Programa Paleobotanica 2007
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The Origin and Early Evolution of Plants on Land
review article The origin and early evolution of plants on land Paul Kenrick & Peter R. Crane . The origin and early evolution of land plants in the mid-Palaeozoic era, between about 480 and 360 million years ago, was an important event in the history of life, with far-reaching consequences for the evolution of terrestrial organisms and global environments. A recent surge of interest, catalysed by palaeobotanical discoveries and advances in the systematics of living plants, provides a revised perspective on the evolution of early land plants and suggests new directions for future research. The origin and early diversification of land plants marks an interval Eoembryophytic (mid-Ordovician [early Llanvirn: ϳ476 Myr] to of unparalleled innovation in the history of plant life. From a simple Early Silurian [late Llandovery: ϳ432 Myr])3. Spore tetrads (com- plant body consisting of only a few cells, land plants (liverworts, prising four membrane-bound spores; Fig. 2d) appear over a broad hornworts, mosses and vascular plants) evolved an elaborate two- geographic area in the mid-Ordovician and provide the first good phase life cycle and an extraordinary array of complex organs and evidence of land plants3,26,29. The combination of a decay-resistant tissue systems. Specialized sexual organs (gametangia), stems with wall (implying the presence of sporopollenin) and tetrahedral an intricate fluid transport mechanism (vascular tissue), structural configuration (implying haploid meiotic products) is diagnostic tissues (such as wood), epidermal structures for respiratory gas of land plants. The precise relationships of the spore producers exchange (stomates), leaves and roots of various kinds, diverse within land plants are controversial, but evidence of tetrads and spore-bearing organs (sporangia), seeds and the tree habit had all other spore types (such as dyads) in Late Silurian and Devonian evolved by the end of the Devonian period. -
International Organisation of Palaeobotany IOP NEWSLETTER
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOLOGIC A L S C IENC ES S ECTION FOR P A L A EOBOTANY International Organisation of Palaeobotany IOP NEWSLETTER 110 August 2016 CONTENTS FROM THE SECRETARY/TREASURER IPC XIV/IOPC X 2016 IOPC 2020 IOP MEMBERSHIP IOP EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ELECTIONS IOP WEBMASTER POSITION WHAT HAPPENED TO THE OUPH COLLECTIONS? THE PALAEOBOTANY OF ITALY UPCOMING MEETINGS CALL FOR NEWS and NOTES The views expressed in the newsletter are those of its correspondents, and do not necessarily reflect the policy of IOP. Please send us your contributions for the next edition of our newsletter (June 2016) by M ay 30th, 2016. President: Johanna Eder-Kovar (G ermany) Vice Presidents: Bob Spicer (Great Britain), Harufumi Nishida (Japan), M ihai Popa (Romania) M embers at Large: Jun W ang (China), Hans Kerp (Germany), Alexej Herman (Russia) Secretary/Treasurer/Newsletter editor: M ike Dunn (USA) Conference/Congress Chair: Francisco de Assis Ribeiro dos Santos IOP Logo: The evolution of plant architecture (© by A. R. Hemsley) I OP 110 2 August 2016 FROM THE In addition, please send any issues that you think need to be addressed at the Business SECRETARY/TREASURER meeting. I will add those to the Agenda. Dear IOP Members, Respectfully, Mike I am happy to report, that IOP seems to be on track and ready for a new Executive Council to take over. The elections are IPC XIV/IOPC X 2016 progressing nicely and I will report the results in the September/October Newsletter. The one area that is still problematic is the webmaster position. We really to talk amongst ourselves, and find someone who is willing and able to do the job. -
IGCP 632, the Jurassic–Cretaceous Transition In
IGCP 79 IGCP 632, The Jurassic–Cretaceous transition in North Eastern China (western Liaoning and Inner Mongolia): An IGCP meeting and field excursion on the conti- nental Jurassic Jingeng Sha1, Yanhong Pan1, Enpu Gong2, and Vivi Vajda3* 1 LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology & Paleontology, Nanjing 210008, China 2 Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China 3 Swedish Museum of Natural History, Frescativägen 40, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden, *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] Exposures of strata spanning the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary been discovered. However, the correlation of the various