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ON THE INSIDE

• Swiftstar Mystery

• The Little Fellows

• Why It's Wet

i/Special Report:

50th Anniversary

Stamp Issue

Vol. 14, No. 10

MAY 1964 Robert J. Fleming, Jr., Governor-President Robert D. Kerr, Press Officer David S. Parker, Lieutenant Governor Publications Editors fiUJgt^»t Richard D. Peacock and Julio E. Briceno Frank A. Baldwin Canal Information Officer Editorial Assistants Official Publication Eunice Richard, Tobi BnTEL, and Published monthly at Balboa Heights, C.Z. Tomas A. Cupas Printed at the Printing Plant, La Boca, C.Z. Distributed free of charge to all Panama Canal Employees.

cTtbout Our

THIS MONTH The Review cover blossoms with color. Very soon, these colors, or ones very close to these, will be an every- day sight on the postage stamps that Canal Zone residents will be using during the 50th Anniversary celebration month of August after the stamps go on sale August 15 at the Balboa .

Postal Director Earl F. Unruh and his staff have designed a special official souvenir stamp folder commemorating the 50th Anniversary. These will be available and specific instruc- tions on how to get one are included in a story in this Review. E.xtra Review copies will be printed and sent to philatelic societies over the world. Including the regular printing of The Review, more than 35,000 copies of this issue will be distributed, a record for this publication.

Another article in this issue outlines the history of the Postal Service in the Canal Zone from its beginnings in 1904. A third article describes each stamp of the series, with information, on ^he scenes and sidelights on the subject matter. As part of the 50th Anniversary celebration. The Re\iew presents the stamp

issue and the part it will play in paying tribute to one of the world's great achievements.

Index

Swiftstar Mvstery 3

The Little Fellows 4 Bottoms Up 5

Description of Stamps 6

How to Get Stamps 7

Historv of Postal Service 8

\\h\ and Where It's Wet 10

Port of New York 12 Canal Historv 14 Anni\crsaries 15

New Librarv Status 16 Site of the World's Fair and one of the greatest commercial centers Promotions, Transfers 17 in history. New York is also a port of first importance. A story on pages 12 and 13 shows in text and pictures the immensity and Shipping 18 vitality of this seaport complex. Looking past the Statue of Liberty, this is a view of part of the waterfront and the New York skyline. Framed and Locked Up 19

May 1964 Mystery Ship: The Swiftstar

OLD SHIPS never die, but they sometimes sail away and are never heard from again. When they go through the Canal, however, even old ships look substantial. The tolls and port charges they pay are substantial too.

But when it comes to a ship that was reported missing some

40 years ago— it just sailed away. So did its records apparendy.

Such a ship was the Swift Star or Swiftstar which, according to a recent New York press release, left Cristobal for the Atlantic 40 years ago and was never heard from again.

Up to July 13, 1923, the Siciftstar, built in 1920, was quite a substantial ship. It was a 464-foot tanker operated by C. B. Mallory & Co. on the intercoastal trade and made a transit through the Canal on an average of once every 6 weeks. Then it disappeared.

Her sisters called Swipeagle, Swiftwind, Swiftscout were still included in the old Panama Canal records. They carried oil from the west coast to Fall River and Boston and came back through the Canal in ballast. But after July 13, 1923 no mention was made of Swiftstar.

The story carried last February in the New York Standard said the Swiftstar headed out into the Atlantic from Cristobal 40 years ago and was never heard from. It just vanished into limbo.

In doing so, the story said, it joined a host of missing ships, one of the most recent being the Marine Sulphur Queen. The most mysterious was the case of the brig Mary Celeste which sailed from New York in the fall of 1872 with a cargo of alcohol. A month later, it was found floating in the Atlantic 400 miles west of . Her sails were set, her cargo unharmed. But there were no crewmen aboard. Their fate was never determined.

Perhaps the worst such disaster in modern history was in 1854. In March of that year, the liner City of Glasgow sailed out of Liverpool for Philadelphia. There were 450 passengers and crewmen aboard. No trace of the ship or those aboard has ever turned up.

The City of Boston set sail from New York in 1870 with 177 passengers and crewmen bound for Liverpool— a voyage never traced.

In the next decade, 10 sailing ships and steamers vanished, among them the British training ship, the Atlanta, with a crew of 290 cadets, crewmen, and officers in 1880. Forty-five years ago the U.S. Navy's Ci/clops with 309 men aboard, left Barbados and was never heard from. In 1901 the American liner Condor with 104 aboard vanished after lea\ing British Columbia for the United States. Ten years ago the French freighter Monique sailed from New Caledonia with 120 passengers and crewmen. It was never seen again.

In the early days there were no such things as radio or air search—which make the modem day ship disappearances more rare but at the same time more puzzling. And barring a miracle, the mystery of the Marine Sulphur Queen, which vanished between Gulf ports and the U.S. east coast with a crew of 43, will never be solved.

The Panama Canal Review 3 Taking on a small hitchhiker, this larger boat will pull it through the Canal in a tandem transit.

SUDDEN VISITORS AND LITTLE BOATS

WHAT HAPPENS when a ship just ed to begin transiting, the necessary ships, 50 cents per ton of displace- "pops up" and requests transit with- fees must be guaranteed. In 1934, ment. out sending a transit request in Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt pro- Such is the procedure with large advance by 48 hours? And how about claimed the toll rates for Panama craft. What about small boats, such the little fellows, the small boats? Canal traflBc as follows: as rowboats and outboards? The decision to let the ship transit 1. On merchant vessels, yachts, depends on several things. If there is Almost 5 percent of the total army and navy transports, colliers no ship transiting or about to transit, transits during fiscal year 1963 were (vessels transporting coal), hospital the ship requesting permission to small craft, 299 tons or less. These ships, and supply ships, when carry- transit is given the "ok." If there is no small boats are handled in the same ing passengers or cargo, 900 per net break in Canal traffic, the "latecomer" manner as larger vessels. They must vessel ton. must sit tight until such time as it pay fees and must present a transit can be handled by a pilot and line 2. On vessels in ballast with pas- request within the prescribed period. handlers. Latecomers, which used to sengers or cargo, 72 cents per net These small boats often transit with be frequent during the days of poor vessel ton. a larger vessel because the money communication, are a rare sight .3. On other floating craft, includ- received from the transit of a small today. ing warships, other than transports, boat does not warrant the cost of a

However, before any ship is allow- colliers, hospital ships, and supply transit by itself.

