The Results of the Recent Excavations at Domuztepe *

THE RESULTS OF THE RECENT EXCAVATIONS AT DOMUZTEPE *

by U. BAHADIR ALKIM The citadel of Domuztepe °, which lies in a key position in eastern Cilicia at the foot of the Anti-Taurus mountains on the road going up to Cappadocia, is directly opposite the fortress of Karatepe which has a strategic importance equal to that of Domuztepe. It is furthermore on a natural thickly wooded hill on the eastern bank of the Ceyhan River (Pyramus). It was here that the Karatepe Expedition, conducted by Professor Bossert, under the auspices of the Turkish Historical Society, the Turkish Directorate-General of Anti- quities and Museums and Istanbul University, carried out its first investigations in 1947 and further soundings in 1948. From these we have learned that there was a settlement here contemporary with King Asitawa(n)da-s of Karatepe (Asitawandawa), in the eighth century B. C., and also later settlements in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. ~ri our preliminary reports 2 we described our

* Lecture delivered to the 22nd International Congress of Orientalists (15th-22nd September 1951, ~stanbul). The present paper was read to the joint session of the Ancient Orient and Ancient Anatolia sections on September 22 nd, 1951. In the limited time available only a summary was possible ; it is republished here with the addition of footnotes, but without other alteration. The architecture, sculptures and small finds will be critically analysed in the author's final report of the soundings at Domuztepe. This is now in course of preparation. The English text of this article was revised by Professor G. E. Bean, to whom the author wishes to express his gratitude. Professor H. Th. Bossert and Dr. Halet Çambel saw Domuztepe from Ka- ratepe in February 1946 when they made the first visit to the ruins of Karatepe (cf. H. Th. Bossert and H. Çambel: Karatepe. A Preliminary Report on a new Hittite Site, Istanbul 1946, p. 12 (=Karatepe I). The discovery of Domuztepe citadcl was made by Prof. Bossert and the author in the Spring of 1947 (cf. H. Th. Bossert and U. Bahad ~ r Al kim : Karatepe, Kadirli and its Environments, Se- cond Preliminary Report, ~stanbul 1947, p. 28 [=Karatepe II]. 2 Cf. Karatepe I, p. 12 and Fig. 21; Karatepe II, pp. 28-29 and Figs. 155, 156, 159, 16o; U. B. Al kim: Les r6u1tats archiologiques des fouilles de Karatepe, Re- EXCAVATIONS AT DOMUZTEPE 239

finds objectively without forming conclusions. But now that the studies and excavations in the autumn of 1949 3 and again of 1950 4 have made possible a more thorough understanding of the archaeological importance of this site, we shall try to present briefly the results of our investigations. We find that there are four periods of occupation at Domuz- tepe; beginning with the most recent and working backwards, the periods are these : Roman, Hellenistic, The eighth century B. C., The ninth century B. C. I proceed to consider each of these periods in the above order.

I. THE ROMAN PERIOD The Roman structures, built in part from the materials left over from previous times, are to be found in an arca of some three square kilometres covering the summit and the slopes on the north, the east and the south. Because of the extensive destruction in mediaeval and modern times we are unable to draw a clear plan from the surface remains. However on the summit where we concentrated our efforts we were able to uncover in considerable quantity simple potsherds, a limited number of fragments of terra sigillata and metal vessels, and a silver coin struck in the year 150 B. C. These finds were of the Hellenistic, Iron Age, and Late-Hittite periods, all mixed together. Many of the various basalt hand-mill stones and presses belong to the Roman period. The earthernware pipes bringing water from vue Hittite et Asianique, vol. IX, No. 50 (1948-1949), p. 3; U. B. Alk ~ m : Ex- cavations at Karatepe, Belleten vol. XII (1948), pp. 254-255; U. B. Alk ~ m : Third Season's Work at Karatepe, loc. cit. vol. XIII (1949), p. 373; H. Th. Bossert- U. B. Alk ~ m-H. Çambel and associates : Die Ausgrabungen auf dem Karatepe, Ankara 1950, pp. 64-71 and Figs. 130-155, 157, 159-175 (=Ausgrabungen). U.B. Alk ~ m: Karatepe-Third Campaign, Belleten yol. XIV (1950), pp. 546-549. 3 U. B. Alk ~ m : Karatepe-Fourth Campaign, Belleten vol. XIV (1950), pp. 655- 657:, cf. Anatolian Studies yol. I (1951), p. 9 and Anadolu yol. I (1951), p. 26. 4 U. B. Alk ~ m : The Fifth Season's Work at Karatepe, Belleten vol. XIV (1950), pp. 68o-681; cf. Anatolian Studies yol. I (195~ ), p. lo and Anadolu vol. I (1951), pp. 28-29. 240 U. BAHADIR ALKIM

an abundant and perennial spring to the north-east, show the strategic and economic importance of the community during the Roman period on Domuztepe, which even now is covered with olive trees. The architectural style of certain walls of the Domuztepe enceinte, although very much damaged, shows that this fortress was reused during the Roman period, though often with additions and alterations.

