THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW Januaiy 3, 1958 Megaphone Needed Board of Directors Due Jan

a CjCj^l-JZ3^ (. "V

Ca CANAr° "fl'^-

Vol. 8, No. 6 BALBOA. HEIGHTS, CfNAL ZONE, JANUARY 3, 1958 5 cents

SEA ROUflTESjTO WORLD TRADE

THE CANAL'S [ROLE IN NEW WORLD ECONOMY The great day's coming Pacific Area Conversion Starts In March

opposite side will not be converted until several weeks later. During the early stages of the Pacific Area conversion, 60-cycle current will be supplied from the Gatun Hydroelectric plant. It will be possible to substitute or supplement this with power from the diesel generating plant at Cocoli. The first generating unit at Madden Dam Hydroelectric Station is scheduled for conversion for 60-cycle operation by May

1, after which that unit will supply the Pacific side. The middle of last month the Consoli- dated Electric personnel began an inventory of the household equipment requiring

conversion. This inventory is final, and 25-cycle equipment not listed during this inventory will not be converted at the cost of the Panama Canal Company. For this reason, householders have been requested to cooperate fully with personnel making the inventory and to check their inventory lists with care. According to the contractor's schedule, all but a few of the residential areas in Ancon, Balboa, and Balboa Heights will be converted by the end of May. Since much of the conversion work will be in progress during the coming vacation season, employees are being requested to make arrangements to have someone assume responsibility while their

equipment is being converted if they are Nearly all homes in Ancon, Balboa, and Balboa Heights will be converted to be away from the Isthmus at that to 60-cycle by the end of May. The map gives a general picture of the months time. The names and addresses of such in which vcrious areas will be converted. San Juan Place in Ancon, the Gavilan persons should be listed with the con- area, and much of (he Balboa flats are scheduled for conversion next June. tractor well in advance. Forms for such notifications can be obtained from the Consolidated Electric Company's office. 'Conversion of frequency-sensitive house- map comes from the fact that the con- Householders can estimate that the hold electrical equipment to 60 cycle is version will be done for all houses serviced conversion of their equipment will be scheduled to be started in the Pacific ter- from the same feeder before progressing made about two and a half months after minal communities March 3 by the Con- to another such group. For this reason the inventory now being taken. How- solidated International Electric Company there are some places where houses on ever, a final notice of the exact date of which was awarded the Pacific Area con- one side of a street will be converted conversion will be given to individual version contract last September. early in the schedule while those on the householders one week in advance. Under the schedule submitted by the contracting firm, the job, one of the biggest of the entire conversion project, is Commissary Preview to be completed by about next Septem- ber. The firm already has personnel at making for Equipment Display work and is plans an acceler- 60-Cycle Now On ated program. Gordon B. Merchant has been assigned Special plans have been made by the Commissary. The display consists of to the project a Administrative Super- and Bureau to refrigerators, washing machines, driers, visor and John G. Hobbs, Conversion Supply Employee Service give Pacific side Commissary customers air-conditioning units, television sets, Engineer, will be in charge of field oper- topnotch service during the Pacific Area record players, ami a wide variety of ation i.

i onversion work. appliances, much of which have never The Consolidated Electric ha before been stocked because of the I as igned office and warehousing space in ml i plans developed, an employee difficulty in obtaining the equipment two buildings on Diablo Road adjacent who elects to take cash in lieu of for 25-Cyde operation. to the Storehouse Division yard. The conversion for any piece of equipment Arrangements have been made for per- larger of the two buildings, No. 42-D, may have a 60-cycle replacement unit calls lo he made Commissary will be used as an office and warehouse, delivered ami ready for use when the old sona] by personnel at all homes the con- with the fornvr being located in the north refrigerator, washing machine, or air- when tractor's representative has been notified end of the building which was originally conditioning unit is disconnected. that the owner will take cash in lieu of erected just before the beginning of \\ orld \ nle from this special service, the conversion for any equipment. ( Irdera War II for use in storing tires. Commissary Branch will have ample for replacement may be made at thai The accompanying map gives a gen- stocks to meet the requirements of Pad lime, and delivery will be made when eral Idea of the aroas which arc to he lie side residents in all types of appliances Consolidated Electric returns some two first i inner led during the three months. and major household equipment. and a half months later fortheconvorsion. The anas on the map not indicated for \ special display of the types <>f Under the deferred payment plan re- conversion before the end of May will equipment to be on sale was placed cently authorized for Commissary pur- be started during June and the con- on view during the past few days in most of the major electrical equip- tractor's schedule calls for beginning the Housewares \nne\ of the Balboa ment can be bought under this plan. conversion in Diablo Heights and l.os Kios in July. The gerrym of the THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW Januaiy 3, 1958 Megaphone Needed Board Of Directors Due Jan. 13

For Annual Meeting On Isthmus

The future of Atlantic side communi- Members of the Board are scheduled ties for American employees and their to leave the Pacific side early Wednes- families will be one of the principal prob- day morning for the Atlantic side, lems tackled by the Board of Directors going first to Gatun Locks for a dem- of the Panama Canal Company at the onstration of the new LeTourneau tow- annual meeting in the Canal Zone this ing locomotives. The remainder of the month. morning will be devoted to the inspec- Because of the effect of the occupa- tion of various Canal installations on tion of the Coco Solo Naval Station the Atlantic side. upon long-range plans, already well A barbecue luncheon has been planned developed, for the housing and com- at Fort San Lorenzo on Wednesday. munity installations to replace those Some of the Directors will board the in New Cristobal, Board members have Cristobal that afternoon and others, re- scheduled a visit to Coco Solo as the turning to the States by plane, will come first order of business and before any back to the Pacific side that afternoon formal meetings are held. after the ship sails. Several of the Board members, includ- While subject to change, four Directors ing Assistant Secretary of the Army are to come to the Isthmus this month George H. Roderick, Board Chairman, with Secretary Roderick on the SS Cris- are scheduled to arrive here Monday tobal. They are Maj. Gen. Julian L. afternoon, January 13, aboard the Pan- Schley, Charles S. Reed, Howard C. ama liner Cristobal. Other Directors are Petersen, and John W. Martyn. to come by plane. Board members coming by plane in- Division Reservations have been made for the The men in the Engineering clude Maj. Gen. Glen E. Edgerton, blueprints of this length Directors at the Tivoli Guest House. A who work with Ralph H. Cake, Robert P. Burroughs, is the reception and cocktail-buffet in their could use a megaphone. It one of Ralph A. Tudor, and Ogden R. Reid. blueprints of the Agua Clara diesel sta- honor will be held that night by the Also coming to the Isthmus for the tion which had to be consulted in con- Canal Bureau Directors and Chiefs of the January Board Meeting will be W. M. nection with the power conversion project. staff units. Whitman, Secretary of the Panama Canal Reading clockwise, the engineers study- The Board will go to the Atlantic side Company, whose headquarters are in ing this blueprint are: Numan H. Vasquez, Tuesday morning, January 14, for an in- Washington. Mr. Whitman is expected Joaquin Ponce, Edwin F. Barnes, Milton spection of the housing and other build- to arrive by plane several days prior to W. Canham, and Allen K. Miller. ings at Coco Solo. the meeting. Incidentally, there is another way of Only one formal session has been sched- handling such blueprints: they can be uled. This will be held in the Board Room The Directors arriving by Panama Line will be met at shipside by Governor cut into strips and bound in book form. of the Administration Building on Tues- day afternoon and evening. In addition Potter and other Board members already for employee on the Isthmus. The entire party will New Towing Locomotives to a consideration of plans housing and community facilities of a return to the Pacific side by special Pan- ama Railroad motor-car. Being Readied For Test permanent nature on the Atlantic side, the formal meeting will be devoted to a The departure dates of the Directors An experiment which can mean savings management review, and consideration of are not definite in all cases, although of many millions of dollars for the Pan- budgetary and fiscal matters. some return on the Cristobal. ama Canal Company is about ready to be started at Gatun Locks. Workmen, under the guidance of a fac- Congresswoman tory representative, have been busy this week assembling the two powerful towing devices manufactured by R. G. Le- Tourneau, Inc., the Texas firm which has designed and made much of America's heavy equipment. The new locomotives represent the first basic change in any Canal machinery used to put ships through the waterway. If the new devices prove successful it will mean the Company will save much money, as plans have been made to replace all of the existing towing locomotives in the near future. < The 60-ton LeTourneau locomotives are designed to work in tandem along the ,r - center wall of Gatun Locks and tow vessels which are normally pulled by six of the existing locomotives. The two machines have some strange appearing ac- cessories—big rubber-tired fender pads to hold ships in tow away from the lock walls, and long whip booms to pass out towing lines to approaching vessels. The locomotives will undergo extensive tests on the passing-tracks of the center The House Subcommittee on Panama Canal affairs made a thorough study wall before being moved to the towing- of the Canal Zone's health and hospital facilities during its visit last month. tracks for work. Meanwhile, Locks per- Above is Rep. Leonor K. Sullivan, of Missouri, Chairwoman of Subcom- sonnel have been assigned to learn their mittee, at Gorgas Hospital flanked by Col. Norman H. Wiley, Director, operation and characteristics to be ready and Miss Beatrice Simonis, Chief Nurse, with other Canal peisonnel. for their actual use.