May 1964 -^.^"'\ After Bottoms

Up, They Flip

ONLY KENNETH BAILEY, the Indus- trial Division's expert boatbuilder, had few qualms when work began a year ago on the construction of the wooden and freight Navigation Division work launch Tarpon.

Seeing that it was to be built upside- down, there was some discussion of how

he expected to turn it right-side up when the proper time came. As can be seen by the pictures, there

was nothing to it. Just a matter of having the right block and tackle at the right The Tarpon, finished and ready for "Opei.ai j1; l.l ,ide up." moment in the right place. A flip of the wrist and the new Tarpon turned over and settled down gently into a prepared cradle. From now the work will be con- fined to fitting her out for the work she was designed to do. Another Navigation Division launch, the Lark, was built next to the new

Tarpon, and is still in the construction

stage. This craft is being built in the con- ventional rnanni-r and will be used as a pilot and passenger launch in Balboa. The two boats are being built b\' the Gamboa Launch Repair Facility which

is part of the Panama Canal Industrial Division. They are the handiwork of employees, most of them Panama- nians, learning boatbuilding under the direction of Bailey. In addition to boatbuilding, the em- Easy does it, as the winches and workmen begin to right the launch. ployees in this unit repair and recondi- tion most of the other small floating equipment used by the Panama Canal.

At the halfway mark, all is going smoothly with the huge boat. Right side up, it's now ready for the craftsmen to complete the job.

The Panama Canal Review 5 THE CANAL ZONE STAMPS com- of a Panama Canal pilot, in their transit memorating the 50th Anniversary of the across the Isthmus. In the center back- opening of the Panama Canal is a series ground, a portion of is of six stamps. The frame and lettering shown with a few small islands. Ships are identical on each of the six stamps are shown at the lake anchorage await- except for color and denomination. The ing their turn to complete northbound picture in each of the six stamps is an transit of the Canal. aerial view of a location along the Canal or nearby and is in black and white. The frame of the 150 stamp is blue Most of these aerial views were taken in color and the picture shows Madden looking toward the South, Southeast, or Dam. This dam is several miles up the East. forming Madden Lake for On the 6e stamp, the frame is green storage of water to supplement that of in color and the picture shows Cristobal Gatun Lake. This dam was completed

Harbor and vicinity. Cristobal is the in 1935 and is an extremely necessary Atlantic terminus of the Panama Canal adjunct to the Panama Canal, particular- and the left and center foreground shows ly during dry season, December through the docks with Cristobal in the right April, when normal rainfall is not suf- foreground and the city of Colon imme- ficient to meet normal requirements. diately in back. On the far right fore- Water is spilled over this dam from ground is the oil dock which in 1914 Madden Lake into the Chagres River was the Cristobal Coaling Station. which runs into Gatun Lake at Gamboa, Across the bay in back of the city of to maintain the proper water level to Colon, the view shows France Air Force provide sufficient depth for draft of Base, , and . transiting vessels and to replenish that Cristobal is the busiest harbor in the used in raising and lowering vessels from Panama Canal and is the center of sea level to Gatun Lake level. This is activity on the Atlantic side. the first time has been the The frame of the 80 stamp is red central subject of a Canal Zone stamp. in color and shows Catun Locks and The frame of the 200 stamp is orange- vicmity in the picture. The Gatun Locks red in color and the picture shows are located on the Atlantic side and are Gaillard Cut from about Gamboa a three-step set of locks and the first one Reach toward Pedro Miguel Locks at the entered on transit from the Atlantic to southern end of the cut. The dredge at the Pacific. The center of the picture the right center is engaged in the pres- is Catun Locks—on the left center is ent cut-widening project and there are the Gatun townsite and on the right two vessels shown in transit. This cut is the with the spillway on is being widened to 500 feet to permit the far right. The Gatun Dam is an the largest vessels to pass each other extremely large earthen dam and backs while in the cut, thus increasing Canal up the water from the Chagres River to capacity. form Gatun Lake, which is 85 feet The frame of the 300 stamp is brown above sea level. Ships traverse the lake in color and the picture shows under their own power under guidance Locks, a two-step set of locks, and the

6 May 1964 « •^ /-\ '-I, wr-_ri. ' -s /=vi

last ones used in transit from the Atlantic The frame of the 800 stamp is yellow hill shown in the picture; the Adminis- tration is at the base; in to the Pacific. In the lower right fore- in color and the picture shows Balboa Building and the background is Panama Bay and Pan- ground is the Miraflores spillway for Harbor and vicinity at the Canal's ama City. Around the Administration water overflow which runs on out to Pacific terminals. The piers in the right Building and in the right center is the the Pacific Ocean and in the right back- center foreground are on the west bank Balboa townsite with a portion of the ground is the trans-Isthmian Panama of the Canal at Rodman Naval Station Thatcher Ferry Bridge and the Pacific Railroad. Also shown is a portion of the with the Balboa piers and docks shown entrance of the Canal at the extreme post of . across the Canal. Ancon Hill is the large right center.

HOW YOU MAY ORDER STAMPS

The Canal Zone Postal Service has sent for the return of first-day covers. with orders for first-day covers, but sent prepared a special official souvenir Each cover should be pencil marked in separately to the Philatelic Agency, Bal- stamp folder commemorating the 50th boa Heights, C.Z., and must include the upper right-hand comer to show the Anniversary. return postage. To insure prompt ship- denomination and number of stamps to The folder contains a map of the Canal ment orders should not include other be affixed; therefore no letter of instruc- of Canal Zone stamps. Zone on the inside with six mint denominations tion need be sent. The to the for mint 50th Anni- anniversary stamps aSixed on the map Special order blanks should be endorsed First- versary commemorative stamps and the and another 80 airmail anniversary Day Covers. Requests for unusual special souvenir folder are available at stamp affixed to the outside back fold. arrangements and plate numbers cannot all Canal Zone post offices and at the The 80 airmail has a "First Day of granted. Philatelic Agency. Issue" and is postmarked be August 15, 1964. The folder also con- Requests for mint stamps and the sou- All stamps will be uniform in size, tains the official 50th Anniversary insig- venir stamp folder must not be included (See p. 9) nia, a short history of the Panama Canal and the Canal Zone Postal Service. The folder containing the six anniversary stamps and the canceled 80 airmail

stamp is for sale at the Philatelic Agency, Balboa Heights, C.Z., at $2 each. All DENOMINATION COLOR LOCALE folders will be mailed at no extra cost. Green Cristobal Stamp collectors who want first-day 6-cent cancellations of the stamp may send addressed to the Postmaster, 8-cent Red Gatun Locks Balboa, C.Z., with a money order to cover the cost of the stamps. Postage 15-cent Blue Madden Dam stamps and personal checks will not be Envelopes submitted should accepted. 20-cent Orange Gaillard Cut be of ordinary letter size and should be properly addressed. An enclosure of 30-cent Brown : Miraflores Locks medium weight should be placed in each envelope and the flap either turned in or Balboa sealed. An outside envelope must not be 80-cent Yellow