THE HELLENISTIC: PERIOD Up to the present time we have been unable to find any remains of buildings from this period. We judge that during Roman times, Hellenistic buildings were either destroyed or completely rebuilt. However, the abundant potsherds of the fourth, third and second centuries B. C., and the coin of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-164 B. C.) which was found in the autumn of 1950 in front of the small entrance with a single lion, are strong evidence that Domuztepe was an important site during the Hellenistic period. On the other hand at least one part of the construction of the enceinte on the south-east indicates that Domuztepe was again a for- tified site during the Hellenistic period.

THE EIOHTH CENTURY B.C. A. Architectural remains : In our previous reports we indicated that in the time of Asitawa(n)da-s who built the Karatepe Fortress and had bilingual inscriptions written in hieroglyphic Hittite and in Phoenician, Domuztepe either belonged to the Danunians or was a boundary fortification of a people in friendly relations with them, and that the basalt used in the reliefs of Karatepe, was taken from the quarries of Domuztepe.5 The architectural remains belonging to this age were found in the soundings which we made in 950 on the summit itself and to the north of the small entrance with a single lion. ~ ) After the stone blocks fallen from Roman buildings were removed, and the thick trees and bushes were cleared from the area west of the summit, we found at a depth of 20 to 30 centimetres the foundations of a few adjacent rooms erected on virgin rock. Just

s Ausgrabungen, pp. 70-71; Belleten yol. XIV (1950), p. 657. tl. B. Alk~m Lev. XXXI

Res. ~~ — H, odas~ n~ n kuzey-do~udan görünü~ü. Fig. ~~ — Room H, from the Xorth-East.

Res. 2 — Tek arslanl~~ kap~n~n kuzeyindeki sondaj alan~. Fig. 2 — Area of the Sounding to the JV'orth of the gate with a single lion. Belleta~ , C. XVI Lev. XXXII U. B. Alk ~n

Res. 3 — Hayat a~ac~~ tasvirli ortostat. Fig. 3 — Orthostat depicting two men and the Tree of Life. Sun-disc above. Belleten, C. XVI U. B. Alktm I,ev. XXXIII

Bell ~den, C. XVI Lev. X XXI V U. B. Allan~~

B•lk~~~~n, C. XVI U. B. Ali= Lev. XXXV

Res. g — Bir Sakçagözü ortostat~ . Fig. 9 — Orthostat from the east side of the entrance to Sakçagözü Palace. Now in Ankara.

Res. 10 — Bir Karatepe ortostat~n~n üzerindeki kanatl~~ güne~~ kursu. Fig. 10 — The sun-disc aboue a demon relief from Karatepe. ~en, C. XVI Lev. XX X VI U. B. Alk~n

Belle~en, C. XVI, U. B. Allam Lev. XXXVII

Res. 13-14 — Domuztepe ta~ocaklar~na ve ta~~ ç~karma yerlerine ait iki görünü~. Fig. 13-14 — Two views of the quarries on Domuztepe. Bellmen, C. XVI. Lev. XXXVIII U. B. Alk ~n

kes. 15-15a — Domuztepe ta~ocaklarma ve ta~~ ç~karma yerlerine ait görünü~ler. Fig. 15-15a — Other views of the guarries on Domuztepe.

B~lleten, C. XVI. U. B. Alk ~m Lev. XXXIX

Res. 16 — Tek arslanl~~ kap~ n~ n önündeki küçük sondaj alan~. Fig. 16 — Results of the sounding in a small area in front of le lion gate.

Res. 17 — Ayni sondaj alan~ ndaki A ve B mimarl~ k katlar~. Fig. 17 — Levels A and B in the same sounding. Belleten, C. XVI. Lev. X L U. B. Alk~m

Domuztepe'de 1950 Sonbahar~ nda bulunan A kap~~ arslan~~ (D~~~ yüz). l<1:;. 18 Domuztepe, Portal Lion A. found in 1950. Outer side.

