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System Klasyfikacji Organizmów

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1 SYSTEM KLASYFIKACJI ORGANIZMÓW Nie ma dziś ogólnie przyjętego systemu klasyfikacji organizmów. Nie udaje się osiągnąć zgodności nie tylko w odniesieniu do zakresów i rang poszczególnych taksonów, ale nawet co do zasad metodologicznych, na których klasyfikacja powinna być oparta. Zespołowe dzieła przeglądowe z reguły prezentują odmienne i wzajemnie sprzeczne podejścia poszczególnych autorów, bez nadziei na consensus. Nie ma więc mowy o skompilowaniu jednolitego schematu klasyfikacji z literatury i system przedstawiony poniżej nie daje nadziei na zaakceptowanie przez kogokolwiek poza kompilatorem. Przygotowany został w oparciu o kilka zasad (skądinąd bardzo kontrowersyjnych): (1) Identyfikowanie ga- tunków i ich klasyfikowanie w jednostki rodzajowe, rodzinowe czy rzędy jest zadaniem specjalistów i bez szcze- gółowych samodzielnych studiów nie można kwestionować wyników takich badań. (2) Podział świata żywego na królestwa, typy, gromady i rzędy jest natomiast domeną ewolucjonistów i dydaktyków. Powody, które posłużyły do wydzielenia jednostek powinny być jasno przedstawialne i zrozumiałe również dla niespecjalistów, albowiem (3) podstawowym zadaniem systematyki jest ułatwianie laikom i początkującym badaczom poruszanie się w obezwładniającej złożoności świata żywego. Wątpliwe jednak, by wystarczyło to do stworzenia zadowalającej klasyfikacji. W takiej sytuacji można jedynie przypomnieć, że lepszy ułomny system, niż żaden. Królestwo PROKARYOTA Chatton, 1938 DNA wyłącznie w postaci kolistej (genoforów), transkrypcja nie rozdzielona przestrzennie od translacji – rybosomy w tym samym przedzia- le komórki, co DNA. Oddział CYANOPHYTA Smith, 1938 (Myxophyta Cohn, 1875, Cyanobacteria Stanier, 1973) Stosunkowo duże komórki, dwuwarstwowa błona (Gram-ujemne), wewnętrzna warstwa mureinowa. Klasa CYANOPHYCEAE Sachs, 1874 Rząd Stigonematales Geitler, 1925; zigen – dziś Chlorofil a na pojedynczych tylakoidach. Nitkowate, rozgałęziające się, cytoplazmatyczne połączenia mię- Rząd Chroococcales Wettstein, 1924; 2,1 Ga – dziś dzy komórkami, miewają heterocysty. Jednokomórkowe, podziały poprzeczne lub pączkowanie. Klasa PROCHLOROPHYCEAE (Oxychlorobacte- Rząd Pleurocapsales Geitler, 1925; 1,2 Ga – dziś ria) Jednokomórkowe, podziały zwykle wielokrotne, rozmnażają się Nie mają fikobilisomów, w ich miejsce chlorofil a. przez wytwarzanie drobnych komórek (endospory i egzospory). Klasa DEINOBACTERIA Cavalier-Smith, 1986 Rząd Nostocales Geitler, 1925; 2,25 Ga – dziś Niefotosyntezujące termofile (tu Thermus ). Nitkowate, bez prawdziwych rozgałęzień, miewają heterocysty. Oddział BACTERIA Cohn, 1870 Niezdolne do fotolizy wody, miewają rzęski. Pododdział NEGIBACTERIA Cavalier-Smith, 1983 Dwie błony komórkowe (Gram-ujemne) jak sinice. Klasa BEGGIATOAE Klasa PLANCTOMYCETES Fuerst, 1995 (Planc- Utleniają siarkowodór lub heterotroficzne, nitkowate pełzające tobacteria Cavalier-Smith, 1987) kolonie lub ogromne komórki. Wyodrębnione otoczone błoną „jądro” (nucleoid), białkowa Rząd Beggiatoales Buchanan, 1917 (Thiotrichales ściana komórkowa (nie mureina). Garrity, Bell, & Lilburn, 2005); 0,6 Ga – dziś Rząd Planctomycetales Schlesner & Stackebrandt, Klasa PROTEOBACTERIA Stackebrandt et al ., 1986 1986) Klasa CHLAMYDOBACTERIAE Buchanan, 1917 Rzęski wystające na zewnątrz. Nitkowate kolonie, równomiernie urzęsienie. Rząd Rhodobacterales Garrity et al ., 2006 (Rho- Rząd Chlamydobacteriales Buchanan, 1917 dobacteria Cavalier-Smith, 1987) Swobodnie żyjące. Fotosyntezujące. Klasa MYXOBACTERIAE Heller, 1921 Rodzina Rhodospirillaceae Pfenig & Trüper, 1971 Pełzają, elastyczna ściana komórkowa. Rząd Bacteriales Lehmann & Neumann, 1896 Rząd Archangiales Tchan, Pochon, & Prevot, 1948 Rzęski, jeśli są, równomiernie rozmieszczone. Rząd Polyangiales Tchan, Pochon, & Prevot, 1948 Rząd Pseudomonadales Breed, Murray, & Smith, (Sorangiales Tchan, Pochon, & Prevot, 1948) 1957 Rząd Myxococcales Tchan, Pochon, & Prevot, Rzęski polarne. 