Johann Valentin Andreae's Christianopolis; an Ideal State of The
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1 / % f " JOHANN VALENTIN ANDREAE JOHANN VALENTIN ANDREAE'S i%Jk CHRISTlANOPOLIS AN IDEAL STATE OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY BY FELIX EMIL HELD A. B. College of Emporia, Emporia, Kansas, 1902 A. M. College of Emporia, Emporia, Kansas, 1908 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GERMAN IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1914 \<b PREFACE It is my belief that Johann Valentin Andreae represents a very important step in the development of the principles of education and scientific investigation, and that his works, now very little known, deserve worthy recognition in the history of literature. It is the purpose of this investiga- tion to show the value of his writings as those of a great teacher to establish his and reformer ; and especially Utopia, Reipublicae Christianopolitanae Descriptio, in its proper place among the ideal states of the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries. As the Latin original of this Utopia has become quite rare I have made an English translation of it, hoping that thereby the attention of students of litera- ture, philosophy, pedagogy, and sociology may be attracted to this remarkable document. Recognizing the great value of Andreae's work Robert Boyle, as early as 1647, m a letter to Samuel Hartlib, expressed the wish that an English version of it might be made. For my introduction to the subject, and for his assistance and direction in its development, I wish to express my gratitude and appreciation to Professor Julius Goebel, my adviser and teacher. I also acknowledge my sincere thanks to other members of the department of German of the University of Illinois for their interest and helpful sug- gestions. F. E. H. 338597 PREFACE It is my belief that Johann Valentin Andreae represents a very important step in the development of the principles of education and scientific investigation, and that his works, now very little known, deserve worthy recognition in the history of literature. It is the purpose of this investiga- tion to show the value of his writings as those of a great teacher reformer to establish his and ; and especially Utopia, Reipublicae Christianopolitanae Descriptio, in its proper place among the ideal states of the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries. As the Latin original of this Utopia has become quite rare I have made an English translation of it, hoping that thereby the attention of students of litera- ture, philosophy, pedagogy, and sociology may be attracted to this remarkable document. Recognizing the great value of Andreae's work Robert Boyle, as early as 1647, m a letter to Samuel Hartlib, expressed the wish that an English version of it might be made. For my introduction to the subject, and for his assistance and direction in its development, I wish to express my gratitude and appreciation to Professor Julius Goebel, my adviser and teacher. I also acknowledge my sincere thanks to other members of the department of German of the University of Illinois for their interest and helpful sug- gestions. F. E. H. 338597 CONTENTS Preface iii PART I ANDREW'S " CHRISTIANOPOLIS," ITS ORIGIN AND INFLUENCE CHAPTER PAGE I. Introduction 3 Plato's Republic. Discovery of America and its effect on European thought and literature. Robinson Crusoe and forerunners of the same. Andreae and the shipwreck motif. More's Utopia. Andreae's life and works; his relation to education and to educators of the past. Sum- mary of the purpose of the present investigation. " II. More's Utopia/' Campanella's "Civitas " " " Solis and the Christianopolis . 16 Views and opinions of Hiillemann, Mohl, Sig- wart, and later commentators regarding the originality of the Christianopolis. The Chris- tianopolis compared and contrasted with the Utopia and the Civitas Solis. Is it a "copy" of either? The several purposes of More, Campanella, and Andreae. Herder's opinion. Andreae impressed with the government of Geneva. Analysis of the Christianopolis. An- dreae's object, educational and religious re- " form. The founding of a college." The Christianopolis original in form and content. " *' III. The Christianopolis and Francis " " Bacon's New Atlantis . 41 Opposition to Aristotle's deductive reason- ing. Francis Bacon's life and works. The New Atlantis date of composition. Bacon's ambition ; his relation to scholars on the Continent. Ca- saubon, Weckherlin, Matthew. Analysis of the vi Contents CHAPTER PAGE New Atlantis and a comparison with the Christianopolis. Salomon's House and the Col- lege of Six Days' Works. Seeking after "light." Earlier works of Andreae which contain his views the Fama, the Confessio, Die Christen- burg. Bacon's conception of a college is not the first in Utopias. External as well as inner evi- dence make a knowledge of Andreae's works on the part of Bacon extremely likely. " " " " IV. The Christianopolis and Nova Solyma 75 Immediate effect of Andreae's work more noticeable in England than in Germany. Nova Solyma a Utopian romance; date and author. Life of