Res. 19 — A kap~~ arslan ( ~ç yüz). F~g. 19 — Portal Lion A. Inner side. Bellettn, C. XVI. U. B. Allam XLI

Res. 20 — Sirkeli'de bulunmu~~ olan kaide. Hâlen Adana Müzesinde. Fig. 20 — Pedestal found at Sirkeli. Now in Adana Museum. By courtesy of Professor J. Garstang.

Res. 21 -- Zincirli men~eli kap~~ arslan~. Yük. 1.92 m., gen. 0.87 m. Hâlen Adana Muzesinde. Fig. 21 — Portal lion of archaic appearance from ( Height 1.92, breadth o.87 m. Now in Adana Museum.

Belleten, C. XVL JA ~ . \ I, I I Il . B. Allam

Res. 22 — Domuztepe. A kap~~ arslan~ n~n pençeleri.

Fig. 22 — Domuztepe. Paws of portal lion A.

Rs. 23 — Alacahöyük sfenksinin pençeleri. Fig. 23 — Paws of the sphinx at Alacahöyük. Belleten, C. XVI. U. B. Alk~m Lev. XLIII

Res. 24 — Domuztepe, B arslan~. 1950'de bulunmu~tur. Fig. 24 — Domuztepe. Portal Lion B, found in 1950.

Res. 25 — Ayni arslan~n ba~~ k~sm~. Fig. 25 — Head of the same lion.

Belleten, C. XVI. Lev. XL IV U. B. Alinin

Belleten, C. X VI 1 . H. ilkini Lev. XLV

Kes. 27 Domuztepe heykel kaidesi. Fig. 27 — Statue-base found at Dmnuzfepe.

Res. 28 -- Kal kam~~~ kabartmas~ndaki kuyruk süsü. Fig. 28 — Tail decoration qf the Carchemish relief. Balhan, C. XVI Lev. XLVI U. B. Alk ~m

Res. 29 — Karkami~~ kaidesi. Ankara Muzes~ nde. Fig. 29 — The Carchemish pedestal. Now in Ankara Museum.

Res. 3o — Arslanta~'ta bulunan çifte bo~all kaide. (Yük. ~~ m., uz. 1.33 m., gen. 1.013 m.). Fig. 3o — Base of a statue with two bulls found at Arslantash. ( Height r m., length 1.35 m., breadth 1.08 m.). Bel/esen, C. XVI U. B. Alk ~ n Lev. XLVII

Res. 31 — 1951 Sonbahar~nda Domuztepe'de yap~lan sondaj neticesi elde edilen A, B, ve C yap~~ katlar~. Fig. 31 — Architectural levels A, B and C at Domuztepe. The results of the soundings in 1951. Belleten, C. XVI Lev.XLVIII U. B. Alk~ m

Res. 32 — Domuztepe de 1950 sandaj~ nda bulunan keramik parças~. Fig. 32 — Potsherd found at Domuztepe in 1950.

Res. 33-35 — Domuztepe'de 1951 sondaj~ n~ n B kat~ nda bulunan çanak çömlek parçalar~ . Fig. 33-35 — Potsherds found in level B at Domuztepe, 1951. Belirten, C. X 1" I EXCAVATIONS AT DOMUZTEPE 241 inside the middle of the western walls of the two adjacent rooms on the west, is the basalt base (height 0.38 m., diameter 0.42 m.) of an original wooden column (Fig. ~ ). These round bases resemble the plain undecorated bases at Zincirli e. The position of these bases suggests two possibilities : If these bases are in situ, then they have no relation to the western walls of the buildings in which they stand, and must be attributed either to a later or to an earlier structure. If, by chance, the bases belong to the buildings which we excavated, then either the western foundations have been forced from their places by the roots of the trees and bushes, or the bases themselves have been thus moved. We consider the second possibility, that the bases are not in situ, the more probable. Moreover in this sector it is difficult to dis- tinguish two architectural periods, since the virgin rock is only 20 or 30 centimetres beneath the surface. In the rooms which we have marked H~~ and H2 of the building on the summit, we found a considerable quantity of ashes from a burned building, and among the ashes a great many pieces of mud bricks which have practically become baked bricks because of the fire; a few local Iron Age sherds, which we are inclined to call Late- Hittite; large jars made of a clay almost identical with those of the Karatepe pithoi; basalt dishes, stone and pottery spindle whorls, grinding and polishing stones, metal objects etc, which resemble objects of the ninth and eighth centuries B. C. found at Zincirli 7, and to these we may add potsherds of the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Furthermore, the fact that among this heterogeneous collection of articles we find also a stone axe and a silex instrument is worthy of special attention. Because of the nearness of the virgin rock to the surface the remains of the building have been destroyed and so we cannut produce a plan of the whole building. However, if we take rooms Hi and H2 as a unit, we find that they may be compared to the eastern "Hallenbau" in the Lower Palace at Zin-

