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Table of Contents 4.0 Description of the Physical
TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT............................................ 41 4.1 Geology ................................................................................................. 41 4.1.1 Methodology ........................................................................................ 41 4.1.2 Regional Geological Formations........................................................... 42 4.1.3 Local Geological Units ......................................................................... 47 4.1.3.1 Atlantic Coast .......................................................................... 47 4.1.3.2 Gatun Locks.............................................................................. 48 4.1.3.3 Gatun Lake ............................................................................... 49 4.1.3.4 Culebra Cut ......................................................................... ...410 4.1.3.5 Pacific Locks ...........................................................................411 4.1.3.6 Pacific Coast............................................................................412 4.1.4 Paleontological Resources ...................................................................413 4.1.5 Geotechnical Characterization .............................................................417 4.1.6 Tectonics.............................................................................................421 4.2 Geomorphology ..............................................................................................422 -
Assessing Ecological Infrastructure Investments COLLOQUIUM
PAPER Assessing ecological infrastructure investments COLLOQUIUM Wiktor Adamowicza, Laura Calderon-Etterb, Alicia Entemb,c, Eli P. Fenichelb,1, Jefferson S. Halld, Patrick Lloyd-Smithe,f, Fred L. Ogdenc,g,h, Jason A. Reginag, Mani Rouhi Radb, and Robert F. Stallardc,i aDepartment of Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H1; bSchool of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06460; cSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 084-03092 Apartado, Panama; dForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 084-03092 Apartado, Panama; eDepartment of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8; fGlobal Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8; gDepartment of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071; hHaub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071; and iUS Geological Survey, Water Mission Area, Boulder, CO 80303 Edited by Stephen Polasky, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, and approved December 3, 2018 (received for review February 28, 2018) Conventional markets can underprovide ecosystem services. De- (2). Irrespective of which type of contract is used, passing a liberate creation of a market for ecosystem services [e.g., a benefit–cost test is a precursor for successful contracting pro- payments for ecosystem services (PES) scheme] can close the grams (11). Ex ante benefit–cost assessment of a PES program gap. The new ecosystem service market alters behaviors and needs to be conducted within the context of the likely market, at quantities of ecosystem service provided and reveals prices for the appropriate and feasible ecological and social scales, and con- ecosystems service: a market-clearing equilibrium. -
THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW May 3, 1957 1 - Qq, 0.0 -(3 Ad Hoc Committee Makes Initial Review
Vol. 7, No. 10 BALflOA HEIGHTS, tANAL ZONE, MAY 3, 1957 5 cents Gift ofthe Panama ^ CanalMuseum Once through the turbines, the water is spilled. Since water passing through the Madden Hydroelectric station goes into the Chagres River and then to Gatun Lake, where it can be used to lock ships through the Canal, the water used there was not lost. But at Gatun the water which generates electric power is spilled to sea and is of no further use. During the rainy season and during a normal dry season there is rainfall enough to supply the water consumed from Mad- den and Gatun Lakes for power genera- tion. This year, however, the area above Madden Dam was the driest since the Dam was built during the mid-1930's. March and the first two weeks of April were practically rainless, except for a few scattered showers. Of 13 rainfall stations reporting, nine received no measui'able rain in March. This meant that the amount left over for electric generation, after the record number of ships had been locked up and down, was lower than at any time since 1948 when there was also a protracted dry season, but without this year's heavy lockage load. The only answer to the water problem Protracted drought and heavy lockages were a drain on Canal Zone water supply was to stop hydroelectric generation but there was still plenty of water for young Isthmians, and older ones, as well. where large amounts of water are used; that meant that the Gatun plant would Zone Use Of Water Soars practically stop its operations. -
Maritime Patrol Aviation: 90 Years of Continuing Innovation
