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System Klasyfikacji Organizmów

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System Klasyfikacji Organizmów 1 SYSTEM KLASYFIKACJI ORGANIZMÓW Nie ma dziś ogólnie przyjętego systemu klasyfikacji organizmów. Nie udaje się osiągnąć zgodności nie tylko w odniesieniu do zakresów i rang poszczególnych taksonów, ale nawet co do zasad metodologicznych, na których klasyfikacja powinna być oparta. Zespołowe dzieła przeglądowe z reguły prezentują odmienne i wzajemnie sprzeczne podejścia poszczególnych autorów, bez nadziei na consensus. Nie ma więc mowy o skompilowaniu jednolitego schematu klasyfikacji z literatury i system przedstawiony poniżej nie daje nadziei na zaakceptowanie przez kogokolwiek poza kompilatorem. Przygotowany został w oparciu o kilka zasad (skądinąd bardzo kontrowersyjnych): (1) Identyfikowanie ga- tunków i ich klasyfikowanie w jednostki rodzajowe, rodzinowe czy rzędy jest zadaniem specjalistów i bez szcze- gółowych samodzielnych studiów nie można kwestionować wyników takich badań. (2) Podział świata żywego na królestwa, typy, gromady i rzędy jest natomiast domeną ewolucjonistów i dydaktyków. Powody, które posłużyły do wydzielenia jednostek powinny być jasno przedstawialne i zrozumiałe również dla niespecjalistów, albowiem (3) podstawowym zadaniem systematyki jest ułatwianie laikom i początkującym badaczom poruszanie się w obezwładniającej złożoności świata żywego. Wątpliwe jednak, by wystarczyło to do stworzenia zadowalającej klasyfikacji. W takiej sytuacji można jedynie przypomnieć, że lepszy ułomny system, niż żaden. Królestwo PROKARYOTA Chatton, 1938 DNA wyłącznie w postaci kolistej (genoforów), transkrypcja nie rozdzielona przestrzennie od translacji – rybosomy w tym samym przedzia- le komórki, co DNA. Oddział CYANOPHYTA Smith, 1938 (Myxophyta Cohn, 1875, Cyanobacteria Stanier, 1973) Stosunkowo duże komórki, dwuwarstwowa błona (Gram-ujemne), wewnętrzna warstwa mureinowa. Klasa CYANOPHYCEAE Sachs, 1874 Rząd Stigonematales Geitler, 1925; zigen – dziś Chlorofil a na pojedynczych tylakoidach. Nitkowate, rozgałęziające się, cytoplazmatyczne połączenia mię- Rząd Chroococcales Wettstein, 1924; 2,1 Ga – dziś dzy komórkami, miewają heterocysty. Jednokomórkowe, podziały poprzeczne lub pączkowanie. Klasa PROCHLOROPHYCEAE (Oxychlorobacte- Rząd Pleurocapsales Geitler, 1925; 1,2 Ga – dziś ria) Jednokomórkowe, podziały zwykle wielokrotne, rozmnażają się Nie mają fikobilisomów, w ich miejsce chlorofil a. przez wytwarzanie drobnych komórek (endospory i egzospory). Klasa DEINOBACTERIA Cavalier-Smith, 1986 Rząd Nostocales Geitler, 1925; 2,25 Ga – dziś Niefotosyntezujące termofile (tu Thermus ). Nitkowate, bez prawdziwych rozgałęzień, miewają heterocysty. Oddział BACTERIA Cohn, 1870 Niezdolne do fotolizy wody, miewają rzęski. Pododdział NEGIBACTERIA Cavalier-Smith, 1983 Dwie błony komórkowe (Gram-ujemne) jak sinice. Klasa BEGGIATOAE Klasa PLANCTOMYCETES Fuerst, 1995 (Planc- Utleniają siarkowodór lub heterotroficzne, nitkowate pełzające tobacteria Cavalier-Smith, 1987) kolonie lub ogromne komórki. Wyodrębnione otoczone błoną „jądro” (nucleoid), białkowa Rząd Beggiatoales Buchanan, 1917 (Thiotrichales ściana komórkowa (nie mureina). Garrity, Bell, & Lilburn, 2005); 0,6 