1948 Rząd Caulobacterales Henrici & Johnson, 1935 Klasa CHLOROBACTERIA Cavalier-Smith, 1992 Młode komórki orzęsione polarnie, później wytwarzają nóżkę Fotosyntezujące aerobowe termofile. Klasa SPIROCHAETAE Stanier & Van Niel, 1941 Rodzina Chromatiaceae Bavendamm, 1924 [krętki] Rodzina Chlorobacteriaceae Lauterborn, 1913 Rzęski wbudowane między dwie błony, poruszają się skrętami Rodzina Chloroflexaceae Trüper, 1976 całej komórki. Rząd Spirochaetales Buchanan, 1918 1 2 Klasa ANOXYPHOHOTOBACTERIA Gibbons & Fotosyntezujące anaeroby z chlorosomami. Murray, 1978 (Chlorobibacteria Cavalier-Smith Rodzina Chlorobiaceae Copeland, 1956 1998) Pododdział FIRMIBACTERIA Gibbons & Murray, 1978 (Unibacteria Cavalier-Smith, 1987; Uniderm proka- ryotes Gupta, 1999) Jedna błona komórkowa, zwykle okryta od zewnątrz mureinową ścianą (Gram-dodatnie). Klasa POSIBACTERIA Cavalier-Smith 1987 Rząd Rickettsiales Gieszczykiewicz, 1939 (Chla- Normalna błona komórkowa. mydiales Storz & Page, 1972, Mycoplasmatales Rząd Actinomycetales Buchanan, 1887 Freundt, 1955, Mycoplasmae) Rozgałęzione nitki lub pałeczkowate. Pasożyty bez ściany komórkowej, wbudowują w błonę choleste- Rząd Corynebacterales Lehmann & Neumann, rol żywiciela. 1907 (Coccales Lehmann & Neumann, 1896; Ca- Klasa ARCHAEOBACTERIA Woese & Fox, 1977 ryophanales Pieszkow, 1940) (Mendosicutes Gibbons & Murray, 1978) Pierwotnie pałeczkowate, wtórnie kuliste komórki. Wiązania eterowe zamiast estrowych i inne zabezpieczenia Rodzina Bacillaceae Fischer, 1985 przed ekstremalnymi warunkami życia. Tworzą endospory (wydzielane w rząd Endosporales Rahn, Rodzina Methanobacteriaceae Barker, 1956 1937) Rodzina Halobacteriaceae Gibbons, 1974 Rodzina Lactobacillaceae Winslow et al ., 1917 Rodzina Thermococcales Zillig, 1988 Rodzina Streptococcaceae Deibel & Seeley, 1974 Rodzina Sulfolobaceae (Crenarcheota Woese et al ., 1990; Sulfolobales, Thermoproteales) VIRALES [wirusy] Pasożytnicze plazmidy lub inne „zdziczałe” ruchome nośniki dziedziczności. Nie są to więc osobne organizmy i nie byłoby potrzeby two- rzenia dla nich linneuszowskiego systemu klasyfikacji, gdyby nie daleko posunięta ewolucja ich biologii i morfologii. wirusy i bakteriofagi DNA krótką (Pedoviridae) lub niekurczliwą długą nóżką (Stylovirida- Lipidowa otoczka (rodziny Plasmaviridae i Corticoviridae), e). nitkowate (Inoviridae), regularnie izometryczne (ikosahedr, wirusy i bakteriofagi RNA Microviridae), podwójna kapsuła i liniowe DNA (Tectiviridae), Symetria sześciokątna (Cystoviridae) lub regularnie izometrycz- niektóre złożone konstrukcyjnie, z kurczliwą (Myoviridae), ne (ikosahedr, Leviviridae). Królestwo PROTISTA (Protoctista J. Hogg, 1861) [pierwotniaki] Jądro komórkowe (jak u dalszych), jednokomórkowe, kolonijne lub wodne plechowce. Oddział RHODOPHYTA Wettstein, 1901 (Rhodospermae Harvey, 1836; Rhodophyceae Rabenhorst, 1863) [krasnorosty] Pierwotnie bez stadiów wiciowych i centriol, tylko chlorofil a na tylakoidach chloroplastów. Rząd Cyanidiales Christensen, 1962 Rząd Nemaliales Schmitz in Engler, 1892 Jednokomorkowe, przystosowane do skrajnych warunków. (Bonnemaisoniales Feldmann & Feldmann, 1942; Klasa BANGIOIDAE de Toni, 1897 Batrachospermales Pueschel & Cole, 1982); wenlok Pojedynczy gwiazdkowy chloroplast w komórce. – dziś Rząd Porphyridiales Skuja, 1939 (Goniotrichales Jamki z dwiema warstwami czopu. Skuja, 1939; Compsogonales Schmitz & Rząd Hildebrandiales Pueschel & Cole, 1982 Hauptfleisch; Rhodochaetales, Bessey, 1907; Jamki z jedną warstwą czopu i błoną. Stylonematales Drew 1956); ludlow – dziś Rząd Gracilariales Fredericq & Hommersand, Komórki