January 3, 1958 THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW this work during the moving period. Electric ranges will be installed as the quarters are occupied. Although temporary renovations are to be made immediately, the Canal administration is considering plans for extensive WHAT ABOUT improvements in the housing facilities in the future. Such items under consideration are electric water heaters, tile floors, and modernization of kitchens. This will be tied in to the overall study of improv- COCO SOLO ing the livability of permanent quarters. The abandonment of New Cristobal as townsite for American employees will Breeze-swept onetime Navy base to provide housing a bring a twinge of nostalgia to oldtimers for former New Cristobalites, other Atlantic Siders of the Canal organization. The rim of Manzanillo Island has long been a place of residence for them and their predeces- sors who built and operated the Panama Barring the unforeseen, the biggest news occupancy as the principal Atlantic side Railroad before them. While the name for the Atlantic side at the beginning of the community is still for determination, "New Cristobal" dates back only to New Year will be the exodus of several hun- being partly dependent on whether ar- about the time the Canal was opened, dred residents from New Cristobal which rangements for permanent occupancy of the history of the residential area span will take place during the next few months. the area and facilities can be made. more than a century. integral part of this is the An story Meanwhile, all plans have been com- The entire Manzanillo Island became opening of a new Company-Government pleted for the population transfer which the property of the Panama Railroad which for the town at Coco Solo several is scheduled to begin about the middle under the original concession for its con- decades spanning the two World Wars of this month and which will continue for struction. The northern end of the island was one of the bastions of the United several weeks. It is expected that 300 or became a residential area during that States the Atlan- Navy's forces guarding more families will move during this period. time. tic entrance to the Panama Canal. In the survey conducted by the Hous- The development of New Cristobal Most, but not all, of the New Cristo- ing Division last month, 297 question- and Colon Beach as that area appears bal residents are receive expected to naires were returned by employees indi- today, came since the Canal was housing assignments in the former cating their desire to move and indicating opened. Consideration was given at In Naval Base. addition to the 175 em- their choice of towns and types of quarters. the close of the construction period ployees occupying family quarters in to the establishment of a permanent The tabulation of these showed the the New Cristobal and Fort Del.esseps townsite at Mount Hope. This idea following results: areas, there are 84 Canal families living was abandoned, however, in favor of Present place of residence: Cris- in one-bedroom apartment buildings New developing the Panama Railroad sec- tobal, 16(»; Margarita, who are to be reassigned better hous- 90; Gatun, 26; tion along Colon Beach. Consequently, and others, 15. The latter category in- ing. Also, there are a number of new the swampy area in the heart of the cludes new employees or others pres- employees who have not yet received island was filled and an extensive hous- ently without housing assignments. permanent housing assignments. ing development was undertaken in Place of residence desired first As a consequence, the evacuation of as 1917. Many additional quarters were choice: Coco Solo, 131; Margarita, 129; the New Cristobal area will be only the built there during the 1930's. and Gatun, 37. bigger part of a population shift on the Since the area was never a part of the Atlantic side which surpasses any to take The quarters at Coco Solo do not re- Canal Zone, New Cristobal was never de- place there. quire extensive renovation and they can veloped as a town with all facilities for Not since the construction of the Third be made available for occupancy at a its population and residents there have Locks towns of Margarita, Cocoli, and rapid rate. It is planned to move about depended upon the Commissary and Serv- Diablo Heights has an integrated com- six families a day and all available per- ice Center in "Old Cristobal" for their munity for American employees become sonnel and equipment will be assigned to shopping and amusements. available for occupancy on such a scale. While the town of Los Rios the Zone's

youngest is comparable to what Coco Solo is to become, its residents depend on facilities in other towns for shopping, postal service, schooling, and other such DESIGNED FOR TOMORROW- community services. The pictures on the opposite page show room apartments, the Coco Solo base has The extent to which permanent com- a general view of the former Naval Sta- 128 family quarters in four-family build- munity facilities will be established in tion at Coco Solo and some of the buildings, each unit of which has three or Coco Solo is still in the planning stage. ings which will be used by the Panama more bedrooms. With the exception of Future plans for the townsite will consti- ( lanal Company-Canal Zone Government four quarters, all of the housing is in tute one of the principal subjects for con- The large picture across the top of the four-apartment buildings. lideration by the Board of Directors at facing page shows the housing area, with At the right, in the lower TOW, are two tin- meeting here next month. If the de- its palm-bordered streets and walkways. of the public buildings which are being cision is to develop it into one of the The base, which was used for both air. made available to the Company-! iovern- principal Canal Zone civilian towns, submarine, and supply units during its ment. The upper of these two was for- buildings and other facilities are available beydey as a Naval installation, had ac- merly used as a commissary and post ex- for the ree tabli bmeni of services which commodations for over 300 families; 280 change, and has a large second floor room would, in many instances, oui itrip tho e units were being made available which was used for sports. This building of mo t othei I !anal Zone towns. t i the Company-Government. would require little remodeling for a Pan- Among the buildings or facilities ( Immediately below the large picture ama ( 'anal 'ommissary and Service Cen- available are tennis courts, baseball appears one of the two Swimming pools ter. The lower building is the station's diamonds, hobbj shops, swimming at the former Navy station. At the former hobby shop, which might be used pools ;ind pavilions, and one of the

right, in the center of the opposite by groups interested in such activitie . best (lobs on the Isthmus. Buildings page is the former Officers Club, one Water, electric, and sewer sxstems are also available for refitting or re- of the most handsome and modem are in place; the electric svstem had modeling for use as a commissary, buildings in the area. alrcadv been converted to 60 cwles. schools, a service center, and a post Below, at the left of the opposite page, The Coco Solo area is located about offii e, is one of the buildings which provides live milis from the Cristobal piers and Whili ndl] be of two-bedroom apartment . There are [52 four miles In road from the center placed in use ai an early date for the con-

such suite . Iii addition to the two-bed- Margaiita. "i venience famili i re iding there, the

• which remodeling and furnishing will be done for long-range THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW January 3, 1958 4,

-fUl^KKKF-

Pool Officer's Club

Palm Trees and Houses

Two-Bedroom Apartments

The Commissary above, Hobby Shop below

January 3, 1958 THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW Mutual Of Omaha Sends

Representative To C. Z.;

Status Of Zone Changed

FOR YOUR INTEREST AND GUIDANCE IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION PHYSIOLOGY Very Shocking!

Alcoholic- can be shocked more easily is considerably more dangerous than di- than other persons. So can persons with rect current of like voltage and amperage.

hardening of the arteries, those with dis- Currents of low voltage follow a path turbed thyroids, and those with greasy of least resistance, but currents of high skin. tension tend to flow along the shortest

This is shown by a study on the effects path. of shocks by lightning and man-made "Injuries produced by electrical acci-

electricity reported to the International dents are more dependent upon the path

College of Surgeons meeting in Chicago of the current than its intensity, and cur- by Dr. C. Kenneth Lewis of the Univers- rent passing through the left side of a

ity of Illinois College of Medicine. victim's chest or brain can be more dan- The effect of electrical shock on human gerous than that traversing the right side

is its effect upon the I. D. ("Skeets") McCarry beings dependent on several factors. because of damaging These include the type and amount of heart," Dr. Lewis pointed out. designation of the Canal Zone as The current, resistance set up in the body, a Division of the Home Office of Mutual path of the current, duration of the con- of Omaha and the appointment of Ivan HONOR ROLL Representa- tact, conditions surrounding the accident, .!. McCarty as Home Office Bureau Award For tive here, were made last month by the and the question of individual suscepti- underwrites BEST RECORD insurance company which bility. health insurance for Panama Canal NOVEMBER group Aside from death, electrical shock can Company-Canal Zone Government em- have damaging effects upon the heart MARINE BUREAU ployees. The Canal Zone became a Division of and nervous system, stimulate strong ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION December 10. Mr. contraction, inhibit the function the Home Office on muscular BUREAU known as McCarty, who is familiarly of vital organs, destroy cells and vital "Skeets," arrived December 12 to take tissue, and cause extensive, latent, dying- AWARDS THIS CALENDAR YEAR over his new post. An insurance man cells. off of burned tissues or - -- V for the past 13 years, he had spent sev- Health showed that accidental con- Construction 6 eral weeks here earlier this year. The study Engineering and will In hi.s new capacity Mr. McCarty tact "with even 1 10 volts of electricity Civil Affairs - -- 6 Company-Govern- service the important is often fatal if the victim is wet and Supply and Employee Service 5 ment Health Insurance group in the well-grounded," Dr. Lewis reported. Marine - — 2 Canal Zone and will carry out Mutual of It also showed that alternating current Transportation and Terminals 1 Omaha's objective in providing the best possible service to their policy holders. He plans to spiel certain days of the FREQUENCY RATE Disabling injuries per 1.000,000 employee- we -k mi the Atlantic side where he will hours worked. be available to answer queries and handle NOVEMBER 1957 complaints. The days when he will be ( ) 5 10 15 BUREAU on the Atlantic side and the location of will be ami .une id lai r. In nffic there, Marine Bureau :::, ,,,:- A Mr. McCarty will work cl >sely with 1 G oup Health Insurance Hoard, a Engineering and Conslrudion Bureau ^1 of employees which spon group 1 administers the group health plan. Supply and Employee Service Bureau

Canal Co. (This Month Model Of Miraflores Locks C. /.. Goit.-Panama ) 1 Florida Exposition Sent To Civil Affairs Bureau ~1 mi Mi-Id this month in Health Bureau Florida <;v\ see in n tne of tie-

world's most famous installati Transportation and Terminals Bureau

rat d bj electricity tin- Panama Canal's . L( 15

nail model \\a - built in the Main- Man-Hours Worked 2.377.610 Numher of Disabling Injuries 7

tenanc > hops in Balboa by Machinist, who re- Rale this month Albert -I. Deutsch, | Frequency

tired from Canal irvice li LEGEND ej Accumulative Frequency Rate this Calendar Year UCl 'be model. nodel of Miraflore Loch CZ U 1951-19551956 Calendar Year Average

i t the i studj feasibilit; structing a larger working mode] of the REVIEW Jar.ucry 3, 1958 Locks in the near future. THE PANAMA CANAL South America