lithostrati- occur within several basins in western Liaoning and adjacent Inner graphic units in this area is complicated due to patchy exposures and Mongolia. These continental successions host world-renowned plant the scarcity of radiometric constraints, which pose a challenge to researchers and animal fossils including feathered dinosaurs and the oldest flow- working on these deposits. ering plant, Archaeofructus. The first feathered dinosaurs from north- To understand the stratigraphy and context of the Jurassic–Creta- eastern China where found about 20 years ago and created a major ceous biota in Liaoning province, the second IGCP-632 symposium impact in science and the media. Since then, many new specimens have was organized in Liaoning, including a two-day presentation (Sep- Figure 1. (A) Sketch map over the field excursion area in north-eastern China. (B) enlargement of the field region showing the localities of the field stops. Episodes Vol. 40, no. 1 80 intracontinental orogenic system, the Yanshan Movement, and creating a new basin-range system in east Asia. Vivi Vajda presented new results (Peterffy et al., 2015; Vajda et al., 2016) where she compre- hensively analyzed the end-Triassic mass extinc- tion and aftermath and its causal mechanisms, particularly stressing the affects of Jurassic vol- canism in disrupting the major ecosystems but also its importance for fossilization. -
The Jurassic Fossil Wood Diversity from Western Liaoning, NE China
Jiang et al. Journal of Palaeogeography (2019) 8:1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42501-018-0018-y Journal of Palaeogeography RESEARCH Open Access The Jurassic fossil wood diversity from western Liaoning, NE China Zi-Kun Jiang1,2, Yong-Dong Wang2,3*, Ning Tian4,5, Ao-Wei Xie2,6, Wu Zhang7, Li-Qin Li2 and Min Huang1 Abstract Western Liaoning is a unique region in China that bears diverse types of Jurassic plants, including leaves, fern rhizomes, and wood, providing significant proxy for vegetation and palaeoenvironment reconstruction of the well-known Yanliao Flora in East Asia. In particular, the silicified wood is very abundant in the fossil Lagerstätte of the Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation in Beipiao, western Liaoning. Previous and recent systematic investigations documented a high diversity of the Jurassic wood assemblages. These assemblages are dominated by conifers, followed by cycads and ginkgoaleans. In total, about 30 species belonging to 21 genera of fossil wood have been recorded so far, which are represented by Cycadopsida, Ginkgopsida, Coniferopsida, and Gymnospermae incertae sedis. The evolutionary implications of several distinctive fossil wood taxa as well as palaeoclimate implications are summarized based on their anatomical structures and growth ring patterns. This work approaches the vegetation development and evolutionary significances of the wood taxa and their relatives, and provides clues for the further understanding of the diversity of the Jurassic Yanliao Flora in East Asia. Keywords: Fossil wood, Diversity, Evolution, Tiaojishan Formation, Jurassic 1 Introduction 2004;Wangetal.,2009). Among these localities, western Fossil floras are a significant record for the vegetation Liaoning is a well-known fossil Lagerstätte with diverse and for the palaeoenvironment reconstructions of the and well-preserved fossil plant foliages and wood (Zhang Mesozoic. -
Plant Mobility in the Mesozoic Disseminule Dispersal Strategies Of
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 515 (2019) 47–69 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Plant mobility in the Mesozoic: Disseminule dispersal strategies of Chinese and Australian Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous plants T ⁎ Stephen McLoughlina, , Christian Potta,b a Palaeobiology Department, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden b LWL - Museum für Naturkunde, Westfälisches Landesmuseum mit Planetarium, Sentruper Straße 285, D-48161 Münster, Germany ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Four upper Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous lacustrine Lagerstätten in China and Australia (the Daohugou, Seed dispersal Talbragar, Jehol, and Koonwarra biotas) offer glimpses into the representation of plant disseminule strategies Zoochory during that phase of Earth history in which flowering plants, birds, mammals, and modern insect faunas began to Anemochory diversify. No seed or foliage species is shared between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere fossil sites and Hydrochory