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Arleton Review of International Affairs Volume 3: Spring 2016 �arleton Review of International Affairs Volume 3: Spring 2016 Edited by Benjamin Doyle, Emily Nickel, and Adil Skalli Carleton Review of International Affairs Volume 3, Spring 2016 Journal Credits iii Editorial Board, Peer review Board, and Journal Contributors v Message from the President of Carleton University vi Dr. Roseann O’Reilly Runte Letter from the Editors viii Benjamin Doyle, Emily Nickel, Adil Skalli Articles The Influence of Institutional Interplay on the Development of the BRICS Bank Valerie Kiefer 1 Globalization and Exploitation: The End of an Era Ipek Ertan 19 Blurred Boundaries: Drugs, Immigration & Border Policy Along the U.S.-Mexico Divide Logan Carmichael 38 Discovering the Palestinian Refugee Paradox in Lebanon Carol Stephan 59 The Rising Shi’a Crescent: Iranian Smart Power and Implications for the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Persian Gulf Natalia Paunic 70 Finer’s Conditions of Military Intervention: The Case of the 1999 Coup in Pakistan Imaan Sandhu 93 The Role of Climate Change in Armed Conflicts Across the Developing World and in the Ongoing Syrian War Anais Voski 120 i ii Carleton Review of International Affairs, vol. 3 (Summer, 2016) The Carleton Review of International Affairs is a student-run peer-reviewed journal which publishes outstanding work by students on international affairs in theory or in practice. It is interdisciplinary in its focus, recognizing the need for a multitude of perspectives and approaches in a globalized world. CRIA offers students an opportunity to develop professionally either through completing research writing to publication standards or by serving on its peer review board. The Co-Editors of CRIA annually conduct a call for papers and reviewers and are responsible for all aspects of the publishing process. CRIA is funded by the Carleton United Nations Society and governed by the Society’s Board of Executives. The United Nations Society is Carleton’s premier international affairs forum and Canada’s elite Model UN team. Its mandate is to promote understanding of global politics in the Carleton community and for its Members to excel at competitive Model UN conferences around the world. The Society is a non- partisan, non-advocacy, not-for-profit organization that is in no way affiliated with the actual United Nations. Visit our website at www.unsociety.com /cria THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THE CARLETON REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DO NOT REFLECT THE POSITION OF THE UNITED NATIONS SOCIETY, BUT THOSE OF THE INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS. Copyright © 2016 The Individual Authors. Journal Compilation Copyright © 2016 The United Society. All Rights Reserved. Printed in Canada. Cover image, “Istambul and Bosporus big,” originally posted to NASA Earth Observatory and uploaded to Wikimedia Commons on 19:15, 01/08/12 (UTC) by username DIREKTOR. Author: Astronaut photograph ISS008-E-21752. The use of this image by CRIA is in no way meant to suggest that the original user endorses CRIA, its mandate, or any of the author perspectives contained in this journal. Carleton Review of International Affairs c/o United Nations Society c/o Carleton University Students Association 401 Unicentre 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 For more information visit: www.unsociety.com iii Carleton Review of International Affairs, vol. 3 (Summer, 2016) Editorial Board, Peer review Board, and Journal Contributors EDITORIAL BOARD Benjamin Doyle will graduate with a Bachelor of Humanities with a Combined Honours in History from Carleton University in June 2016. He will starting a Master of Public Policy program at the University of Toronto in September 2016. Benjamin pursues a broad range of academic interests, currently focusing on Canadian intellectual history and intergovernmental affairs. Emily Nickel is an MA Candidate at the Institute of European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies at Carleton University. She is a graduate of the Public Affairs and Policy Management program at Carleton University, 2015. Her research focuses on the development and enforcement of asylum and refugee policy in the EU, and the role of the EU as a policy actor in the international arena. Emily is an analyst at Global Affairs Canada and has many years of experience working in international affairs and the Canadian government. Adil Skalli will graduate with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and Communications from Carleton University in June 2016. His work focuses on policy, international affairs, development and communication strategies. He has worked at several NGOs in Canada and Morocco and is planning to enter the private sector as a communication strategist upon graduation. PEER