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2015 ALASKA WILDLIFE ACTION PLAN a Plan for Managing Fish and Wildlife Species and Their Habitats to Help Prevent Listings Under the Endangered Species Act

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2015 ALASKA WILDLIFE ACTION PLAN a Plan for Managing Fish and Wildlife Species and Their Habitats to Help Prevent Listings Under the Endangered Species Act 2015 ALASKA WILDLIFE ACTION PLAN A plan for managing fish and wildlife species and their habitats to help prevent listings under the Endangered Species Act. © 2015 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Alaska Department of Fish and Game PO Box 115526 Juneau, Alaska 99811-5526 Cover photos: Photo credits are listed in Appendix F. The State of Alaska is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. Contact the Division of Wildlife Conservation at (907) 465-4190 for alternative formats of this publication. Please cite as Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2015. Alaska wildlife action plan. Juneau. Executive Summary A rare clear day across Alaska. On many days, clouds cover much of Alaska, obscuring large portions of the state’s 664,384 square miles of land. The south coast of Alaska has the dubious distinction of being the cloudiest region of the United States, with some locations averaging more than 340 cloudy days per year. Image taken 17 June 2013. NASA Photo. This 2015 Alaska Wildlife Action Plan is a major revision of the original plan, published in 2006, and ful- goalfills theof preventing10-year revision species requirement from becoming of the listed federal as Statethreatened Wildlife or Grant endangered (SWG) program.under the The Endangered program provides states with funding to proactively address the conservation needs of wildlife with the ultimate- Species Act (ESA). The plan, developed with input from conservation partners and the public, is in tended to guide state use of those funds. In this revised plan, we identified “species of greatest conservation need,” or SGCN, using multiple criteria, including species whose population is small, declining, or under significant threat (“at-risk” species); species that are culturally, ecologically, or economically important; species that function as sentinel species (indicators of environmental change); and stewardship species (species with a high percentage of their North American or global populations in Alaska). The action plan identifies 326 vertebrate taxa as SGCN in Alaska, including 58 fish, 5 amphibians, 192- birds, and 71 mammals. Invertebrate SGCN include 5 orders of freshwater invertebrates, 4 orders of marine zooplankton, 36 species and one phylum of larger marine invertebrates, and 5 orders of terres trial arthropods. SWG funding can be spent only on activities related to SGCN and their habitats; eligible activities include research, monitoring, habitat assessments, conservation actions, and planning. The plan describes the distribution of each SGCN within 6 terrestrial and 3 marine bioregions in Alaska and identifies the key habitats used by each species. Potential threats to wildlife, their habitats, and the spectrum of possible conservation actions to address threats in Alaska are also identified and discussed. - The plan discusses the species, habitats, threats, and conservation actions of highest priority in Alaska.- The prioritization is intended as general or strategic guidance. Other factors related to budgets, capac ity, partnerships, and cost-benefit analyses will drive annual decisions on what specific research, moni toring,Priority and species planning projects to conduct. - lations, declining populations, populations under threat, or species for which Alaska has high steward- —Species of highest priority are those with a combination of the following: small popu ship responsibility. The plan identifies 15 taxa (including subspecies) as examples of high priority SGCN that meet these factors. Secondary factors such as ecological and cultural importance, and their utility asPriority a sentinel habitats species, will influence project-level prioritization. —The plan identifies sea ice; tundra; glacially influenced rivers, streams, and fjords; and permafrost associated wetlands as priority habitats because they are diminishing in extent as a- result of climate change. Beaches and sea cliffs (important for shorebirds and seabirds), temperate rain forest (important for old-growth associated species), and marine nearshore and shelf are also high pri orityPriority habitats threats because of their particularly high productivity and importance. - —Climate change is the preeminent threat to wildlife and their habitat