Its west coast was barred from world trade until Canal

provided routes to its storehouse of natural resources

No major area of the civilized world where a competitive position was not was more effectively blocked from the possible. great world trade centers before the Added to these factors was the lack of Panama Canal was completed than the adequate land communications -highway tier of South American countries facing and railroad—which hampered trade be- the Pacific Ocean. tween neighboring countries as well as Geographically and topographically, internal commerce. the area was cut off from the rest of the This area, with a 4,000-mile coastline, world. The Andes formed an almost im- had double the size and population of the penetrable barrier to the east and beyond Pacific Coast States of California, Wash- them for the most part lay thousands of ington, and Oregon. But, in this great miles of trackless jungle. expanse there was only one transconti- To the north, the Isthmus of Panama nental rail link- between Valparaiso and lay across the logical and easiest sea- Buenos Aires -when the Panama Canal routes to the United States and Europe was opened. At that time the west coast where the great industrial expansion of of the United States was connected with the modern age was taking place. This the Atlantic seaboard by seven transcon- land barrier forced ships to sail or steam tinental railroads. thousands of miles out of their course. These nations constituted a vast This costly procedure was an effective land that was among the first colonized brake on the economic development of after the discovery of the New World. Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Co- It was an area that had yielded fabu- lombia, the countries facing the Pacific or lous treasures to its conquerors in the

linked to it commercially. fifteenth century. Yet, 400 years later The cost of goods shipped to these much of the land was unsettled and countries acted adversely on the econ- little past the middle ages in commun- omy of each nation and development ications and economic development. capital was not attracted to an area It was a land of great contrasts and anomalies. It had produced some of the editor's Note world's great political leaders but the na- tions_ had been plagued with political

For over Ifi years the operation of the turmoil, wars, and internecine strife. Its Panama Canal has been intimately linked universities such as those at Lima, Cuzco, with the eeonomie development of many and Arequipa, were world renowned and nations. These ties are closer and more some of the leading writers, artists, and pronounced with the New World nations philosophers were born there. In contrast, facing the Pacific Ocean. the illiteracy rate was high and the masses In this issue "The Review" begins a of the people were impoverished and un- series of articles on the nations we serve. educated. The series is intended to provide Canal em- There were great concentrations of ployees with a better understanding of their wealth and dire poverty. The land itself role in this big world picture and to call was rich in natural resources but little attention of all readers to the Canal's im- was moved to world markets. The moun- portance in world trade and to the economic tains were covered with fine timber but welfare of individual countries. the lumber industry was not developed The first of these articles relates to those much beyond local requirements. Fertile South American nations along the Pacific valleys and plateaus lay dormant for lack seaboard which comprise one of the world's of agricultural implements and transpor- great trade areas before the Canal was tation for produce. opened. Subsequent articles will deal with It is small wonder that the forward the countries individually as they are today. thinkers of this area looked anxiously Illustrations for the first article, includ- to the progress being made during the ing our cover picture, were obtained from decade of the building of the Panama the valuable collection on Latin America in Canal by the United States Govern- Johnson in his comprehensive tolls study the early part of this century in the Photo- ment from 1904 to 1914. in which he described the trade potential graphic Library of the Pan American The general outlook of the area to be of the Canal. In his report, Dr. Johnson Union in Washington, D. C. The assist- expected as a result of the opening of the said in part: ance of the Library's personnel in making Panama Canal in August 1914 was suc- "The benefits of an isthmian waterway these striking pictures available is gratefully cintly described shortly before the water- will be felt in varying degrees by more acknowledged. way was finished by Dr. Emorv R. than half the countries of the world. In some regions this influence will be slight January 3, 1958 THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW and indirect, or will modify only a small This use of the Isthmian trade route continued over the years on a somewhat spasmodic scale. By the turn of this century, however, this trade was inconse- quential, and definite sea routes to the west coast, principally to Chile and Peru, had been established around the Horn by sailing ships, and through the rough waters of Magellan Strait by steamship lines. These routes, however, were long, dif- ficult, and costly. As a result, even during the first decade of the twentieth century, sea-borne trade to the rest of the world was largely con-

fined t.i those commodities which could withstand long shipment and were of prime necessity. The sailing vessel was still a major factor in sea transportation when the Canal was opened in 1914. The sea- borne trade of western South America Chile, are pushed against sea by the Andes. Harbor and town of Tocopilla, handled by sailing ships was relatively much higher than that on other world part of the trade, while in others it will stant t mdency everywhere is to organize trade routes principally for reasons of affect the great part of the commerce and capital on a large scale, and it seems prob- in operation and type of will work changes that will be almost able that the development of western economy revolutionary. The United States will South America will be undertaken by cargo handled. exports were nitrates, obtain the most direct and far-reaching organizations of capital similar to those The principal ores, lumber, sugar, cotton, grain. results from the Canal; South America that are giving the United States its in- mineral and coal, while imports were confined will probably lie the second greatest re- dustrial preeminence." largely to machinery, hardware, and man- cipient. These prophetic words of this inter- ufactured articles that would withstand "The nineteenth century witnessed an nationally-known economist were, if any- Food and other perish- enormous expansion of commerce through- thing, more accurate than his nearly- long shipment. ables not shipped to any appreciable out the greater part of the world, largely exact predictions on future Canal traffic. were extent. because industries developed in new It is significant to note that while countries by means of the capital that the Panama Canal has provided the All of these commodities could be Europe had slowly accumulated through sorely-needed avenue to world markets shipped more economically by sailing several preceding centuries. for the Pacific coast of South America, vessels than by steamships. Conse- "The capitalistic development of west- this area had been closely linked with quently thi' advent of the steamship had ern South America, particularly the the Isthmus of Panama from the time not produced the same effect on Pacific northern part, has, however, not yet of its conquest and settlement. It was trade t.i western Latin America as it had progressed very far. It has great stores from Panama that Francisco Pizarro in the North Atlantic trade zone. of natural wealth, but the obstacles in sailed to conquer the Incan Empire As a result of this, and the fact that the way of their utilization have not been and later to spread the influence of sailing ships from Europe had a great overc 'inc. Large organizations of capital Spain along the entire coast. During advantage over those operating from the are especially necessary in the Andean those early years, the Isthmus was the I tiited States, the bulk of foreign trade region and on the west coast. connecting link with the mother coun- of Chile, Ecuador, and Peru went to "The western part of South America try, for only the hardiest of navigators Europe until after the Canal was opened. has be •!) lying idle, while more accessible cared to risk the stormy passage around Th advantage of European trade routes resources have been levied upon. But a Cape Horn in the sailing vessels of was so decided that many commodities new era s ems to be at hand. The con- those davs. could be shipped cheaper to Europe and

Stately sailing ships crowded the harbor of Callao, Peru, in the early 1900s.

THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW January 3, 1958 The industrial and economic development of Chile was far more advanced in the early 1900's than that of most other Latin American countries. The nation had 21,000 miles of public roads and about 3,500 miles of railways, about half of which were operated primarily for mining interests. While Chile had more highways and railways than all other Latin American countries bordering the Pacific all the way up to Mexico, they were not integrated into systems which could serve the national interests as a whole.

Because of the trade which had been built up by sailing ships with Chile during the nineteenth century, most of her foreign commerce went to England and Germany. Nitrate shipments amounted to almost 75 percent of her exports. Other principal exports were gold, silver, cobalt, copper, lead, vanadium, coal, and manganese, with agricultural and forest products comprising only about one- eighth of the total. Sailing ships and steamers made Valparaiso harbor a busy port 50 years ago. Chile's foreign trade was carried mostly statistics of the five transshipped to or from the United States While reliable by foreign vessels which were also per- than they could be moved over direct countries a half century ago are not pos- sailing routes. sible to obtain in all categories, some of While the United States shippers had the general features of each nation, par- some advantage in steamship routes, ticularly as to their economic outlook the nation's merchant marine at that early in the 20th century, are briefly out- time was devoted almost wholly to the lined below by individual countries. intercoastal trade and handled little Pressed between the towering walls of foreign commerce. the Andes Mountains and the Pacific There were many economic and other Ocean, this long, thin land factors which had a decisive effect on the appears as only a ribbon on a.'' e restraint of import and export trade of the map of South America. the Pacific coast nations before the Canal It has a coastline stretching was opened. 2,650 miles between the Antarctic Circle and the Equator. At no point is the The great trade disadvantages stem- country wider than 250 miles. ming from the fueling of vessels alone is An official estimate of its population well illustrated in some comparative fig- early in this century was 3,174,000, as ures on the operating costs of vessels compared with a present-day population around the Horn and through the Canal of 7,100,000. About half of its popula- to South America compiled just before tion then lived in rural districts. The the Canal was opened. populations of five of its principal cities These statistics showed that a 15-knot were then listed as follows: Santiago, steamer could make only four trips a 332,000; Valparaiso, 142,000; Conception, year around South America from New 49,000; Iquiqui, 43,000; and Antofagasta, York to Valparaiso at an average trip- 16,000. Its capital city of Santiago is cost of $82,000. It would burn 1,624 tons today a great metropolis with a popula- of coal a trip and the freight charges tion of over 1,400,000 more than a third would be $6.44 a ton. By going through of that of the entire nation of a half cen- Loading cattle at Callao, Peru. the Canal the ship could make 8.9 round tury ago. trips at a cost of about $50,000 a trip, and charging a freight rate of only $3.80 Coquimboa, Chile, had a fine harbor but inadequate port facilities. a ton. On this trip it would require only 509 tons of coal.

