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Miner Preachers and the United Mine Workers of America in the Harlan County Mine Wars, 1931--1939

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Miner Preachers and the United Mine Workers of America in the Harlan County Mine Wars, 1931--1939 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2006 Faith, power, and conflict: Miner preachers and the United Mine Workers of America in the Harlan County mine wars, 1931--1939 Carletta A. Bush West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Bush, Carletta A., "Faith, power, and conflict: Miner preachers and the United Mine Workers of America in the Harlan County mine wars, 1931--1939" (2006). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 2503. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/2503 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Faith, Power, and Conflict: Miner Preachers and the United Mine Workers of America in the Harlan County Mine Wars, 1931-1939 Carletta A. Bush Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences At West Virginia University In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Modern American History Ronald L. Lewis, Ph.D., chair Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Ph.D. Kenneth Fones-Wolf, Ph.D. John Super, Ph.D. Dwight Billings, Ph.D. Department of History Morgantown, WV 2006 Keywords: Kentucky, Harlan County, mine wars, miner preachers, Bloody Harlan, United Mine Workers of America, Church of God Copyright 2006 Carletta A. Bush ABSTRACT Faith, Power, and Conflict: Miner Preachers and the United Mine Workers of America in the Harlan County Mine Wars, 1931-1939 Carletta A. Bush Early accounts of the Harlan County mine wars place the inability of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) to establish a permanent foothold in the county, first at the feet of of the Harlan County Coal Operators Association (HCCOA) and secondly at the worn work boots of miners who, when work was plentiful, saw little or no need for a union. The power of the HCCOA is not in question. Its members used their immense wealth and influence to build a million dollar war chest to fight the union and to maintain their iron-clad grip upon the county’s political, judicial, and legal systems. In doing so, the association built such an impenetrable fortress around the county that without the assistance of the international UMWA and the protection of the federal government, local unionists were unable to maintain union recognition. The international UMWA abandoned the Harlan miners, not once, but twice during the 1930s. UMWA support for the Harlan miners might have evaporated, but the miners’ desire for a union remained. In spite of the UMWA’s lack of support, a group of miner/preachers secretly drummed up support for the union. The county’s miners persisted in their demand for change in the work place and within the community with resources from a source regarded as an opiate of the people and a bulwark in the defense of the status quo-- their religion. The plain folk religion of the mountaineers, with its emphasis on the centrality of the Holy Spirit and literal interpretation of the Bible, empowered these miners. The power of the Holy Spirit empowered miners to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ and Unionism, and God’s Word sanctified their revolution. These miner preachers and their churches provided more visible resources as well. Besides the leadership provided by miner preachers, these churches provided miners, regardless of race, ethnicity, or religious affiliation, with free spaces where they could gather to receive information, hold union meetings, political rallies, and establish aid distribution during strikes. Equally important was the plausibility of belief that resulted from the fellowship of believers, whether they were gathering for prayer meetings, worship services, or rallies. In all three cases, miner preachers stood in the pulpit, at the pit mouth, and on the picket line praying for victory and encouraging the weary to maintain their faith in God’s Promises. In turn, their belief spread throughout the mining community and infected miners regardless of their religious orientation. These miner preachers and their churches provided the resources to support the desire for a union alive, recruit membership, and provide meeting places for local union meetings and rallies until the UMWA was firmly established in the county in 1937. Acknowledgements Soon after I finished writing the last chapter in this dissertation, I printed the manuscript in its entirety for the first time. That a large stack of papers (nearly three hundred at the time) had come to represent the last six years of my life and work was a bit revealing. As Dr. Lewis has said, completing a dissertation requires as much (if not more) perseverance than skill, and I heartily concur. The road to its defense has taken a variety of twists and turns, in both the personal and professional senses, and I come to the end of my journey a much wiser and thankful individual. I have been blessed with the assistance of so many people that I fear that I may leave someone out. If you are one of these individuals, I beg your forgiveness. Nevertheless, I will attempt to extend my heartfelt thanks to the following: To my committee, Dr. Ronald Lewis, director, and Dr. Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Dr. Ken Fones-Wolf, and Dr. Joe Super; your encouragement and direction have been invaluable in completing this dissertation. I extend a special thank-you to Dr. Dwight Billings of the University of Kentucky. His early scholarship on the role of religion in Harlan County has been extremely helpful to me, and I cannot thank him enough for contributing to my research and writing as an outside reader; To Dr. Briane Turley, who directed my studies in Appalachian and Mountain Religion and encouraged me to pursue this course of research. Briane, as both a friend and colleague, believed in the value of my “hunch.” To the archivists and staffs at the following libraries and collections; Southern Appalachian Archives at Berea College, Berea, Kentucky; The Dixon Pentecostal Research Center at Lee University, Cleveland, Tennessee; The Historical Collections and Labor Archives at the Paterno Library, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania; State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin; University of Kentucky, Special Collections, Lexington, Kentucky; and the Appalachian Archives at South East Community College, Cumberland, Kentucky. A special thank you goes out to Theresa Osborne, at the Appalachian Archives, who acted as my unofficial research assistant on more than one occasion. To Alessandro Portelli, who was so generous in sharing from his personal collection of oral histories. I can only hope that my contribution to the history of the miners of Harlan County and his own, personal quest to discover the answer to “Who really organized Harlan County?” is a worthy one; A very special thank-you goes to Reverend Michael Szpack, the religious liaison for the AFL-CIO and an ordained Methodist minister with the Baltimore-Washington conference. Reverend Szpack researched the relationship between the Church of God and the labor movement in Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina during his seminary days. As he conducted research on labor unions in mine and mill towns in Southern Appalachia during the 1980s, Reverend Szpack was able to document a iii correlation between the growth of the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) congregations and union locals in coal field communities in Kentucky and West Virginia, as well as mill towns in the Carolinas. Nevertheless, he was still intrigued with the role that that such a politically conservative church such as the Church of God may have played in Harlan County’s mine wars. I became aware of Michael Spzack’s work in Philip Grammich’s book Local Baptists, Local Politics: Churches and Communities in the Uplands’ South (The University of Tennessee Press, 1999) and contacted him. In a series of conversations with Reverend Szpack, he told about his visits to Harlan County and bombings at two Holiness-Pentecostal churches that supported the United Mine Workers union’ efforts to organize the miners during the Depression. We were both intrigued by a possible correlation between the growth of churches such as the Church of God and the United Mine Workers Union in eastern Kentucky. Reverend Szpack’s strong commitment to social activism, the United Methodist Church, and the AFL-CIO had hampered his ability to devote the time required to research the possible link between the Church of God, the miners, and the United Mine Workers Union. Finally, after a series of emails, phone conversations, and visits, Reverend Szpack decided to give his valuable collection of data and research papers to me to use in my research. I cannot thank him enough for his generosity and support and only hope that the results of my work is a source of satisfaction for a scholar and activist whom I hold in such high regard; To the circle of friendship that has surrounded me during this journey. I have been blessed with a special group of friends, many of whom have traveled this road themselves.
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