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The Project for Study on Improvement of Bridges Through Disaster Mitigating Measures for Large Scale Earthquakes in the Republic of the Philippines

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THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS (DPWH) THE PROJECT FOR STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF BRIDGES THROUGH DISASTER MITIGATING MEASURES FOR LARGE SCALE EARTHQUAKES IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES FINAL REPORT MAIN TEXT [1/2] DECEMBER 2013 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) CTI ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD CHODAI CO., LTD. NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. EI JR(先) 13-261(2) Exchange Rate used in the Report is: PHP 1.00 = JPY 2.222 US$ 1.00 = JPY 97.229 = PHP 43.756 (Average Value in August 2013, Central Bank of the Philippines) LOCATION MAP OF STUDY BRIDGES (PACKAGE B : WITHIN METRO MANILA) i LOCATION MAP OF STUDY BRIDGES (PACKAGE C : OUTSIDE METRO MANILA) ii B01 Delpan Bridge B02 Jones Bridge B03 Mc Arthur Bridge B04 Quezon Bridge B05 Ayala Bridge B06 Nagtahan Bridge B07 Pandacan Bridge B08 Lambingan Bridge B09 Makati-Mandaluyong Bridge B10 Guadalupe Bridge Photos of Package B Bridges (1/2) iii B11 C-5 Bridge B12 Bambang Bridge B13-1 Vargas Bridge (1 & 2) B14 Rosario Bridge B15 Marcos Bridge B16 Marikina Bridge B17 San Jose Bridge Photos of Package B Bridges (2/2) iv C01 Badiwan Bridge C02 Buntun Bridge C03 Lucban Bridge C04 Magapit Bridge C05 Sicsican Bridge C06 Bamban Bridge C07 1st Mandaue-Mactan Bridge C08 Marcelo Fernan Bridge C09 Palanit Bridge C10 Jibatang Bridge Photos of Package C Bridges (1/2) v C11 Mawo Bridge C12 Biliran Bridge C13 San Juanico Bridge C14 Lilo-an Bridge C15 Wawa Bridge C16 2nd Magsaysay Bridge Photos of Package C Bridges (2/2) vi vii Perspective View of Lambingan Bridge (1/2) viii Perspective View of Lambingan Bridge (2/2) ix Perspective View of Guadalupe Bridge x Perspective View of Palanit Bridge xi Perspective View of Mawo Bridge (1/2) xii Perspective View of Mawo Bridge (2/2) xiii Perspective View of Wawa Bridge TABLE OF CONTENTS Location Map Photos Perspective View Table of Contents List of Figures & Tables Abbreviations Main Text Appendices MAIN TEXT PART 1 GENERAL CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Project Background .............................................................................................. 1-1 1.2 Project Objectives ................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2.1 Project Purpose ............................................................................................. 1-1 1.2.2 Overall Objective of the Project .................................................................... 1-1 1.3 Project Area ......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.4 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................ 1-1 1.4.1 Package A (Seismic Design Guidelines for Bridges) ..................................... 1-1 1.4.2 Package B (Inside Metro Manila Area) ......................................................... 1-2 1.4.3 Package C (Outside Metro Manila Area) ....................................................... 1-2 1.5 Schedule of the Study ........................................................................................... 1-3 1.6 Organization of the Study ..................................................................................... 1-4 1.6.1 Joint Coordinating Committee (JCC) ............................................................ 1-4 1.6.2 Counter Part Team (CP)/Technical Working Group (TWG) .......................... 1-5 1.6.3 JICA Advisory Committee (JAC) .................................................................. 1-6 1.6.4 JICA Study Team (JST) ................................................................................ 1-7 1.7 Major Activities of the Study ............................................................................... 1-8 1.7.1 Seminar and Discussion ................................................................................ 1-8 1.7.2 Meeting ....................................................................................................... 1-15 1.7.3 Training in Japan ........................................................................................ 1-20 1.8 Reports ............................................................................................................... 1-24 xiv CHAPTER 2 ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES ................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Functions of the Concerned Organizations ........................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) ................................... 2-1 2.1.2 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) ............... 