Thi! Panama Canal Review ON ITS SOTH ANNIVERSARY

Postal History Of Canal Zone

AT THE TIME the Canal properties During 190.5, a registrv system was were turned over to the United States established and the Cristobal post in 1904, the need for a postal ser\ice office was designated an international was of extreme importance because the exchange office, permitting direct Earl F. Unruh, postal service of the Republic of Panama dispatches of mail to all destinations. Current Director of Posts. ceased to operate in the Zone. In 1906, a money order system was On June 24, 1904, a postal service established; in 1911 a postal savings United States and on July 1, 1924, was established as a part of the Depart- system was instituted, and the postal United States stamps overprinted "Canal ment of Revenues and under the super- service became a stable and growing Zone" were again placed in use and \ision of the Treasurer of the Canal Zone. ser\ice, providing full neci;r:sarv postal supplanted the overprinted Panama Pavmaster E. C. Tobey, USN, was the facilities for the Isthmian Canal Com- stamps. first Director of Posts. On that date, post mission, workers building the Panama On October 1, 1928, the first per- offices were opened at Ancon, Cristobal, Canal and residents of the Canal Zone. manent issue Canal Zone stamp, 20 Gatun, Culebra, and La Boca. On May 5, The sen'ice over the years has grown, Goethals, was placed on sale. Canal 1909 the name La Boca was changed to with annual increase in mail volume Zone permanent and provisional issues Balboa. On the following day, addi- handled and postal business conducted, have, over the succeeding years, super- tional post offices were opened at Bohio, from a beginning of 9 post offices with seded all overprinted United States Gorgona, Matachin, and Empire and 9 employees and annual postal receipts stamps and stamped paper. The last then the Canal Zone Postal Service was of about $11,000, to 19 post offices, such item replaced was the 20 postal in operation with railroad station agents branches and units, with 118 employees card on November 1, 1958. as postsmasters. annual gross postal receipts of and The current Canal Zone postage At first only ordinary mail was han- .$1,088,000. Of the nine post offices stamps and paper consists dled. Mail for Central and South Amer- stamped of originally established, only two, Cris- a series of 12 ordinary stamps, 11 pictur- ica and the West Indies was turned tobal and Gatun, remain. ing members of the Isthmian over to the Panama Postal Senice for Canal Commission and others played dispatch to destinations and mail for The Canal Zone Postal Service has who a major part in Canal histor\' other foreign countries and the United from the very beginning operated as an Zone or in postal is estab- construction and operation of the Pan- States, its territories and possessions independent sxstem and ama Canal one picturing tlie was sent direct to the LTnited States lished as such by Act of Congress of the and Canal's Administration by the Postmaster, Cristobal, on vessels United States. However, the Canal Zone Building at Balboa Heights; a series of three postage departing for \ew York. like all territories, possessions, and other due areas under control of the United

States, is represented at postal conven- tions by the United States Post Office Department. When the Canal Zone Postal Service was first established on June 24, 1904, a small supply of 2i, .50, and 10

May 1964 Baxter, Crede H. Calhoun, John J. Gilbert, John K. Director of Posts, Director of Posts, Director of Posts, April 1, 1914-June 30, 1914. July 1, 1914-March 8, 1916. June 1, 1916-April 30, 1947. stamps with the shield of the seal of the (30 card with Panama Canal Lock Tobey, June 24, 1904 to September 1, Canal Zone as the central subject, and a design and 10 postage imprint) and a 1904; Tom M. Cooke, September 2, to GObert, series of five airmail stamps of the wing 60 airmail provisional postal card (50 1904 March 31, 1914; John J. and globe design. In addition, there is a airmail card with map and plane design April 1, 1914 to June 30, 1914; John 40 envelope in two sizes with Goethals as and 10 postage imprint. K. Ba.xter, July 1, 1914 to March 8, the design subject, an 8« airmail enve- Including the current Director of 1916; Crede H. Calhoun, June 1, 1916 lope with a flight symbol and airplane, Posts, Earl F. Unruh, there have been to April 30, 1947; and James Marshall, a 4e ordinan.- provisional postal card seven men in the post. Others: E. C. June 4, 1947 to January 14, 1955.

,_ I *\?J^

James Marshall, Director of Posts, June 4, 1937-January 14, 1955.

(Continued jrom p. 7) 0.84 by 1.44 inches in dimensions, ar- ranged horizontally, issued in sheets of .50 and printed on pre-gummed paper by the Bureau of Engra\ing and Printing. The central design of each stamp is a sketch of various locations in the Canal Zone, in black and white and made from aerial views. The frame and lettering on all stamps are the same except for color and denomination: in the upper left corner "1914-1964 Panama Canal" in two lines with "Golden Anniversary" in script across the top; at the bottom, "Canal Zone Airmail" and the value. A typical scene at the Balboa Post Office, one of the busiest in the Canal Zone.

The Panama Canal Review 9 HERE'S IT'S SO WHY WET

-V.,jif.