6 R. Koldewey : Ausg~~ abungen in Sendichirli yol. II, Berlin 1898, p. 142, Fig. 47; p. 148, Fig. 59; p. 193, Fig. 9o, No. I (=AIS). 7 F. Von Luschan (edited by W. Andrae) : Die Kleinfunde on Sendschirli, AIS V, Berlin 1943. Bellegen C XI" , 16 242 U. BAHADIR ALKIM

cirli 8, as also to the single column section in the eastern part of the Upper Palace 9. 2) Somewhat to the north of the small entrance on the south of the summit we excavated other architectural remains. These consisted of four adjoining rooms in the shape of a rectangle, without any particular characteristic (Fig. 2). It is most probable that the majority of the surface remains of the Domuztepe fortification belong to the eighth century B. C., under the Danunian occupation. B. Sculptural finds : On Domuztepe there are three orthostats contemporary with Karatepe. ~ ) Relief showing the Tree of Life (Figs. 3,4) : This was found at a point about 300 metres to the north-east of the summit. Five fragments were found in our last sounding in 1948 '°, a sixth, which practically completes the picture, was found in 1949 11 in the same general region. On the two sides of the Tree of Life are two men, half kneeling, facing each other, with pointed caps and with short skirts. Above the tree is a winged disc. This is, of course, a well known theme in the art of the ancient Near East. For example, this same motif is to be seen, with some slight variations, on the cylinder seals of the ninth and eight centuries B. C. and on a Syro-Hittite seal; Fig. 5 belongs to Mugeg Ninurta 12, 9th century, Fig. 6 is the impression of an Assyrian seal attributed to the 9th century 13, and Fig. 7 is the impression of another Assyrian seal, about 8th century 14, and Fig. 8 is the Syro-Hittite seal 18.

8 AIS II, Pis. XXVI-XXVI I. 9 AIS II, Pl. XXII. 10 Belleten yol. XIII (1949), p. 373. 11 Belleten yol. XIV. (1950), PI). 548-549; Ausgrabungen, pp. 68-69. 12 Cf. H. Frankfort : Cylinder Seals. A Documentary Essay on the Art and Religion of the Near East, London 1939, pp. 190, 191, 196 and Pl. XXXIII, a.

13 H. H. von der Osten : Ancient Oriental Seals in the Collection of Mrs. Agnes Baldwin Brett (0IP XXXVII), Chicago 1936, Pl. XI, No. ~~ 20; cf. H. Frank- fort, op. cit. Pl. XXXIII, h. 14 H. Schaefer - W. Andrae : Die Ku~~st des Alten Orients, 6.- ~ o. Tau- send, Berlin 1925, Fig. 579, No. 7 (=KPg. II). 15 G. Contenau : La glyptique syro-hittite, Paris 1922 Pl. XXII, Fig. 158. EXCAVATIONS AT DOMUZTEPE 243 But we find that our Tree of Life relief resembles very closely, both in regard to the general composition of the picture and in regard to the shape of the palm tree, the picture on one of the 8th century orthostats found in Sakçagözü (Fig. g) at the entrance to the palace 16. Only we find this difference : the Sakçagözü relief shows Assyrian influence rather than the native Anatolian style at Domuztepe. Again : the upper central part of the Domuztepe palm is much like the palm which stands before the sphinx in the west room of the lower gateway at Karatepe ". We note further that the sun disc is almost exactly the same as that at Karatepe (Fig. 0)18. Even the physiognomy is the same, for in the Domuztepe relief and in some of those at Karatepe we have the same protruding nose and rece- ding chin 16. For this reason we consider that this Domuztepe slab is contemporary with some of the Karatepe reliefs. We may even say that the identity of some details -for instance, the extended position of the arm and the open position of the hand 2°- leads us to believe that the sculptor who pictured the Tree of Life at Domuz- tepe, did also some of the carvings at Karatepe. It may even be possible to say that the same man or the same school produced the relief at Islahiye 21. We shall touch on this subject again when we discuss the Domuztepe sculptures of the gth century B. C. 2) The warrior relief (Figs. II, 12) : This was found among the Roman walls in the ~~ 949 sounding on the sumrnit 22. The slab has been rather severely damaged. The warrior is bearded; has on a round cap; carries on his back near to his shoulder, a quiver; in his left hand a spear; and a mace in his right. We see this warrior

