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Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity: Second Edition Peter R Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-64673-4 - Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity: Second Edition Peter R. Bell and Alan R. Hemsley Frontmatter More information Green Plants Their Origin and Diversity The central theme of Green Plants is the astonishing to reflect current views on the origin of the major diversity of forms found in the plant kingdom, from groups of plants and includes information arising the simplicity of prokaryotic algae to the myriad from more recently developed techniques such as complexities of flowering plants. To help the reader cladistic analyses. As such, it provides an up-to-date appreciate this remarkable diversity, the book is and timely resource for students of botany, and also arranged according to generally accepted classifica- for researchers needing a comprehensive reference tion schemes, beginning with algae (both prokary- to the plant kingdom. otic and eukaryotic) and moving through liverworts, hornworts, mosses, fern allies, ferns and gym- Peter Bell is Emeritus Professor of Botany at nosperms to flowering plants. Copiously illustrated University College London. He has spent many years throughout with clear line diagrams and instructive studying plants, particularly the reproductive cells photographs, Green Plants provides a concise account of land plants, and has travelled extensively through- of all algae and land plants, with information on out the world in his capacity as a botanist. He is topics from cellular structure to life cycles and repro- author of The Diversity of Green Plants (1968, 1983, duction. The authors maintain a refreshingly cau- 1992), co-translator of Strasburger’s Textbook of Botany tious and objective approach in discussions of (8th English edition, 1976) and editor of and contrib- possible phylogenetic relationships. Newly emerging utor to Darwin’s Biological Work (1959). information on features of plants known only as fossils is included, providing as complete a history as Alan Hemsley is a Royal Society University possible of the plant kingdom. Throughout the book Research Fellow in the Department of Earth Sciences there are many references to ultrastructural and at the University of Wales Cardiff where his research physiological features which relate growth and form focuses on the evolution of pollen and spore mor- to current concepts in the study of plant develop- phology and vascular plant evolution. ment. This new edition has been completely updated © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-64673-4 - Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity: Second Edition Peter R. Bell and Alan R. Hemsley Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-64673-4 - Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity: Second Edition Peter R. Bell and Alan R. Hemsley Frontmatter More information Green Plants Their Origin and Diversity Second edition Peter R. Bell University College London Alan R. Hemsley University of Wales Cardiff © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-64673-4 - Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity: Second Edition Peter R. Bell and Alan R. Hemsley Frontmatter More information cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao~ Paulo, Delhi cambridge university press Cambridge,Cambridge University New York, PressMelbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao~ Paulo, Delhi The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Cambridge University Press ThePublished Edinburgh in the Building, United Kingdom Cambridge by Cambridge CB2 8RU, University UK Press, New York www.cambridge.orgPublished in the United Kingdom by Cambridge University Press, New York Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521646734 www.cambridge.org ©Information P.R. Bell 1992, on this P.R. title: Bell and www.cambridge.org/9780521646734 A.R. Hemsley 2000 This© P.R. publication Bell 1992, P.R. is in Bell copyright. and A.R. Subject Hemsley to 2000 statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, noThis reproduction publication isof in any copyright. part may Subject take place to statutory without exception theand written to the provisions permission of of relevant Cambridge collective University licensing Press. agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without Firstthe written published permission in North of America Cambridge by Dioscorides University