only a few species are shared between the Jurassic and Cretaceous assemblages in the respective regions. Free- Angiosperms sporing plants, including a broad range of bryophytes, are major components of the studied assemblages and Conifers attest to similar moist growth habitats adjacent to all four preservational sites. Both simple unadorned seeds and winged seeds constitute significant proportions of the disseminule diversity in each assemblage. Anemochory, evidenced by the development of seed wings or a pappus, remained a key seed dispersal strategy through the studied interval. Despite the rise of feathered birds and fur-covered mammals, evidence for epizoochory is minimal in the studied assemblages. Those Early Cretaceous seeds or detached reproductive structures bearing spines were probably adapted for anchoring to aquatic debris or to soft lacustrine substrates. -
S1. List of Taxa Included in the Disparity Analysis and the Phylogenetic Alysis, with Main References
S1. List of taxa included in the disparity analysis and the phylogenetic alysis, with main references. Taxa in bold are included in the phylogenetic analysis; taxa also indicated by * are included only in the phylogenetic analysis and not in the disparity analysis. Three unpublished arborescent taxa were included on the basis that they showed additional anatomical diversity. 1 Callixylon trunk from the Late Devonian of Marrocco showing large sclerotic nests in pith; 2 Axis from the late Tournaisian of Algeria, previously figured in Galtier (1988), and Galtier & Meyer-Berthaud (2006); 3 Trunk from the late Viséan of Australia. All these specimens and corresponding slides are currently kept in the Paleobotanical collections, Service des Collections, Université Montpellier II, France, under the specimen numbers 600/2/3, JC874 and YB1-2. Main reference Psilophyton* Banks et al., 1975 Aneurophytales Rellimia thomsonii Dannenhoffer & Bonamo, 2003; --- Dannenhoffer et al., 2007. Tetraxylopteris schmidtii Beck, 1957. Proteokalon petryi Scheckler & Banks, 1971. Triloboxylon arnoldii Stein & Beck, 1983. s m Archaeopteridales Callixylon brownii Hoskin & Cross, 1951. r e Callixylon erianum Arnold, 1930. p s o Callixylon huronensis Chitaley & Cai, 2001. n Callixylon newberry Arnold, 1931. m y g Callixylon trifilievii Lemoigne et al., 1983. o r Callixylon zalesskyi Arnold, 1930. P Callixylon sp. Meyer-Berthaud, unpublished data1. Eddya sullivanensis Beck, 1967. Protopityales Protopitys buchiana Scott, 1923; Galtier et al., 1998. P. scotica Walton, 1957. Protopitys sp. Decombeix et al., 2005. Elkinsiales Elkinsia polymorpha Serbet & Rothwell, 1992. Buteoxylales Buteoxylon gordonianum Barnard &Long, 1973; Matten et al., --- 1980. Triradioxylon primaevum Barnard & Long, 1975. Lyginopteridales Laceya hibernica May & Matten, 1983. Tristichia longii Galtier, 1977. -
SYSTÉMATIQUE DES EMBRYOPHYTES Document Illustrant Plus Particulièrement Les Taxons Européens Version 4 Octobre 2007
Université Pierre et Marie Curie (PARIS 6) Préparation à l’agrégation SVSTU, secteur B SYSTÉMATIQUE DES EMBRYOPHYTES Document illustrant plus particulièrement les taxons européens version 4 octobre 2007 Catherine Reeb, Préparation agrégation SVSTU, UPMC Jean-Yves Dubuisson, Laboratoire Paléobotanique et Paléoécologie, équipe Paléodiversité, systématique et évolution des Embryophytes, UPMC Dessin de couverture : extrait d’un traité botanique tibétain Pour Garance Remerciements: merci à Jean et Monique Duperon pour les clés de détermination des familles d’Angiospermes, à A.M pour la reproduction de couverture, à Michaël Manuel et Eric Queinnec pour la partie I de l’introduction. Egalement à tous les illustrateurs qui ont autorisé l’utilisation de leurs documents mis en ligne sur Internet : Françoise Gantet, Prof. I. Foissner, Association Endemia de Nouvelle Calédonie. 1 Table des matières Introduction 3 Les données essentielles pour l’agrégation . 5 I Systématique générale des Embryophytes 6 I.1 Caractères des Embryophytes . 6 I.2 La place des Embryophytes au sein de la lignée verte . 7 I.3 Le groupe frère des Embryophytes . 7 I.4 Relations au sein des Embryophytes :les points acquis aujourd’hui . 8 I.4.1 Marchantiophytes, Bryophytes, Anthocérotophytes à la base des Embryophytes . 8 I.4.2 Les Trachéophytes ou plantes vasculaires, un groupe monophylétique . 9 I.4.3 Les Spermatophytes ou plantes à ovules, un groupe monophylétique . 9 I.5 Quelques points encore en discussion . 11 I.5.1 Position et relations des trois clades basaux (Bryophytes, Marchantiophytes et Anthocérotophytes) 11 I.5.2 Relations au sein des Spermatophytes :l’hypothèse "Gnepine" . 13 II Les principaux clades d’Embryophytes 15 II.1 MARCHANTIOPHYTA:Les Marchantiophytes ou Hépatiques . -
