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The Origin and Early Evolution of Plants on Land
review article The origin and early evolution of plants on land Paul Kenrick & Peter R. Crane . The origin and early evolution of land plants in the mid-Palaeozoic era, between about 480 and 360 million years ago, was an important event in the history of life, with far-reaching consequences for the evolution of terrestrial organisms and global environments. A recent surge of interest, catalysed by palaeobotanical discoveries and advances in the systematics of living plants, provides a revised perspective on the evolution of early land plants and suggests new directions for future research. The origin and early diversification of land plants marks an interval Eoembryophytic (mid-Ordovician [early Llanvirn: ϳ476 Myr] to of unparalleled innovation in the history of plant life. From a simple Early Silurian [late Llandovery: ϳ432 Myr])3. Spore tetrads (com- plant body consisting of only a few cells, land plants (liverworts, prising four membrane-bound spores; Fig. 2d) appear over a broad hornworts, mosses and vascular plants) evolved an elaborate two- geographic area in the mid-Ordovician and provide the first good phase life cycle and an extraordinary array of complex organs and evidence of land plants3,26,29. The combination of a decay-resistant tissue systems. Specialized sexual organs (gametangia), stems with wall (implying the presence of sporopollenin) and tetrahedral an intricate fluid transport mechanism (vascular tissue), structural configuration (implying haploid meiotic products) is diagnostic tissues (such as wood), epidermal structures for respiratory gas of land plants. The precise relationships of the spore producers exchange (stomates), leaves and roots of various kinds, diverse within land plants are controversial, but evidence of tetrads and spore-bearing organs (sporangia), seeds and the tree habit had all other spore types (such as dyads) in Late Silurian and Devonian evolved by the end of the Devonian period. -
International Organisation of Palaeobotany IOP NEWSLETTER
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOLOGIC A L S C IENC ES S ECTION FOR P A L A EOBOTANY International Organisation of Palaeobotany IOP NEWSLETTER 110 August 2016 CONTENTS FROM THE SECRETARY/TREASURER IPC XIV/IOPC X 2016 IOPC 2020 IOP MEMBERSHIP IOP EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ELECTIONS IOP WEBMASTER POSITION WHAT HAPPENED TO THE OUPH COLLECTIONS? THE PALAEOBOTANY OF ITALY UPCOMING MEETINGS CALL FOR NEWS and NOTES The views expressed in the newsletter are those of its correspondents, and do not necessarily reflect the policy of IOP. Please send us your contributions for the next edition of our newsletter (June 2016) by M ay 30th, 2016. President: Johanna Eder-Kovar (G ermany) Vice Presidents: Bob Spicer (Great Britain), Harufumi Nishida (Japan), M ihai Popa (Romania) M embers at Large: Jun W ang (China), Hans Kerp (Germany), Alexej Herman (Russia) Secretary/Treasurer/Newsletter editor: M ike Dunn (USA) Conference/Congress Chair: Francisco de Assis Ribeiro dos Santos IOP Logo: The evolution of plant architecture (© by A. R. Hemsley) I OP 110 2 August 2016 FROM THE In addition, please send any issues that you think need to be addressed at the Business SECRETARY/TREASURER meeting. I will add those to the Agenda. Dear IOP Members, Respectfully, Mike I am happy to report, that IOP seems to be on track and ready for a new Executive Council to take over. The elections are IPC XIV/IOPC X 2016 progressing nicely and I will report the results in the September/October Newsletter. The one area that is still problematic is the webmaster position. We really to talk amongst ourselves, and find someone who is willing and able to do the job. -
New Paleobotanical Data on the Portuguese Pennsylvanian (Douro Carboniferous Basin, NW Portugal)
