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Lake Whitefish Culture and Stocking: an Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review

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Lake Whitefish Culture and Stocking: an Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review Lake Whitefish Culture and Stocking: An Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review T. A. Lasenby and S. J. Kerr Fisheries Section Fish and Wildlife Branch Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources G. W. Hooper White Lake Fish Culture Station Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources March 2001 This publication should be cited as follows: Lasenby, T. A., S. J. Kerr and G. W. Hooper. 2001. Lake whitefish culture and stocking: An annotated bibliography and literature review. Fish and Wildlife Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 72 p. + appendices. Printed in Ontario, Canada (0.3 k P. R. 01 30 03) MNR 51493 ISBN 0-7794-0999-X Copies of this publication are available from: Fish and Wildlife Branch Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources P. O. Box 7000 300 Water Street Peterborough, Ontario K9J 8M5 Cette publication spécialisée n’est disponible qu’en anglais. Cover drawing by Ruth E. Grant, Brockville, Ontario. Preface This bibliography and literature review is the eighth in a series of reference documents developed in conjunction with a review of fish stocking policies and guidelines for the Province of Ontario. It has been prepared to summarize information on the current state of knowledge regarding the culture and stocking of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in a form which can be readily utilized by Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) field staff and external stocking proponents. Material cited in this bibliography includes papers published in scientific journals, magazines and periodicals as well as “gray” literature such as file reports from OMNR field offices. Unpublished literature was obtained by soliciting information (i.e., unpublished data and file reports) from OMNR field biologists from across Ontario. The majority of published information was obtained from a comprehensive literature search conducted in the OMNR corporate library in Peterborough. Twenty-one major fisheries journals were reviewed as part of this exercise. These included: Aquaculture (1972-1998), California Fish and Game (1971-2000), Copeia (1913-2000), Environmental Biology of Fishes (1976-2000), Fishery Bulletin (1963-2000), Fisheries Management (1975-1984), Journal of Freshwater Ecology (1981-2000), New York Fish and Game Journal (1954-1985), North American Journal of Fisheries Management (1981-2000), Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada/Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (1950-2000), Progressive Fish Culturist/North American Journal of Aquaculture (1940- 2000), and Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (1929-2000). Material was also obtained from other journals such as the Journal of Wildlife Management, Fisheries, Sylva, Journal of Freshwater Fishing, Wisconsin Conservation Bulletin and Canadian Fish Culturist. Searches were also made of other publications including: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Transactions of the Annual North American Fish and Wildlife Conference, Transactions of the Annual Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, United States Department of the Interior Fisheries Technical Papers, FAO Fisheries Technical Papers and Circulars, and reports published under the Canadian Technical Report Series of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. A search of the World Wide Web was conducted to obtain any pertinent abstracts from papers presented at Division meetings of the American Fisheries Society as well as the 2000 Annual Meeting. Finally, some information was acquired through a search of the Fish and Fisheries Worldwide Database (1971-2000) and Cambridge Scientific Abstracts via the Internet. Included are approximately 170 citations, most of which contain a synopsis or annotation. Many papers are of European and Scandinavian origin. In cases where abstracts were unavailable, pertinent information from the document was extracted to provide a summary of the findings. Finally, in some cases, we were unable to acquire a copy of the document and have simply included the citation for future reference. (i) Table of Contents Preface............................................................................................................................................(i) Table of Contents ..........................................................................................................................