powiązane jedynie śluzem (bez jamek), jednokomór- 1989 kowe lub nitkowate kolonie. Jamki tylko z błoną, zarodniki stadium diploidalnego bezpo- Rząd Bangiales Nägeli, 1847; 1,2 Ga – dziś średnio z komórek płciowych, bez auksyliarnej; pseudoparen- Haploidalne stadia bez jamek, diploidalne z jamkami (jednowar- chyma. stwowy czop) i z celulozą w ścianie komórkowej, gwiaździste Rząd Gigartinales Schmitz, 1892 (Rhodymeniales podziały poszczególnych komórek w niciach lub płaskie plechy. Schmitz, 1892; Plocamiales Sauders & Kraft; Klasa FLORIDAE (Lamouroux, 1816) Engler, 1892 Cryptonemiales Engler, 1892 = Halymeniales Wzrost w wyniku podziału komórki apikalnej i bocznych; jamki między komórkami, gametangia. Saunders & Kraft, 1996) Rząd Corallinales Pueschel & Cole, 1982 [lito- Jamki tylko z błoną, pseudoparenchyma. tamnia]; wend, karadok – dziś Rząd Ceramiales Oltmanns, 1905 (Gelidiales Plechy tworzące naskorupienia, zwykle zwapniałe ściany komór- Kylin, 1923); kampan – dziś kowe, dwie warstwy czopu jamki, mejoza w sporangiach. Jamki tylko z błoną, gęsto rozgałęzione nitkowate plechy; bipo- larne kiełkowanie spor. Rząd Acrochaetiales Feldmann, 1953 (Palmariales Guiry & Irvine, 1978; Colaconematales Harper & Rząd Ahnfeltiales Maggs & Pueshel, 1989 Saunders, 2002; Balbianiales Sheath & Müller, (Pihiellales Huisman, Sherwood & Abbo, 2003) Jamki nagie, zarodniki stadium diploidalnego tworzą dyskowate Balliales Choi, Kraft & Saunders) naskorupienia. Cienka zewnętrzna warstwa czopu jamki (jak Nemaliales). Oddział FLAGELLATA Cohn, 1853 [wiciowce] Wić i centriole (jak u dalszych), jednokomórkowe. 2 3 Incertae classis (Acritarcha) Rząd Hemimastigida Foissner et al ., 1988 (Pseu- Klasa DINOFLAGELLATA Bütschli, 1885 (Di- dociliata Cavalier-Smith, 1993 – Stephanopogon ) nophyta Fritsch, 1929) [bruzdnice] Liczne wici w rzędach. Pierwotnie fikobilina i chlorofil c; jedna z wici otacza równiko- Rząd Diplomonadida Wenyon, 1926 (Retortamo- wo komórkę, chromosomy w interfazie, powierzchnia komórki nadea) pokryta celulozowymi płytkami wydzielanymi
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    Syllabus M.Sc. Botany (Choice Based Credit System) (To be implemented from the Academic Year 2017-18) DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD Page 1 of 21 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD M.Sc. Syllabus (Choice Based Credit System) (To be implemented from the Academic Year 2017-18) Semester – I Course Code Marks Course Title Credits BOT501 100 Phycology and Limnology 3 BOT502 100 Mycology and Plant Pathology 3 BOT503 100 Bryology and Pteridology 3 BOT504 100 Gymnosperm and Palaeobotany 3 BOT531 100 Lab Work I (based on Course BOT501 and BOT502) 4 (Excursion/field work/ Project) BOT532 100 Lab Work II (based on Course BOT503 and BOT504) 4 (Excursion/field work/Project) Total credits 20 Semester – II Course Code Marks Course Title Credits BOT505 100 Plant Morphology and Anatomy 3 BOT506 100 Reproductive Biology, Morphogenesis and Tissue culture 3 BOT507 100 Taxonomy of Angiosperm and Economic Botany 3 BOT508 100 Ecology and Phytogeography 3 BOT533 100 Lab Work III (based on Course BOT505 and BOT506) 4 (Field work/ Project) BOT534 100 Lab Work IV (based on Course BOT507 and BOT508) 4 (Field work/ Project) Total credits 20 Semester – III Course Code Marks Course Title Credits BOT601 100 Plant Physiology 3 BOT602 100 Plant Biochemistry and Biochemical Techniques 3 BOT603 100 Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Biostatistics 3 BOT604 100 Microbiology 3 BOT631 100 Lab Work V (based on Course BOT601 and BOT602) 4 BOT632 100 Lab Work VI (based on Course BOT603 and BOT604) 4 Total credits 20 Semester – IV Course Code Marks Course
  • A Reappraisal of Mississippian (Tournaisian and Visean) Adpression Floras from Central and Northwestern Europe

