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ACTA ICHTHYOLOGICA ET PISCATORIA Volo XVU: Fasc

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ACTA ICHTHYOLOGICA ET PISCATORIA Volo XVU: Fasc ACTA ICHTHYOLOGICA ET PISCATORIA Volo XVU: Fasc. 1 Szczecin 1987 Tomasz HEESE MORPHOLOGY OF TWO PLASTIC FORMS OF WIDTEFISH (COREGONUSLA VARETUS (L.)) OCCURRING IN THE POMER.ANIAN BAY AND SZCZECIN LAGOON MORFOLOGIA DWOCH FORM PLASTYCZNYCH SIEI ( COREGONUSLA VARETUS (L.)) WYSTijPUJ.i\.CYCHW ZATOCE POMORSKIEJ I ZALEWIB SZCZEC:INSKIM Institute of Ichthyology, Academy of Agriculture, Szczecin Morphology of whitefish ( CoregonusT.avaretus) was studied in the population inhabiting the Pomeranian Bay and Szczecin Lagoon. The whitefish migrate cyclically between the two areas and spawn in the Szczecin Lagoon. Detailed examina­ tion allowed to differentiate between two plastic forms of the whitefish within the sample studied. A number of characters were found that differed significantly between the two forms. The cluster analysis, however, suggests the existence of a whole gamut of intermediate individuals. Each form is shown to have sexual dimorphism-related characters. INTRODUCTION Problems of systematics of the whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus), its forms and related species have been frequently tackled (Kulmatycki, 1926/1927; Pravdin,1931; Jarvi, 1943; Steinmann, 1951; Svardson, 1957, 1970; G::isowska,1960, 1967, 1970; �aposnikova, 1968; Behnke, 1972; Mednikov et al., 1977; Ferguson et al., 1978; Resetni­ kov, 1980; and many others). Basically,each author with his or her predecessor. As a consequence, no clear-cut and lucid taxonomic system has been applied to the whitefish 4 Tomasz Heese ( C./avaretus s. /ato), various systems proposed being frrquently chaotic and regional in their application. The reason may be sought in the high plasticity of the species, quickly adapting to environmental changes. The form of whitefish occurring in the Pomeranian Bay and Szczecin Lagoon is interesting for a number of reasons, a possibility of intensive culture being one of them. Moreover, thanks to Pf,czalska (1962, 1966) it was possible to follow morphological changes of the species in the area that have taken place over a period of more than 20 years. Still another reason for studying the species is the necessity to protect the . native whitefish form which is best adapted to the local habitat and reproduces under natural conditions. The samples collected in the two areas under study were found to contain two groups of individuals, differing markedly in their head profile. Thus an attempt was made to determine the degree to which the two forms differ fromeach other, meristic and plastic characters being considered and various methods of study being employed. The present work is aimed at analysing the whitefish systematics, with a due consideration to the plastic forms mentioned. AREAS OF STUDY The Szczecin Lagoon is connected with the Pomeranian Bay via three rivers: the Peene, Swina, and Dziwna. The Lagoon coastline is well developed and contains numerous coves; the total area of the Lagoon (with the connecting rivers included) 2 amounts to about 910 km (Majewski, .1980). The hydrological regime of the Lagoon is governed by the riverine inflows, periodical influxesof saline water from the Pomeranian Bay, a,.'1d eutrophication. The two areas interact strongly, the connection between them allowing for water exchange in two opposite directions. The basic driving force of the exchange are the winds. Additionally, the exchange is enhanced by a slight water level difference between the Lagoon and the Baltic Sea (0.227 m on the average) (Ku­ biak, 1980). Environmental conditions of the Szczecin Lagoon and Pomeranian Bay induce high fish productivity, the Lagoon itself belonging to the most productive reservoirs adjacent to the Baltic (Wiktor, 1971). In spite of increasing pollution, the Lagoon environment has still a large potential for self-purification and serves as a kind of "biologic treatment plant" for the River Odra water. The growing eutrophication, however, contributes considerably to qualitative changes in the fishfauna, the changes favouring less valuable species. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fish individuals examined were collected mainly from commercial cathes made by the ,.Certa" Fisheries Cooperative in the Szczecin Lagoon and Pomeranian Bay (Table 1). Plastic forms of Whitefish ... 