Gott. His association with scholars in the circle of Andreae's friends. The theme and purpose of Nova Solyma. Its close similarity " to the Christianopolis. Light." V. Andrew, the Royal Society of London, and Educational Reform 100 Disciples and followers of Andreae. Come- nius's efforts to carry on regular correspondence with Andreae; his relations to Andreae. Simi- larity of their programs for educational reform. Hartlib; his unique position in England. Dury, religious and educational reformer; his ac- quaintance with Andreae. Figulus. Hiibner. Comenius and Dury invited to England. Robert Boyle. The Invisible College. The Philosophi- cal College. Haacke, a charter member of the Royal Society. Sprat. The Royal Society of London, 1662. Its aims. Relation to similar academies on the Continent. Some important features of the Royal Society could not have come through the New Atlantis, which is usually given as its model. Bibliography 126 Contents vii PART II CHAPTER PAGE Christianopolis 129 Dedicatory 131 To the Reader 133 I. The Reason for the Journey, and the Shipwreck .... 142 II. Driven to the Island, Caphar Salama 143 III. The Origin of Christianopolis . 144 IV. Examination of the Stranger, First, as to His Ideas of Life and His Morals 145 V. Examination, Secondly, as to His Person 146 VI. Examination, Thirdly, as to His Personal Culture . .147 VII. Description of the City . 149 VIII. Agriculture and Animal Hus- bandry 150 IX. Mills and Bakeries . .151 X. The Meat Shop and the Supply House 153 XL Metals and Minerals . .154 XII. Dwellings 155 XIII. Mechanics 156 XIV. Public Prayers 158 XV. Food 159 XVI. Occupations 160 XVII. Vacation Periods 162 XVIII. Rewards 163 XIX. Penalties 164 XX. Nobility ^ XXI. Officials 166 XXII. Public Works , , x 68 Vlll Contents CHAPTER PAGE XXIII. The Homes 169 XXIV. Furniture and Furnishings . .170 XXV. Night Lights 172 XXVI. The College 173 XXVII. The Triumvirate 174 XXVIII. Religion I75 XXIX. Administration of the State . 177 XXX. The Minister or Presbyter . 179 XXXI. Conscience 180 XXXII. The Minister's Assistant or the Diaconus 181 XXXIII. The Judge 183 XXXIV. Understanding 184 XXXV. Measure 185 XXXVI. The Director of Learning . 186 XXXVII. Truth 188 XXXVIII. The Tongue 189 -XXXIX. The Library . .190 XL. The Armory 192 XLI. The Archives 193 XLII. Printing 194 XLIII. The Treasury 195 XLIV. The Laboratory 196 XLV. The Drug Supply House . 198 XLVI. Anatomy 199 XLVII. The Natural Science Laboratory . 200 XLVIII. Painting and Pictures . 202 XLIX. Mathematical Instruments . 203 L. The Mathematics Laboratory . 204 LI. The Departments of Learning . 205 LII. The Teachers 207 LIII. The Pupils 208 LIV. The Nature of Instruction . 209 Contents ix CHAPTER PAGE LV. Grammar, The First Department . 210 LVI. Oratory 212 LVII. The Various Languages . .213 LVIII. Logic, The Second Department . 215 LIX. Metaphysics 216 LX. Theosophy 217 LXI. Arithmetic, The Third Department 219 LXII. Geometry 220 LXIII. Mystic Numbers 221 LXIV. Music, The Fourth Department . 223 LXV. Musical Instruments . 224 LXVI. The Chorus 225 LXVII. Astronomy, The Fifth Department 227 LXVIII. Astrology 228 LXIX The Heaven of the Christians . 229 LXX. Natural Science, the Sixth De- partment 231 LXXI. History 232 LXXII. Church History 233 LXXIII. Ethics, the Seventh Department . 235 LXXIV. The Government 236 LXXV. Christian Poverty .... 238 LXXVI. Theology, the Eighth Department 240 LXXVII. Practice of Theology .... 242 LXXVIII. Prophecies 243 LXXIX. Medicine 245 LXXX. Jurisprudence 246 LXXXI. The Dwellings of the Youth . 247 LXXXII. The Temple 249 LXXXIII. Vocation 250 LXXXIV. Services 252 LXXXV. Sacred Psalmody 253 LXXXVI. The Sacraments 255 x Contents CHAPTER PAGE LXXXVII. Absolution and Excommunication 256 LXXXVIII. Matrimony 258 . LXXXIX. Women . .260 XC. Childbirth 261- XCI. Widowhood 263 XCII. The Council Hall .... 265 XCIII. The Councilmen 266 XCIV. The Gardens 268 XCV. Water 269 XCVI. The Aged 270 XCVII. Foreigners and Paupers . 272 XCVIII. The Sick 273 XCIX. Death 275 C. Burial 276 Conclusion of the Description and Departure of the Stranger. 277 ILLUSTRATIONS Johann Valentin Andreae .... Frontispiece FACING PAGE Ground Plan of Christianopolis Christianopolis . 129 " Title Page of the Original Edition of the Chris- " tianopolis 143 J PART I CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The conception of an ideal state comes down to us from the time of the ancients. Plato's Republic is the expres- sion of the ideal of a philosopher, the representative of the highest culture of his age, who in the time of his maturity, after long association with one of the greatest teachers of his country, after years of travel among different peoples, and a life of close attention to the study of social and politi- cal conditions, reduced the results of his observations and experiences into concrete form. He pictured to his country- men a state, free from the corruptions of extreme license and the dangers of tyranny, and embodying in its laws and institutions the two fundamentals of his governmental ethics man's individual life and personal morality, and his relation and obligations as a member of state and society.