~ 16 J• Garstang : Excaz ations at Sakje-Geuzi in North Syria, Annals of Ar- chaeology and Anthropology. University of Liverpool. I (19o8), Pl. XLI, Fig. 2, No. lo (-=AAA); cf. H. Th. Bosser t; Altanatolien, Berlin 1942, Figs. 875, 885 (=Altanatolien). 17 Ausgrabungen, Pl. XVIII, Fig. 91. 18 Cf. Belleten, yol. XII (1948), Pl. CXXX, Fig. 24; RHA, No. 50 (1948- 49), I). 23, Fig. 24; Ausgrabungen, Pl. XIV, Fig. 71, width at top. o.86 m. 19 Ausgrabungen, Pl. XII, Figs. 58-63; Pl. XIV, Fig. 71, the second relief on the left; Pl. XV, Figs. 75, 77; Pl. XVI, Figs. 79, 81; Pl. XIX, Fig. 96. 20 Ausgrabungen, Pl. XIX, Fig. 94. " Yalman Yalg~ n : Llâhiye'de Eti kabartmalar?, Görü~ler (Periodical of the "Adana Halkevi"), No. 25-26 (1940), p. 13, 15; Altanatolien, Fig. 958. 22 Belleten yol. XIV (1950), p. 656. 244 U. BAHADIR ALKIM

being followed by another, similarly garbed and armed. Of this second warrior we can see on our fragment his right hand, foot, and spear. The clothing and weapons resemble those of Assyrian warriors during the eighth 23 and seventh 24 centuries and the clothing resembles also that found in the Sakçagözü25 and Zincirli 26 reliefs of which we have spoken. We would note that we find warriors equipped with both quiver and spear in the Assyrian art of the age of Sennacherib 27 (705-681 B. C.). Thus we date our Domuztepe relief to the 8th century B. C. 3) The relief of a god on a sphinx: This was found in 1947 among the Roman remains 250 metres to the north-east of the summit 28 ; and has been mentioned by us in previous reports 29. The god stands on a sphinx with the head of a man and body of a lion. The upper part has been cut off. Ap- parently it was cut for use as a building block in the Roman period. The wings of the sphinx resemble those of the eighth century sphinxes at Sakçagözu 30 and Zincirli 31, and also particularly the wings of the bull sphinx in the relief found at Anaz 32, a village 24 kilometres east of Urfa, the ancient Edessa. The leg position is practically the same as that in the Anaz-relief. We suggest that our relief dates from the 8th century B. C. C. Sources of basalt supplies : In Domuztepe and its immediate vicinity there is an extensive vein of basalt (Figs. 13-15a); this has been of great aid to the ancient sculptors. It will be remem-

23 E. Unger : Die Reliefs Tiglatpilesers 111. aus Arslantash, Istanbul 1925, Pl. VIII; cf. E. Akurgal : Spaethethitische Bildkunst. Ankara 1949, Pl. XIX, b.

24 PKg. II, Figs. 568, 574. 25 AAA I (1908), Pl. XLI, No. lo; Altanatolien, Figs. 885, 886. 26 AIS III, lev. XXXIX. 22 G. Contenau : Manuel d'Arch61ogie Orientale yol. III, Paris 1931, p. 1276, Fig. 813; cf. R. C. Flavigny: Le dessin de l'Asie Occidentale Ancienne, Paris 1940, Pl. XX, Fig. 92.

28 Karatepe II, p. 29. 29 Ausgrabungen, pp. 67-68 and Pl. XXXII, Figs. 151, 153-154, 157. 3° AAA 1(1908), Pl. XLII, Fig. 1, No. 2 ; Altanatolien, Figs. 877-878 (Now in the Archaeological Museum at Ankara). 31 AIS IV, Pl. LVI; Altanatolien, Fig. goo. 3 2 Ausgrabungen, Pl. XXXII, Figs. 156, 158. (Now at the Archaeological Museum in Ankara, No. 11057). EXCAVATIONS AT DOMUZTEPE 245 bered that Hittite and Late-Hittite sculptors-with the exception of those at Bo~azköy- had to bring their basalt, dolerite, granite, and similar stone, from great distances. For instance the quarry at Nurhanh " is some 16 km. from Zincirli. Again, it is very natural that basalt should be quarried at Domuztepe during the Roman and Hellenistic periods. But it is worthy of note that the hundreds of basalt blocks used for reliefs during the eighth century for the entrance buildings at Karatepe, were trar~sported down hill from Domuztepe, across the Ceyhan River, and then up a steep hill to the new location ".