2-4 2.1.3 Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) ..................... 2-5 2.1.4 Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) ............................................... 2-7 2.1.5 Geological Society of the Philippines ............................................................ 2-9 2.2 Relationships between Concerned Organizations for Seismic Design Issues on Bridges .............................................................................................................. 2-10 2.2.1 DPWH Seismic Design Guidelines Development ........................................ 2-10 2.2.2 ASEP Bridge Seismic Structural Code Development .................................. 2-11 2.2.3 Relationship in Functions between Organizations Concerned for Bridge Seismic Design Issue .................................................................................. 2-12 CHAPTER 3 SEISMIC VULNERABILITIES OF BRIDGES IN THE PHILIPPINES 3-1 3.1 Natural Environment Related to Earthquakes ....................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Geographical Characteristics ......................................................................... 3-1 3.1.2 Geological Characteristics........................................................................... 3-12 3.1.3 Hydrological Characteristics ....................................................................... 3-21 3.2 Seismic Vulnerabilities of Bridges Based on Typical Damages due to the Past Relatively Large Earthquakes ............................................................................ 3-22 3.2.1 Outlines of the Past Relatively Large Scale Earthquakes ............................. 3-22 3.2.2 The 1990 North Luzon Earthquake,,,, ........................................................... 3-41 3.2.3 The 2012 Negros Earthquake ...................................................................... 3-53 CHAPTER 4 CURRENT INFORMATION ON EARTHQUAKE RELATED ISSUES 4-1 4.1 Existing Plans for Earthquakes Issues of Concerned Organizations ...................... 4-1 4.1.1 DPWH (Department of Public Works and Highways) ................................... 4-1 4.1.2 ASEP (Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines) ..................... 4-2 4.1.3 PHIVOLCS ................................................................................................... 4-3 4.2 Current Situations of Seismograph Observatories in the Philippines ..................... 4-5 4.2.1 Situations of Seismograph Observatories ...................................................... 4-5 4.2.2 Issues for Future ......................................................................................... 4-11 4.3 Analysis of Recorded Earthquake Ground Motions (EGM) ................................ 4-12 4.3.1 Analysis Method/Procedure and Results ..................................................... 4-12 4.3.2 Records of Earthquake Ground Motions ...................................................... 4-20 xv PART 2 BRIDGE SEISMIC DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS (PACKAGE A) CHAPTER 5 CHRONOLOGY OF BRIDGE SEISMIC DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS 5-1 5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 AASHTO Bridge Seismic Design Evolution (USA) .............................................. 5-1 5.2.1 Early Design Code Stages ............................................................................. 5-1 5.2.2 AASHO Elastic Design Approach ................................................................. 5-3 5.2.3 AASHTO Force-Based Design Approach (WSD and LFD) ........................... 5-3 5.2.4 AASHTO Force-Based Design Approach (LRFD) ........................................ 5-4 5.2.5 AASHTO LRFD Seismic Bridge Design ....................................................... 5-5 5.3 Japan Bridge Seismic Design Evolution ............................................................... 5-5 5.3.1 Early Stages of Bridge Design ...................................................................... 5-5 5.3.2 Consideration for Soil Liquefaction and Unseating Device ........................... 5-6 5.3.3 Column Ductility, Bearing Strength and Ground Motion ............................... 5-6 5.4 Philippine Seismic Bridge Design Evolution ........................................................ 5-7 CHAPTER 6 COMPARISON ON BRIDGE SEISMIC DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS BETWEEN DPWH/NSCP, AASHTO AND JRA ..................................... 6-1 6.1 Purpose of Comparison ........................................................................................ 6-1 6.2 Items for Comparison ........................................................................................... 6-2 6.3 Difference in Major Items
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