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Vrije Universiteit Brussel Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea Deliberative Democracy and Complex Diversity From Discourse Ethics to the Theory of Argumentation Oier Imaz Alias Proefschrift ingediend met het oog op het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Politieke Wetenschappen (VUB) Filosofia, Zientzia eta Balioak doktore titulua eskuratzeko aurkezturiko tesia (UPV/EHU) 2017-2018 Promotor: Promotor: Prof. Dr. Didier Caluwaerts Prof. Dr. Andoni Ibarra (cc)2017 OIER IMAZ ALIAS (cc by-nc-sa 4.0) TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. 6 LIST OF GRAPHS ........................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER I .................................................................................................................................. 27 ‘LIBERTIES DILEMMA’: THE LIBERAL APPROACH .......................................................................... 27 1 POLITICAL LIBERALISM: JOHN RAWLS’S FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS ............................................................. 28 1.1 POLITICAL CONCEPTION OF JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS ................................................................................... 29 1.2 THE ORIGINAL POSITION .................................................................................................................... 31 1.3 REASONABLE PLURALISM AND OVERLAPPING CONSENSUS ....................................................................... 33 2 SOME LIMITS TO POLITICAL LIBERALISM: PRIORITY RULE, FREEDOM, AND SOCIETY ................................... 35 2.1 THE NEUTRALITY OF LIBERALISM AND THE IDEAL OF SOCIETY ................................................................... 35 2.2 THE PRIORITY RULE AND THE CONCEPTION OF THE PERSON ..................................................................... 38 2.3 POLITICAL LIBERALISM AND REPUBLICAN FREEDOM ................................................................................ 40 3 PROCEDURAL’ CRITIQUE AND ‘DELIBERATIVE’ SOLUTION: JÜRGEN HABERMAS ......................................... 43 3.1 CONTRA RAWLS ............................................................................................................................... 44 3.2 PROCEDURAL RESPONSE: PRELIMINARY NOTES ..................................................................................... 47 4 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................................. 52 DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: A PROCEDURAL RESPONSE TO THE ‘LIBERTIES DILEMMA' ................ 52 1 THE INTERNAL TENSION: MORAL VALIDITY AND THE FACTICITY OF LAW ................................................. 54 1.1 THE DISCOURSE PRINCIPLE: MORAL VALIDITY, NORMATIVE RIGHTNESS AND IMPARTIALITY .......................... 55 1.2 ‘LEGAL VALIDITY’ AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL STATE ..................................................... 64 1.3 PROCEDURAL RESPONSE: NEITHER MORAL NOR POLITICAL ...................................................................... 70 2 THE EXTERNAL TENSION: FROM PLURALISM TO SOCIAL COMPLEXITY .................................................... 75 2.1 THE EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL OF MODERN RATIONALISATION.............................................................. 76 2.2 FROM THE IDEAL PROCEDURE TO THE TWO-TRACK MODEL ..................................................................... 81 2.3 SOCIOLOGICAL TRANSLATION: NEITHER LIBERAL NOR REPUBLICAN ........................................................... 86 3 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................... 91 CHAPTER III ................................................................................................................................ 93 THE LIMITS OF DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: FROM SOCIAL COMPLEXITY TO COMPLEX DIVERSITY 93 1 COMPLEX DIVERSITY (I): UNIVERSAL VALIDITY AND COMMUNICATION .................................................. 95 1.1 UNIVERSAL VALIDITY AS A RULE OF ARGUMENTATION ............................................................................ 96 1.2 SUBJECT-LESS COMMUNICATION, DIVERSITY, AND CITIZENSHIP .............................................................. 101 1.3 THE AGONISTIC CRITIQUE ................................................................................................................ 107 4 2 COMPLEX DIVERSITY (II): RATIONALIZATION ................................................................................. 111 2.1 CONVENTIONAL IDENTITY: ACTION COORDINATION AND MORAL NORMS ................................................ 112 2.2 THE RATIONALISATION OF IDENTITY: FROM MORAL TO LEGAL COMMUNITIES .......................................... 117 2.3 THE CONSTITUTIONAL PARADOX: ACTION COORDINATION AND LEGAL NORMS ........................................ 121 3 CONCRETE POLITICS (I): NATIONAL ‘MINORITIES’ IN CONSTITUTIONAL LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES .................. 128 4 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................ 135 CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................................................... 137 DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY FOR COMPLEX DIVERSITY ............................................................... 137 1 MIDDLE GROUND THEORY ........................................................................................................ 139 2 MIDDLE GROUND THEORY AND DEEP DIVIDE ................................................................................ 143 2.1 COPING WITH DEEP DIVIDE (I): OUTCOMES OF DELIBERATION ............................................................... 144 2.2 COPING WITH DEEP DIVIDE (II): PROCESS OF DELIBERATION .................................................................. 158 3 SYSTEMIC APPROACH, IDENTITY CONFLICT, AND PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT................................................ 175 3.1 FROM DISTANCE TO CONNECTIVITY: THE DELIBERATIVE SYSTEM ............................................................ 176 3.2 IMPACT ON DECISION-MAKING: FUNCTION OF PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT ..................................................... 179 3.3 FROM ‘DELIBERATION WITHIN’ TO ‘DELIBERATION WITH OTHERS’ .......................................................... 183 4 CONCLUSIONS: NORMATIVE BASELINE ......................................................................................... 186 CHAPTER V ................................................................................................................................ 192 CONCRETE POLITICS (IV): THE KONPONDU INITIATIVE ................................................................ 192 1 ANALYTIC FRAME: DELIBERATION GENRE ..................................................................................... 194 2 MACRO-CONTEXT: THE BASQUE CONFLICT ................................................................................... 198 3 MESO-CONTEXT: INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN-CHOICES AND OUTCOMES ................................................... 205 3.1 VISION AND TYPE............................................................................................................................ 207 3.2 PARTICIPANT SELECTION AND RECRUITMENT ....................................................................................... 210 3.3 SUBJECT AND SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 215 3.4 DELIBERATIVE MODE ...................................................................................................................... 217 3.5 RECURRENCE AND ITERATION ........................................................................................................... 220 3.6 STAKES ......................................................................................................................................... 223 3.7 EMPOWERMENT AND MONITORING .................................................................................................. 224 3.8 SUMMARY: DESIGN-CHOICES AND OUTCOMES .................................................................................... 225 4 GENRE ANALYSIS OF DELIBERATIVE ARGUMENTATION ..................................................................... 232 4.1 DELIBERATION AS GENRE ................................................................................................................. 233 4.2 SHARED PURPOSE AND STAGES ......................................................................................................... 237 4.3 RELATIONAL DISCOURSE STRUCTURE ................................................................................................. 240 4.4 THE DELIBERATIVE MINIMUM .........................................................................................................

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