Versão online: http://www.lneg.pt/iedt/unidades/16/paginas/26/30/185 Comunicações Geológicas (2014) 101, Especial I, 409-414 IX CNG/2º CoGePLiP, Porto 2014 ISSN: 0873-948X; e-ISSN: 1647-581X New paleobotanical data on the Portuguese Pennsylvanian (Douro Carboniferous Basin, NW Portugal) Novos dados paleobotânicos do Pensilvaniano português (Bacia Carbonífera do Douro, NW Portugal) P. Correia1*, Z. Šimůnek2, J. Pšenička3, A. A. Sá4,5, R. Domingos6, A. Carneiro7, D. Flores1,7 Artigo Curto Short Article © 2014 LNEG – Laboratório Nacional de Geologia e Energia IP Abstract: This paper describes nine new macrofloral taxa from 1. Introduction Douro Carboniferous Basin (lower Gzhelian) of Portugal. The plant assemblage is mainly composed by pteridophylls (Sphenopteriss The fossil flora of Carboniferous of Portugal is still little arberi Kidston, Sphenopteris fayoli Zeiller, Sphenopteris tenuis known. The new megafloral occurrences recently found in Schenk, Odontopteris schlotheimii Brongniart), sphenopsids the Upper Pennsylvanian strata of Douro Carboniferous (Annularia spicata Gutbier, Stellotheca robusta (Feistmantel) Basin (DCB) provide new and important data about Surange and Prakash, Calamostachys grandis Zeiller (Jongmans) and Calamostachys calathifera Sterzel) besides the gymnosperm paleobotanical richness and diversity of the Paleozoic Cordaites foliolatus Grand`Eury. The new data provide a better floras of Portugal offering more information to previous understating of the knowledge of Late Carboniferous floras of researches reported from diverse localities and by different Portugal, showing the high plant diversity of Gzhelian floras, when authors (e.g. Wenceslau de Lima, Bernardino António considerable changes in paleogeography and climate dynamics are Gomes, Carlos Ribeiro, Carríngton da Costa, Carlos evidenced in Euramerican floristic assemblages. -
Botany (Effective from 2018 Admissions)
C. M. S. COLLEGE KOTTAYAM KERALA SYLLABUS FOR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN BOTANY (EFFECTIVE FROM 2018 ADMISSIONS) RECOMMENDED BY: BOARD OF STUDIES, BOTANY C. M. S. COLLEGE, KOTTAYAM B Sc BotanySyllabus 2018 Admissiononwards B. Sc. BOTANY PROGRAMME PROGRAMME DESIGN The UG programme in Botany must include (a) Common Courses*, (b) Core Courses (c) Complementary Courses (d) Open Course (e) Choice based Course and (f) Projectwork. No course shall carry more than 5 credits. The student shall select one Open course in Semester V offered by different departments in the same institution. The number of courses for the programme should contain 12 compulsory core courses,1 open course,1 elective course from the frontier area of the core courses, 6 core practical courses, 1project work, 8 complementary courses and 2 complementary practical courses. There should be 10 common courses,or otherwise specified, which includes the first and second language of study. PROGRAMME STRUCTURE: SUMMARY OF COURSES AND CREDITS No.of Total Sl. No. Coursetype courses credits 1 Common course I-English 6 22 2 Common course II– Additionallanguage 4 16 3 Core + Practical 12 + 6 46 4 ComplementaryI+ Practical 4 + 2 14 5 ComplementaryII+ Practical 4 + 2 14 6 Opencourse 1 3 7 Programme elective 1 3 8 Project work 1 2 Total 43 120 Totalcredits 120 Programme duration 6 Semesters Minimum attendance required 75% *Course: a segment of subject matter to be covered in a semester. Each course is designed variously under lectures /tutorials /laboratory or fieldwork /seminar /project /practical training /assignments /evalution etc., to meet effective teaching and learning needs. -
Delayed Fungal Evolution Did Not Cause the Paleozoic Peak in Coal Production
Delayed fungal evolution did not cause the Paleozoic peak in coal production Matthew P. Nelsena, William A. DiMicheleb, Shanan E. Petersc, and C. Kevin Boycea,1 aGeological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; bDepartment of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; and cDepartment of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 Edited by Hermann W. Pfefferkorn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, and accepted by the Editorial Board December 16, 2015 (received for review September 8, 2015) Organic carbon burial plays a critical role in Earth systems, influenc- concentrations of atmospheric O2 in Earth history, with broad ing atmospheric O2 and CO2 concentrations and, thereby, climate. evolutionary ramifications (8). The Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic is so named for massive, Why is coal so abundant in late Paleozoic rocks? It has been widespread coal deposits. A widely accepted explanation for this speculated that plant decomposers, especially the saprotrophic peak in coal production is a temporal lag between the evolution of fungi critical to modern ecosystems (9), were absent or in- abundant lignin production in woody plants and the subsequent efficient during the Carboniferous, resulting in massive accu- evolution of lignin-degrading Agaricomycetes fungi, resulting in a mulations of organic matter (10). A subsequent argument further period when vast amounts of lignin-rich plant material accumulated. suggested Carboniferous plants possessed high lignin content, Here, we reject this evolutionary lag hypothesis, based on assess- and fungal metabolism for lignin degradation was inefficient or ment of phylogenomic, geochemical, paleontological, and strati- had not yet evolved (11, 12). More recently, the evolution of graphic evidence. -