IV. THE DOMUZTEPE SETTLEMENT OF THE 9TH CENTITRY A. Artitectural remains : A minor sounding made in the autumn of 1950 in a small open area before the small lion gate, led us to believe that there was a settlement here in the gth century B. C. (Figs. 16, 17). Below the foundations of one of these rooms there is a layer of ashes and charred wood, perhaps 50 to 75 cm. thick. In this there are many fragments of mud brick and one piece of a shiny grey pottery (Fig. 33) similar to the Phrygian examples and resembling pieces at Bo~azköy 35; but at the same time it also resembles sherds of the Iron Age " found at Tarsus and in Cyprus ". It is very interesting to note that in these ashes we find, all rnixed together, Roman potsherds, Hellenistic potsherds, and others which resemble the pottery of 8th and gth century Zincirli.

s' AIS I, pp. 14, 53; cf. B. Landsberger : Sam'al-Studien zur Entdeckung der Ruinenstaette Karatepe, Ankara 1948, p. 9 and footnote 19. 34 Cf. Ausgrabungen, p. 69. 35 For shiny and channelled black Phrygian pottery cf. e. g. K. Bittel, MDOG 75 (1937), p. 44, Fig. 25, a; for shiny red Phrygian pottery cf. e. g. K. Bittel, loc. cit. p. 45, fig. 26, b; for another example from Alishar of highly polished black slip ware with vertical grooves, although with grayish paste, cf H.H. von der Os- ten : The Alishar HiO~l , Seasons of 1930-32, Part II (0IP XXIX) pp. 381, 390, e~~ 1354, Fig. 430 and Pl. IX. s• I am indebted to Miss Theresa Goell for calling my attention to the resemblance between this sherd and the Cypriote bucchero-ware. See below Appendix I, footnote 6o. 37 V. Gjerstad: The Swedish Cypn~s Expedition vol. IV, 2, Stockholm 1948, pp. 77-79 and Pl. IX, 9-12 (black slip I ware); Pl. XVII, 1-5 black slip II ware); Pl. XXVI, 6 (black slip III ware). 246 U. BAHADIR ALKIM

The sounding which we made was so limited in extent that we can come to no definite conclusions. For the results of a further sounding made in October 1951 see below Appendix I, p.249. B. Sculpture : Certain sculptures of the first phase of Late- Hittite art encourage our belief in the g th century settlement at Domuztepe. t) Portal lion A (Figs. 18, 19) : This was found in 14g 35 on the thickly wooded south slope of Domuztepe. It would seem that this lion has fallen from its original position as part of the portal of an important building constituting the entrance to the top of the hill. It is made of dark grey basalt. One part of the head has been broken off. The lion was made of two blocks: we have not found the piece comprising the hindquarters. The existing stone is 16o cm. long and ~~ o cm. high. This Domuztepe lion resembles in style the archaic-looking lions of gth century Zincirli 22. The Domuztepe lion has heart-shaped ears. Its mane 'tas been stylized and is shown by one curved line in relief. In this respect it is like the lions on the Car- chemish 40 and Sirkeli 41 statue bases (Fig. 20), and the archaic Zincirli lions (cf. our Fig. 2 ). The eyes were inlaid. The front feet are decorated with incised lines (Fig. 22), and hence are like the frag- mentary Domuztepe lion shown in Fig. 26, and like the feet of the Til-Barsip 42 and Tell-Halaf 43 lions and the Bo~azköy and t he Alacahöyük sphinxes 44 (Fig. 23) and Bo~azköy portal lions. 2) Portal lion B (Figs. 24-25) : This is a second lion found on the same slope 45. The piece which we have is 1.50 m. in length and t.00

