DOCSLIB.ORG

Geotilermal DEVELOPMENT in Tile PHILIPPINES

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geotilermal DEVELOPMENT in Tile PHILIPPINES Report 2, 1993 GEOTIlERMAL DEVELOPMENT IN TIlE PHILIPPINES Zosimo F. Sarmiento, UNU Geothermal Training Programme, Orkustofnun - National Energy Authority, Grensasvegur 9, 108 Reykjavik, ICELAND Work address: Reservoir Engineering and Resource Management, Geothermal Division, PNOC - Energy Development Corporation, PNPC Complex .. Merritt Road, Ft. Bonifacio, Makati, Metro Manila, PHILIPPINES 3 PREFACE Since the fou ndation of the UNU Geothermal Training Programme in Iceland in 1979, it has been customary to invite annually one geothermal expert to come to Iceland as a UNU Visiting Lecturer. The UNU Visiting Lecturers have been in residence in Reykjavik from one to eight weeks. They have given a series of lectures on their speciality and held discussion sessions with the UNU Fellows attending the Training Programme. The lectures of the UNU Visiting Lecturers have also been open to the geothermal community in Iceland, and have always been well attended. It is the good fortune of the UNU Geothermal Training Programme that so many distinguished geothermal specialists with an international reputation have found time to visit us. Following is a list of the UNU Visiting Lecturers during 1979-1993: 1979 Donald E. White United States 1980 Christopher Armstead United Kingdom 1981 Derek H. Freeston New Zealand 1982 Stanley H. Ward United States 1983 Patrick Browne New Zealand 1984 Enrico Barbier Italy 1985 Bernardo S. Tolentino Philippines 1986 C. Russel James New Zealand 1987 Robert Harrison United Kingdom 1988 Robert O. Fournier United States 1989 Peter Ottlik Hungary 1990 Andr. Menjoz France 1991 Wang Ii.yang P_R. China 1992 Patrick Muffler United States 1993 Zosimo F. Sarmiento Philippines The UNU Visiting Lecturer of 1993, Mc. Zosimo F. Sarmiento is the manager of the Reservoir Engineering and Management Section of the Geothermal Division of the Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC). He was a UNU Fellow in Iceland in 1980, and is the first former trainee to be invited to join the distinguished list of UNU Visiting Lecturers. The Studies Board of the Training Programme decided to invite him on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the Training Programme. The Philippines are amongst the leading users of geothermal energy in the world for electricity production. The Geothermal Division of the PNOC is probably the organization with the largest number of staff and the largest amount of activity in geothermal exploration and development in the world at present. It is therefore of great value for the participants of the UNU Geothermal Training Programme to learn from the experience of the Philippines. We are grateful to Sammy Sarmiento for giving us an insight into the various aspects of the exploration and management of the geothermai resources of the Philippines in his five lectures in Reykjavik in August 1993, and for preparing the lecture notes that are presented here. Ingvar Birgir Fridleifsson, director, United Nations University, Geothermal Training Programme. 4 TABLE OF CONlENTS Page PREFACE . ... .... .... ..... .... .... ... .. ... .. ........ ........ 3 1. UPDATE ON GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES ....... 8 1.1 Introduction . .... ......... .... ........... ... .. .... ... 8 1.2 Geothermal historical performance .... .................... ........ 9 1.3 Geothermal power development plan 1992-2000 ... .. •. .• . ..... 10 1.4 PNOC-EDC steam field development plan .. ..... ... • .. .... ..... 13 1.5 Non-electrical application ........... ... ..... .. .. ... 21 1.6 PG! steam field development plan ..... .... ....... .. .• . • ....... 21 1.7 Geothermal manpower development . .. .. .. ... .. .. ...... 22 1.8 Build-operate-transfer projects. .. 25 1.9 Drilling programme .......... ..... .. .. ... .. ..... 25 1.10 Funding requirements ........ ... .. .. .. .. ..... 25 1.11 Environmental management programme . ....... .. .. • .. ...... 26 1.12 Conclusions ... ............ .. .... .... ... .. .. .. .... ....... 27 2. RESERVOIR ENGINEERING ASPEcrs OF ASSESSING GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN THE PHILIPPINES . .. 29 2.1 Introduction. .. 29 2.2 Downhole measurements . .. 29 2.3 Discharge stimulation. .. 35 2.4 Bore output measurements .... ..... ............. .... ... ..... 39 2.5 Reserve estimation .......... ..... .......... .. .. ..... .... 