Bibliography of Isoetes
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ISOETES ALLEN, B.M. 1975. A note on the distribution of Isoetes in the Cadiz Province, Spain. Fern Gaz. (U.K.) 11 (2-3): 163-164 (1975). ALONSO, PAZ, E. 1989. Notas sobre plantas nuevas o interesantes para la flora Uruguaya: 1. (Notes on new or interesting plants for the Uruguayan flora: 1.) Comun. Bot. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo 5 (91): 1-4 (1989) - Isoetes pp.2-3 ALSTON, A.H.G. 1982. Isoetaceae: 1. In Steenis, C.G.G.J. van, Holttum, R. E., eds. Flora Malesiana, series 2. Pteridophytes, volume 1. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr. W. Junk Publ. 62-64 (1982)- illus., chrom. nos., key. ANDREIS, C., RODONDI, G. 1987. Alcune stazioni di Isoetes echinospora Dur. nel Bresciano e osservazioni al SEM delle spore delle Isoetes della flora Italica. Natura Bresciana no.23: 119-130 (1986 publ. 1987) - illus., maps. 4, ANTHONY, N.C., & E.A. SCHELPE, 1985. Two new taxa and a new combination in southern African Pteridophyta. Bothalia, 15 (3 & 4): 554-555 (1985) ARREGUIN-SANCHEZ, M., 1986. Nuevos registros y taxa interesantes de pteridofitas del Valle de Mexico. (Isoetaceae, Psilotaceae y Selaginellaceae) Phytologia 59 (7): 451-453 (1986) ASH, S., & K.B. PIGG. 1991. A new Jurassic Isoetites (Isoetales) from the Wallowa Terrane in Hells Canyon Oregon and Idaho. Amer. J. Bot. 78: 1636-1642. BAJPAI, U., & H.K. MAHESHWARI,1985. EM studies on the megaspores of Isoetes coromandelina. Phytomorphology, 34 (1-4): 226-231 (1984 publ. 1985) - illus. BALDWIN, W.K.W. 1933. The organization of the young sporophyte of Isoetes engelmanni, A. -
Seed Plant Phylogeny: Demise of the Anthophyte Hypothesis? Michael J
bb10c06.qxd 02/29/2000 04:18 Page R106 R106 Dispatch Seed plant phylogeny: Demise of the anthophyte hypothesis? Michael J. Donoghue* and James A. Doyle† Recent molecular phylogenetic studies indicate, The first suggestions that Gnetales are related to surprisingly, that Gnetales are related to conifers, or angiosperms were based on several obvious morphological even derived from them, and that no other extant seed similarities — vessels in the wood, net-veined leaves in plants are closely related to angiosperms. Are these Gnetum, and reproductive organs made up of simple, results believable? Is this a clash between molecules unisexual, flower-like structures, which some considered and morphology? evolutionary precursors of the flowers of wind-pollinated Amentiferae, but others viewed as being reduced from Addresses: *Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. †Section of Evolution and more complex flowers in the common ancestor of Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. angiosperms, Gnetales and Mesozoic Bennettitales [1]. E-mail: [email protected] These ideas went into eclipse with evidence that simple [email protected] flowers really are a derived, rather than primitive, feature Current Biology 2000, 10:R106–R109 of the Amentiferae, and that vessels arose independently in angiosperms and Gnetales. Vessels in angiosperms 0960-9822/00/$ – see front matter seem derived from tracheids with scalariform pits, whereas © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. in Gnetales they resemble tracheids with circular bor- dered pits, as in conifers. Gnetales are also like conifers in These are exciting times for those interested in plant lacking scalariform pitting in the primary xylem, and in evolution. -
Life and Time of Indian Williamsonia