THE CLIMATE of the Canal Zone W, J4. Cdd linger, hemispheres to replace it. The zone is characterized by moderately high of the atmosphere so affected is temperatures and humidity through- Chief J4^aro^rapner known as the Equatorial Calm Belt out the year and although the tem- or the Intertropical Conversion Zone. lor the Panama Canal, perature changes very little during It may be visualized as the meteor- the year, there are two distinct sea- CxptainJ the J\ainy^ SeaJon ological equator, since it is the area sons, wet and dry. The dry season where the major wind circulation usually begins about the middle of systems of the northern and southern December and lasts for approxi- Aching corns and bunions, the ap- hemispheres come together. This mately 4 months. The rainy season pearance of certain butterflies, cater- belt, variable in width, is character- extends from the last week of April pillars, cicadas, or phases of the moon ized by large billowy cumulus and to the middle of December. have nothing to do with it. cumulo-nimbus clouds resulting in Since the annual prevailing direc- At latitude 9 degrees north of the local showers and thunderstorms. It tion of the wind stream is from the Equator the sun passes directly over- usually follows the latitude of the sun north and consequently the direction head twice each year, on April 13 and with a lag of about 5 degrees of lati- of movement of most storms, the August 29. Theoretically, these should tude or approximately 15 days of

Atlantic side of the Isthmus receives be the hottest days of the year be- travel time. It follows then that if roughly twice the amount of rainfall cause the sun's rays shine directly the sun passes overhead in our lati- of that on the Pacific side with annual down on us instead of at ah angle. tude on April 13, the Intertropical quantities at points between the Any objects in the air between the Convergence Zone or ITC as it is coasts varying in ratio to the distance sun and the earth such as clouds, known to meteorologists, will arrive from the coasts. haze, smoke, or dust would of course about 15 days later or on April 28.

The changes in season may be diminish the amount of heat radiated Bv actual records this is the average readily correlated with the changing from the sun. This abnormal heating date of the beginning of the rainy declination of the sun and general causes the air to rise and a flow of season. migration of the great wind belts. air from the northern and southern Since the ITC is not a precisely

10 May 1964 Speaking of Safety

ABOUT DRIVING

WHEN IT'S WET

Experiments by the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration have shown that a vehicle traveling at 30 m.p.h. in heavy rain begins to lose con- tact bet\\een its tires and the road beneath. At about 55 m.p.h., the tires lose all contact and the vehicle is actualh' hydroplaning. This means that the vehicle is riding a cushion of water on the surface of the roadwav. This lack of road contact may explain some of the mystery crashes \shich occur for no apparent reason on rainy da)S. Other experiments on dry, safe roads have shown that in panic stops, the \ehicle slides on a layer of molten rubber. In the first moment of slide, the tires get hot and suddenly lay down a slick trail of molten rubber, greasing the trail to possible destruction.

defined area it is normal for a few scattered showers, representing the ragged edge, to occur before the main body arrives, hence the reason Balboa Gamboa Cristobal meteorologists usually have the di£B- cult task in mid-April of explaining

that although it is pouring rain the Ocean known as the Bermuda High. only the orographic lifting caused by rainy season hasn't started yet. The westward extension of the Ber- the hills on the Atlantic coast to As the sun moves farther and far- muda High into the southern Carib- reach the upper cold layers and ther north (actually it doesn't move; bean may cause a few weeks of produce prolonged rains. the 23M degree tilt of the earth on comparatively dry weather in July Another type of heavy rain may its axis makes it seem to move as the or earlv August locally called the occur when a tropical hurricane earth travels around its orbit) the "little dry season" or "veranillo." reaches a position in the western ITC moves northward also but since As the sun returns southward and directly north of the the sun's northernmost position is again crosses the Isthmus at the end Isthmus. The usual northeasterly 23M degrees north of the equator of August, shower activity again in- wind flow is reversed and a steady and with the 5 degrees lag, the ITC creases to a maximum. By the time stream of southerly winds prevail. would therefore have a northern limit the ITC has followed far enough These cause heavy rains in western of about latitude 19 degrees north or southward to decline in influence on Panama but give sunny weather in 10 degrees north of the Isthmus. the Isthmus, the fall storms of the the lower areas of the Canal Zone. At this time when the North northern hemisphere have begun and Then the winds shift and heavy American Continent has reached its a different type of weather prevails. general rains occur. maximum summer heating, there is Outbreaks of polar air from the usual period of heavy an accompanying decrease in baro- large high pressure cells of fall and Thus, the near the end of the rainy metric pressure and an increase in winter that surge southward across rains occurs to many factors the barometric pressure in the Caribbean the Gulf of Mexico sometimes reach season. Due of rain is irregular and region. This intensifies and extends the Isthmus. Although this cold air cessation November 24 (last year the semi-permanent high pressure has warmed, it has absorbed mois- varies from

) to January. area over the southeastern Atlantic ture in the lower layers and it needs was the earliest mid-

The Panama Canal Review 11 ulte port o/ j^ew y[ork

I- ~ J

N'EW YORK is a home port for most of port. The port itself might be called scows, carfloats, and tugboats make up the U.S. citizens who are employed by nature's supreme effort to provide man the port's lighterage s)stem. Warehouse the Panama Canal organization. A large with magnificent avenues for the free facilities include general storage, refrig- percentage of the U.S. citizen popula- flow of commerce. It is a great junction erated warehousing, liquid bulk and tion of the Canal Zone claim the noith- of ocean, rivers, bays, and harbors dr\' bulk storage, and equipment for eastern part of the United States as reaching deeply into the surrounding servicing special cargoes requiring home and until recently the Panama I, .500 square miles of upland within humiditv and moisture control. Line ships traveled regularly between the neighbor States of New York and Roughly within a radius of 25 miles Cristobal and Ne%s' York. New Jersey. from the Statue of Liberty, there are

New York is a port of call or a port Everything about New York is today over 200 municipalities, including of origin for a majority of the U.S. -flag fabulous. There is a frontage of 650 the world's largest metropolitan complex passenger and freight liners arriving at miles of navigable waterways and berths as well as small communities. The port and leaving Canal ports. for 400 oceangoing ships at 200 deep- waters have been bridged and tunnels Like Panama, New York is a cross- water piers. Served by 170 steamship ha\e been bored beneath them. The roads of world trade. The Port of New lines, the port has 26,000 ship move- people of the Port of New York have York has a direct and vital stake in the ments a year or one ship moving in and devoted continuing energy to improve maintenance and expansion of existing out every 20 minutes. Ten railroads the natural advantages of the port as manufacturing facilities within the State form a network of land transport con- a transportation crossroads for goods md an important influi^nce on commerce necting the port directly with the major entering and Iea\ ing the United States. along the entire east coast. industrial sections east of the Mississippi The waters and lands of this port are From its earliest days, the wealth of and with all other areas of the L'nited joined in a unified economic community the Port of New York and its surround- States, Canada, and Mexico by inter- known as the New York-New Jersey ing community has come from ships of locking railroads. Port District. the sea and the activities generated by More than 2, .500 pieces of floating But as great as tliis port is now from the cargoes they carry to and from the equipment, including barges, lighters. the point of \iew of trade and com-

12 May 1964 merce, it will soon become more of a center with the construction of the World Trade Center, designed to pro- vide a unified community in the Port of New York for America's export-import business and act as a clearing house for the handling, development, and expansion of such business.