42 2.6 Lumped parameter modelling reservoir simulation .... .. ..... .. 47 2.7 Conclusions. .. 49 3. STRATEGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN THE PHILIPPINES . • . 50 3.1 Introduction . .................... .................... .... 50 3.2 Resource development strategies ...... ........... .. .... 50 3.3 Production philosophy ........ ... ...•........ .. .. •. ..... 51 3.4 Resource management strategies ...... ........ ......... .. ..... 54 3.5 Conclusions. .. 70 4. OPTIMIZATION OF THE TONGONAN GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR .. .... 71 4.1 Introduction . .......... .......... ............ ....... ....... 71 4.2 Characteristics and performance of the Tongonan reservoir ....... .. 72 4.3 Performance forecast of the field . .. 73 4.4 Power station models. 75 4.5 Conclusions. .. 79 5. A CASE OF RESERVOIR RESPONSE TO CHANGE IN REINJECTION STRATEGY: THE PALINPINON I PRODUCTION FIELD ........ ...... 80 5.1 Introduction . .... ................ ........ ... ....... ....... 80 5.2 Reservoir description . .. 80 5.3 Initial development strategy ... ..... .... .. .. ....... .... .. 80 5.4 Palinpinon I power station loading . .. 83 5.5 Palinpinon I mass withdrawal and reinjection ............ ..... ....... 84 5 Page 5.6 Reservoir pressure response. • . • . .. 85 5.7 Changes in downhole temperatures . ..• . .. ...... .. ... 87 5.8 Changes in bore output .............. .... • ....... ... .. .... 91 5.9 Field output response .... .... .. .... • .. ........ ..... .. .... 93 5.10 Conclusions . .. .... ........• . ... ..•.. .... .. ..... .. .... 95 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. • • . • . • . • . .. % REFERENCES .. ..... .. ... • . • . .•. • . •. .... .. .. • . ..... 97 usr OF HGURES 1. Geothermal areas in the Philippines ...... ...................... ........ 8 2. Historical statistics of various energy sources in the energy mix of the Philippines .... 9 3. Power generation mix of various energy sources in the Philippines. .. 10 4. Target power generation mix of various sources of energy (1992-2000) ... .. ... 12 5. The share of geothermal energy in the country's energy and power generation mix .. 12 6. Target energy mix of various sources of energy (1992-2000) . .......... ...... 13 7. Islands to be interconnected through submarine cables .... ........ .. .. 13 8. The location of wells at the Bacman geothermal field ................ ..... 14 9. Proposed Bacman I binary power plant scheme ..................... ...... 15 10. Proposed scheme for bi-phase power plant in Bacman well PAL-14D .. ....... 16 11. Well location map of the Palinpinon geothermal field ................ ..... 16 12. Location map of Northern Negros geothermal project . .. 17 13. Well location map of the greater Tongonan geothermal field. .. 18 14. Well location map of Ml. Apo geothermal field .................. .. ....... 19 15. Schematic diagram of the drying plant facility in Palinpinon geothermal field . .. 22 16. Examples of static formation temperature test results . ... .. .. .. ... ...... 30 17. Examples of results from injectivity tests before and after hydrofracturing . ...... 31 18. Examples of heat-up data identifying permeable zones ...... ......... .. .... 32 19. Example of temperature profiles showing boiling in the wellbore . .. 32 20. Example of temperature profiles showing downflow in the wellbore . .. 32 21. Examples of temperature profiles with reversals at the bottom. .. 33 22. Examples of wells with linear temperature gradient . .. .... ....... .. .. 33 23. Reservoir pressures in Philippine geothermal fie lds .. .......... .. .. 34 24. Analysis of temperature profiles for the application of air compression techniques in discharge stimulation. .. 36 25. Examples of wells successfully stimulated by steam injection . .. 37 26. Examples of wells where boiler stimulation attempts failed . .. 38 27. A typical set-up of a coiled tubing unit for gas lift ing stimulation . ... .. .. .... 39 28. Examples of output trends of two big wells in the Philippines .... ..... .. .... 41 29. Examples of wells with wellbore and formation controlled output ....... ....... 43 30. Different uncertainty distribution models used in Monte Carlo reserve estimation ... 44 31. Malitbog, frequency distribution of the reserve estimate . ....... .. ... .... .. 46 32. Malitbog, reserve cumulative frequency distribution . .. 46 33. The Palinpinon reservoir grid model used in reservoir simulation. .. 47 6 Page 34. Schedule of make-up and replacement well drilling for Sogongon, Palinpinon field 48 35. The conceptual model of Tongonan geothermal field. .. 