Earliest Record of Megaphylls and Leafy Structures, and Their Initial Diversification
Review Geology August 2013 Vol.58 No.23: 27842793 doi: 10.1007/s11434-013-5799-x Earliest record of megaphylls and leafy structures, and their initial diversification HAO ShouGang* & XUE JinZhuang Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Received January 14, 2013; accepted February 26, 2013; published online April 10, 2013 Evolutionary changes in the structure of leaves have had far-reaching effects on the anatomy and physiology of vascular plants, resulting in morphological diversity and species expansion. People have long been interested in the question of the nature of the morphology of early leaves and how they were attained. At least five lineages of euphyllophytes can be recognized among the Early Devonian fossil plants (Pragian age, ca. 410 Ma ago) of South China. Their different leaf precursors or “branch-leaf com- plexes” are believed to foreshadow true megaphylls with different venation patterns and configurations, indicating that multiple origins of megaphylls had occurred by the Early Devonian, much earlier than has previously been recognized. In addition to megaphylls in euphyllophytes, the laminate leaf-like appendages (sporophylls or bracts) occurred independently in several dis- tantly related Early Devonian plant lineages, probably as a response to ecological factors such as high atmospheric CO2 concen- trations. This is a typical example of convergent evolution in early plants. Early Devonian, euphyllophyte, megaphyll, leaf-like appendage, branch-leaf complex Citation: Hao S G, Xue J Z. Earliest record of megaphylls and leafy structures, and their initial diversification. Chin Sci Bull, 2013, 58: 27842793, doi: 10.1007/s11434- 013-5799-x The origin and evolution of leaves in vascular plants was phology and evolutionary diversification of early leaves of one of the most important evolutionary events affecting the basal euphyllophytes remain enigmatic. -
Delayed Fungal Evolution Did Not Cause the Paleozoic Peak in Coal Production
Delayed fungal evolution did not cause the Paleozoic peak in coal production Matthew P. Nelsena, William A. DiMicheleb, Shanan E. Petersc, and C. Kevin Boycea,1 aGeological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; bDepartment of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; and cDepartment of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 Edited by Hermann W. Pfefferkorn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, and accepted by the Editorial Board December 16, 2015 (received for review September 8, 2015) Organic carbon burial plays a critical role in Earth systems, influenc- concentrations of atmospheric O2 in Earth history, with broad ing atmospheric O2 and CO2 concentrations and, thereby, climate. evolutionary ramifications (8). The Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic is so named for massive, Why is coal so abundant in late Paleozoic rocks? It has been widespread coal deposits. A widely accepted explanation for this speculated that plant decomposers, especially the saprotrophic peak in coal production is a temporal lag between the evolution of fungi critical to modern ecosystems (9), were absent or in- abundant lignin production in woody plants and the subsequent efficient during the Carboniferous, resulting in massive accu- evolution of lignin-degrading Agaricomycetes fungi, resulting in a mulations of organic matter (10). A subsequent argument further period when vast amounts of lignin-rich plant material accumulated. suggested Carboniferous plants possessed high lignin content, Here, we reject this evolutionary lag hypothesis, based on assess- and fungal metabolism for lignin degradation was inefficient or ment of phylogenomic, geochemical, paleontological, and strati- had not yet evolved (11, 12). More recently, the evolution of graphic evidence. -
Anatomy of the Late Devonian Sphenopsid Rotafolia Songziensis
