THE AGES DIGITAL LIBRARY REFERENCE CYCLOPEDIA of BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL and ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE Schulthess, Johannes, Dr - Sects, Christian by James Strong & John McClintock To the Students of the Words, Works and Ways of God: Welcome to the AGES Digital Library. We trust your experience with this and other volumes in the Library fulfills our motto and vision which is our commitment to you: MAKING THE WORDS OF THE WISE AVAILABLE TO ALL — INEXPENSIVELY. AGES Software Rio, WI USA Version 1.0 © 2000 2 Schulthess, Johannes, Dr. the Swiss compeer of Paulus and Rohr in the advocacy of the older rationalism, was born Sept. 28, 1763, and received a predominantly philological training. His earliest labors were expended in behalf of reforms in the public schools (see Schweizer Schulfreund, 1812, etc.). His Kinderbibel des alten Testaments and his Schweizer Kinderfreund were highly esteemed as textbooks. He became a professor of the Zurich gymnasium, and prebendary in 1816, and from that time devoted himself to the department of New Test. exegesis. He endeavored to ground his rationalism on the Bible itself, even at the cost of violence to the text. In 1824 he published a commentary on the Epistle of St. James, and in 1822 he gave to the world his dogmatical views, in a pamphlet entitled Rationalism. u. Supranaturalism. Kanon, Tradition u. Scription, a work in which Orelli participated. His Revision d. kirchl. Lehrbegriffs (1823-26) served a similar purpose. From 1826 to 1830 he edited the Annalen founded by Wachler, Schwarz at Heidelberg at the same time publishing a periodical in the interests of his peculiar theological views. In the revived conflict (1820 sq.) respecting the Lord’s supper between the Lutheran and Reformed churches, he gave himself out as the defender of true Zwinglianism (comp. his Evangel. Lehre vom heil. Abendmahl [Leips. 1824]). He likewise felt himself called to resist the movements of his time towards ultramontanism, but no less all tendencies towards “mysticism and pietism.” He had, in short, a thoroughly polemical nature, which involved him in controversies with all who would not adopt his frequently venturesome hypotheses, rationalists no less than orthodox theologians; but in the privacy of social intercourse he displayed, especially in his later years, a friendly, genial spirit, in which nothing of the controversialist was apparent. He also combined with his rationalism a simple piety whose center was a firm faith in the all-controlling goodness of God. After the University of Zurich had been founded, in 1833, Schulthess became ordinary professor in that institution. He had received the degree of doctor in theology from Jena, Nov., 1817. He died Nov. 10, 1836, leaving, as his most important legacy to theological science, an edition of the works of Zwingli which he had published m connection with Schuler. The clergymen trained by him generally entered into different paths from those in which he walked — the older ones through the influence of Schleiermacher, and the younger under the guidance of Nitzsch, Tholuck, Jul. Muller, etc. The most trustworthy source for his biography is the Denkschrift zur hundertjahr. 3 Jubelfier d. Schulthess. Familienfonds, etc., by his son Johann (Zurich, 1859). Schulting, Cornelius, a learned Dutch ecclesiastic, was born at Steenwyk, Overyssel, about 1540. His family was distinguished and honorable. After studying at Cologne, he took the ecclesiastical habit, taught philosophy in the college at Laurentianum, and afterwards became its principal., He had charge of the faculty of arts at Cologne, and was canon of the cathedral. He died April 23, 1604. His writings show erudition and a great range of reading. We mention, Bibliotheca Ecclesiastics. etc (Cologne, 1599, 4 vols. fol.): — Ecelesiasticoe Disciplinoe, etc. (ibid. 1599, 8vo): — Bibliotheca Catholia (ibid. 1602, 2 vols. 4to): — Hierarchica Anacrisis (ibid. 1604, fol.). See Sweert Athenoe Belgicoe; Hartzheim, Bibl. Colon. Schulz, David, a German rationalist, was born in Lower Silesia, Nov. 29, 1779, and after protracted preliminary studies was admitted to the University of Halle in 1803, where he devoted himself largely to philological studies and became strongly interested in the lectures of Fr. A. Wolf. In 1806 he received the degree of Ph.D. and the position of docent in the philosophical faculty of his alma mater. Soon afterwards the university was suspended, and Schulz followed a call to Leipsic in 1807; but on the restoration of the University of Halle he returned and taught successful courses on the classical writers, the books of the New Test., and Roman antiquities. The government of Westphalia recognized his services in 1809 by conferring on him the position of extraordinary professor