J. F. KEANE AND C. A. EASTERLING Maritime Patrol Aviation: 90 Years of Continuing Innovation John F. Keane and CAPT C. Alan Easterling, USN Since its beginnings in 1912, maritime patrol aviation has recognized the importance of long-range, persistent, and armed intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance in sup- port of operations afl oat and ashore. Throughout its history, it has demonstrated the fl ex- ibility to respond to changing threats, environments, and missions. The need for increased range and payload to counter submarine and surface threats would dictate aircraft opera- tional requirements as early as 1917. As maritime patrol transitioned from fl ying boats to land-based aircraft, both its mission set and areas of operation expanded, requiring further developments to accommodate advanced sensor and weapons systems. Tomorrow’s squad- rons will possess capabilities far beyond the imaginations of the early pioneers, but the mis- sion will remain essentially the same—to quench the battle force commander’s increasing demand for over-the-horizon situational awareness. INTRODUCTION In 1942, Rear Admiral J. S. McCain, as Com- plane. With their normal and advance bases strategically mander, Aircraft Scouting Forces, U.S. Fleet, stated the located, surprise contacts between major forces can hardly following: occur. In addition to receiving contact reports on enemy forces in these vital areas the patrol planes, due to their great Information is without doubt the most important service endurance, can shadow and track these forces, keeping the required by a fl eet commander. Accurate, complete and up fl eet commander informed of their every movement.1 to the minute knowledge of the position, strength and move- ment of enemy forces is very diffi cult to obtain under war Although prescient, Rear Admiral McCain was hardly conditions. -
The Panama Canal
www.PDHcenter.com www.PDHonline.org Table of Contents Slide/s Part Description 1N/ATitle The 2 N/A Table of Contents 3~41 1 A Place of Many Fishes 42~172 2 The French Era Pana 173~372 3 Essayons 373~547 4 Gatun 548~631 5 Making the Cut ma 632~680 6 On to the Pacific 681~722 7 A Path Between the Seas 723~823 8 Strategically & Otherwise 824~853 9 Something Must Be Done Canal 854~900 10 A Canal for the 21st Century A Land Divided, A World1 2 United In1494–twoyearsafterhe set out for the East-Indies by sailing westward, master mariner and navigator Cristobol Colon (a.k.a. Part 1 Christopher Columbus), in service to the Spanish crown, announced his discovery of a “New World.” His four voyages (1492– A Place of Many Fishes 1493, 1493–1496, 1498–1500 and 1502–1504) would open the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization. 3 4 “…On September 25, 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa “…From where Balboa stood his new ocean lay directly climbed the peaks of the Continental Divide and south, because of the S-shaped twist of the Isthmus…When discovered the Pacific Balboa’s report of his discovery reached Spain, it was Ocean, which he named ‘The accompanied by the recommendation that a canal be South Sea…’” immediately dug across the Isthmus. What the explorer had Popular Mechanics, Dec. 1913 RE: the idea of digging a water in mind was a sea-level canal, for although Leonardo Da passage across the Isthmus of Vinci, the great Italian painter-engineer, had recently invented Panama to connect the Atlantic the hydraulic lock now generally used for lifting vessels over and PifiPacific O/Ocean/s emerged in the early 16th century, when elevations, it had not become widely known. -
The Panama Canal Review 3 Taking on a Small Hitchhiker, This Larger Boat Will Pull It Through the Canal in a Tandem Transit
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA LIBRARIES Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/panamacanalrevie1410pana ON THE INSIDE • Swiftstar Mystery • The Little Fellows • Why It's Wet i/Special Report: 50th Anniversary Stamp Issue Vol. 14, No. 10 MAY 1964 Robert J. Fleming, Jr., Governor-President Robert D. Kerr, Press Officer David S. Parker, Lieutenant Governor Publications Editors fiUJgt^»t Richard D. Peacock and Julio E. Briceno Frank A. Baldwin Panama Canal Information Officer Editorial Assistants Official Panama Canal Publication Eunice Richard, Tobi BnTEL, and Published monthly at Balboa Heights, C.Z. Tomas A. Cupas Printed at the Printing Plant, La Boca, C.Z. Distributed free of charge to all Panama Canal Employees. cTtbout Our Cover THIS MONTH The Review cover blossoms with color. Very soon, these colors, or ones very close to these, will be an every- day sight on the postage stamps that Canal Zone residents will be using during the 50th Anniversary celebration month of August after the stamps go on sale August 15 at the Balboa post office. Postal Director Earl F. Unruh and his staff have designed a special official souvenir stamp folder commemorating the 50th Anniversary. These will be available and specific instruc- tions on how to get one are included in a story in this Review. E.xtra Review copies will be printed and sent to philatelic societies over the world. Including the regular printing of The Review, more than 35,000 copies of this issue will be distributed, a record for this publication. -
Annual Report