Press.Press (an imprint of Timber Press, Inc.) 1992 First published outsidein North North America America by Dioscorides by Cambridge Press University Press 1992 Reprinted(an imprint with of Timber corrections Press, 1997 Inc.) 1992 SecondFirst published edition 2000outside North America by Cambridge University Press 1992 EighthReprinted printing with corrections2008 1997 Second edition 2000 PrintedEighth printing in the United 2008 Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge APrinted catalogue in the record United for this Kingdom publication at the is available University from Press, the British Cambridge Library LibraryA catalogue of Congress record for Cataloguing this publication in Publication is available data from the British Library Bell, Peter Robert. LibraryGreen of Congress plants Cataloguing : their origin in and Publication diversity data / Peter R. Bell, Alan R. Hemsley. – 2nd ed. Bell, Peterp. Robert. cm. IncludesGreen plants bibliographical : their origin references and diversity (p. ). / Peter R. Bell, Alan R. Hemsley. – 2nd ed. ISBNp. 0 cm. 521 64109 8 (hbk.) – ISBN 0 521 64673 1 (pbk.) 1.Includes Botany. bibliographical 2. Botany–Classification. references (p. 3. ). Plants–Evolution. 4. Plants–Variation. ISBNI. Hemsley, 0 521 64109 Alan Richard. 8 (hbk.) –II. ISBN Title. 0 521 64673 1 (pbk.) QK45.2.B461. Botany. 2000 2. Botany–Classification. 3. Plants–Evolution. 4. Plants–Variation. 581.3I. Hemsley,′8–dc21 Alan 99-047854 Richard. II. Title. QK45.2.B46 2000 ISBN581.3 978-0-521-64673-4′8–dc21 99-047854 paperback ISBN 978-0-521-64673-4 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, andCambridge does not University gaurantee Press that has any no content responsibility on such websitesfor the persistence is, or will remain, or accuracy accurateof URLs for or externalappropriate. or third-party Information internet regarding websites prices, referred travel to timetables in this publication, and other factualand does informationgiveninthiswork not gaurantee that any content are correct on such at websites the time is, of or first will printing remain, but Cambridgeaccurate orUniversity appropriate. 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Hemsley Frontmatter More information Contents Preface to the first edition page ix Preface to the second edition x 1 General features of the plant kingdom 1 Characteristics of the living state 1 Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition 1 Structure of the phototrophic cell 2 Origin of the eukaryotic condition 7 Evolutionary consequences of photosynthesis 10 The mobility of plants 13 Life cycles 13 Life cycles of the transmigrant forms 15 Sexual reproduction in later terrestrial vegetation 16 Classification of the chlorophyllous phototrophs 18 2 The subkingdom Algae: Part 1 19 Biological features of algae 19 Algae in which the chlorophyll is wholly or predominantly chlorophyll a 24 Prokaryotic forms 24 Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) 24 Eukaryotic forms 30 Rhodophyta 30 Bangiophycidae 31 Florideophycidae 33 Life histories of the Rhodophyta 35 Relationships of the Rhodophyta 36 3 The subkingdom Algae: Part 2 38 Algae containing chlorophylls a and b 38 Prokaryotic forms 38 Prochlorophyta 38 Eukaryotic forms 39 Chlorachniophyta 39 Chlorophyta 39 Prasinophyceae 40 Chlorophyceae 40 Ulvophyceae 52 Charophyceae 61 Pleurastrophyceae 71 Evolution within the Chlorophyta 71 Euglenophyta 71 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-64673-4 - Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity: Second Edition Peter R. Bell and Alan R. Hemsley Frontmatter More information vi CONTENTS 4 The subkingdom Algae: Part 3 75 Algae containing chlorophylls a and c 75 Chrysophyta 75 Xanthophyta 77 Bacillariophyta 80 Phaeophyta 83 Haptophyta 93 Dinophyta 94 Cryptophyta 96 Evolutionary trends within the algae 98 Aquatic habitat and evolutionary change 98 Antiquity of the algae 98 Evolution of the vegetative thallus 98 Evolution of sexual reproduction 99 Life histories of algae 100 Importance of the algae in the evolution of plants 101 5 The subkingdom Embryophyta: division Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts) 102 General features of the bryophytes 102 Bryophyta 102 Marchantiopsida (liverworts) 104 Anthocerotopsida (hornworts) 115 Bryopsida (mosses) 117 Relationships of the bryophytes 131 Origin 131 Evolutionary relationships 133 6 The subkingdom Embryophyta (cont.): division Tracheophyta, Part 1 135 Early fossil
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