The statistics on the operation of steamers between Liverpool and Valpar- aiso were less impressive but on this route a ship could make an extra round trip a year and use half the amount of coal by going through the Canal. Freight charges were estimated at $5.89 a ton as compared with $7.05 a ton on a trip around the Horn.

The total foreign trado of the five nations along the Pacific just before the Canal was opened did not total a half-billion dollars. Today, Chile's foreign trade alone far exceeds this figure. The following figures show the foreign trade of the individual countries in 1911:

Imports Exports Total

Ir, millions of dollars Chile $127 $124 $251

Bolivia^ _ 23 32 55

Peru _ 31 36 67 Ecuador 8 14 22 Colombia____ 18 22 40

Totals $207 $228 $455 January 3, 1958 THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW "The Pacific coast has been of slight service in the development of Colombia because of the unsettled Ci I . and unhealthy character of Olombia , t )lt coast region, and the high mountain barriers between its natural ports and the settled parts of the country." Thus, one writer described Colombia's Pacific area with a 7(KI-mile seafrontage just before the Panama Canal was opened. Colombia had an estimated population of 4,300,000 at this period, and Bogota was a city of 120,000 inhabitants. The country's principal outlets to foreign trade were on the Atlantic seaboard and Barranquilla then had a population of 40,000. The port of Buenaventura was the chief outlet on the Pacific but there was little trade. The part was a town of about 1.200 inhabitants and there was little commercial activity. The estuary Port operations have changed drastically in 50 years at Guayaquil, Ecuador. on which Buenaventura is located was deep enough for ocean-going steamers and mitted to operate in herintercoastal trade. The Republic, being land - locked, it was a port of call for a German and a shipped its foreign export goods princi- British steamship line. While this was Peru has a s?acoast of 1,240 miles long pally through the ports of Chile and the outlet for the Cauca Valley, that area with many fine, natural harbors. The Peru. At one time, Bolivia had a com- had not been developed into what it is country, from 300 to 400 miles mercial outlet to the Atlantic down the today -one of the world's greatest and is divided longitudinally Pwide, Acre River and small ocean steamers plied most fertile agricultural districts, and the eru into the coastland, sierras, and between Puerto Acre and Para. How- city of Cali, now a metropolis of South montanas. The coast is largely ever, Brazil had closed the port to foreign America, then had a population of 16,000. sandy deserts crossed at intervals by riv- commerce and later took over Puerto The vast change in the economic pic- ers flowing through narrow, fertile valleys. Acre and the surrounding territory, leav- ture of these five great republics within Th" sierra of the Andes is about 250 miles ing the Maderia River as Bolivia's only the last half century is boldly painted in wide, while the "montana" region is cov- outlet to the Amazon River system. This statistics of the Panama Canal today. ered with tropical forests which slope was unsatisfactory and little used, how- During the fiscal year 1057. ended last flown to the Amazon basin. ever, as high falls interrupted river trans- June, 12,709,000 long tons of cargo were

In the earlv L900's the country's pop- irt itinn country's border. shipped through the Canal to or from l> near the ulation numbered about 3,500,000 and the west coast of South America. This was principally rural. The population of The lack of internal transportation, represented 25. S percent of the total of some of its principal cities then were: except by mule pack and riverboats had 10,702,000 tons of cargo moved through Lima, 140,000; Callao, 31,000; Arequipa, all but barred any industrial the Canal for that year. 28,000; and Iquitos, 0,000. development in Ecuador. In later issues, of THE REVIEW, a more EiCUador Of Peru's economic development, The first railway, 290 miles detailed account will lie presented on the Encyclopedia Britannica said in its long, connecting Quito and each of these Pacific Coast nations with 1911 edition: "Owing to political dis- Guayaquil, was completed in 1908 by an statistics reflecting the direct relation the orders, difficulty in land communica- American company. At that time there Panama Canal has had in their economic tions, and the inheritance of unsound was only one road usable by wheeled development.

fiscal methods from Spanish colonial vehicles. This was one 1 15 miles south- administration, the commercial devel- ward from Quito toward Guayaquil but Old Timer— opment of Peru has been slow and it had been permitted to fall into such erratic." a state of complete disrepair that only short sections were usable. At that time, Peru, one of the richest n iti ins in the world in mineral resources, Ecuador had an estimated popula- exported more sugar than any other prod- tion early in this century of about uct, with mining products ranking second. 1,500,000; but this, at best, only a Other exports included cot! in, cocaine, reasonable guess because of the lack

hid ss, rubber, and other forest products, of internal communications. Quito wool, and guano. The largest part of her was then a city of SO, 000, while the foreign trade went to Great Britain, with chief port of Guayaquil bad 60,000 in- Chile ranking second, and the United habitants. States third. Although the mineral resources were internal transportation was largely known to be much inferior to those of the water-borne over many navigable Colombia and Peru, mining had been one rivers and Lake Titicaca. Some trade of Ecuador's chief sources of revenues to the Atlantic found it-' way down a from the time of the Spanish conquerors. branch of the \m v/. in from [qui! is. The emerald mines of the Province of Bolivia, with an area of over 60 1,000 Ksmeralda. had been worked from the

i of and quare mil i had i bimated p ipula time the conquest, over the years

; r*50,000 i various mining companies had operated and mines. . of which over iron, lead, platinum R i. L900's, 90 Bolivia were Indians who contributed

Manufacturing industries were chi iflj hut little t i the economic of a primitive character, developed to I, a Paz, it pi ii cip -i city, Had a meet local need-. While some modern P ipulati in of about 55,000, while the cities been of Coch ind Sucre each machinery had imported to make sugar, most had popu lightly over 20,000. cotton fabrics and mill cot- i m ."id wool manufactures were by prim- W. Wright, constiuction day vet- The agricultural resources of the J. itive means. One of Ecuador's principal eran, is neating the cenlury mark. A country were varied and of great value export items then, as now. was Panama tesident of Boquete for many years, he but their development up to that time hats. makes his home with a son in Texas. bail been slow The principal exports then were tin, Copper, bismuth, rub-

ber, and quinine bark. 10 THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW January 3, 1958 OF CURRENT AND FUTURE INTEREST

after the Industrial Division offices move to their new quarters. The paint and rigging operations will be moved to the eld wood assembly shop which will be converted for this purpose. Bids on the Industrial Division office work are scheduled to be advertised Jan- uary 27.

Full-time optometrical services are now being provided .11 Coco Solo Hospital bj Robert L. Ronollo, a graduate ol the Penn- sylvania State College of Optometry, it has

been announced li\ 1 he I le.ill h Bureau.

A native of Camden, N. J., he also at- tended Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pa. tie completed his studies in optometry this year and is a member ol the American Optometric Association, the Pennsylvania Optometric Association, and is a licensed optometrist for the Stale-, ol Nev. Jersey and Pennsylvania.

No -.ttanget In ihe Lthnill-, lie \ isited Panama in 1956 and For a time was Honor- ary Vice Consul for Panama in Philadelphia.

Two employees of the Comptroller's Office have been selected to attend the month. Left U. S. Civil Service management training course which starts this Powell, to right: W. A. Wichmann, Accounting Policies and Procedures,- W. J. Division, alternate. Internal Audit Branch,- and J. B. DeVore, Accounting