Yi.V -. \/o PANAMA CANAL COMMISSION ANNUAL REPORT FISCAL YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1988 PANAMA CANAL COMMISSION Balboa, Republic of Panama OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR FROM THE ADMINISTRATOR It is a pleasure to submit the annual report of the Panama Canal Commission for fiscal year 1988. This ninth year of operation under the terms of the Panama Canal Treaty was a successful one. Oceangoing transits increased slightly, with Panama Canal net tonnage and tolls revenue each reflecting moderate growth of nearly 3 percent over the previous year. These increases were primarily due to the continued heavy movement of grains through the Canal, as well as greater transits by larger vessels. Transits by PANAMAX size vessels, the largest vessels the waterway can presently handle, comprised almost 24 percent of total oceangoing transits. Unfortunately, the political crisis in Panama, which began in June 1987, became more intense and remained unresolved at the close of fiscal year 1988. Canal traffic, however, continued to flow normally and maintenance, modernization and improvement programs proceeded as scheduled. These programs included the Miraflores Locks overhaul, dredging and channel improvement projects, delivery of two new tractor tugs and initiation of a project providing for the major upgrading of all locks fire protection systems. Training programs to develop and refine critical skills have also progressed smoothly, utilizing the latest techniques in the industry. Much of the training effort is geared toward preparing Panamanian employees to manage and operate the Canal. Already, more than 84 percent of Commission personnel are Panamanian citizens, with broad responsibilities throughout the organization. The outstanding accomplishments of the past year and the continued efficiency of the waterway are unquestionably the product of a dedicated and very capable work force, which has performed admirably despite difficulties precipitated by the political situation in Panama. -
THE PANAMA CANAL REVIEW July 2, 1954
! Gift ofthe Panama Canal Museum qq-l-dLto-Q) wi Vol.4, No. 12 BALBOA HEIGHTS, CANAL ZONE, JULY 2, 1954 5 cents NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL AWARD OF MERIT WON BY CANAL ORGANIZATION FOR NOTEWORTHY RECORD Whee The National Safety Coun- cil's Award of Merit^has been won by the Canal organiza- tion for its noteworthy safety achievement for the calendar year 1953. The Merit Award is equivalent to a second place, being exceeded only by the Award of Honor, which is given for an outstanding safety rec- ord. The Company-Govern- ment was only a few points short of this top award. The Award of Merit is accompanied by an embossed certificate, under glass and mounted on a wood plaque, and by a green-and-white safety flag. Both will be presented to Gov. J. S. Seybold this month during a visit to the Canal Zone of a sub-committee of the Panama Canal Company Board of Directors. A ceremony is being arranged for the presentation of the award and for the flag raising which will follow. The letter to G. 0. Kellar, Chief of the Safety Branch, from the National Safety JULY 4 wouldn't be Independence Day without fireworks. This picture of what the Gay '90's used Council announcing the award and con- to call a "pyrotechnic display" was taken in Balboa last July 4. gratulating the Canal organization on its achievement, said: "Under the provisions of the Plan For Independence Day Is July Fifth Recognizing Good Industrial Safety Rec- ords, adopted by the Industrial Confer- This Year Throughout Canal Zone ence of the National Safety Council on January 14, 1952, your entire company July Fourth will be July Fifth this year Patriotic exercises will be held at 3:30 has qualified for the following National in the Canal Zone. -
Werauhia Sanguinolenta
Acta Oecologica 28 (2005) 306–312 www.elsevier.com/locate/actoec Original article Differences in vital demographic rates in three populations of the epiphytic bromeliad, Werauhia sanguinolenta Gerhard Zotz a,b,* a Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland b Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apdo 2072, Balboa, Panama Received 20 October 2004; accepted 31 May 2005 Available online 14 July 2005 Abstract Since the response to differences in resource availability is most pronounced in smaller individuals of vascular epiphytes such as Werauhia sanguinolenta Cogn. et Marchal (Bromeliaceae), I expected variation in growth and survival of small individuals to play an important role in the dynamics of entire populations. Four annual censuses (2002–2005) of three study populations, which were located across the isthmus of Panama, allowed me to construct stage transition matrices, and to conduct growth analysis and elasticity analysis. Differences between populations were highly consistent through time, but, contrary to expectations, hardly related to the comportment of smaller plants. For example, although average mortality rates were highest at the driest site, close to the Pacific, small plants were not predominantly affected. Similarly, although the highest relative growth rates (RGR) of individuals and the highest population growth rates (k) were found in the population with the highest moisture input, which was located close to the Atlantic coast, this was not due to a particularly strong stimulation of RGR in small plants. Elasticity analysis indicated rather small differences in the importance of the three demographic processes growth, survival, and reproduction for population growth in the three populations, but invariably identified the survival of large tanks as the single most important process determining k. -