48 36. Simulated performance prediction of Tongonan in two production scenarios ....... 49 37. Schematic diagram of the cold injection scheme for Baeman I production field ..... 52 38. An alternative steam condensate disposal scheme ................. _ . ..... 52 39. The total field output curve of Tongonan I showing optimum pressure ... ....... 53 40. Comparison of wells' output at two casing size configurations ........ .. ....... 54 41. Comparison of field capacity estimates based on James' method and station plant metering ......... .... .. 56 42. Magnesium tracer breakthrough used in estimating waterflows . .. 57 43. Comparison of waterflow measurements using downhole flowmeter and magnesium
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phivolcs 2003
    Cover Design by: Arnold A. Villar Printed & Produced by: PHIVOLCS Publication Copyright: DOST – PHIVOLCS 2003 The ash ejection on 05 April induced related damage in the of the Philippines” under a manned seismic stations. To rose to 1.5 km and deposited province. The earthquake was grant-aid of the Japan Interna- ensure continuity of providing traces of ash in the downwind associated with an 18-km long tional Cooperation Agency basic S & T services should HH iigghhlliigghhttss areas near the crater. On 7 ground rupture onland, which (JICA). The said JICA project the PHIVOLCS main office October, a faint crater glow, transected several barangays is now in its Phase II of im- operation be disrupted in the which can be seen only with of Dimasalang, Palanas and plementation. For volcano future, a mirror station has Two volcanoes, Kanlaon continued for months that a the use of a telescope or night Cataingan. The team verified monitoring, it involves installa- been established in the Ta- and Mayon showed signs of total of forty-six (46) minor vision camera, was observed. the reported ground rupture, tion of radio telemetered gaytay seismic station. This unrest in 2003 prompting ash ejections occurred from 7 On 09 October, sulfur dioxide conducted intensity survey, seismic monitoring system in will house all equipment and PHIVOLCS to raise their Alert March to 23 July 2003. These emission rates rose to 2,386 disseminated correct informa- 8 active volcanoes. In addi- software required to record Level status. Both volcanoes explosions were characterized tonnes per day (t/d) from the tion regarding the event and tion to the regularly monitored and process earthquake data produced ash explosions al- by steam emission with minor previous measurement on 01 installed additional seismo- 6 active volcanoes (Pinatubo, during such emergency.
    [Show full text]
  • Bat Count 2003
    BAT COUNT 2003 Working to promote the long term, sustainable conservation of globally threatened flying foxes in the Philippines, by developing baseline population information, increasing public awareness, and training students and protected area managers in field monitoring techniques. 1 A Terminal Report Submitted by Tammy Mildenstein1, Apolinario B. Cariño2, and Samuel Stier1 1Fish and Wildlife Biology, University of Montana, USA 2Silliman University and Mt. Talinis – Twin Lakes Federation of People’s Organizations, Diputado Extension, Sibulan, Negros Oriental, Philippines Photo by: Juan Pablo Moreiras 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Large flying foxes in insular Southeast Asia are the most threatened of the Old World fruit bats due to deforestation, unregulated hunting, and little conservation commitment from local governments. Despite the fact they are globally endangered and play essential ecological roles in forest regeneration as seed dispersers and pollinators, there have been only a few studies on these bats that provide information useful to their conservation management. Our project aims to promote the conservation of large flying foxes in the Philippines by providing protected area managers with the training and the baseline information necessary to design and implement a long-term management plan for flying foxes. We focused our efforts on the globally endangered Philippine endemics, Acerodon jubatus and Acerodon leucotis, and the bats that commonly roost with them, Pteropus hypomelanus, P. vampyrus lanensis, and P. pumilus which are thought to be declining in the Philippines. Local participation is an integral part of our project. We conducted the first national training workshop on flying fox population counts and conservation at the Subic Bay area.