The safety deposit box facilities operated new supply was bought from the Asiatic Pe- by the Treasurer in the basement vault of troleum Company. The order is for 70,000 the Administration Building are now open barrels of regular, and 45,000 barrels of to the public for two hours each working- premium gas. day, Monday through Friday, from 10 a. m. The new regular gas will have an octane with for tc 12 noon, according to an announcement rating of 87, as compared 82 regu- by the Comptroller. The facilities will also lar now on sale. The octane rating of pre- be available intermittently at other times mium gas will be 96 instead of the present when the Vault Clerk may be in the vault 93 rating. The entire supply will be brought performing other duties. Otherwise, the on the same tanker which is expected to vault and boxes will not be accessible ex- make delivery about the end of this month. cept by prior arrangement with the Treas- The new gas will be on sale at service sta- urer, telephone 2-2532 or 2-2526. tions soon after delivery. Before yesterday the vault was regularly new volume was added to open to the public for only one hour a day, A handsome the Panama Collection of the Canal Zone from 11 a. m. to 12 noon. with the arrival At the same time, the Comptroller an- Library last month of a Art prepared nounced that payment of Panama Canal catalogue of Pre-Columbian Company and Canal Zone Government bills with the assistance of Dr. Samuel K. well-known anthropologist. may be made to the Vault Clerk during Lothrop, The book, describes the Robert Woods times that the vault is open. This new which James F. Magary on loan to the National service will provide a convenience to the Bliss collection now presented the Library first large group of employees in the Adminis- Gallery of Art, was to The psychologist to be employed by Bliss, a former diplomat and a well- tration Building, as well as to others coming by Mr. the Canal Zone schools is due here January collector. Beautifully illustrated 13 aboard Cristobal. to the Building. known the SS He is James with color pictures, the catalogue is being F. Magary, who comes to the Isthmus from kept in the Library for reference use. the Devereux Schools in Devon, Pa. Higher octane gasoline is soon to be on Mr. Margary wjll be assigned to the Spe- sale at the Canal service stations at no Bids for the air-conditioning and modern- cial Education office of the Schools Divis- increase in price, according to an announce- ization of the Administration Building at ion. Although his service will be available ment at the Supply and Community Service Balboa Heights, were advertised the last to all Zone students, he will work primarily Bureau. week in December and bids are presently- on psychological tests determining place- The Canal's gasoline supply is bought on scheduled to be opened on or about Feb- ment in special rooms of children who are open bidding about twice a year and the ruary 17. having difficulty in school or who need spe- The work included in these contracts will cial attention. consist of completely air conditioning the Born in St. Clair, Mich., Mr. Magary did Administration Building, the installation of his undergraduate work at the University a new power feeder, replacement of lighting of Michigan and holds a master's degree and wiring, installation of suspended ceil- from Wayne University. He is completing ings, replacement of the elevator, and mis- work on a doctorate in psychology at Indi- cellaneous other alterations and improve- ana University. He reads, writes, and Official Panama Canal Company Publication ments. speaks Spanish. Published Monthly At Balboa Heights, C. Z. His experience includes Plans are now being made to convert two summers' Plant, Mount Hope, Canal Zone work with disturbed the University Printed by the Printing the old Paint and Rigging Shop in the boys at of Michigan's fresh Institute in Cristobal Industrial Division area into a air camp VV. E. Potter, Governor-President Human Behavior, teaching while he modern office building to house the main and was doing his graduate work. Hugh M. Arnold, Lieutenant Governor offices of the Panama Canal Industrial Di- VV. G. Arey, Jr., Public Information Officer vision. The specifications call for the installation flooring, acoustical J. Rufus Hardy, Editor of vinyl-tile suspended lighting, and alum- Eleanor McIlhenny, Assistant Editor tile ceilings, fluorescent CIVIL DEFENSE inum-type windows. The new office space, Eunice Richard, Editorial Assistant which will measure 100 by 81 feet, will in- NEWS a fireproof vault, a conference room, On sale at all Panama Canal Service Centers, clude Commissaries, and Hotels for 10 days after publica- and a private office for the Chief of the tion date at 5 cents each. Subscriptions. $1 a year; Industrial Division. JANUARY VOLUNTEER CORPS MEETINGS 19 each. mail and back copies, cents The main office of this division has been )ate Town Place Hour located since 1950 in a "temporary" struc- Postal money orders made payable to the Pan- 8 Rainbow City School 6:30 p. n ture built by the U. S. Navy during World 1 Canal Company should be mailed to Editor, o Santa Cruz Service Center 8 p. m. will 1 Panama Canal Review. Balboa Heights. C. Z. War II. This building be torn down o Paraiso School 7:30 p. n

(Dates for other town meetings were not ready a January 3, 1958 THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW lis issue of "The Review" went to Press.) Want To Know About The Antarctic? Young Zonian tells what it's like when the temperature is minus 78 degrees

Clifton Hayward's temperature has gone up 16S degrees in the past few-

months. That's not strictly correct; it would be better to say that the temperature of his surroundings has varied that much. Not long ago he was wearing a parka and all of the other cold-weather cloth- ing the United States Navy could provide; the temperature was a chilly 78 below zero. Today, back on the Isth- mus after 14 months in Little America, he is running around in a sport shirt and reacting just as everyone else does to temperatures of 90 above zero, this time. mm The son of Mr. and Mrs. Alton J. Hay- ward of Margarita, and a former Panama Canal apprentice boatbuilder, Clifton returned to the Canal Zone a week before Christmas following his discharge from the Navy. The palm trees and the green grass, the blossoming poinsettdas and hibiscus are a far cry from the white vastness of Even the summer temperature was well below zero in Little America. the Antarctic, he finds. In 1953, young Clifton Hayward, who were an unbroken 24 hours and once, he ter. They had with them 1st) movie had graduated from Cristobal High School recalls, he worked 3b hours at one stretch. films; when they had seen all of them, the previous year and started his appren- The Little America base was not ex- they repeated the best ones. ticeship, decided to join the Navy. He actly at the same location as the earlier They were not able, of course, to re- took his boot training at Bainbridge, Md., bases, some of which had been covered ceive or send mail but they kept in served at Port Hueneme, Calif., and for by years of snowfall. The new base had touch with their families through a little less than a year with the Public to be built from scratch. First to go up "ham" radio operators. Their prime Works Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico. were the prefabricated huts, each of contact was a man named Newton Then he heard of the Navy's Operation which housed 20 men. When the first Kraus of Rhode Island, who was in al- Deepfreeze I and decided to volunteer men moved ashore from the ship, the most constant contact with Little Amer- for Antarctic service. buildings were unlighted and heated ica. At Christmas time, a Syracuse, Six months of extensive training at only by kerosene stoves. Sleeping bags N. Y. group of amateur radio operators Davisville, R. I., at Thule in Greenland, took the place of bunks. Later, as time known as RACS, took messages from anil at a Caterpillar diesel plant in Illi- allowed, came the little "niceties" the men and purchased, addressed, and nois preceded his departure for the the partitions which divided the huts mailed five Christmas cards for each southernmost part of the globe. In No- into cubicles, and the bunks with their man at the Base. vember 1955, he had a last look at his innerspring mattresses. Spring came the end of August and the Canal Zone home when his ship, the USS In February, the Antarctic summer be- men at Little America began to dig out Arneb went through the Canal. gan to draw to a close. The ships pulled from under IS feet or so of snow the sup- A Few weeks later the Arneb was nosing out, leaving 72 men on the ice shelf at plies which had been dumped around the its way through the ice behind the USS Little America and another 70 at Mc- Base when the ships pulled out six months Glacier toward the camp to be established Murdo Sound, 350 miles away. before. Some of the dumps were marked at Little America. The Base settled into a daily routine. with red flags on bamboo poles which had Unloading of the Navy equipment be- Work-days of eight hours were estab- been brought from the Canal Zone. gan at once. Time was precious and the lished and everyone turned to to get By December, summer had come and temperature only 5 below zero. The day- things ready for the expeditions which the trail parties started to go out. Young light of the Antarctic summer was 24 would start out in the spring to construct Hayward was the only builder who stayed hours long, as bright at midnight as it a base at Marie Byrd Land. Most of the behind. His job was to keep the parties ;i ai niMiii, and the men from the Arneb work was done inside the buildings, but supplied from the main base. This meant worked as long at a time as they could on a "balmy day" one on which the plane trips from time to time, lie made without sleep. Frequently, work hours temperature got up to 15' below zero flights from Little America to Marie Byrd some of them were able to get things Land, and from Little America to Mc- done outside. Murdo Sound. But the most exciting of All of the men doubled up on their job. the plane trips were four runs over the Clifton Hayward was classed as a builder, South l'i Ie for air-drops of supplies to the second class, but his secondary job was group there. that of Base tailor. Clothes, he said, had he not caught in to be mended and kept in repair; there Fortunately, was a was no department store handily nearby "whiteout" on any of the flights. But experience one of these in |>n,\ ide replacements. he did Antarctic The days were busy and went fast. phenomena once at Little America. he says, Living, under the circumstances, was There was no snow falling, and comfortable. The best fond he ever ate there was no wind. But suddenly the entire atmosphere became an opaipie in the Navy, the young Zonian says, was could barely see his glove served family style at tables seating eight white, lie dark at the end of his extended arm. There nun each. Places were se1 with plates do but wait it out. His and ilverware and, while there were no was nothing to tablecloths, there were no mess kit either. whiteout disappeared within a few minutes. They have been known to last for Tlii' men got double rations of all sorts hours. of high calorie, heat- and energy-produc- ing food. The end of the second Antarctic sum- off duty tin- "I'll gathered in a big mer, las! February, and the end of his recreation hut where they had a library, Little America service came at the same

post office, barbel bop, and mm ie thea- time.

Clifton A. Hayward 1-2 THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW January 3, 1958 Gorgas Blood Bank