in Alaska. Of particular concern are the effects of diminishing sea ice habitat, permafrost melting, and ocean acidifi cation. These changes will have significant consequences for species that depend on sea ice for resting and foraging (ice seals, walrus, polar bear), for marine food chains that are supported by zooplankton (virtually all), and for waterbirds (e.g., waterfowl, shorebirds, loons) that nest on, or feed in, the many lakes, ponds, and wetlands that exist because of permafrost. Other priority threats include the risk of chronic or catastrophic oil spills, especially in arctic waters where ice cover will complicate cleanup efforts. Invasive species pose an important threat, particularly marine invertebrates, freshwater aquatic plants, and mammals (especially rats) on islands with seabird colonies.Priority conservation actions —A high priority conservation action in Alaska is data acquisition. Alaska needs better and more monitoring to identify species that are potentially in trouble. For those species that are at risk or declining, research is required to understand why they are declining, and where conservation action is needed. Other priority conservation actions include surveys to identify high-use areas by SGCN in the state so that development activities can be directed away from sensitive or highly valuable areas. Finally, although Alaska does not have a large number of invasive species, controlling them is one of the most effective conservation actions we can take. - Overall, Alaska has very healthy habitats and abundant wildlife populations. This is due to its location,- putlarge from size, partner small human agencies, population, nongovernmental and minimally organizations, modified lands. academic It is, institutions,by far, the least and developed the public, land will scape in the United States, and its rich wildlife resources reflect that fact. This plan, developed with in provide the strategic guidance necessary to help ensure Alaska’s remarkable wildlife remains abundant into the foreseeable future. Table of Contents Introduction . 1 Road Map to Plan Elements . 5 Alaska Overview . 11 People 12 Landscape . Wildlife 16 . 14 22 . Species of Greatest Conservation Need . 23 Summary . Excluded Species. .24 Results Criteria for Inclusion as SGCN. .28 Distribution and Abundance of Wildlife in Alaska . 33 . 32 52 Distribution of SGCN . .33 Key Habitats of Wildlife in Alaska . 53 Abundance of SGCN . 60 Forest. 54 Tundra 62 Shrub. Wetlands 66 . Marine Freshwater. .69 . .74 Sea Ice. .81 Threats to Wildlife . 89 Other . 85 Residential and Commercial Development. 89 Agriculture and Aquaculture. 91 Energy, Production, and Mining. .94 100 Transportation and Service Corridors. .97 Human Intrusion and Disturbance 105 Biological Resource Use . 107 . Natural System Modification. Invasive and Other Problematic Species. 109 Table of Contents (continued) Pollution 111 . Geologic Events . .113 Conservation Actions . .121 Climate Change. 114 121 Land and Water Protection 122 Data Acquisition. Land and Water Management 126 . Education and Awareness Species Management. 128 . .130 Law and Policy. 131 Livelihood, Economic, and Other Incentives. 131 Monitoring and Evaluation . .133 External Capacity Building. .131 Wildlife Monitoring Efforts in Alaska Challenges in Alaska. .133 Evaluation . .134 Alaska Priorities . .141 . 137 Habitat Priorities Species Priorities. 141 Threat Priorities . 143 . .144 Plan Development, Implementation, and Review . 147 Priority Conservation Actions. 145 Eligible Activities 150 150 . 2025 Revision of Alaska’s Wildlife Action Plan . .153 Public Comment on the 2015 Plan Revision. Literature Cited . .155 Appendices . 173 List of Tables Table 1. Number of Nominee Species by taxonomic category in the 2006 State Wildlife Action Plan (SWAP) versus species of greatest conservation need (SGCN) in the 2015 revised plan. Numerals refer to number of species and subspecies, unless another taxonomic level is indicated. Categories not used by one or the other plans are left blank. 6 Table 2. Locations in this document where the 8 required elements are addressed.. .10 Table 3. Species that are considered a threat to wildlife and their habitats in Alaska as invasive species (human-facilitated). 110 Table 4. List of at-risk species petitioned for listing under ESA during the last planning period (2001-2015), record of SWG funding and final resolution.. .140 Table 5. Examples of high-priority SGCN from diverse taxonomic groups. Each is notable for having a relatively small, and/or declining, and/or vulnerable population that is heavily dependent on habitats in Alaska. ..
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