    [Show full text]
  • Behind the Scenes
    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd 467 Behind the Scenes SEND US YOUR FEEDBACK We love to hear from travellers – your comments keep us on our toes and help make our books better. Our well-travelled team reads every word on what you loved or loathed about this book. Although we cannot reply individually to your submissions, we always guarantee that your feed- back goes straight to the appropriate authors, in time for the next edition. Each person who sends us information is thanked in the next edition – the most useful submissions are rewarded with a selection of digital PDF chapters. Visit lonelyplanet.com/contact to submit your updates and suggestions or to ask for help. Our award-winning website also features inspirational travel stories, news and discussions. Note: We may edit, reproduce and incorporate your comments in Lonely Planet products such as guidebooks, websites and digital products, so let us know if you don’t want your comments reproduced or your name acknowledged. For a copy of our privacy policy visit lonelyplanet.com/ privacy. their advice and thoughts; Andy Pownall; Gerry OUR READERS Deegan; all you sea urchins – you know who Many thanks to the travellers who used you are, and Jim Boy, Zaza and Eddie; Alexan- the last edition and wrote to us with der Lumang and Ronald Blantucas for the lift helpful hints, useful advice and interesting with accompanying sports talk; Maurice Noel anecdotes: ‘Wing’ Bollozos for his insight on Camiguin; Alan Bowers, Angela Chin, Anton Rijsdijk, Romy Besa for food talk; Mark Katz for health Barry Thompson, Bert Theunissen, Brian advice; and Carly Neidorf and Booners for their Bate, Bruno Michelini, Chris Urbanski, love and support.
    [Show full text]
  • PHILIPPINES 2018 Highlights of Events Page 1 of 5
    PHILIPPINES 2018 Highlights of Events Page 1 of 5 TROPICAL CYCLONES SEISMIC ACTIVITIES Twenty-one tropical cyclones entered the The country, which lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, is constantly Philippine Area of Responsibility in 2018, of which frequented by seismic and volcanic activity each year. In 2018, seismic 21 8 made landfall. Five of these were Tropical monitoring by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology entered the Depressions (TD). Notable was Typhoon (PHIVOLCS) recorded more than 5,800 seismic events. Around 95% of Philippine Area Mangkhut (Ompong) which made landfall in these events were Magnitude 4.0 and below, and therefore barely felt. of Responsibility September. It was the lone Category 4 typhoon Even with over 250 seismic events with Magnitude 4.0 and above, there that left a trail of damages, and displacement was no significant damage or casualties reported throughout the country. 8 made landfall mostly in northern part of Luzon. Majority of the However, the Magnitude 7.2 offshore quake that rocked Davao Oriental Tropical tropical cyclones that made landfall were province on 29 December 2018 created a 5 Depression Magnitude 4.0 LUZON characterized by heavy and prolonged rainfall, scare in the coastal communities in the & above (257) Tropical affecting 38 provinces which suffered repeated region after PHIVOLCS issued a Tsunami 1 Storm displacements topped by Eastern Visayas region Advisory, which was lifted a few hours later 1 Category 2 (4 out of the 6 provinces). 769 Barangays / Villages after only minor sea level disturbance. 5,868 experienced rain-induced flooding, while landslides 1 Category 4 Magnitude 4.0 Manila were also reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge of the Inadequate. Collecting Dragonflies
    Odonatologica 26(3): 249-315 September I. 1997 Synopsis of the PhilippineOdonata, with lists of species recorded fromforty islands * M. Hämäläinen¹ and R.A. Müller² 1 Department of Applied Zoology, P.O.Box 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 1 Rehetobelstr. 99, CH-9016 St. Gallen, Switzerland Received 10 January 1996 / Revised, Updated and Accepted 6 February 1997 A list of dragonflies known from the Philippines is presented with data on their distribution the of the islands. In addition the 224 named 3 by accuracy to spp. (and sspp.), some 65-70 still undescribed or unidentified (to species level) taxa are listed. Detailed data for 14 named which listed from the collecting are presented spp., arc Philippines for the first time, viz. Archibasis viola, Ceriagrion cerinorubellum, Acrogomphusjubilaris, Ictinogomphus decoratus melaenops, Gynacantha arsinoe, G. dohrni, Heliaeschna simplicia, H. uninervulata, Indaeschna grubaueri, Tetracanthagyna brunnea, Macromia westwoodi, Aethriamanta gracilis, Neurothemis fluctuans and Rhyothemis obsolescens. Prodasineura obsoleta (Selys, 1882) is synonymized with P. integra (Selys, 1882) and Gomphidia platerosi Asahina, 1980 with G. kirschii Selys, 1878. A few other possible synonymies are suggested for future confirmation. A brief review of the earlier studies on Philippine Odonata is presented. Grouped according to the present understanding of the Philippine biogeographical regions, all major islands are briefly characterized and separate lists are given for 40 islands. The records are based onliterature data, and on ca 27 000 specimens in Roland 000 SMF Muller’s collection, ca 2 specimens in coll. Ris at and on some other smaller collections studied by the authors. INTRODUCTION While the second author made plans for a zoological expedition to the Philip- pines in 1985, Dr Bastiaan K i a u t a suggested him to take collecting of dragon- flies as one of the goals, because the knowledge of the Philippine Odonata fauna was very inadequate.