Ends First Year

With Plus Balance

A plus balance of 140 pints was cred- economy wave ited to the Pacific Side Blood Hank at 50 Years Ago pinch of the Government's the close of the hank's first year of oper- regained some hope when labor leaders An important decision the width of ation, according to figures compiled early reported that a Senate subcommittee had the Canal locks -was made 50 years ago privi- in December at Balboa Heights. recommended restoration of leave in January. With a width of 110 feet The blood bank, formally known as leges for Canal-Railroad employees, ex- approved by President Theodore Roose- The Pacific Side Blood Replenishment cept for a month's furlough. On the other velt January 15, and work already started Program operation, is strictly a volunteer hand, they learned that Congress had in on relocation of the Pacific locks three program. A similar blood bank is now mind an additional If percent pay cut miles inland (to their present site), the being set up on the Atlantic side and for Government employees. Canal builders were finally ready to swing should be in operation early this month. January, 25 years ago, brought two spe- into concentrated action. Under the blood bank program, no Com- cial visitors to the Canal Zone, both of them Although the 10-foot increase in width pany-Government employee, or member former members of the Isthmian Canal would add about $5,000,000 to construction of his family, is charged for blood taken Commission. First to arrive was Rep. costs, it icas in keeping with the wishes of from the bank. Maurice H. Thatcher. His stay included the Navy which had held that 100-foot locks The program on the Pacific side got a trip up the new highway which bears his would not accommodate its future vessels. under way on November 23, 1956. Its name, and on into the Interior of Panama. No one, 50 years ago, of course, had ever headquarters are at Gorgas Hospital. The second visitor was Gen. William L. considered canted flight-decks! The day The first annual report for the operation Sibert, who had headed the Atlantic Divis- after the President approved the wider Canal shows that all Company-Government bu- ion during the construction period. locks, Secretary of War William H. Taft, reaus, except one, have a plus balance went before the Senate Committee on Inter- 1 Years Ago for the first year of operation. The Army, oceanic Canals, testified that the waterway Navy, and Air Force, which have donated Repercussions from Panama's rejection be completed six years from the fol- would of the defense sites pact were still being a total of 505 pints of blood during the its ultimate cost lowing July, and that heard 10 years ago this month. Senator .year, had a surplus on hand of 95 pints in- would be approximately $300,000,000, William F. Knowland, of California, in- on November 22, closing date for the the purchase price. cluding troduced bill before to give annual report. a Congress proceeding On the Isthmus, work was the administration "full authority to Under the blood replenishment pro- exca- at a dizzy pace. In January 1908, enter into a supplementary treaty with gram, employees register as prospective vation totaled 2,712,568 cubic yards, the Nicaragua and go ahead with canal con- donors in their respective bureaus. 2,500,000-mark had first time that the struction" there. if fellow- They are then called upon a been reached. And the labor force was of his family, re- And in the House of Representatives, employee, or member rising. "Small shipments" of men came Rep. Willis Bradley, another Californian, quires blood. Occasionally more blood from Spain and Barbados, The Canal the Divis- presented a bill calling for an Inter-oceanic is supplied than needed, and Record reported, and a number of labor- Canals to study the Panama involved is then credited Commission ion or Bureau ers were recruited from the United States. and Canal and determine whether additional with the surplus. The Housing At Ancon, the new Administration Build- Division, for instance, has canals were needed to safeguard the inter- Grounds ing, now the District Courthouse, was com- supplied 35 pints of blood, but only 14 ests of the United States. pleted and beginning to fill up. It housed of these have been used, leaving the An acute shortage of tanker transpor- the offices of the head of the Department of with a credit of 21 pints for tation and petroleum products in the Division Civil Administration, the Division of Posts, United States was felt in the Canal Zone, some possible future use. Customs and Revenues, the Department of in January 1933. Local oil companies In special cases, such as when donors Sanitation, and the Secretary of the Isth- voluntary rationing system with cannot supply specific blood types, the mian Canal Commission. began a many of their clients. Bureaus have an informal reciprocal agree- Work started on a permanent Canal ment. The donating Bureau is credited Zone Quarantine Station on Culebra Is- The trip of Rep. J. Parnell Thomas, of when this happens. land, now one of the "Fortified Islands" the House Un-American Activities Com- New employees, or others who have group. The Station was to consist of 10 mittee, to investigate communist infiltration not registered as donors and who wish buildings, two of which were to be isola- in the Canal Zone was upset by an acute to give blood should see their unit, tion wards for suspected cases of infec- illness. After he became seriously ill aboard branch, or division representatives as to tious or contagious diseases. the "Ancon," en route to the Canal Zone, followed for partici- he was taken from the ship directly to Mar- the procedure to be At a meeting, January 30, 1908, the garita Hospital where he remained during pation in the blood program. Isthmian Canal Commission decided that his entire stay here. any radical change in the commissaries Barlow Now A Consultant "icould imperil the future success of the Several construction projects and one work and the welfare of all classes of em- move were under way. Canal officials For St. Lawrence Seaway ployees." The Commission, accordingly, announced a $910,000 program to build declined Panama's demand for restriction masonry quarters in Diablo Heights, Edward "Barney" Barlow might well of commissary privileges, the demand for Margarita, Paraiso, Camp Coiner, and be said to have canal water in the blood. restoration of a bi-monthly pay-day, and a Silver City, and began evacuation of After locking thousands of ships demand for discontinuance of the coupon- three old houses to make room for the through the Panama Canal as control- book system. new obstetrical building at Gorgas Hos- house operator and supervisor at Mira- pital. They also confirmed plans to close flores Locks, he retired a year ago with 25 Years Ago Margarita Hospital July 1 and consoli- over years of service. During that 40 Atlantic side patients in Colon the Panama Canal date all time he also told tens of thousands of Traffic through downward 25 years ago Hospital. visitors to the Canal Zone how the Canal again slumped several months of a operates both as a Canal employee and last month, after One Year Ago slow but steady rise. In January 1933, as a tour director in his spare time. From a vantage point at the old site commercial transits totaled 415 ships, A year of retirement without a canal of Culebra, the Panama Canal Company's 16 lower than for the previous month. to operate and no tourist to enchant was Board of Directors got a look at the busy enough. Last month Barney accepted a The sudden death of former President Canal below, and then came down to Massachusetts home job as Consultant with the St. Lawrence Calvin Coolidge, at his water level to transit the Cut and look Seaway Corporation in Massena, N. Y. brought Canal Zone flags to the half-mast over operations at closer range. The oc- News of his new job has just been re- for 30 days. casion was the annual meeting of the to feel the ceived by friends in the Canal Zone. Zonians who had begun Board. One of its results was formation of a special committee, headed by the Governor, to study capacity problems. January 3, 1958 THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW 13 , .

PROMOTIONS AND TRANSFERS ANNIVERSARIES

November 75 through December 75 Arthur Morgan, Dipper Dredge Operator on the Cascadas, senior L". S. employee from Employees who were promoted or trans- to Lead Foreman Carpenter. Locks Division. point of service in the entire Canal organi- ferred between November 15 and December Mrs. Elizabeth P. Gerhardt, from Clerk- zation, completed 45 years of service on 15 are listed below. Within-grade promo- Stenographer, Personnel Bureau to Clerk, December 16. This entire period has been tions are not reported. Navigation Division. with the Dredging Division. CIVIL AFFAIRS BLREAI/ William Gillespie and Wilbur H. Vantine, During the past 45 years, Mr. Morgan Mrs. Edith M. Mathieson, from Clerk- from Towboat Master to Pilot-in-Training, has worked on just about every type of Stenographer to Clerk, Customs Division. Navigation Division. floating equipment the Dredging Division Edward L. Stern, from Substitute Win- PERSONNEL BUREAU possesses. The onlj floating craft he has dow Clerk to Window Clerk. Postal Di- Mrs. Dorotny W. Webb, from Personnel missed have been tovvlio.it-. vision. Clerk to Appointment Clerk. Employment Born in Indiana, he came to the Canal Louis H. Charles, Jr., from Substitute and Utilization Division. Zone in December 1912. to join his older Distribution Clerk to Window Clerk. Postal brother. Robert, who had been working I )iv ision. SUPPLY AND EMPLOYEE SERVICE BUREAU here for four years as a machinist. Joseph M. Ccrrigan, from Clerk, Hous- James F. Reccia, from Locks Se uritj Arthur Morgan's first ing and Grounds Division, to Substitute Patrolman, Locks Div ision. to Stockman job was that of Distribution Clerk, Postal Division. Foreman, Supply Division. water tender. Within a short time he was working on old Dredge 85, out cf Balboa. OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER Mrs. Margarita F. Preciado, from Clerk- He has been an engineer on drill boats and Nellie F. Holgerson, from Clerk. Main- Stenographer, Supply Division, to File suction dredges, a mate on all sorts of tenance Division, to Accounting Assistant, Clerk. Office oi General Manager. Dredging Division floating craft and, since

! and Procedures Staff. Mrs. Elizabeth S. Ccleman, from Ac- 1923, an operator on a dipper dredge. Charles W. Balser, from Property and counting Clerk. Accounting Division to Supply Clerk to Supervisors Accounting Accounting Assistant. Supply Division. .15 YEARS Although nearly half of his 35 years of Clerk. Accounting Division. Alva H. Cooke, Safety Inspector, from Government service has been with U. S. Gertrude M. Milloy, from Supervisory Engineering and Construction Bureau to Post Office Department in the United Accounting Clerk to Accounting Clerk, Ac- Suppl) and Employee Service Bureau. counting Division. States, Donald R. Boyer, Relief Su|>ervisor TRANSPORTATION AND TERMINALS with the Postal Division in Balboa, feels Mrs. Irene L. Veno, from Clerk-Typist BUREAU to Propertv and Supply Clerk. Accounting like an oldtimer with the Canal organization.