(ii) History of Lake Whitefish Stocking in Ontario ...............................................................................1 Synthesis of Selected Literature .......................................................................................................3 Annotated Bibliography .................................................................................................................17 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................65 Subject Key ....................................................................................................................................67 Subject Index..................................................................................................................................69 Appendix 1. Lake whitefish stocking in Ontario waters, 1877-2000. Appendix 2. Lake whitefish stocking in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, 1888-2000. Appendix 3. Proportion of hatchery-reared lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in Lake Simcoe netting and survey programs, 1983-1999. (ii) History of Lake Whitefish Stocking in Ontario History of Lake Whitefish Stocking in Ontario The name “whitefish” typically applies to several Coregonid species. The lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) which is present in Canada has been cautiously equated with the European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) (McPhail and Lindsay 1970), and for this reason both species are addressed equally in this document. The artificial rearing of the “whitefish of America” (Corregonus albus) was first attempted by Samuel Wilmot in 1867, at the Newcastle hatchery (Anonymous 1876). It is highly unlikely that the species in question was the same as what is now referred to as Coregonus clupeaformis. Both lake whitefish and lake herring were apparently known as C. albus at one time, and it is believed that this reference was to lake herring. In the late 1800s, lake whitefish were stocked into many Ontario coldwater lakes which were deemed suitable for the species as well as some waterbodies with existing populations (Table 1). Table 1. Some early stocking records of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) fry in Ontario waterbodies. Year Waterbody (County/Area) Number stocked Reference 1884 Lake Ontario (West Durham, East 4,000,000 Anonymous (1885) Northumberland, York and Lincoln) 1884 Lake Erie (Essex, Elgin and Kent) 6,000,000 Anonymous (1885) 1884 Detroit River (Peaché Island, Fighting Island, 16,000,000 Anonymous (1885) Bois Blanc Island, Belle Isle and Essex) 1885 Bay of Quinte (Hastings and Prince Edward) 500,000 Anonymous (1886) 1887 Lake Huron 2,000,000 Anonymous (1888) 1887 Lake St. Clair 1,000,000 Anonymous (1888) 1888 Lake Simcoe (Simcoe and York) 200,000 Anonymous (1889) 1888 Charleston Lake (Leeds) 100,000 Anonymous (1889) 1888 Lake Couchiching (Simcoe and Ontario) 300,000 Anonymous (1889) 1889 Georgian Bay (Grey) 400,000 Anonymous (1890) 1891 Mississippi Lake (Lanark) 420,000 Anonymous (1892) 1891 Consecon Lake (Prince Edward) 1,000,000 Anonymous (1892) 1893 Long Lake (Prince Edward) 800,000 Anonymous (1894) 1893 Green Lake (Stormont) 480,000 Anonymous (1893) 1894 Lake Rosseau (Muskoka) 250,000 Anonymous (1895) 1894 Sharbot Lake (Frontenac) 400,000 Anonymous (1895) 1895 Lake Gillies (Lanark) 300,000 Anonymous (1896) 1895 Upper Rideau Lake (Leeds and Lanark) 300,000 Anonymous (1896) 1895 Lower Rideau lake (Leeds and Lanark) 300,000 Anonymous (1896) Early lake whitefish plantings involved the release of eyed eggs or fry for over fifty years before studies demonstrated that fry plantings made no significant contribution to established whitefish populations in the Great Lakes (Van Oosten 1941, Lapworth 1956, Dymond 1957, Christie 1963). This evidence greatly reduced the amount of artificial whitefish propagation conducted in Ontario from that point in time (MacKay 1963). In the past, lake whitefish fry were propagated by provincial and federal hatcheries and stocked in large quantities into Lake Ontario and Lake Erie (Table 2). Table 2. The propagation of lake whitefish in Ontario government hatcheries, 1867-2000. 1 History of Lake Whitefish Stocking in Ontario Name Years of Operation Known Year(s) of Lake Whitefish Propagation Newcastle 1965-1914 1867-85, 1887-1901 Sandwich 1876-1916 1876-85, 1887-1905, 1907-1908, 1910 Ottawa 1890-? 1891-1902, 1907-1908 Sarnia 1908-1926 1909, 1947, 1950, 1954** Collingwood 1912-1956 1930*-32, 1947, 1950, 1954** Belleville 1915-? 1930*-32 Kenora 1915-? 1930*-32, 1938, 1943, 1950, 1954, 1961** Kingsville 1917-? 1930*-32, 1943, 1947, 1950, 1954** Normandale 1917- 1920-25, 1930-32, 1647, 1950, 1954** Port Arthur 1919-? 1919-31, 1947, 1950, 1954** Sault Ste. Marie 1921-1956 1930*, 1947, 1950, 1954** (Hatchery) Glenora 1923-1955 1924, 1930-32, 1954** Fort Frances 1930-1957 1930, 1938, 1947, 1950, 1954** Little Current 1934-1968 1934, 1943, 1947, 1950, 1954, 1961-67** White Lake 1934- 1986- Chatsworth 1936- 1982-1986 * It is likely that lake whitefish propagation occurred prior to the stated
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