    [Show full text]
  • The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges Through Disaster Mitigating Measures for Large Scale Earthquakes in the Republic of the Philippines
    THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (DPWH) THE PROJECT FOR STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF BRIDGES THROUGH DISASTER MITIGATING MEASURES FOR LARGE SCALE EARTHQUAKES IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES FINAL REPORT MAIN TEXT [1/2] DECEMBER 2013 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) CTI ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD CHODAI CO., LTD. NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. EI JR(先) 13-261(2) Exchange Rate used in the Report is: PHP 1.00 = JPY 2.222 US$ 1.00 = JPY 97.229 = PHP 43.756 (Average Value in August 2013, Central Bank of the Philippines) LOCATION MAP OF STUDY BRIDGES (PACKAGE B : WITHIN METRO MANILA) i LOCATION MAP OF STUDY BRIDGES (PACKAGE C : OUTSIDE METRO MANILA) ii B01 Delpan Bridge B02 Jones Bridge B03 Mc Arthur Bridge B04 Quezon Bridge B05 Ayala Bridge B06 Nagtahan Bridge B07 Pandacan Bridge B08 Lambingan Bridge B09 Makati-Mandaluyong Bridge B10 Guadalupe Bridge Photos of Package B Bridges (1/2) iii B11 C-5 Bridge B12 Bambang Bridge B13-1 Vargas Bridge (1 & 2) B14 Rosario Bridge B15 Marcos Bridge B16 Marikina Bridge B17 San Jose Bridge Photos of Package B Bridges (2/2) iv C01 Badiwan Bridge C02 Buntun Bridge C03 Lucban Bridge C04 Magapit Bridge C05 Sicsican Bridge C06 Bamban Bridge C07 1st Mandaue-Mactan Bridge C08 Marcelo Fernan Bridge C09 Palanit Bridge C10 Jibatang Bridge Photos of Package C Bridges (1/2) v C11 Mawo Bridge C12 Biliran Bridge C13 San Juanico Bridge C14 Lilo-an Bridge C15 Wawa Bridge C16 2nd Magsaysay Bridge Photos of Package C Bridges (2/2) vi vii Perspective View of Lambingan Bridge (1/2) viii Perspective View of Lambingan Bridge (2/2) ix Perspective View of Guadalupe Bridge x Perspective View of Palanit Bridge xi Perspective View of Mawo Bridge (1/2) xii Perspective View of Mawo Bridge (2/2) xiii Perspective View of Wawa Bridge TABLE OF CONTENTS Location Map Photos Perspective View Table of Contents List of Figures & Tables Abbreviations Main Text Appendices MAIN TEXT PART 1 GENERAL CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • USGS Open-File Report 2009-1133, V. 1.2, Table 3
    Table 3. (following pages). Spreadsheet of volcanoes of the world with eruption type assignments for each volcano. [Columns are as follows: A, Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (CAVW) volcano identification number; E, volcano name; F, country in which the volcano resides; H, volcano latitude; I, position north or south of the equator (N, north, S, south); K, volcano longitude; L, position east or west of the Greenwich Meridian (E, east, W, west); M, volcano elevation in meters above mean sea level; N, volcano type as defined in the Smithsonian database (Siebert and Simkin, 2002-9); P, eruption type for eruption source parameter assignment, as described in this document. An Excel spreadsheet of this table accompanies this document.] Volcanoes of the World with ESP, v 1.2.xls AE FHIKLMNP 1 NUMBER NAME LOCATION LATITUDE NS LONGITUDE EW ELEV TYPE ERUPTION TYPE 2 0100-01- West Eifel Volc Field Germany 50.17 N 6.85 E 600 Maars S0 3 0100-02- Chaîne des Puys France 45.775 N 2.97 E 1464 Cinder cones M0 4 0100-03- Olot Volc Field Spain 42.17 N 2.53 E 893 Pyroclastic cones M0 5 0100-04- Calatrava Volc Field Spain 38.87 N 4.02 W 1117 Pyroclastic cones M0 6 0101-001 Larderello Italy 43.25 N 10.87 E 500 Explosion craters S0 7 0101-003 Vulsini Italy 42.60 N 11.93 E 800 Caldera S0 8 0101-004 Alban Hills Italy 41.73 N 12.70 E 949 Caldera S0 9 0101-01= Campi Flegrei Italy 40.827 N 14.139 E 458 Caldera S0 10 0101-02= Vesuvius Italy 40.821 N 14.426 E 1281 Somma volcano S2 11 0101-03= Ischia Italy 40.73 N 13.897 E 789 Complex volcano S0 12 0101-041
    [Show full text]
  • PHILIPPINES: Natural Hazard Risks \! Issued: 08 March 2007