Paul Bamberg, from Plant Electrician first joined the Zone I 'i Div ision. J. Since he Canal stal Maintenance Division, to Locomotive in Mrs. Dorothea F. McNall, from M.iil- Elec- Division in 1939, he has worked nearly Division. Clerk, Comptroller's Office, to Time. Leave, trician, Railroad every post office in the Canal Zone and now, and Payroll Clerk. Payroll Branch. Mrs. Isabel P. Reeves, from Supervisory as Relief Supervisor on the Pacific side, Cargo Clerk to Supervisory Cargo Assistant works in various post offices while the reg- Mrs. Nell J. Waldron, from Accounting ision. ular postmasters are leave. Clerk to General Accounting Clerk, Agents Terminals Div on nts Branch. Walter N. Hobby and William R. Dixon, Mr. Boyer. who was the only employee ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION from Motor Transportation Foreman to to complete 35 years of Government sen ice BUREAU Lead Foreman, Transportation Equipment in December, is a native of Sioux City, Mrs. Rosemary D. Reardon, from Clerk- Operations. Iowa, and was employed in the post office Stenographer, Magistrate's Courts, to Clerk, Robert B. Mcllvaine, from Supervisory in Bellingham, Wash, for 17 years before to the Canal Zone. was |«ist- Maintenance Div ision. Storekeeper, Locks Division, to Supervisory coming He Davis, James W. Shobe, from Telephone Instal- Cargo Assistant, Terminals Division. master at Cocoli, Fort and Gatun before being made Relief Supervisor in Cris- ler M.u'ntainer to Automatic Telephone Fred W. Sapp, from Window Clerk, tobal in 1955. He was transferred to the Communication Equipment Maintainer, Postal Division, to Supervisory Cargo I'.h iln side last November. I. lei tri< al I )iv ision. Clerk, Terminals Division. Joseph M. Watson, Supervisory Admin- Mr. and Mrs. Hover live in Diablo and OTHER PROMOTIONS weekend-, istrative Assistant, from Maintenance Di- during they usually can be found Mrs. Ernestine W. Williamson, of in their 26- vision to Engineering Division. Staff fishing off the coast Panama Nurse, Coco Solo Hospital. foot fishing boat. They have a son Robert John J. Kolenda, from Telephone Instal- Mrs. Winifred M. Stegmann, Stall Nurse. Barbara Raniev, both ler-Maintainer to Automatic Telephone and a daughter. Mrs. Communication Equipment Maintainer, Coco Solo Hospital. of whom live in the Canal Zone. Electrical Division. Margaret M. Olms, Stall Nurse, Coco 30 YEARS Solo Hospital. Mrs. Mary E. Specht, from Supervisor) Of the five men who completed 30 vears T. Clerical Assistant to Supervisory Adminis- Mrs. Katherine Northcott, Staff Nurse, of Government Service in December, three Coco Solo llo~pit.il. trative Assistant, Maintenance Division. are second-generation Canal employees. Mrs. Judith A. Kitchens, Staff Nurse, OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR-PRESIDENT They are John P. Corrigan, Jr., Foreman Solo C Hospital. in the Terminals Division; Dave Mrs. Berta I. Quinn, from Clerk to Gen- Stevedore Robert S. Jeffrey, Training Officer, Per- Internal J. Madison, Machinist in the Industrial Di- eral Investigator, Security Office. sonnel Bureau. Duane D. Anderson, from Security As- vision; and William M. Sergeant, Supervis- Mrs. Anna M. Pruitt, Position Classifier, sistant to Industrial Security Specialist, ory Contrai i Spa ialist in the Contrat I and Wage and Classification Division. Inspei tion Divt Internal Security < )ffii e. Thomas C. Peterson, Personnel Assistant HEALTH BUREAU Mr. Corrigan was born in the Canal Zone Employment and Utilization Division. and is a member ol a large Canal /.me fam- Jessie Mark, from Stall Nurse to Head Edward N. Appin, Time, Leave, and Pay- ily, lie took his first job with the Canal in ' oco s"l" II' spital. Clerk. Payroll roll Branch. 1925 as a "boy" in the Marine Bureau and MARINE BUREAU Mrs. Helen R. Hobbs, Time. Leave, and afterwards was employed in several other Payroll Clerk. Edmund Dantes, from Deckhand to Sig- Payroll Branch. Canal unit- including the Police Division nalman, Navigation Division, Mrs. Helen T. Kat, Time. Leave, and and the Mechanical Division. Since 1950 Esteban Nino and Felipe Cruz, from I'.. v mil Clerk, I'.. v roll Branch. he has been foreman Stevedore in the Ter-

Deckhand n> Signalman, Navigation I >i Mrs. Esther M. Oberholtzer, Stall Nurse, minals 1 >i\ ision. solo vision. Hospital. Born in Morton, Miss., Mr. Madison Mrs. Herman R. Wakem, from Towing Loci Marium M. White, Supervisory came to the Canal /one with hi- familj ami ks l'i ten lent motive Operator to Rigger, Lot Division. Clerk, Office ol General Man- ua- employed as a helper with the Panama Edward B. Frampton, from ager, Supply Division. Towing Loco- Railroad in I'M 7 He held several motive Operator to Steam Locomotive ii ibs, I 'ci .one a ma, hinist in t he Met hanit al

( 'r.oie I Div. ision. Locks Division in 1924. and left the -eivice the Jordan E. Walbridge, from Firel following year, lie was reemployed a- ..

1 el i Wi rker. Indus- machinist in 1939 ami ha- held this position

trial I >n ision. JANUARY SAILINGS evei -an, r . E. James Stuart, from Propei l and Sup Mi Sergeant was botn in Cuba and also

ply Clerl 1 1 D FROM CRISTOBAL . .one to the /one n ah lii- i.iinilv . I le also or\ Storekeeper , I ocks I >i took a ii" ol ummei r ib and in 1929 Robert C. Ancon 4 Hurdle, Locks St January was employed a- a Survejoi in the Set tion to Pacini Lo Cristobal Jan ol sim\cv-. He w.i- aii engineer on the John B. Willis, Iron Ancon 11 Madden I 'am projei i in 1934 in January Steam L Ci ine I n sistant Engineer in the Special Engineering

i ' I i ion. ROM \l v\ 1IIKK I >l\ ision ill 1939, I le then spent ft Robert D. Lawrance, from Ap| v it i Cristobal [anuarj 7 one hall years on ai t ive dut j w h he I Machinist to Marine Machinist, Marine i in ' \\ \av \ dm . St ind ' ild \\ at and •I'""" It V I I Bureau. I - mployed w ith the < anal in 19 KS as [anuarj 1 1 Max R. Hart, Safi ir, from an engineer with the Third Locks Project.

; ee S Ancon Jan Sun e 1950, he has been n ith the ' 'ontrai t 1 ". ision. tion I >i\ i .. « v., ik and Inspei Richard E. Parker and Rufus H. Bur- Friday i the following I he ' '< her two empli >yi et ing 10 '.' i nette, s.ui r..m \ from 1 end li Haiti. t Mturdaj in oi iovernmeni Bervice in I let embei v Locks Spent a [ill till el ol veals w II h the I . tearing i ristobal: Monday lot tho A i up. before joining the Canal organization, Gilbert H. Davis .mil Friday foi and Frank W. Van Thev are William G. Monroe, Sergeant in Home, from Lock- I oreman

Locks ;

Kenneth E. Marcy, from I THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW January 3, 1958 the Locks Security Branch; and Philip Schneider,.i marine machinist in the Indus- Seminar Group trial Division. Mr. Monroe w.is horn in Dickson, Tenn., and served 20 /ears with

the 1 . S. Arm) before being employed in

l°4;< 1>> the Mechanical I 'i\ ision as .1 guard.

lie has been with the 1 ocks Division since 1953. Mi Schneider was born in Zegram,

Austria, i> .1 naturalized U. S. citizen, and served 13 years with the U. S. Army. He was employed in 1940 as a foreman in the Maintenance Division, was transferred in 1<>44 to the Mechanical Division as a machinist, and has Ween with the Industrial