2.1.3 Panama Port of Manzanillo International Terminal
2.1.3 Panama Port of Manzanillo International Terminal Port Overview Description and key business contacts Port Performance Discharge Rates and Terminal Handling Charges Berthing Specifications General Cargo Handling Berths Port Handling Equipment Container Facilities Customs Guidance Terminal Information Multi-Purpose Terminal Grain and Bulk Handling Main Storage Terminal Stevedoring Hinterland Information Port Security Port Overview The Manzanillo International Terminal (MIT) began operations in 1995. It is located close to the Atlantic entrance of the Panama Canal, immediately adjacent to the Colon Free Zone (CFZ) location. The project area, known as South Coco Solo, was a naval air base of the United States during WWII, which subsequently reverted to Panama due to the Torrijos-Carter treaties of 1977. Port website: https://www.mitpan.com/ Key port information may also be found at: http://www.maritime-database.com Port Location and Contact Country Panama Province or District Colon Nearest Town or City Colon City with Distance from 6.7 km Port Port's Complete Name Manzanillo International Terminal Latitude 9.363848 Longitude -79.88022 Managing Company or Manzanillo International Terminal Panama, S.A. Port Authority Management Contact Juan Carlos Croston / [email protected] Person Nearest Airport and Tocumen International Airport. Airlines with Frequent International Arrivals 18 Air Cargo companies operate within: FedEx, Cubana, Tampa Cargo, UPS, Centurion Cargo, Aerosucre, Aero Union, /Departures Pan Air Cargo, Amerijet, Líneas Aéreas Suramericanas, Lan Chile Cargo, Florida West International Airways, LanEcuador, TransAm Aeroexpresso del Ecuador, Vensecar Internacional DHL Panama, Airborne Express, Copa Airlines Cargo Port Image Page 1 Bird´s-eye view of Manzanillo Port. -
Zonians in the Military Last Updated March 6, 2019 Panama Canal Museum Collection – University of Florida
Zonians in the Military Last Updated March 6, 2019 Panama Canal Museum Collection – University of Florida During the American Era of the Panama Canal, 1904 through 1999, "Zonians" established a rich tradition of service to the nation in the uniformed services of the United States. Thousands of other Americans also served tours of duty in the Canal Zone and Panama during the American Era, thereby becoming Zonians. This document is an Honor Roll of Zonians who served. The list also includes Spanish American War veterans who subsequently lived in the Canal Zone and Panama and were buried at Corozal American Cemetery. Aanstoos, Anthony CHS-1941 USN Aanstoos, Edward R. CHS-1945 USN Aanstoos, Erich BHS-1982 USN Abadi, Edward BHS Abbott, Elmer G. CZ Pilot ret. 1964 USN Abele, John J. Albrook 1951-55 USAF Abele, Paul M. Albrook 1952-55 USAF Abreu, Albert B. Locks Div. ret. 1964 USMM Acheson, Doris Coco Solo Hosp RN ret 1971 USA Adams, Donald L. Sea Level Studies USA Adams, Roger CZJC Adams, Thurmond J. 33rd Infantry RCT 1944-46 USA Adamson, Paul 15th ND Amador 50s-60s USN Adema, Eric Water Transp. Div. 1980s USN Adkins, Steve BHS-1968 USA Affeltranger, William E. BHS-1943 USN Albanese, A. J. Ft. Davis 1965-67 USA Alberga, Frank D. BHS-1987 USAF Albert, Jack F. USARCOM 1963-69 USA Albert, Michael F. BHS-1965 USA Alberts, Richard D. 33rd Infantry RCT 1967-68 USA Albritton, David BHS-1951 USN Aleguas, Fred CHS-1951/CZJC-53 USN Aleguas, Salvador CHS-1952/CZJC-54 USN Alexaitis, John J. -
Da Pamphlet 21-75
DA PAMPHLET 21-75 For Personnel Ordered to The Canal Zone (Formerly U.S. Army, Caribbean) JUNEHEADQUARTERS,DEPARTMENT 1960 OF THE ARMY Applicable commanders will insure that a copy of this pamphlet isfur- nished each individual under conditions specified below: At home station: 1. To each officer and enlistedper- son upon alert for oversea move- ment. 2. To each dependent when travel to the oversea area is approved for a date later than that ofthe sponsor. At U.S. Army Oversea Replacement Station: To each individual not previously issued a copy as indicated above. At Tramportationareas: To each individual not pi-eviously issued a copy as indicated above. PREFACE It is the wish of the Commanding General and everyone connected with this command to do everything possible to ease the transition of the new arrival from the continental United Statesto his new billet in the Panama Canal Zone. The desire to be of servicehas dictated the preparation of thisbro- chure. The intent is to give youas much advance information as possible regarding your prospective home inthe Canal Zone. iii PRINCIPAL INSTALLATIONS Pacifl Army ------- Fort Amador (Hq USARCARIB). Post of Corozal. Fort Clayton. Post of Quarry Heights(Hq Caribbean Command). Fort Kobbe Cocoli Housing Area. Navy ------- 15th Naval District Head- quarters. Cocoli Housing Area. Naval Station, Rodman. Farfan-Radio Station and Housing Area. Air Force--- Albrook AFB (Hq CAirC). Howard Field. A tlantic Army ------- Fort Sherman. Fort Davis. Fort Gulick. Fort Randolph (inactive) France AFB Army Housing Area. Navy ------- Coco Solo Naval Station (caretaker status). iv *Pam 21-75 PAMPHLET HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON 25, D.C., No.