    A Reappraisal of Mississippian (Tournaisian and Visean) Adpression Floras from Central and Northwestern Europe

    Zitteliana A 54 (2014) 39 A reappraisal of Mississippian (Tournaisian and Visean) adpression floras from central and northwestern Europe Maren Hübers1, Benjamin Bomfleur2*, Michael Krings3, Christian Pott2 & Hans Kerp1 1Forschungsstelle für Paläobotanik am Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut, Westfälische Zitteliana A 54, 39 – 52 Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany München, 31.12.2014 2Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology, Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden Manuscript received 3Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Paläontologie und Geobiologie, Ludwig- 01.02.2014; revision Maximilians-Universität, and Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard- accepted 07.04.2014 Wagner-Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany ISSN 1612 - 412X *Author for correspondence and reprint requests: E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Mississippian plant fossils are generally rare, and in central and northwestern Europe especially Tournaisian to middle Visean fossil floras are restricted to isolated occurrences. While sphenophytes and lycophytes generally are represented by only a few widespread and long-ranging taxa such as Archaeocalamites radiatus, Sphenophyllum tenerrimum and several species of Lepidodendropsis and Lepido- dendron, Visean floras in particular show a remarkably high diversity of fern-like foliage, including filiform types (Rhodea, Diplotmema), forms with bipartite fronds (Sphenopteridium, Diplopteridium, Spathulopteris, Archaeopteridium), others with monopodial, pinnate fronds (Anisopteris, Fryopsis) and still others characterized by several-times pinnate fronds (e.g., Adiantites, Triphyllopteris, Sphenopteris, Neu- ropteris). Most of these leaf types have been interpreted as belonging to early seed ferns, whereas true ferns seem to have been rare or lacking in impression/compression floras. In the upper Visean, two types of plant assemblages can be distinguished, i.e., the northern Kohlenkalk-type and the south-eastern Kulm-type assemblage.
  • CPY Document