38 Belleten vol. XIV (195o), p. 656; Anatolian Studies yol. I (1951), p. 9; Anadolu vol. I (1951), p. 26. 38 AIS III, Pl. XLVI; E. Akurgal : Spaethethitiscke Bildk~mst, Pl. IV-VI; Altanatolien, Figs. 896, 897. 4° D. G. Hogar t h: Carchemish yol. I, London 1914, pl.B11, a-b; C. L. Woolley : Carchemish yol. II, London 1921, B 25, B 32; cf. Altanatolien, Figs. 830, 852. 44 AAA vol. XXV (1938), Pl. XIV; cf. Altanatolien, Fig. 959. 43 F. Thureau-Dangin and associates: Til-Barsib, Paris 1931, Pis. IX, 4; X, 8; XXXVII, 2. 43 M. Freiherrn von Oppenheim : Der Tell Halaf, Leipzig 193i, Pl. 9, a. 44 Altanatolien, Figs. 472, 499; cf. our Fig. 23. 48 Cf. Belleten yol. XIV (1950), p. 656; Anatolian Studies yol. I (1951), p. 9; Anadolu yol. 1 (1951), p. 26. EXCAVATIONS AT DOMUZTEPE 247 m. in height; it is made of dark-grey basalt. The second lion resembles the one we have just described, and also the 9 th century Zincir- li lions. We believe that it stood at the gate opposite Lion A, and that both were thrown from their original position at the same time. Portal lion C (Fig. 26) : This lion we found in 1947 when we made our first visit to the site 46 with Professor Bossert. The position of the tail and the incised decoration on the paws are those of the archaic Zincirli lions. Furthermore, the lateral line decorations found on the joints are those found on one of the lion reliefs at Tell Halaf. Base of a statue with two bulls : This was also found in 1947 47. The Hittite hieroglyphic inscription found on both sides of the base was first seen in 1949 when the thickly growing bush was cut away ". The workmanship and tail decorations of the bulls (Fig. 27) calls to mind the bulls on a relief and on a base at Carchemish 49 (cf. Figs. 28,29). The fact that the front feet of the bulls at Domuztepe have been placed in a central position in the front of the base and thus have been giyen a prominent position, recalls the base with two bulls found in the Assyrian temple in Arslantash (Fig. 30). 50. The Hittite inscription on the Domuztepe base is very much worn. Pro- fessor Bossert is now working on this inscription. The general character of the base suggests it is of the ninth or early eighth century. Thus the archaic character of some of the sculptural remains, and the stratification which clearly indicates a period earlier than the eighth century, are evidence that there was a settlement at Domuz- tepe in the ninth century. But did this settlement belong to the Danunian kingdom, or to the Sam'al Kingdom? There is evidence in both directions : -The fact that Domuztepe and Zincirli are only thirty- eight km. apart, and that the Domuztepe lions are practically copies of the archaic lions at Zincirli, makes it quite possible that the settlement belonged to the Sam'al Kingdom. On the other hand, we also know that either a single sculptor, or the members of a single school of art, worked in various empires

44 Belleten yol. XII (1948), p. 255. 47 Karatepe II, pp. 28-29 and Pl. XXXII, Figs. 156, 159, I6o. 44 Belleten yol. XIV (1950), pp. 650-651, foot-note 9. 44 C. L. Woolley : Carchemish II, Pl. B 31, b; E. Akurgal : Spaethethi- tische Bildkunst, Pl. XI. 50 F. Thureau-Dangin and associates : Arslantash, Atlas, Paris 1931, Pl. II, No. 3. 248 U. BAHADIR ALKIM

of the ancient Near East. The mutual resemblance of the relief of

the King in Sakçagözü 51, and a statue of a King at Malatya 52, and again the close resemblance between the Zincirli 53 and Sakça- gözü " sphinxes are examples in point. Furthermore, one of the tablets in the Bo~azköy archives is a letter written by the Hittite King Hattu~hil III (ca. ~~ 283- ~~ 25o B. C.) to a Babylonian King asking him to send a sculptor to the Hittite Kingdom 56. Hence we know that artists moved from country to country. Again, if we are to think that the Hittite hieroglyphic inscription at Domuztepe belongs to a King previous to Asitawa(n)das (ca. 732-715 B. C.57), this would make us feci that the Domuztepe fortress belonged to the Danunians. Hence we are stili unable to determine whether the gth century Domuztepe settlement belonged to the Danunian or to the Sam'al kingdom. We hope that Professor Bossert's work on the Hittite inscription will help us to solve this problem. As can easily be seen, both the excavation and the study of Domuztepe are quite incomplete. We hope to begin our sixth campaign in the near future, and hope that our findings will shed new light on the problems which now so puzzle and intrigue us. In conclusion, while the ruins remaining to us from the Roman and Hellenistic periods are of considerable extent on Domuztepe, they do not add appreciably to our knowledge of history. The architectural and sculptural finds from the eighth century B. C. show very extensive Danunian occupation. Our finds from the ninth century again indicate extensive settlement, but stili leave us in doubt as to whether the Kingdom was Danunian or Sam'al.