Anatomy of the Late Devonian Sphenopsid Rotafolia songziensis , with a Discussion of Stelar Architecture of the Sphenophyllales Author(s): De‐Ming Wang, Shou‐Gang Hao, Qi Wang, and Jin‐Zhuang Xue Source: International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 167, No. 2 (March 2006), pp. 373-383 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/499115 . Accessed: 02/04/2015 03:18 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of Plant Sciences. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 159.226.100.224 on Thu, 2 Apr 2015 03:18:06 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Int. J. Plant Sci. 167(2):373–383. 2006. Ó 2006 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 1058-5893/2006/16702-0020$15.00 ANATOMY OF THE LATE DEVONIAN SPHENOPSID ROTAFOLIA SONGZIENSIS, WITH A DISCUSSION OF STELAR ARCHITECTURE OF THE SPHENOPHYLLALES De-Ming Wang,*,y Shou-Gang Hao,1,* Qi Wang,z and Jin-Zhuang Xue* *Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Department of Geology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; yInstitute for Earth Sciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria; and zKey Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China A previous study of the Late Devonian (Famennian) sphenopsid Rotafolia songziensis Wang, Hao, and Wang provided detailed descriptions of the morphology and a sketchy illustration of a three-ribbed primary xylem. -
System Klasyfikacji Organizmów
1 SYSTEM KLASYFIKACJI ORGANIZMÓW Nie ma dziś ogólnie przyjętego systemu klasyfikacji organizmów. Nie udaje się osiągnąć zgodności nie tylko w odniesieniu do zakresów i rang poszczególnych taksonów, ale nawet co do zasad metodologicznych, na których klasyfikacja powinna być oparta. Zespołowe dzieła przeglądowe z reguły prezentują odmienne i wzajemnie sprzeczne podejścia poszczególnych autorów, bez nadziei na consensus. Nie ma więc mowy o skompilowaniu jednolitego schematu klasyfikacji z literatury i system przedstawiony poniżej nie daje nadziei na zaakceptowanie przez kogokolwiek poza kompilatorem. Przygotowany został w oparciu o kilka zasad (skądinąd bardzo kontrowersyjnych): (1) Identyfikowanie ga- tunków i ich klasyfikowanie w jednostki rodzajowe, rodzinowe czy rzędy jest zadaniem specjalistów i bez szcze- gółowych samodzielnych studiów nie można kwestionować wyników takich badań. (2) Podział świata żywego na królestwa, typy, gromady i rzędy jest natomiast domeną ewolucjonistów i dydaktyków. Powody, które posłużyły do wydzielenia jednostek powinny być jasno przedstawialne i zrozumiałe również dla niespecjalistów, albowiem (3) podstawowym zadaniem systematyki jest ułatwianie laikom i początkującym badaczom poruszanie się w obezwładniającej złożoności świata żywego. Wątpliwe jednak, by wystarczyło to do stworzenia zadowalającej klasyfikacji. W takiej sytuacji można jedynie przypomnieć, że lepszy ułomny system, niż żaden. Królestwo PROKARYOTA Chatton, 1938 DNA wyłącznie w postaci kolistej (genoforów), transkrypcja nie rozdzielona przestrzennie od translacji – rybosomy w tym samym przedzia- le komórki, co DNA. Oddział CYANOPHYTA Smith, 1938 (Myxophyta Cohn, 1875, Cyanobacteria Stanier, 1973) Stosunkowo duże komórki, dwuwarstwowa błona (Gram-ujemne), wewnętrzna warstwa mureinowa. Klasa CYANOPHYCEAE Sachs, 1874 Rząd Stigonematales Geitler, 1925; zigen – dziś Chlorofil a na pojedynczych tylakoidach. Nitkowate, rozgałęziające się, cytoplazmatyczne połączenia mię- Rząd Chroococcales Wettstein, 1924; 2,1 Ga – dziś dzy komórkami, miewają heterocysty. -
Giant Cladoxylopsid Trees Resolve Enigma of the Earth's Earliest Forest Stumps at Gilboa
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6385893 Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa Article in Nature · May 2007 DOI: 10.1038/nature05705 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 91 254 5 authors, including: Frank Mannolini Linda VanAller Hernick New York State Museum New York State Museum 8 PUBLICATIONS 160 CITATIONS 9 PUBLICATIONS 253 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Ed Landing Christopher Berry New York State Museum Cardiff University 244 PUBLICATIONS 3,365 CITATIONS 48 PUBLICATIONS 862 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Ed Landing on 06 February 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Vol 446 | 19 April 2007 | doi:10.1038/nature05705 LETTERS Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth’s earliest forest stumps at Gilboa William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3 The evolution of trees of modern size growing together in forests Middle Devonian (Eifelian) into the Carboniferous, were major fundamentally changed terrestrial ecosystems1–3. The oldest trees contributors to floras worldwide14. Traditionally considered inter- are often thought to be of latest Devonian age (about 380–360 Myr mediate between Lower Devonian vascular plants and ferns or old) as indicated by the widespread occurrence of Archaeopteris sphenopsids, we do not yet understand these plants well enough to (Progymnospermopsida)4.