1 >i\ ision since 1950. 25 YEARS A quarter of a century of Government Sen ice was rounded out in December by three employees of the Canal organization. Nathan Fleckner, Plant Accounting Assist- ant in the Plant Accounting Branch, was the only one to have continuous Canal service. Born in New York, he was employed as a clerk in the Record Bureau in 1937 and was transferred in that same position in the Maintenance Division in 19.19. He has been with the Office of the Comp- troller since 1941. The two other employees who celebrated silver anniversaries last month were Earl O. Dailey, Pacific Side Area Engineer for the Power Conversion Project, and Howard L. Sampsell, Foreman Locks Operator in the Locks Division. Mr. Dailey, a second-generation Canal employee, was born in Rogen, Colo., and came to the Canal Zone with his family. He held student jobs as a boy and joined the Electrical Division in 1936 as a wireman engineer. He was Supervisor of the Electric Work Branch in Balboa from 1950 until 1955 when he was transferred to the Power Conversion Project as Area En- Prof. Norton Backer, of New York University, is shown above addressing one of gineer. He was first stationed on the Atlan- fhe two large groups of employees from ihe Office of the Comptroller and other recently was transferred to tic side and units who were chosen for a two-week lecture series on cost accounting. This is Balboa as Pacific Area Engineer. the third of such lecture series to be presented as a part of in-service training. Mr. Sampsell is a native of Philadelphia and fitst worked for the Canal in 1925. He resigned after a year and was reemployed in 1935 as a wireman in the Electrical Divi- sion. He has been with the Locks Division Mechanized Care Grounds since 1936. of 20 YEARS Only three of the nine employees who Canal Zone passed their twentieth year of Government Coming Soon For service in December had unbroken service with the Canal organization. They are Richard G. DinkgTeve, of New Orleans, who is Office Services Supervisor in the Electrical That well-known Canal Zone figure, guiding one of the Housing and Grounds in Bowling Division; Louis F. Harris, born the macheteman, will soon be almost a Division's fancy new machines, doing the Green. Mo., and now a sergeant in the Locks thing of the past. Instead of whacking same jobs a lot faster and without having Security Patrol, and Miss Winnifred E. stubborn to stop every few minutes to sharpen a Seeley, a former Canadian, who is a head away at the edges of lawns, nurse at Gorgas Hospital. undergrowth, or simply a few blades of machete. with broken Canal service are Those grass, most of them will be riding or Already in use on both sides of the George P. Allgaier, of Reading, Pa., em- Canal Zone is such new equipment as as a marine machinist in the Indus- ployed rau, Police Sergeant, Balboa District; Fran- trial Division; Robert H. Bartram, a native edgers, lawn sweepers, hedge shears, and cis Reilly, Plant Accounting Assistant. Scranton, Pa., also a machinist in the J. of Office of the Comptroller; Albert N. Ruoff, power mowers of a type never seen here Division; Hubert W. Jarman, Industrial Diesel Operator Machinist, Electrical Divi- before, together with a lot of other spe- born in Clarkesville, Tenn., a foreman ste- sion; Roy A. Sharp, Lead Foreman, Hous- cialized pieces which will make the care the Terminals Division; Ralph E. vedore in ing and Grounds Division; Kenneth A. Erwin, Tenn., now a member of grounds a lot quicker and more thor- Masters, of Thompson, Auto Repair Machinist, Motor Canal Zone Police stationed at Gam- of the Transportation Division; Mrs. Mary B. ough operation. boa; Braxton W. Treadwell, a native of TurbyrJll, Elementary School Teacher, Di- All of the 14 types of new grasscut- now with the Canal Zone Police Clay. Ala., ablo Heights; and Merlin B. Yocum, Super- at Gatun; and Matthew Wilder, who ting, lawn-cleaning, and general tidy- J. visory Cargo Officer, Terminals Division. was born in Baltimore, Md., and is now a ing-up machines are being used on a in the Balboa District. fire sergeant trial basis. So is a new vacuum street- 15 YEARS cleaner, different from the street-clean- Fifteen years of Government service were RETIREMENTS completed in December by 21 employees of ing machine which was tried here some the Canal organization. Nine of these have years ago and did not prove particu- Retirement certificates were unbroken Canal service. They are Winston presented Housing to the following larly successful. When the P. Abernathy, Time, Leave, and Payroll the end of December em- plov^es who are listed alphabetically, to- and Grounds personnel have decided Clerk in the Payroll Branch; Leonard E. their Case, Fleet Engineer in the Dredging Divi- gether with birthplaces, positions, which machine does which job the of Canal service, and future sion; Karl D. Glass, Policeman in Gamboa; length ad- most efficiently, they will recommend dresses: James H. Hagan, Lead Dock Foreman, the purchase of more machines of the Navigation Division; John E. Hotz, Ser- Lester Thomas Brennan, Missouri; Lead most satisfactory kind. geant, Locks Security Patrol; Joseph A. Painter Foreman, Maintenance Division; Janko, Sergeant, Locks Security Patrol, 11 vears, 6 months, 28 davs; San Gabriel, The adoption of a mechanized system Pacific Locks; Fred E. Mounts, Policeman, Calif. for keeping the Canal Zone's grassy hair Balboa District; Erwin R. Oesterle, Jr., Howard R. Harris, Tennessee; Mechani- cut and combed is in line with the efforts Window Clerk, Postal Division; and James cal Supervisor, Atlantic Locks; 30 years, 7 Canal administration in many M. Snell, Pipecoverer and Insulator, Indus- months, 11 days; Knoxville, Tenn. of the trial Division. Antonio Ortiz, Puerto Rico; Grease-Rack other fields to economize by a more effi- Others passing their 15th anniversary of Attendant; Motor Transportation Division; cient use of its manpower. Government Service last month were Mrs. 24 years, 11 days; Panama. Officials of the Housing and Grounds Violette D. Allen, Clerk-Stenographer, Sup- Norman A. Terry, New York; Ferryboat Division have high hopes for their planned ply Division; Frank R. Castanzo, Towing- Master, Navigation Division; 17 years, 11 Locomotive Operator, Locks Division; Mrs. months, 6 days; Canal Zone for present. mechanization. With all of the new kinds Marjorie L. Engel, Clerk, Personnel Bu- Allen G. Tuttle, Montana; Motorboat of machinery available, they see no reason C. Fawcett, Teacher, Balboa Mechanic, Navigation Divi- reau; John Maintenance why the Canal Zone cannot always be High School; Mrs. Mildred R. Largent, sion; 17 years, 7 months, 8 davs; Pomona, neat and tidy, even at times of year like Staff Nurse, Gorgas Hospital; Lyle B. Mo- Calif. the present, when leaves are falling from

January 3, 1958 THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW 15 the deciduous trees. UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

ted. SHIPS « SHIPPING, a 3 1262 08544 4791 TRANSITS BY OCEAN-GOING VESSELS IN NOVEMBER

1956 1957 Commercial 654 779 Government 19 25

Total _ 673 804 TOLLS*

Commercial $2,882,550 $3,526,484 Government ___. 81,756 82,993

Total $2,964,306 $3,609,477

'Includes tolls on all vessels, ocean-going and small.

CARGO (Long tons)

Commercial 3,745,223 3,996, 149 Government 7(1,825 65.1 iV-i

Total 3,816,048 4,061,838 ROUGH TRIP Passengers on the Panama liner Ancon, Canal record breaker last which left New York for Cristobal De- A month was the super ore carrier Cosmic, shown here in the Cut; feet is cember 11, reported one of the roughest 744 long, she the largest of her class to transit the Canal. passages of the year. Those who made the trip said that the ship hit rough Zonians who missed the huge ore carrier Cosmic on her first transit last month weather outside New York harbor and had an opportunity just before the end of the year to see the great ship which had it continued until after the vessel passed made her maiden transit of the Canal December 17. She returned to Balboa De- the coast of Florida. One time the waves cember 30 with iron ore from Chile en route to the UnitedS tates. were so high that several of the heavy The Cosmic, shown above on her southbound transit, almost dwarfed the Cut. She glass windows on the promenade-deck is 744 feet long. If some giant hand could lift her from the water onto Balboa were shattered. Prado, she would stretch from the front steps of the Service Center toward the Ad- Despite the heavy weather, none of ministration Building 44 feet beyond Enterprise Place. the 90 or so passengers were injured, and Four pilots were used aboard the Cosmic for each transit, as she has a beam of 101 the majority were such good sailors that feet, giving her a clearance of only four-and-a-half feet on either side in the Locks. very few missed regular meals. The ves- Built in Japan, her deadweight tonnage is listed as 46,674 tons. sel arrived in Haiti only one hour behind The Cosmic is the third largest commercial vessel to transit the Canal, being ex- schedule. ceeded onlv by the German liner Bremen and by the Nieuw Amsterdam. WINE TANKER

The Angela Petri, the first United plications will be accepted not more than Shipping Magazine Describes States owned wine tanker, which com- four months in advance and accommoda- tions will be made in order in which pleted its first round trip between the the Supertanker's Canal Transit west and east coast ports in October, they are received in the Transportation made a second southbound transit of the Section, according to an information cir- An article describing the first transit Canal late in December on her second cular issued at Balboa Heights. During of the Panama Canal by the supertanker return-trip to California. the summer months, preference will be Esso Colombia is carried in the current On the outward trip, the tanker car- given to teachers and to employees with issue of The Ship's Bulletin, a publication ried 2,500,000 gallons of wine, and on the children of school age traveling on ships of the Esso Shipping Company. return-trip from Houston to Stockton, sailing northbound from May 21 through The article is of considerable interest

Calif., the cargo consisted of edible oils. June 25, and southbound from New York locally and to the shipping industry gen- The cargo is carried in stainless-steel vats for the period extending from August 8 erally, because it describes the operating which are steam cleaned after the cargo to September 12, characteristics of large vessels in restricted is discharged. The company plans to The schedule of Panama Line sailings water. Data for the story was obtained have the Angela Petri make seven round during the peak vacation period for 1958 through the cooperative effort by the trips between Stockton, New Jersey, follows: Canal's marine officials and the ESSO Houston, and back each year. Boyd From Cristobal May 21, Cristobal; Shipping Company Brothers acl as agents for the ship at May 28, Ancon; June 7. Cristobal; June Arrangements were made in advance the ( 'anal. 14, Ancon; and June 25, Cristobal. <>f the supertanker's transit for obser- New York August Cristobal; ship shore OUTWARD BOUND From 8, vations to be made from and August 15, Aiinur. August 26, Cristobal; to obtain precise data on such aspects Six hundred British emigrants will visit September _', AnCOn; and September 12, as maneuverability, draft changes, .il briefly at tin end of January Cristobal. speed and stern linkage, sheer, water- aboard the Captain SS Hobson, a British surges, and other data of this nature. n.(i t ship FRUIT SHIPMENTS emigrant operated by The article was written by H. Schaefer, Sa\ ill All/ion. & \n increase in the amount of fresh Marine Designer of the Esso Shipping rants, who are en route from fruit being transported through the Pan- Company, who said in his introductory Great Britain to New Zealand when they ama Canal from the CJ. S. West Coast statement: will make their new homes, will visit ports to Europe was indicated by Panama "The advenl of supertankers of 35,000 ton the Pacific side when ('anal figures for the first two weeks in ilwt. tons and upward has made it nec- p docks in Balboa after making I lecember. During this period approxi- essary for operating companies to take a .-il tran it. mately 7,400 tons of fresh apples, grapes, new look at problems that ai i e in con- The Captain Hobson, together with the and pears were carried on various Euro- nection with the transit of such large ves- ('aptain Cook, '' make voyages pean and British vessels to England, Bel- sels through the Panama Canal, other from England to New Zealand and Aus- gium, Sweden, Holland, and Germany. canals, ami restricted waterways. In ad- tralia each The i year. Captain Cook The increase in fresh-fruit shipments to dition to the physical limitations on operated the Donaldson Line. by European market repoi tedly was due to length, breadth, and draft, due to the VACATION SCHEDULE thi poor European crops caused by this dimensions of existing locks and Cul fa- year's adverse weather. The European cilities, other effects which heretofore had Employees who are planning to take apple crop, for instance, was down one- not been of too much importance with vacations in the United Sta half from normal production, and the the mailer vessels must now be Carefully mer have I urged to make early res- pear crop was down by a third. considered." ervations on the Panama Line ships sail- uiIh ing from Ma pti ,. ip. 16 THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW January 3, 1958