Ga – dziś Rząd Planctomycetales Schlesner & Stackebrandt, Klasa PROTEOBACTERIA Stackebrandt et al ., 1986 1986) Klasa CHLAMYDOBACTERIAE Buchanan, 1917 Rzęski wystające na zewnątrz. Nitkowate kolonie, równomiernie urzęsienie. Rząd Rhodobacterales Garrity et al ., 2006 (Rho- Rząd Chlamydobacteriales Buchanan, 1917 dobacteria Cavalier-Smith, 1987) Swobodnie żyjące. Fotosyntezujące. Klasa MYXOBACTERIAE Heller, 1921 Rodzina Rhodospirillaceae Pfenig & Trüper, 1971 Pełzają, elastyczna ściana komórkowa. Rząd Bacteriales Lehmann & Neumann, 1896 Rząd Archangiales Tchan, Pochon, & Prevot, 1948 Rzęski, jeśli są, równomiernie rozmieszczone. Rząd Polyangiales Tchan, Pochon, & Prevot, 1948 Rząd Pseudomonadales Breed, Murray, & Smith, (Sorangiales Tchan, Pochon, & Prevot, 1948) 1957 Rząd Myxococcales Tchan, Pochon, & Prevot, Rzęski polarne. 1948 Rząd Caulobacterales Henrici & Johnson, 1935 Klasa CHLOROBACTERIA Cavalier-Smith, 1992 Młode komórki orzęsione polarnie, później wytwarzają nóżkę Fotosyntezujące aerobowe termofile. Klasa SPIROCHAETAE Stanier & Van Niel, 1941 Rodzina Chromatiaceae Bavendamm, 1924 [krętki] Rodzina Chlorobacteriaceae Lauterborn, 1913 Rzęski wbudowane między dwie błony, poruszają się skrętami Rodzina Chloroflexaceae Trüper, 1976 całej komórki. Rząd Spirochaetales Buchanan, 1918 1 2 Klasa ANOXYPHOHOTOBACTERIA Gibbons & Fotosyntezujące anaeroby z chlorosomami. Murray, 1978 (Chlorobibacteria Cavalier-Smith Rodzina Chlorobiaceae Copeland, 1956 1998) Pododdział FIRMIBACTERIA Gibbons & Murray, 1978 (Unibacteria Cavalier-Smith, 1987; Uniderm proka- ryotes Gupta, 1999) Jedna błona komórkowa, zwykle okryta od zewnątrz mureinową ścianą (Gram-dodatnie). Klasa POSIBACTERIA Cavalier-Smith 1987 Rząd Rickettsiales Gieszczykiewicz, 1939 (Chla- Normalna błona komórkowa. mydiales Storz & Page, 1972, Mycoplasmatales Rząd Actinomycetales Buchanan, 1887 Freundt, 1955, Mycoplasmae) Rozgałęzione nitki lub pałeczkowate. Pasożyty bez ściany komórkowej, wbudowują w błonę choleste- Rząd Corynebacterales Lehmann & Neumann, rol żywiciela. 1907 (Coccales Lehmann & Neumann, 1896; Ca- Klasa ARCHAEOBACTERIA Woese & Fox, 1977 ryophanales Pieszkow, 1940) (Mendosicutes Gibbons & Murray, 1978) Pierwotnie pałeczkowate, wtórnie kuliste komórki. Wiązania eterowe zamiast estrowych i inne zabezpieczenia Rodzina Bacillaceae Fischer, 1985 przed ekstremalnymi warunkami życia. Tworzą endospory (wydzielane w rząd Endosporales Rahn, Rodzina Methanobacteriaceae Barker, 1956 1937) Rodzina Halobacteriaceae Gibbons, 1974 Rodzina Lactobacillaceae Winslow et al ., 1917 Rodzina Thermococcales Zillig, 1988 Rodzina Streptococcaceae Deibel & Seeley, 1974 Rodzina Sulfolobaceae (Crenarcheota Woese et al ., 1990; Sulfolobales, Thermoproteales) VIRALES [wirusy] Pasożytnicze plazmidy lub inne „zdziczałe” ruchome nośniki dziedziczności. Nie są to więc osobne organizmy i nie byłoby potrzeby two- rzenia dla nich linneuszowskiego systemu klasyfikacji, gdyby nie daleko posunięta ewolucja ich biologii i morfologii. wirusy i bakteriofagi DNA krótką (Pedoviridae) lub niekurczliwą długą nóżką (Stylovirida- Lipidowa otoczka (rodziny Plasmaviridae i Corticoviridae), e). nitkowate (Inoviridae), regularnie izometryczne (ikosahedr, wirusy i bakteriofagi RNA Microviridae), podwójna kapsuła