Life and time of Indian Williamsonia )ayasri Banerji Banerji, J 1992. Life and time of Indian Williamsonia. Palaeobotanist 40 : 245-259. The Williamsonia plant, belonging to the order Bennettitales, consists of stem-Bucklandia Presl, leaf Ptilophyllum Morris, male flower- Weltrichia Braun and female flower- Williamsonia Carruthers. This plant was perhaps a small, much branched woody tree of xerophytic environment. It co-existed alongwith extremely variable and rich flora including highly diversified plant groups from algae to gymnosperms. In India, it appeared during the marine Jurassic, proliferated and widely distributed in the Lower Cretaceous and disappeared from the vegetational scenario of Upper Cretaceous Period with the advent of angiosperms. Key-words-Bennettitales, Williamsonia, Jurassic-Cretaceous (India). jayasri Baner}i, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow 226007, India. ri~T ~ 'lfmftq- fili'<1QQ«lf.:lQi "" om~~ "l?li'O'$i'OI<1fl \f>'f it ~ filf<1QQ«lf.:lQi qtfr if ~ ~ 3!<'flT-3!<'flT 'lTIif it ~ "lTif t W'I'T CAT-~ m, ~ ~ ~it ~fu;m;;mrr~1 ~qtm~~ <ffir ll~<'ilf4>~<'1'i"li'tfGr, "''!'''l ~~?l~Ti:t>Qi <ilf.1 'I"lT filf<1QQ«lf.:lQi ~ ~ ~ f;;ru-if.~ ~ 61'1'~dOl'h\'i if m <'IT<'1T ~ Wc:r, 3!fuq,iffiliOlT3if it ~ ¥i "IT' ~ it il'1f4ff1"1ld, it if qtfr ~ 'it, q;r tt ~ ~tl W'I'T~~'-I'<"1if~~3lT, 3Tahmm'-l'<"1if~~~-~'d"f~<f"lT'3'1f'<mm~ ~ ~ ~ ~ if qtm if if t1T"f -flT"f lIT lfllT' LIFE OF WILLIAMSONIA PLANT B. dichotoma Sharma. In B. indica Seward, the secondary wood is more compact than recent cycads In the Upper Mesozoic Era, a new group of and cycadeoids. -
JUDD W.S. Et. Al. (2002) Plant Systematics: a Phylogenetic Approach. Chapter 7. an Overview of Green
UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS An Overview of Green Plant Phylogeny he word plant is commonly used to refer to any auto- trophic eukaryotic organism capable of converting light energy into chemical energy via the process of photosynthe- sis. More specifically, these organisms produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll inside of organelles called chloroplasts. Sometimes the term plant is extended to include autotrophic prokaryotic forms, especially the (eu)bacterial lineage known as the cyanobacteria (or blue- green algae). Many traditional botany textbooks even include the fungi, which differ dramatically in being heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that enzymatically break down living or dead organic material and then absorb the simpler products. Fungi appear to be more closely related to animals, another lineage of heterotrophs characterized by eating other organisms and digesting them inter- nally. In this chapter we first briefly discuss the origin and evolution of several separately evolved plant lineages, both to acquaint you with these important branches of the tree of life and to help put the green plant lineage in broad phylogenetic perspective. We then focus attention on the evolution of green plants, emphasizing sev- eral critical transitions. Specifically, we concentrate on the origins of land plants (embryophytes), of vascular plants (tracheophytes), of 1 UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS 2 CHAPTER SEVEN seed plants (spermatophytes), and of flowering plants dons.” In some cases it is possible to abandon such (angiosperms). names entirely, but in others it is tempting to retain Although knowledge of fossil plants is critical to a them, either as common names for certain forms of orga- deep understanding of each of these shifts and some key nization (e.g., the “bryophytic” life cycle), or to refer to a fossils are mentioned, much of our discussion focuses on clade (e.g., applying “gymnosperms” to a hypothesized extant groups. -
Evolution of the Female Conifer Cone Fossils, Morphology and Phylogenetics
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EVOLUTION OF THE FEMALE CONIFER CONE FOSSILS, MORPHOLOGY AND PHYLOGENETICS Daniel Bäck Degree project for Bachelor of Science with a major in Biology BIO602, Biologi: Examensarbete – kandidatexamen, 15 hp First cycle Semester/year: Spring 2020 Supervisor: Åslög Dahl, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Examiner: Claes Persson, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Front page: Abies koreana (immature seed cones), Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Sweden Table of contents 1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 2 2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Brief history of Florin’s research ............................................................................... 3 2.2 Progress in conifer phylogenetics .............................................................................. 4 3 Aims .................................................................................................................................... 4 4 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................ 4 4.1 Literature: ................................................................................................................... 4 4.2 RStudio: ..................................................................................................................... -