The 16-acre site, on which the inter- national trade complex will be built, is located on the west side of lower Man- hattan immediately adjacent to the Port of New York's historic core of international trade activity.

The twin towers of the center will be the tallest buildings in the world, soaring 110 stories or 1,350 feet above the great open plaza of almost 5 acres. It will be built by the New York Port authority on a self supporting basis at a cost of $350 million and wdll be completed in stages during 1969 and 1970.

The two great structures containing approximately 10 million square feet of rentable space, will accommodate

\ arious Government agencies, world trade services and exhibit areas and private businesses engaged in export and import trade in world markets.

Looking northwest, this overall view shows the twin tower building, tallest and largest in the world, rising from the vast plaza of the New York World Trade Center in New York City.

White circle shows the site of the future world trade center to be built near the Port of New York.

The Panama Canal Review 13 CAMAl HISTORY

50 yearJ cAg^o of locks would make the Canal safe from After a thorough examination by attack for many years to come. experts and consulting engineers on the of TEN YEARS American occupancy of extent Other defense plans being studied in of the crack along the crest of the Canal Zone were completed on 1939 included the fortification of the Contractors Hill, the Panama Canal May 4, 1914, the transfer of the Canal board of directors ruled that the Panama property from the second French Com- Pacific Ocean approaches to the Panama Canal should take whatever remedial pany to the United States having been Canal through the establishment of measures were necessary to deal with effected on May 4, 1904. powerful air and naval bases in Mexico the and the Galapagos Islands. problem. The Tecan Corp. of Dallas, According to The Panama Canal Tex., after submitting a low bid of Record of May 20, 1914, the decade had U.S. bill The Senate passed a author- $3,391,000, was awarded the contract seen the virtual completion of the Canal izing the cooperation of the United for the removal of earth at the site of and the beginnings of its commercial States Government with the Republic of the crack. and naval use. During the preceeding Panama in building a highway from the year, the sea level channels had been Ceremonies Canal Zone to Rio Hato. The Panama- commemorating the opened to Gatun and Miraflores Locks; 400th anniversary nian Government was to furnish the of the discovery of Gatun and Miraflores lakes had been the Pacific right of way and labor while the United were celebrated in May 1954, filled to normal height; Culebra Cut had when a States would furnish materials. The group of Panama Government, been flooded; all of the locks had been cost of the U.S. contribution was U.S. Army, Navy, Marine, and Air operated repeatedly; and a number of estimated at $1)2 million. Force and Panama Canal officials were vessels in Canal service as well as airlifted to Darien to join a jungle- several rafts of piles under tow, had The new Panama Railroad liner trained intelligence and reconnaisance passed from ocean to ocean through Panama made its first transit through the platoon on Hill 2200, presumed to be the Canal. Canal and docked at Pier 18 in Balboa the same peak on which Vasco Nuiiez in order The offices of the captains of the ports to give Pacific-side residents de Balboa stood. at Ancon and Cristobal in the Panama a chance to inspect the new vessel. It Canal organization, were formally estab- was the first time that any Panama Rail- One ^ear <=4g.o lished May 4, 1914. Comdr. Douglas E. road vessel had transited the Canal Dismukes, USN, was Port Captain in southbound since 1931. THE PANAMA CANAL went on a per- Cristobal and Lt. Comdr. H. V. Butler, manent 24-hour operation last May 12 USN, was Port Captain in Balboa. toy.ears fgo in order to handle more efficiently the Arrangements were being made to gradually increasing number of ships hire pilots for the Panama Canal with CONSOLIDATION of the Canal Zone transiting the waterway. The change the Washington office and the Super- hospitals was started 10 years ago in was the result of continuing evaluation intendent of Transportation handling May when the Senate Appropriations of the demands of traffic. applications. A large number of applica- Committee directed that the U.S. Army tions Col. Robert Kamish, who was Chief already were on file. An order was Hospital at Fort Clayton and the Canal J. issued requiring pilots of the Surgical Service at Gorgas Hos- Canal to wear Zone Government Hospital in Colon be uniforms when on duty. The material pital from April 1962, was made new closed by September 1, 1954. The direc- selected was cream-colored Palm Beach tive said that Coco Solo should be Director of the Canal Zone Health cloth, plain without stripes or figures. transferred to the Canal Zone Govern- Bureau. He succeeded Col. Erling S. The caps were to be patterned after ment and that it and Gorgas Hospital Fugelso, who left the Isthmus for his those worn by the petty ofiBcers in the would provide sufficient facilities for new assignment as commanding officer U.S. Navy. personnel in the Canal Zone. at Womack Hospital, Fort Bragg, N.C.

25 ^earJ cAg-o

THE PROBLEMS of defense and ca- pacity were under serious study by Pan- ama Canal authorities and the U.S. Government 25 years ago this month. Gov. Clarence S. Ridley told a subcom- mittee of the House of Representatives that it was important that $25,000 be provided immediately for advancing plans to increase the capacity of the Canal through the addition of a third set of locks. He said that this project was not only closely related to the defense of the Canal but that additional capacity would be needed for future commercial needs. In Washington, mil- itary experts said they felt a third set

14 May 1964 ANNIVERSARIES (On the basis of total Federal Service)

SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY ENGINEERING AND CIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU SERVICE BUREAU CONTRUCTION BUREAU A. Bloomfield Detention Guard Headley A. Cargill Regina ld A. Butcher Storekeeping Clerk fer Seamai] Morton L. Levee

. Carpj Police Sergeant

Victorio Gutierrez ' Fores Thomas Polite Laborer J. Police Sergeant Harold I. Tinnin Floyd A. Robinson Supervisory Storage Police Private Specialist Allan F. Woodruff Laborer (Cleaner) HEALTH BUREAU MARINE BUREAU seaman Hilarius B. Wilson David C. Ryan Silvia Blackwood Leader Maintenanceman Lead Foreman Central Nursing Assistant (Medicine (Rope and Wire Cable) OiEce Repairman and Surgery)