    OCHA Regional Office for Asia Pacific PHILIPPINES: Natural Hazard Risks \! Issued: 08 March 2007 Seismic, Volcanic and Tropical Storm Risk All Natural Hazard Risks #Babuyan Claro The bar chart below show the degree of exposure to #Didicas natural hazards and the percentage of area affected. Tsunamis and storm surges are a threat to coastal regions, particularly gulfs, bays, and estuaries. The flood hazard results from river floods and torrential rain. The hazard of REGION I dryness and drought is caused by major deviations from (ILOCOS REGION) \! the normal amounts of precipitation. The frost hazard depends on the elevation and the latitude. CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (CAR) REGION II (CAGAYAN VALLEY) !(Baguio REGION IV (SOUTHERN TAGALOG) REGION III (CENTRAL LUZON) Angeles Pinatubo !( !( # !(San Fernando Olongapo !( Manila !\!!( !(Binãn !( Taal Calamba REGION V (BICOL REGION) # !( !\! Lucena !( #Mayon #Bulusan REGION IV (c) 2006, Munich Reinsurance Company, Geo Risks (SOUTHERN TAGALOG) Research Department \! #Biliran REGION VIII (EASTERN VISAYAS) Tacloban REGION VI !( (WESTERN VISAYAS) Iloilo Bacolod !( !( #Canlaon Cebu !( REGION VII (CENTRAL VISAYAS) Storm Season: June to Nov #Camiguin Peak month: August REGION X (NORTHERN MINDANAO) REGION XIII (CARAGA) REGION IX (WESTERN MINDANAO) REGION XI (SOUTHERN MINDANAO) ! Davao \ !( REGION XII (CENTRAL MINDANAO) AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MALAYSIA MUSLIM MINDANAO (ARMM) 0 100 200 \! Kilometers Legend !\! OCHA office or presence Earthquake Intensity Tropical Storm Intensity Modified Mercalli Scale Saffir-Simpson Scale \! Country capital Awu Degree I-V One: 118-153 kmh # !( Major town or city Degree VI Two: 154-177 kmh International boundary Banua Wuhu \! Degree VII Three: 178-209 kmh # State / division boundary Degree VIII Four: 210-249 kmh #Karangetang [Api Siau] # Holocene volcano Degree IX-XII Five: 250+ kmh Datum: WGS84.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents Abstract
    Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................ i Resume .............................................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................................v Chapter 01 - Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Tectonics and volcanism in the Philippines................................................................................................4 1.3 State of the Art ............................................................................................................................................4 1.3.1 What is a hydrothermal system? ..........................................................................................................4 1.3.2 Immature hydrothermal system ...........................................................................................................7 1.3.3 Mature hydrothermal system ...............................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of Satellite Photography of the Active Volcanoes of the World
    General Disclaimer One or more of the Following Statements may affect this Document This document has been reproduced from the best copy furnished by the organizational source. It is being released in the interest of making available as much information as possible. This document may contain data, which exceeds the sheet parameters. It was furnished in this condition by the organizational source and is the best copy available. This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures, which have been reproduced in black and white. This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original submission. Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI) LA-6279-1 Informal Report UC-11 Reporting Date: March 1976 Issued: March 1976 63AS 1H Catalogue of Satellite Photography of the Active Volcanoes of the World by Grant Heiken IO5\MAlofIamoS scientific laboratory of the University of California LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO 87545 An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer UNITED STATES ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION CONTRACT W7185 •ENO. DS DISTRIBUTION OF THI S DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED RW^]CavSt.Y.:..wyr^trlaF....^ewa..k^. ,..a_,. zv.ieJ SR .t ^_...,^.. ... ..a.,, .pRsnxa3.s .;.., ., .^... _.. .. _.. - ._. ... .-.^., .r.. ,°1 , ;a ^ Kul h Ij t: z. u ;' i a t 1 n e (^1 BLANKPA GE d 1 Ati.. j: 3 h ^ YC f .w 5 Y6t..a.>. •gym ... .. [...a...... ,.I .. rt... \ ,. .. .. fi 1 L 4 t Earlier stages of this compilation were made while the i) author was employed by the National Aeronautics and Space i Administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Islas De Los Pintados: the Visayan Islands