    CPY Document

    CHAPTER 1 Plant diversity has evolved and is evolving on the earth today according to the processes of natural selection. All basic "body plans" of vascular plants were in existence by the Early Carboniferous, approximately 340 million years ago, and each major radiation occupied a particular habitat type, for example, wetland versus terra firma, pristine versus disturbed environments. Today the great spe- cies diversity we see on theplanetis dominated by just a few of these hasicplant types. This chapter sets the stage to understanding the origin and radiation of plant diversity on the earth before the significant influence of humans. The im- plication is that plants may become more diverse in the number of species level over time, but less diverse in overall form. The history of life tells us that plants that are dominant and diverse today will certainly be inconspicuous or even ex--' tinct in the distant future. EVOLUTION OF LAND PLANT DIVERSITY MAJOR INNOVATIONS AND LINEAGES THROUGH TIME William A. DiMichele and Richard M. Bateman PLANT DIVERSITY VIEWED through the lens of deep time takes on a con- siderably different aspect than when examined in the present. Although the fossil record captures only fragments of the terrestrial world of the past 450 million years, it does indicate clearly that the world of today is simply a passing phase, the latest permutation in a string of spasmodic changes in the ecological organization of the terrestrial biosphere. The pace of change in species diversity and that of ecosystem structure and composition have followed broadly parallel paths, unquestionably related but not always changing in unison.
  • Curriculum Vitae

    Curriculum Vitae

    CURRICULUM VITAE ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0186-6546 Gar W. Rothwell Edwin and Ruth Kennedy Distinguished Professor Emeritus Department of Environmental and Plant Biology Porter Hall 401E T: 740 593 1129 Ohio University F: 740 593 1130 Athens, OH 45701 E: [email protected] also Courtesy Professor Department of Botany and PlantPathology Oregon State University T: 541 737- 5252 Corvallis, OR 97331 E: [email protected] Education Ph.D.,1973 University of Alberta (Botany) M.S., 1969 University of Illinois, Chicago (Biology) B.A., 1966 Central Washington University (Biology) Academic Awards and Honors 2018 International Organisation of Palaeobotany lifetime Honorary Membership 2014 Fellow of the Paleontological Society 2009 Distinguished Fellow of the Botanical Society of America 2004 Ohio University Distinguished Professor 2002 Michael A. Cichan Award, Botanical Society of America 1999-2004 Ohio University Presidential Research Scholar in Biomedical and Life Sciences 1993 Edgar T. Wherry Award, Botanical Society of America 1991-1992 Outstanding Graduate Faculty Award, Ohio University 1982-1983 Chairman, Paleobotanical Section, Botanical Society of America 1972-1973 University of Alberta Dissertation Fellow 1971 Paleobotanical (Isabel Cookson) Award, Botanical Society of America Positions Held 2011-present Courtesy Professor of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University 2008-2009 Visiting Senior Researcher, University of Alberta 2004-present Edwin and Ruth Kennedy Distinguished Professor of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio
  • Palynology of the Permian Sanangoe

    Palynology of the Permian Sanangoe

    PALYNOLOGY OF THE PERMIAN SANANGOE- MEFIDEZI COAL BASIN,TETE PROVINCE, MOZAMBIQUE AND CORRELATIONS WITH GONDWANAN MICROFLORAL ASSEMBLAGES Kierra Caprice Mahabeer A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science June, 2017 The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. Declaration I hereby certify that this Dissertation is my own unaided work. It is being submitted for the degree of Master of Science at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other University. aT Kierra Caprice Mahabeer June 2017 n Acknowledgements My deepest gratitude goes to my supervisors Prof. Marion Bamford and Dr. Natasha Barbolini. Without their help and guidance this dissertation would not be possible. Thank you for always pushing me further and making me a better researcher. Thanks also goes to Dr. Jennifer Fitchett for the R script as well as for training in the statistical programs used in this study. Thank you to Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation (Mozambique Limitada) for access to core. Thank you to Dr. John Hancox for always being willing to assist with any questions and for facilitating access to core and for providing geological core logs. Thanks also goes to Prosper Bande for assistance with laboratory preparation. I am grateful for the financial assistance from the National Research Foundation the Palaeontological Scientific Trust (PAST) and the University of the Witwatersrand.