in theology and philosophy; but having obtained, through the influence of Wolf and W. von Humboldt, an Ordinary professorship of theology at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, he left Halle for that place. In 1810 he received the theological doctorate. In 1811 the university was transferred to Breslau, and from that period Schulz concentrated his energies wholly on the science of theology. His lectures extended over the greater portion of its field, and discussed encyclopaedia, New Test. introduction, criticism, and hermeneutics, exegesis of nearly the entire New Test. Church history, introduction to systematic theology, dogmatics, and repeatedly, for students of the entire university, the nature of Christianity. He delivered the academical address in connection with the tercentenary of the Reformation in 1817, and that of June 25, 1830, in commemoration of 4 the submission of the Augsburg Confession. In 1819 he was made consistorial councillor, and soon afterwards director of the commission of examiners in science, as also director of the pedagogical seminary for learned schools. In 1845 he imprudently signed a declaration against the efforts of a small party in the evangelical Church, which yet was powerful by reason of support from without, and in consequence was deprived of the position of royal consistorial councillor, though permitted to retain the title and emoluments of that office. His influence declined after 1848, as did also his physical energies. The loss of sight compelled his withdrawal from academical occupations during the last years of his life, and, after protracted sufferings, he died Feb. 17, 1854. Schulz’s theological attitude was that of ordinary rationalism. He considered his mission to be the unifying of Christianity and humanity by more clearly apprehending and presenting the fundamental truths of the former, etc. He was not a pioneer, but a Conservative rationalist, and contributed greatly to protract the rule of the rationalist tendency. His exegetical writings are not without scientific value, but those of a polemical character are immoderately violent. All of his writings suffer from diffuseness and repetition. A certain force of individuality must be conceded to him, since he was able to attract large numbers of students to his lectures, which were entirely without arrangement, and was able to exercise an almost intolerable dominion over the entire Church of Silesia during a protracted period, so that the Lutheran separation in that province is often charged to his overbearing influence. His passionate nature could not brook opposition, and rendered it difficult for him to submit to the decrease of his party, which was apparent in his later years. The works of Schulz mostly belong to the departments of exegesis and New Test. text criticism, but are occasionally polemical writings. We mention, Brief an die Hebraer, etc. (Bresl. 1818): — Parabel vom Verwalter, Luc. 16, 1 sq. (ibid. 1821): — Christl. Lehre vom heil. Abendmahl (Leips. 1824; 2d ed., with sketch of doctrine of Lord’s supper, ibid. 1831): — Was heisst Glauben, u. wer sind die Unglaubigen? etc., with supplement discussing original sin (ibid. 1830, 1834): — Geistesgaben d. ersten Christen, etc. (Bresl. 1836): — Prog. de Codice 4 Evangel. Biblioth. Rhedigerianoe, etc. (Vratisl. 1814): — Novum Test. Groece, Textum ad Fidem Codd., Verss. et Patrum rec. et Lect. Var. Adjecit J.J. Griesbach, vol. 1, Evangelia complectens; ed. tertiam emend. et auct. cur. D.S. (Berol. 1827): — Disputatio de Codice D. 5 Cantabrigiensi (Vratisl. 1833): — De Doctorum Academ. Officiis (ibid. 1827): — Theol. Lehrfreiheit auf den evangel. Universitaten u. deren Beschrankung durch symbol. Bucher (Bresl. 1830) (Von Colln being joined with Schulz in the authorship of this work). Schulz, Johann Christoph Fr., a German doctor and professor of theology, was born May 8, 1747, at Wertheim. From 1783 he was professor at Giessen; in 1786 he was made first preacher and superintendent of the Alsfeld diocese, and died Jan. 26, 1806. He wrote, Scholia in Vet. Test. (Norimb. 1797): — Psalmus 49 Varietatibus Lectionis Observationibusque Philologicis Illustratus (Gottingen, 1769, 1771, 2 pts.): —De Ellpsibus Hebraicis, etc. (Lips. 1782-93): — Der 2te Brief Pauli an die Korinther (Halle, 1785, tc.). See Winer, Hand-buch der theol. Literatur. 2, 769; Furst, Bibl. Jud. 3, 295 sq.; Steinschneider, Bibliograph. Handbuch, p. 130. (B.P.) Schulze, Benjamin Wilhelm Dan., a German theologian, was born at Berlin, Jan. 17, 1715, where he also died, March 17, 1790. He wrote, Commentatio et Dissertatio Apologetica, qua Inquiritur, num Puncta Vocalia tw~ Kethib aa Subjecta ad Keri sint Referenda: — Vollstandigere Kritik uber die gewohnlichen Ausgaben der hebr. Bibel, etc. (Berlin, 1764): —Conjecturoe Historico-criticoe