COMPTROLLER'S OFFICE Romulo Camarena TRANSPORTATION AND Line Handler TERMINALS BUREAU Earl C. Keeney TeUer Pedro Chacon Harry C. Abrahams Line Handler (Deckhand) Lead Foreman ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES Stevedoring) Wilmut A. Clare (Dock DIVISION Line Handler (Deckhand) David Benskin Cargo Checker Harold Lewis Ernesto EUis, Jr. Ernest N. Grant Compositor (Hand) Helper Lock Operator Helper Liquid Fuels Josiah Hobson Wharfman SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY Helper Machinist Julian Nogueira SERVICE BUREAU Thomas A. Hull Truck Driver (Heavy Trailer) Humberto E. Perez Juan E. Abrego Carpenter (Maintenance) School Bus Driver Utihty Worker James H. Johnston Ellen Louise Barton Oiler CIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU Assistant Baker Norman Lindo James E. Bryant Isabel B. Blandford Line Handler (Deckhand) Fire Lieutenant Utility Worker Roy L. Lockwood Bestre Burke Laborer (Cleaner) Cristin T. de Small Jelper Lock OperaJi Georgia Gwinn Utility Worker J. Medaro^M aravilL Teacher (Elementary, Clyford K. Foster penLock Q^eij^or U.S. Schools) Clerk Willesly Mitchi Reynold Hutchinson Joseph L. Powell LauftichA)pe|atd Swimming Pool Operator Grounds Maintenance ?m(^amirel Jose Roque Nunez Equipment Operator LiX§Handle\(D' Detention Guard Smith Charles A. Wesley Dorothy H. p1 /apatein Teacher (Senior High, Bartender U.S. Schools) Mary Sims Williams Donald R. Rudy Counterwoman ENGINEERING AND Finance Branch Juan Valdes CONSTRUCTION BUREAU Superintendent Garbage Collector Azael J. Benavides HEALTH BUREAU Juan Adolfo Zelaya Engineering Draftsman Rosalie I. Barker Cemetery Worker (Electrical) Nursing Assistant Robert L. Beyer (Psychiatry) MARINE BUREAU Central Office Repairman Stella C. Butler Staff Nurse (Surgery) Felipe Almengor Samuel A. Grant Esmilda E. Ford Line Handler Seaman Nursing Assistant Nicolas Anderson Luis Herrero S. (Psychiatry) Line Handler (Deckhand) Winchman Julio Gonzalez Samuel Bent Remigio Romero O. Exterminator Leader Seaman Seaman Philippa Lashley Nursing Assistant Robert Bright Serafin Urriola M. (Medicine and Surgery) Accounts Maintenance Clerk Seaman St. Clair L. Thorne Alberto Caballero Vicente Valencia V. Dental Laboratory Helper Lock Operator Carpenter Technician

The Panama Canal Review 15 CZ. Library Adds Another

Distmction

THE CANAL ZONE Library-Museum recently was designated as a depositor)' library to receive U.S. Government docimients under the provisions of Public Law 87-589, called the Deposi- tor)' Library Act of 1962. This distinc- tion came as a result of a request by the Governor of the Canal Zone to the U.S. Superintendent of Documents. It then was necessarv' for the librarian to complete a detailed questionnaire so Mrs. Verna S. Winstead, General Services Librarian who will serve as Documents Librarian, that the characteristics of the Library- aids F. A. Mohl, Administrative Assistant to the Chief of the Fire Division, as he uses the Museum might be shown to fit into all depository facility of the library to inquire about material on how to put out fires on ships. requirements. The Governor was noti- fied of acceptance of the Canal Zone research in scientific and technical fields. Canal Zone Library-Museum have been Library-Museum as a depository library But all are in some way connected with working earnestly on setting up useful on February 7, 1963. the public interest. procedures for handling this free auto- Being a depository library for receipt This new depository act has been a matic service. Mrs. Verna S. Winstead, of U.S. Government documents means major project of members of the library General Services Librarian of the Canal several things. In the first place it profession. Formerly, depository librar- Zone Library-Museum, will serve as implies of is an enviable recognition the ies were designated by Members of documents librarian. Mrs. Winstead object and service of the Library- Congress and thus were nearly always uniquely suited for this new job, since itself. practical Museum For purposes in the District of the Congressman she has been in charge of selection of it that the means Canal Zone Library- involved. A depository library also was periodicals and serials and has directed Museum can elect to receive U.S. any required by law to receive all documents the procedures which make them easily Government documents which are which were available to depository available, or has cataloged them for offered to any depository library. It thus libraries and to dispose of them only several years. In addition, in prepara- means that in the future many docu- under very stringent regulations. Of tion for this new library facility, Mrs. ments which have had to be ordered course every document published Winstead only last fall elected an inten- on the basis of advertisments now will cannot be sent to depository libraries- sive course in documents at the Uni- be shipped direct to the Canal Zone some nia\' be classified; they mav be versity of Denver Graduate School of Library as soon as they come off intra-agency or may have some other Librarianship, where she received her the press, and that they will come special designation. Even with these master's degree in December 1963. So automatically—and free of charge. exceptions, however, it is easy to see the many persons in the Canal organiza- U.S. Government documents usually that any library which received a tion who each spring are accustomed to are published by the Government Print- tremendous mass of Government docu- receive a list of available periodicals ing Office and always for some purposes ments, which it was required to accept from Mrs. Winstead, offering them the connected with the public interest. Thus as a depository library and which it sources of the periodicals unit of the they are the result of the recognition of could dispose of only under certain Canal Zone Library-Museum, soon will a need for information in some Govern- strict legal requirements, soon was hear from her again—this time to agency. ment For this reason the mate- inundated with extremely valuable ask for recommendations of specialized rials available to depository libraries material, but material often unnecessary. documents, useful in their work. may vary from the annual Statistical The new regulations under which Patrons who use the library for mainly Abrfrac/—probably one of the most recreational purposes are also invited to useful reference books ever published— the Canal Zone Library-Museum has become a member of the fraternity pro- suggest their interests to Mrs. Winstead. to research materials and to leaflets \ ides that the library may select the staff of the Canal Zone Library- which tell the handyman how to build The fri'c material which is applicable to its an outdoor fireplace. Some documents Museum thus takes this opportimity to are simply worded information about own patrons, will receive it auto- ask the advice and counsel of its many matically one small subject; some are the monu- and free of charge and can patrons in recommending subject fields dispose of it in a simple way. mental records of the activities of the needed for selecting a variety of mate- diplomatic service; some are the records So that the library may make the rials from one of the greatest of the of the statistical services of the Govern- most effective use of this new privilege world's publishers— the Government ment and some are the records of and responsibility, members of the Printing Office of the United States.