    Islas de los Pintados: The Visayan Islands Nestled in the bosom of the Philippines central seas are islands which Spanish conquistadors called Islands of the Painted People, Islas de los Pintados, because of the ancient people's custom of tattooing. Tattoos expressed a person's role and achievement in society. Men tattooed themselves almost totally while women were tattooed only in select parts of their anatomy, like arms. Tattoos served like a piece of clothing, and complemented the simple cut of clothes and jewelry, which the people wore. Land. This cluster of islands consist of • six large ones–Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Samar, Leyte; • seven medium–Guimaras, Siquijor, Bantayan, Mactan, Camotes, Biliran, Panglao • and many small ones, some named Maripipi, Capul, Lauang, Batag, Cabilao, Olutayan, and countless unnamed island and isles The Visayas is situated around 12.5 to 9 degrees latitude north; 121 to 126 longitude. Its climate is tropical and has marked seasons of rain, cool and dry enjoyed by the rest of the Philippines. Its northern islands are within the typhoon path with the island of Samar being buffeted the most, hence its depressed economic condition. The islands are either of volcanic or marine origin. The islands of Panay and Negros are primarily volcanic, and the lofty volcanoes Mount Kanlaon in Negros Occidental and Mount Talinis near Siaton, Negros Oriental supply not only the energy needs of the island but neighboring islands as well. But Cebu and Bohol are mostly of limestone and fossilized coral giving away their marine origins. Name. The islands, however, are known collectively and locally as the Visayas.
    [Show full text]
  • RESERVOIR SIMULATION of the ALTO PEAK GEOTIIERMAL Flei.D, Leyfe, Phlljppines
    Report 5, 1993 RESERVOIR SIMULATION OF THE ALTO PEAK GEOTIIERMAL FlEI.D, LEYfE, PHllJPPINES Chona C. Bustamante, UNU Geothermal Training Programme, Orkustofnun - National Energy Authority, Grensasvegur 9, 108 Reykjavik, ICELAND Permanent address: Reservoir and Resource Management Department, Geotherrnal Division, PNOC-Energy Development Corporation, Merritt Road, Fort Bonifacio, Makati, Metro Manila, PHILIPPINES 3 ABSfRACf This study deals with the development of a numerical model for the Alto Peak geothermai field in Leyte, Philippines. Formation temperature and pressure profiles were estimated from heat-up surveys of five directional wells in this field. These profiles arc indicative of an upIlaw zone beneath the New Alto Peak crater and an outflow to the south. The reservoir seems to be closed in the east No conclusive data was gathered on the extent of the reservoir to the north and northwest. A three-dimensional grid of the reservoir was created to serve as input for the numerical simulator TOUGH. Several parameters of the TOUGH input were varied iteratively until a satisfactory match was reached between the measured and simulated temperatures and pressures of the wells. The steady state of the resulting best-fit model was able to replicate most of the prominent features of the observed temperatures and pressures. The current model, however, should be calibrated against production data before future predictions can be made. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ......... .. •......•..•.. .. .........•.. ..•........ ........ 3 1. INTRODUCTION .............................•..•............•...... 6 2. TIlE ALTO PEAK GEOTIlERMAL FIELD ...... .... .. ......... ....... ... 7 2.1 Description and location . .. 7 2.2 Main geological features ... .. 7 23 Faults and structures . ............................................. 8 24 Geochemistry............ .. ....... ...... ................. ...... 9 2.5 Geophysical SUlVey •••.•••••••••• ••••• • ••••••••••• • ••.••••••••••• 10 3.
    [Show full text]