" AAA vol. I (1908), Pl. XL, Fig. t, No. 6; L. Delaporte : Malatya-Ars- lantepe I, Paris 194o, Pl. XXXIX. 52 L. Delaporte : op. cit., Pl. XXIX; Altanatolien, Figs. 791-795. 53 See above foot-note 31. 54 See above foot-note 30. 55 KBo I to reverse 58-61. 58 For the translation of this text cf. B. Landsberger: Sam'al, 1948, p. ~~ 13, n. 269. 57 Cf. H. Th. Bosser t : Die phönizisch-hethitischen Bilinguen vom Karatepe, Oriens yol. I, 2 ( 1948), p. EXCAVATIONS AT DOMUZTEPE 249

APPENDIX I Architectural investigations at Domuztepe (Fig. 31) in the autumn of 1951 revealed the existence of three building levels (pro- visionally called A,B and C58), exclusive of the Roman and Hellenistic. Level A is contemporary with the Danunian fortress of Kara- tepe, under King Asitawa(n)da-s (8th cent. B. C.). In Level B only Iron Age potsherds, showing Cypriote influence, which we prefer to call Late-Hittite 59, very similar to those at Tar- sus" and Zincirli, were found (cf. our Figs. 32-35). Monochrome ware is very scarce. These sherds are almost identical with the painted sherds found at Karatepe during the fourth, fifth and sixth seansons (1949-1951) in the cisterns or stores, hewn in the virgin rock. This fact shows that the inhabitants of Level B at Domuztepe lived at Karatepe as well, or used to visit it. This is further evidence for an earlier occupation of Karatepe. It appears that Level B at Domuz- tepe is earlier than the 8 th century B. C., and is most probably of the ninth. Level C is under the foundations of the walls of Level B. In this level there are no painted sherds, but only monochrome ware, shiny and slightly polished, of red, grey, brown and cream colour very similar to the Late Bronze Age sherds and also to the rough ware of the Hittite Imperial period. The fact that at Kara- tepe also, again in the cisterns or stores, a few samples of potsherds of this kind were found, shows that the earliest inhabitants of Domuz- tepe occupied Karatepe as well. Since the natural rock is very near to the surface and since in consequence any walls of this period must have been carried away by the rain water, it is certainly quite impos- sible to find traces of walls belonging to the earliest level at Karatepe. The date of Level C at Domuztepe, under which is the virgin rock, seems to be earlier than the ninth century B. C.

58 U. Al kim : Sixth Season's Work at Karatepe, Belleten yol. XVI. 61 ( January 1952), pp. 135-136. 59 cf. H. H. yön der Osten : Buntkeramik in Anatolien, Orientalia Suecana, yol. I, fasc. 1/2, pp. 24 - 26, 30. 89 I am gratefully indebted to Professor H. Goldman, Director of the Ame- rican Excavations at Gözlukule, Tarsus, to Dr. Hanfmann and Domuztepe sherds here shown in Figs. 32 - 35 and certain Iron Age sherds from Tarsus, and for permission to mention this resemblance in the present article. 250 U. BAHADIR ALKIM

APPENDIX II Figures 2, 3, 4, 'o, II 12 13, 14, 15, 15 a, 17, 21, 22, 25, 27, and 31 are from photographs by the author; Figs. 9, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 29 and 32 are due to Mr. Dursun Cankut, photographer to the Turkish Historical Society. For Figs. 33, 34 and 35 I am indebted to Miss Theresa Goell, Assistant Director of the American Excavations at Gözlükule, Tarsus, to whom I am deeply grateful. My thanks are also due to Professor John Garstang for permission to photograph the statue-base from Sirkeli in Fig. 20. Fig. 9. 23, and 29 (republished here for purpose of compari- son) are from stones in the Archaeological Museum at Ankara. For permission to take these photographs in 1948 I have to thank the kindness of the Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums, and in particular Dr. Hâmit Zübeyr Ko~ay, at that time Director- General, and Mr. Nuri Gökçe, Director of the Ankara Museum. The remaining illustrations are reproduced from the following works : Fig.5 from H. Frankfurt : Cylinder Seals. A Dopmzentary Essay on the Art and Religion of the Near East, London 1939, Pl. XXXIII, a. Fig.6 from H. Frankfort :ibid. Pl. XXXIII, h. Fig.7 from PKg. II, Fig. 579, No. 7. Fig.8 from M. Ohnefals ch-Ri ch ter : Kypros, 1893, Tafelband, Pl. LXXX, Fig. 2. Fig.28 from C. L. Woolley : Carchemish yol. II. London 1921, Pl. B 31, b. Fig.3o from Thureau-Dangin and associates : Arslant~zsh, Atlas, Paris 1931, Pl. II, No. 3.