16 May 1964 :

PROMOTIONS AND TRANSFERS

EMPLOYEES promoted or transferred Dredging Division OFFICE OF GENERAL MANAGER Pipeline Henry Ford, Warehouseman, Supply Di- between April 5 and May 5, 1964 Charles L. Miller, 2d Mate, J. Dredge, Class 1, to Operator, Craneboat. vision, to Messenger. (within grade promotions and job Worker, to Amadeo Castillo, Navigation Aid Supply Division reclassifications are not listed ) Maintenanceman (Distribution Systems). Alba D. Hutchings, Supervisory General EXECUTIVE PLANNING HEALTH BUREAU Supply Assistant to General Supply Katherine A. Lessiack, Clerk-Stenographer Coco Solo Hospital Assistant. Robert C. Meehan, Supervisory Storage to Budget Analyst. Janet M. Landry, Staff Nurse to Staff Nurse Officer to Supervisory Specialist. ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES (Obstetrics). Luisa W. Martinez, Formula Room Attend- Ceyon Jemmott, Laborer (Heavy) to Ware- Ranghilt H. Melzi, File-Clerk, to Clerk- houseman. ant to Nursing Assistant (Medicine and Translator (Typing). Tomas Alfonso, Scrap Materials Sorter to Surgery). CIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU Jorge De Duran, Laborer to Hospital Guard. J. Wright, Attendant. Leonora A. Utility Worker to Customs Division Agustin Mark, Laborer to Hospital Attend- Counterwoman. Nolan, Distribution Clerk to Cus- Winifred Perrott, Grocery Attendant to Donald L. ant. M. toms Enforcement Officer, Cristobal. Antonio Mosquera, Laborer (Cleaner) to Sales Clerk. and Phil E. Rowland S., Messenger, Supply Hospital Attendant. Jack B. Dubroff, Usher (Theaters) to Door- Community Service Bureau, to Clerk. man (Theaters). Gorgas Hospital Cecil A. Diaz, Laborer (Heavy) to Ware- Schools Division Dr. Wilmer C. Hewitt, Medical Officer houseman. Teacher to Carolyn B. Sheffield, Substitute (Pathological Anatomy) (Chief, Patho- Clarence Levy, Laundry Worker (Heavy) (Senior-High U.S. Schools). Teacher logical Anatomy Section, to Chief, to Marker and Sorter. Stine, Substitute Teacher to Teacher JeanC. Laboratory Service. Schools). Community Services Division (Senior High-U.S. Allie B. Holden, Clerk-Typist to General Roberts, Doris Hunt, Beatrice Ezequiel Oliveros, Carlos R. Delgado, Mary S. M. Supply Clerk (Medical). Ida Kane, Substitute Laborers (Cleaner) to Laborers. J. Hamad, J. Eva D. de Herrera, Clerk-Typist to Clerk. Teachers to Teachers (Elementary-U.S. Adalberto Barahona, Laborer to Grounds Elizabeth I. Brown, Clerk to Supervisory Schools). Maintenance Equipment Operator. Clerk. Postal Division Juanita L. Campion, Staff Nurse to Staff TRANSPORTATION AND TERMINALS Iris D. Richmond, Window Clerk to Fi- Nurse (Medicine and Surgery). BUREAU nance Branch Superintendent. Doris Mock, Staff Nurse to Staff Nurse Railroad Division Police Division (Medicine and Surgery). Don R. Coffey, Freight Clerical Assistant Edward C. Blount, Police Private to Police Corozal Hospital to Supervisory Freight Assistant. Sergeant, Cristobal. Eugenio Beauville, Joseph Rochester, Enri- Motor Transportation ENGINEERING AND que R. Richards, General Therapy Assist- Cornelius E. Jarrett, Helper Tire Rebuilder CONSTRUCTION BUREAU ant to Occupational Therapy Assistant. Marva L. Carter, Iselda R. George, Nursing to Guard. Electrical Division Assistant (Psychiatry) to Ward Clerk Terminals Division Thomas R. Dugan, Apprentice (Cable (Psychiatry Assistant). Gilbert F. Chase, Leader Liquid Fuels Splicer) (3d year) to Apprentice (Cable Eric C. McDonald, Jr., Nursing Assistant Wharfman to Liquid Fuels Dispatcher. Splicer) (4th year). (Psychiatry) to Pharmacy Assistant. Harold L. Conrad, Liquid Fuels Gager to Lucio Gondola, Maintenanceman to Leader MARINE BUREAU Leader Liquid Fuels Wharfman. Maintenanceman. Cuthbert A. Scales, Leader (Dock Steve- Joseph V. A. Howard, Helper Electronics Locks Division doring) to Lead Foreman (Dock Steve- Mechanic to Truck Driver. Paul W. Bramlett, Leader Lock Operator doring). Joseph M. Evelyn, Laborer (Cleaner), to (Electrician) to Control House Operator. Dazel G. Watson, Lead Foreman Line Helper Electrician (Power Plant). James M. Slover, Charles R. Progler, Lock Handler to Lead Foreman (Dock Steve- Noel U. Baptist, Helper Electrician to Elec- Operators (Electrician) to Leader Lock doring). trical Equipment Repairman (Limited). Operators (Electrician). Jerry R. Escalona, Cargo Marker to Helper Victor M. Branca, Palancaman to Main- Navigation Division Liquid Fuels Gager. tenanceman. Drummond McNaughton, William K. Mor- Frances A. Joliffe, Cargo Marker to Helper Engineering Division gan, Pilots Probationary to Pilots. Liquid Fuels Gager. Jose M. Rivera, Boatman to Surveying Aid. Hamilton I. Slimon, Pilot-in-training to Raymond D. Simons, Helper Liquid Fuels Ebaristo Gomez, Boatman to Surveying Aid. Pilot Probationary. Gager to Liquid Fuels Gager (Limited). Epifanio Perez, Boatman to Surveying Aid. Arcadio V. Herrera, Cargo Marker to Clerk Andrew D. De Sousa, Truck Driver to Mes- OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER (Checker). senger (Motor Vehicle Operator). Mary Lavallee, Extension class teacher to Rafael Castro D., Line Handler to Guard. Thomas Hannigan, Mechanical Engi- J. clerk-Stenographer, Accounting Policies Water Transportation Division neer, Utilities, to Supervisory Mechanical and Procedures Staff. George Hosp, Licensed Junior Engineer Engineer, Utilities. Rose V. C. Brogie, Clerk-Typist to Time, J. to 3d Assistant Engineer. Maintenance Division Leave, and Payroll Clerk, Payroll and Henry A. Tooke, Supervisory Sanitary En- Machine Accounting Branch. OTHERS E. gineer (Supt. Miraflores Filter Plant) to Maritza de Oranges, Clerk-Typist to William Grimes, Auditor, Internal Audit Sanitary Engineer (Assistant to Chief Time, Leave, and Payroll Clerk. Branch. A. Eversley, Water and Laboratories Br.), Miraflores. Norman Office Machine Oper- Robert A. Engelke, Police Sergeant, Police Ray Caldwell, Chief Foreman (Building and ator to Bookkeeping Machine Operator. Division. Public Works) to Foreman (Building and SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY Chiquita C. Cassibry, Management Techni- Public Works). SERVICES cian, Office of Comptroller. George O. Tarflinger, Leader, Refrigeration Lillian M. Vogel, Clerk-Stenographer, E.\- Office of the Director and Air Conditioning, to Lead Foreman ecutive Planning. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Me- Thomas G. Relihan, General Supply Officer Annie R. Rathgeber, Secretary (Typing) chanic. (General Manager, Supply Division) to Office of the Governor-President, Panama Anthony J. Kucikas, Leader Joiner to Lead Program Manager (Deputy Director, Canal Information Office. Foreman (Buildings). Supply and Community Service Bureau, John Y. Wagner, Admeasurer, Navigation Leslie A. Beauchamp, Refrigeration and and General Manager, Supply Division). Division. Air Conditioning Mechanic, to Leader Richard K. Erbe, Administrative Officer to Ethel B. Hettenbach, Nursing Assistant Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Me- Program Manager (Assistant Director, (Medicine and Surgery), Gorgas Hospital. chanic. Supply and Community Service Bureau). (See p. 18)