i liniowe DNA (Tectiviridae), Symetria sześciokątna (Cystoviridae) lub regularnie izometrycz- niektóre złożone konstrukcyjnie, z kurczliwą (Myoviridae), ne (ikosahedr, Leviviridae). Królestwo PROTISTA (Protoctista J. Hogg, 1861) [pierwotniaki] Jądro komórkowe (jak u dalszych), jednokomórkowe, kolonijne lub wodne plechowce. Oddział RHODOPHYTA Wettstein, 1901 (Rhodospermae Harvey, 1836; Rhodophyceae Rabenhorst, 1863) [krasnorosty] Pierwotnie bez stadiów wiciowych i centriol, tylko chlorofil a na tylakoidach chloroplastów. Rząd Cyanidiales Christensen, 1962 Rząd Nemaliales Schmitz in Engler, 1892 Jednokomorkowe, przystosowane do skrajnych warunków. (Bonnemaisoniales Feldmann & Feldmann, 1942; Klasa BANGIOIDAE de Toni, 1897 Batrachospermales Pueschel & Cole, 1982); wenlok Pojedynczy gwiazdkowy chloroplast w komórce. – dziś Rząd Porphyridiales Skuja, 1939 (Goniotrichales Jamki z dwiema warstwami czopu. Skuja, 1939; Compsogonales Schmitz & Rząd Hildebrandiales Pueschel & Cole, 1982 Hauptfleisch; Rhodochaetales, Bessey, 1907; Jamki z jedną warstwą czopu i błoną. Stylonematales Drew 1956); ludlow – dziś Rząd Gracilariales Fredericq & Hommersand, Komórki powiązane jedynie śluzem (bez jamek), jednokomór- 1989 kowe lub nitkowate kolonie. Jamki tylko z błoną, zarodniki stadium diploidalnego bezpo- Rząd Bangiales Nägeli, 1847; 1,2 Ga – dziś średnio z komórek płciowych, bez auksyliarnej; pseudoparen- Haploidalne stadia bez jamek, diploidalne z jamkami (jednowar- chyma. stwowy czop) i z celulozą w ścianie komórkowej, gwiaździste Rząd Gigartinales Schmitz, 1892 (Rhodymeniales podziały poszczególnych komórek w niciach lub płaskie plechy. Schmitz, 1892; Plocamiales Sauders & Kraft; Klasa FLORIDAE (Lamouroux, 1816) Engler, 1892 Cryptonemiales Engler, 1892 = Halymeniales Wzrost w wyniku podziału komórki apikalnej i bocznych; jamki między komórkami, gametangia. Saunders & Kraft, 1996) Rząd Corallinales Pueschel & Cole, 1982 [lito- Jamki tylko z błoną, pseudoparenchyma. tamnia]; wend, karadok – dziś Rząd Ceramiales Oltmanns, 1905 (Gelidiales Plechy tworzące naskorupienia, zwykle zwapniałe ściany komór- Kylin, 1923); kampan – dziś kowe, dwie warstwy czopu jamki, mejoza w sporangiach. Jamki tylko z błoną, gęsto rozgałęzione nitkowate plechy; bipo- larne kiełkowanie spor. Rząd Acrochaetiales Feldmann, 1953 (Palmariales Guiry & Irvine, 1978; Colaconematales Harper & Rząd Ahnfeltiales Maggs & Pueshel, 1989 Saunders, 2002; Balbianiales Sheath & Müller, (Pihiellales Huisman, Sherwood & Abbo, 2003) Jamki nagie, zarodniki stadium diploidalnego tworzą dyskowate Balliales Choi, Kraft & Saunders) naskorupienia. Cienka zewnętrzna warstwa czopu jamki (jak Nemaliales). Oddział FLAGELLATA Cohn, 1853 [wiciowce] Wić i centriole (jak u dalszych), jednokomórkowe. 2 3 Incertae classis (Acritarcha) Rząd Hemimastigida Foissner et al ., 1988 (Pseu- Klasa DINOFLAGELLATA Bütschli, 1885 (Di- dociliata Cavalier-Smith, 1993 – Stephanopogon ) nophyta Fritsch, 1929) [bruzdnice] Liczne wici w rzędach. Pierwotnie fikobilina i chlorofil c; jedna z wici otacza równiko- Rząd Diplomonadida Wenyon, 1926 (Retortamo- wo komórkę, chromosomy w interfazie, powierzchnia komórki nadea) pokryta celulozowymi płytkami wydzielanymi
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