REVIEWER BOARD The Carleton Review of International Affairs would like to thank our Peer Review Board for their expertise and assistance in the publication process. Ajdin Dautović, MA Candidate, European, Russian and Eurasian Studies, Carleton University Rebecca Forjan, MA Candidate, European, Russian and Eurasian Studies, Carleton University Samir Kassam, MSc Candidate, Middle East Politics, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Andrada Mihai, MA Candidate, European, Russian and Eurasian Studies, Carleton University Adam Moscoe, MA in Public and International Affairs, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa Lana Perić, MA Candidate, European, Russian and Eurasian Studies, Carleton University Matthew Rae, Master of Advanced International Studies, Diplomatic Academy of Vienna, University of Vienna Jordan Ray, MA in International Affairs (International Trade), Norman Patterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University Alexandra Wright-Mascatto JOURNAL CONTRIBUTORS Logan Carmichael is currently in his third year of Political Science at the University of Windsor, with a specialization in Politics and Law. Hi areas of interest include: borders and boundaries, iv Carleton Review of International Affairs, vol. 3 (Summer, 2016) government systems and regimes, international conflict resolution, and Eastern European politics. Logan is active on campus, founding the on-campus club Knit One, Purl One, Give One, which provides workshops to create knitted goods that have been donated to a women's shelter and a refugee reception centre in Windsor. He also works with Project Syria, a University of Windsor- based, student-led initiative, to raise funds for the resettlement and integration of Syrian refugees in the Windsor-Essex community. In his spare time, he enjoys competing in middle-distance running events on the Windsor Lancers varsity Track and Field team. Ipek Ertan is currently in her third year of a double major degree in Political Science and International Development Studies at McGill University. Her interests include international law, working on projects related to development and education, and with film making. Ipek would like to specially thank her supervisor Professor Mark R. Brawley for supervising her throughout the process of writing this paper. Valerie Kiefer is graduating from McGill University in the spring of 2016 with a double major in Political Science and International Development Studies. She has recently been accepted to graduate studies at Carleton University’s Norman Paterson School of International Affairs. Valerie’s paper is the product of a semester abroad at the Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany in 2015 for a class called “Theory and Practice of International Regime Complexes” instructed by Prof. Howard Loewen. Natalia Paunic is a third year student studying international relations and European studies at the University of Toronto. For her third year, she studied at Sciences Po in Paris, in French and English. Her interests are diverse and include European Union policy, the geopolitics of Eastern Europe and the Persian Gulf, and learning new languages. She is currently learning Russian and hopes to learn Farsi next. She will be continuing her studies at Carleton University at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs. Imaan Sandhu is in her final year of the Bachelors of Public Affairs and Policy Management at Carleton University. Her areas of interest include civil-military relations, international security and immigration policy. Imaan will commence her Masters in International Relations and Politics at the University of Cambridge this fall. Carol Stephan is a fourth year student at McGill University, completing a double major degree in Political Science and Middle East Studies. Carol has worked with several NGOs; this past summer she worked with the Social Justice Connection in Montreal, where her work focused on researching and writing article reviews, social media posts and issues at a glance about topics related to human rights and social justice. She is currently working with the International Community Action Network (ICAN) at McGill on raising funds to sponsor Syrian refugees to complete a Masters Degree at McGill University. Carol envisions herself working in the field of social justice, community development and human rights. Anaïs Voski is graduating with a Combined Honours degree in Journalism and Political Science, specializing in International Relations, from Carleton University. During her undergraduate program, she has worked as a research assistant and was involved with the United Nations Society and Reporters Without Borders on campus. She has published in the Ottawa Citizen, Forbes, and National Post and will be working for The Wall Street Journal following graduation. Her research
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