The Panama Canal Review 17 ^ H I ? ? I N G

New Swedish Ships TRANSITS BY OCEANGOING Fitted for Cruising VESSELS IN A \\'HOLE new fleet of ships is in the FEBRUARY THE FORMER Pacific Steam Naviga- offing for the maritime service between 1964 1963 tion passenger liner Reina del Mar Sweden and the U.S. west coast ports, Commercial 997 841 recentlv made one of her last voyages according to announcements made in U.S. Government 20 13 through the Panama Canal between the the United States by the Swedish-flag Free 7 8 United Kingdom and Chile. The ship Johnson Line. The Johnson Line has had Total 1,024 862 was sold recently to the Travel Savings ships running through the Panama Association in Britain is now being TOLLS' and Canal between Swedish ports and the refitted in Belfast as a cruise liner. She Commercial $5,195,036 $4,314,616 Pacific coast since the Canal was opened. is expected to travel to New York in U.S. Government. 105,930 70,309 The new ships will be larger and June with tourists to the World's Fair

Total. . . . $5,300,966 $4,384,925 faster than the cargo-passenger carriers and will remain at dock as a hotel ship. now in service and they will be fitted CARGO" Later this year, the liner will go to with equipment designed especially for Commercial 6,188,016 4,876,683 Japan with visitors to the Olympic the type of cargo being shipped—mostly U.S. Government. 73,249 74,375 Games. fruit and similar perishables. Their Free 31,320 39,312 As a full time cruise vessel, she will will 20 knots and they will speed exceed have accommodations for approximately Total .... 6,292,585 4,990,370 have a capacit)' of some 12,000 tons as 1,000 passengers and probably will visit compared to the 9,000-ton capacity of * Includes tolls on all vessels, oceangoing and the Canal in the future on a cruise. small. ships in service. the now ® "Cargo figures are in long tons. The Johnson Line, represented locally bv Panama Agencies, has an average of They are a pair of Greek-flag refriger- a ship each week running through the (Continued from p. 17) Canal. ated cargo ships which carry bananas Panama Isabel M. Diaz, Accounting Assistant, Ac- from Ecuador to New York and New counting Division. North Pole-South Pole Orleans and return through the Canal Efrain Scott, Guard, Terminals Division. John H. Flynn, Surveying Aid, Engineering SOMETIMES THE North Pole goes in ballast. The trim 20-knot freighters Division. built in in are owned south and sometimes the South Pole were Spain 1963, Leroy Griffiths, Clerk, Navigation Division. goes north. But the men who run the by two Liberian companies, fly a Greek Cecilio A. Brown, Clerk, Supply Division. Aramis E. Defort, Clerk-Typist, Division of Panama Canal take it in their stride. flag, and are chartered bv the Standard Schools. Even when, one day in April, both the Fruit Co. C. B. Fenton & Co. act as John Diaz. Constable, Magistrate Court, North Pole and South Pole went south. agents at the Canal. Cristobal.

Capl. Allessandro Zerega, left, who was manager of the Italian Line in Cristobal for the past 12 years, gets a certificate of the Master Key to the Panama Canal in the grade of honorary pilot from Axton T. Jones, Transportation and Terminals Director. Mrs. Zerega was a happy spectator at the ceremony. Captain Zerega left the Isthmus in April for Argentina where he will be managing director for the Italian Line.

18 May 1964 FRAMED AND LOCKED UP

The framing in this case was done by a camera and the the official tours conducted by the Canal organization. locking was strictly Panama Canal style and involved Their photographs, viewed by friends at home, tell and tlian bars. But this scene at Miraflores Locks water rather retell the story of the Panama Canal to people everywhere is typical of the one framed in the lenses of cameras carried on earth. This huge cargo ship, and the men who put her by thousands of tourists from every part of the world. through the Canal, serve not only world commerce but During the guided tours, cameras are snapping every the material for the education and enlighten- moment as the guide explains the working of the great also form locks system. Last year, nearly 200,000 tourists went on ment of those everywhere who benefit from the Canal.

The Panama Canal Review 19

H UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

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