5 Table Description of the ma tcrials examined No. of Total length Age Total Year Month indivi- duals (cm) July* 10 10.4-12.0 O+ 1983 October 33 37.5-57.3 3+ - 6+ 57 November 14 37.7-59.2 1+ - 8+ February 16 37.8-56.2 2 - 7+ March 60 34.8-59.1 2 - 9+ April 35 37.6-64.1 2 - 9+ 1984 May 26 35.9-53.2 2+ - 8 244 August* 16 11.7-14.2 O+ October 24 36.0-58.0 l+ - 7+ November 67 37.7-64.4 1+ -10+ 1983-1984 30:l 10.4-64.4 0+-10+ 301 * caught with juvenile fishtrawl Fresh individuals were examined, the fry onlybeing formalin-preservedimmediately after capture. The fish age was determined from scales taken from the first row behind the dorsal fin above the lateral line. The following meristic characters were included in the analysis: ray counts (hard and softrays) were made in fins and gill membrane; number of scales along the lateral line as well as number of scale rows above and below it were determined; vertebrae count was made; and gill rakers on the external gill arch were counted on both sides of the fish. The number of scales along the lateral line was determined by counting those showingthe lateral line canal aperture and disregarding the fine scales at the base of the caudal fin. The vertebrae were counted afterremoval of the right side muscles. Since the first vertebra in the coregonids is small and fused with the 1 skull, it was disregarded,as was the urostyl. The plastic characters of the fish body were analysed following Smith's diagram published by Pravdin (1966). The first gill arch was measured as described in that paper as well. All measurements were made with callipers to 0.5 mm, the gill rakers being measu c"ed to 0.1 mm. The total, body, and caudal lengths of a fishwere measured to the nearest mm. 6 Tomasz Heese Statistical treatment of the results involved calculation of the arithmetic mean (M), standard error of the mean (m), standard deviation (S), and coefficientof variation (CV). Significance of differences between means was tested with Student's t and the t test for means with unequal variances, 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels being used. Analysis of variance was applied to comparisons of more than two means. A hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis based on the nearest neighbour sorting strategy was used to determine similarity between various individuals. Computer-aided techniques described by Kucharczyk (1982) were used to detect clusters. The relevant computer programmes were developed by Mr Leszek Bialy, M.Sc. RESULTS Meristic characters Meristic characters were studied on 301 whitefish individuals caught in the Szczecin Lagoon and Pomeranian Bay. The following formula was arrived at: DUI-V/7 /8-12; 10-12 AII-V 9-14;V ll 9-11; PI 12-16; C 18-20; 1.1. /76/80-98/100/ 103/--; vertebrae 12-16 count /53/55-63;gill rakers count 22/24- 34/35; gill membrane ray count 7-10. As mentioned in the introduction, two groups of fishes, differingin thei head profile, were separated, one having a smooth profile (typical form)a nd the other steep in profile Fig. 1. Plastic forms of the whitefish in the area of study: typical form(*); humpback form(**) Table 2 Meristic characters of the typical and humpback formsof the whitefishstudied Typical form Humpback form Character n range M±m s CV n range M±m s CV hard rays 104 3- 5 4.31±0.05 .0.48 11.1 104 3- 5 4.28±0.05 0.49 11.4 soft rays 104 7-12 10.05±0.07 0.73 7.3 104 8-12 9.95±0.07 0.75 7.5 hard rays 104 2- 5 3.61±0.06 0.61 16.9 104 2- 5 3.65±0.06 0.57 15.6 soft rays 104 9-14 11.49±0.10 0.97 8.4 104 9-14 11.58±0.10 1.01 8.7 Fins C soft rays 99 18-20 18.99±0.04 0.44 2.3 102 18-20 18.97±0.03 0.30 1.6 hard rays 101 2 2.00±0.00 0.00 0.0 104 2 2.00±0.00 0.00 0.0 soft rays 101 9-12 10.28±0.06 0.60 5.8 104 9-11 10.27±0.05 0.52 5.1 hard rays 104 l 1.00±0.00 0.00 0.0 104 1 1.00±0.00 0.00 0.0 soft rays 104 12-16 13.99±0.08 0.86 6.1 104 12-16 13.88±0.09 0.90 6.5 Gill membrane rays 104 7-10 8.64±0.05 0.55 6.4 104 7'--10 8.70±0.05 0.55 6.3 Lateral linescales count 140 76-98 88.88±0.39 4.60 5.2 127 80-103 89.36±0.39 4.38 4.9 Number of scale rows above lateral line 95 10-12 10.95±0.05 0.47 4.3 96 10-12 10.86±0.05 0.51 4.7 Number of scale rows below lateral line 90 12-16 13.76±0.09 0.82 6.0 95 12-15 13.85±0.08 0.78 5.6 Vertebrae count 138 55-63 59.77±0.13 1.54 2.6 122 53-63 60.26±0.14 1.60 2.7 Numberof gill rakerson right arch 141 22-35 28.84±0.17 1.98 6.9 126 24-33 29.15±0.17 1.96 6.7 - bottom part 101 14-20 17.07±0.12 1.20 7.0 104 14-21 17.28±0.15 1.48 8.6 - upper part 101 8-13 11.76±0.08 0.82 7.0 104 9-13 11.
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