Subclase Equisetidae ¿Tienes Alguna Duda, Sugerencia O Corrección Acerca De Este Taxón? Envíanosla Y Con Gusto La Atenderemos
subclase Equisetidae ¿Tienes alguna duda, sugerencia o corrección acerca de este taxón? Envíanosla y con gusto la atenderemos. Ver todas las fotos etiquetadas con Equisetidae en Banco de Imagénes » Descripción de WIKIPEDIAES Ver en Wikipedia (español) → Ver Pteridophyta para una introducción a las plantas Equisetos vasculares sin semilla Rango temporal: Devónico-Holoceno PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Los equisetos , llamados Equisetidae en la moderna clasificación de Christenhusz et al. 2011,[1] [2] [3] o también Equisetopsida o Equisetophyta, y en paleobotánica es más común Sphenopsida, son plantas vasculares afines a los helechos que aparecieron en el Devónico, pero que actualmente sobrevive únicamente el género Equisetum, si bien hay representantes de órdenes extintos que se verán en este artículo. Este grupo es monofilético, aun con sus representantes extintos, debido a su morfología distintiva. Son plantas pequeñas, aunque en el pasado una variedad de calamitácea alcanzó los 15 metros durante el pérmico.[4] Índice 1 Filogenia 1.1 Ecología y evolución 2 Taxonomía 2.1 Sinonimia Variedades de Equisetum 2.2 Sistema de Christenhusz et al. 2011 Taxonomía 2.3 Clasificación sensu Smith et al. 2006 2.4 Otras clasificaciones Reino: Plantae 3 Caracteres Viridiplantae 4 Véase también Streptophyta 5 Referencias Streptophytina 6 Bibliografía Embryophyta (sin rango) 7 Enlaces externos Tracheophyta Euphyllophyta Monilophyta Filogenia[editar] Equisetopsida o Sphenopsida Introducción teórica en Filogenia Clase: C.Agardh 1825 / Engler 1924 Equisetidae Los análisis moleculares y genéticos de filogenia solo Subclase: se pueden hacer sobre representantes vivientes, Warm. 1883 como circunscripto según Smith et al. (2006) (ver la Órdenes ficha), al menos Equisetales es monofilético (Pryer et Equisetales (DC. -
A Comparative Study of the Primary Vascular System Of
ArneI'. J. Bot. 5.5(4): 447-457. 1968. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PRIMARY VASCULAR SYSTElVI OF CONIFERS. 1. GENERA WITH HELICAL PHYLLOTAXISl KADAMBARI K. N AMBOODIRI2 AND CHARLES B. BECK Department of Botany, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor ABSTRACT The primary vascular system of 23 species belonging to 18 genera of conifers with helical phyllotaxis has been investigated with the intent of determining the architecture .f the system. Special attention has been given to nodal and subnodal relations of the vascular bundles. The vascular system seems to be composed solely of relatively discrete sympodia, that is, axial vascu lar bundles from which leaf traces branch unilaterally. Although the discreteness of the syrn podia is not immediately apparent because of their undulation and lateral contacts with neigh boring ones, close examination, including a statistical analysis of the tangential contacts, seems to reveal that each sympodium maintains its identity throughout. Although two traces may be apparent at nodal levels, the trace supply to a leaf originates, in all species, as a single bundle. An analysis is made of the relationship between the vasculature and the phyllotaxis. It is ob served that the direction of trace divergence can be accurately predicted when the direction of the ontogenetic spiral, the angle of divergence of leaf traces, and the number of syrnpodia are known. THE ORIGIN and evolution of gymnosperms that of the ferns by reduction (Jeffrey, 1902, are significant problems that deserve increased 1917). Consequently, he considered the leaf gap attention. There have been few modern compara of seed plants to be homologous with that of tive studies of extant gymnosperms, and most the ferns.