to the Navy and the maritime profession; and Views and opinions expressed in defence.gov.au) • to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas concerning Headmark are those of the authors and subjects related to the Navy and the maritime profession. not necessarily those of the Institute, the Editorial Board Membership subscription rates are located on the next page. 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More details are available on the to borrow the books. Members are Councillor: MIDN John Abbott, RAN Institute’s website. requested to ring the SPC to confirm Councillor: MIDN Sarah McDonagh, RAN Article submission. Articles and access, particularly if visiting from Councillor: MIDN Harrison Ingham, RAN correspondence should be submitted outside Canberra. Website Manager: electronically in Microsoft Word, with The ANI/Sea Power Centre-Australia Mr Ernst Power (non membership position) limited formatting. (See the style guide in will gladly accept book donations on Public Officer: this issue for further details.) naval and maritime matters (where they LEUT Tristan Skousgaard RAN (non mem. position) Articles should ideally range in size will either be added to the collection from 3000-7000 words, but smaller or traded for difficult to obtain books). Journal of the Australian Naval Institute articles will be considered, as will The point of contact for access to the Headmark is published quarterly. The Editorial Board seeks the occasional larger piece of work. collection, or to make arrangements for letters and articles on naval or maritime issues. Articles Submissions should be sent to the Editor book/journal donations, is the SPC-A concerning operations or administration/policy are of in the first instance. Information Manager on (02) 61276512, particular interest but papers on any relevant topic will be Email: [email protected] and mark email: [email protected] Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 78 21/07/10 11:35 AM Issue 137 79

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Journal of the Australian Naval Institute

137 SEPT 2010.indd 79 21/07/10 11:35 AM HMA Ships Pirie and Balikpapan stands by to conduct a tow exercise off the coast of Darwin during Minor war Vessels Concentration Period, 1 June 2010.

137 SEPT 2010.indd 80 21/07/10 11:35 AM