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Syllabus M.Sc. Botany (Choice Based Credit System) (To be implemented from the Academic Year 2017-18) DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD Page 1 of 21 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD M.Sc. Syllabus (Choice Based Credit System) (To be implemented from the Academic Year 2017-18) Semester – I Course Code Marks Course Title Credits BOT501 100 Phycology and Limnology 3 BOT502 100 Mycology and Plant Pathology 3 BOT503 100 Bryology and Pteridology 3 BOT504 100 Gymnosperm and Palaeobotany 3 BOT531 100 Lab Work I (based on Course BOT501 and BOT502) 4 (Excursion/field work/ Project) BOT532 100 Lab Work II (based on Course BOT503 and BOT504) 4 (Excursion/field work/Project) Total credits 20 Semester – II Course Code Marks Course Title Credits BOT505 100 Plant Morphology and Anatomy 3 BOT506 100 Reproductive Biology, Morphogenesis and Tissue culture 3 BOT507 100 Taxonomy of Angiosperm and Economic Botany 3 BOT508 100 Ecology and Phytogeography 3 BOT533 100 Lab Work III (based on Course BOT505 and BOT506) 4 (Field work/ Project) BOT534 100 Lab Work IV (based on Course BOT507 and BOT508) 4 (Field work/ Project) Total credits 20 Semester – III Course Code Marks Course Title Credits BOT601 100 Plant Physiology 3 BOT602 100 Plant Biochemistry and Biochemical Techniques 3 BOT603 100 Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Biostatistics 3 BOT604 100 Microbiology 3 BOT631 100 Lab Work V (based on Course BOT601 and BOT602) 4 BOT632 100 Lab Work VI (based on Course BOT603 and BOT604) 4 Total credits 20 Semester – IV Course Code Marks Course Title Credits BOT605 100 Plant Molecular Biology and Molecular Techniques 3 BOT606 100 Plant Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and IPR 3 BOT651-662 100 Elective Paper 3 BOT607 100 Dissertation/Thesis 3 BOT633 100 Lab Work VII (based on Course BOT605 and BOT606) 4 BOT634-645 100 Lab Work VIII (based on Course Elective Paper BOT651-662 and 4 607) Total credits 20 Page 2 of 21 Elective Papers: Course Code Marks Elective Credits BOT651 100 Applied Phycology 3 BOT652 100 Plant Pathology and Plant Protection 3 BOT653 100 Biology of Bryophytes 3 BOT654 100 Taxonomy of Angiosperms 3 BOT655 100 Biology and diversity of Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms 3 BOT656 100 Advanced Plant Anatomy and Palynology 3 BOT657 100 Ecology and Environment 3 BOT658 100 Advanced Cytogenetics 3 BOT659 100 Advanced Plant Physiology 3 BOT660 100 Palaeobotany 3 BOT661 100 Applied Microbiology 3 BOT662 100 Advanced Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering 3 BOT634 100 Lab Work VIII (based on Course BOT651 and BOT607) 4 BOT635 100 Lab Work VIII (based on Course BOT652 and BOT607) 4 BOT636 100 Lab Work VIII (based on Course BOT653 and BOT607) 4 BOT637 100 Lab Work VIII (based on Course BOT654 and BOT607) 4 BOT638 100 Lab Work VIII (based on Course BOT655 and BOT607) 4 BOT639 100 Lab Work VIII (based on Course BOT656 and BOT607) 4 BOT640 100 Lab Work VIII (based on Course BOT657 and BOT607) 4 BOT641 100 Lab Work VIII (based on Course BOT658 and BOT607) 4 BOT642 100 Lab Work VIII (based on Course BOT659 and BOT607) 4 BOT643 100 Lab Work VIII (based on Course BOT660 and BOT607) 4 BOT644 100 Lab Work VIII (based on Course BOT661 and BOT607) 4 BOT645 100 Lab Work VIII (based on Course BOT662 and BOT607) 4 *The candidates are required to choose only one elective paper Examination Scheme for theory and related practical work is configured as follows: Internal Assessment External Exam Weightage (%) 40 60 Components Best of Class Mid Semester Assignment PowerPoint Test 1 & 2 exam Presentation Weightage distribution 10 20 5 5 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER- SETTER The question paper will consist of five units I, II, III, IV and V. Each unit will have two questions, out of that one question must be answered, and each question will carry 12 marks. Total five questions must be answered. INSTRUCTION FOR THE CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt FIVE questions; each question will carry 12 marks. Page 3 of 21 SEMESTER – I BOT501: Phycology and Limnology Credits: 3 Unit I Introduction to Limnology, Properties of water, Lake ontogeny, morphometry, Physical factors: Light Temperature, Heat, and Stratification. Chemical factors: DIC, Oxygen in lakes, profiles, seasonal effects, primary production, effect of DOC and BOD Unit II Redox reactions in the water column and sediment, Size spectrum of planktonic organisms, Size efficiency hypothesis, Food webs: benthic-pelagic coupling, paleolimnology, Human impact on lack ecosystem Unit III Introduction to Phycology, Principles and systems of classification of algae, Comparative account of algal pigments, food reserves, cell wall, flagellation, chloroplasts and eye-spots, their phylogenetic and taxonomic importance Unit IV Cell structure and thallus organization, heterocyst and akinete development and their role; chromatic adaptations and reproduction in Cyanophyta, distribution and ecology of cyanobacteria Unit IV Range of thalli and methods of reproduction in Chlorophyta, evolutionary tendencies in Chlorophyta. A brief account of Bacillariophyta, Pyrrophyta, Haplophyta, Crysophyta, Xanthophyta, Euglenophyta and Prochlorophyta, and other related and recent new groups. Thallus organization and reproduction in Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta Suggested readings: 1. Dodson, S. (2005). Introduction to Limnology. New York. McGraw-Hill. 2. Bronmark, C. and L.A. Hansson (2005). The biology of lakes and ponds. 2nd Edition. New York, Oxford University Press. 3. Moss, B. (1998). Ecology of fresh waters: man and medium, past to future. Oxford, Blackwell Science. 4. Horne, A. J. and C. R. Goldman (1994). Limnology. Toronto, McGraw-Hill. 5. Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: lake and river ecosystems. San Diego, Academic Press. 6. Carpenter, S. R. and J. F. Kitchell (1993). The trophic cascade in lakes. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 7. Kerr, S. R. and L. M. Dickie (2001). The biomass spectrum: a predator-prey theory of aquatic production. New York, Columbia University Press. 8. Smol, J. P. (2002). Pollution of lakes and rivers: a paleoenvironmental perspective. London, Arnold. 9. North American Lake Management Society and the Terrene Institute. (2001). Managing lakes and reservoirs. Madison, WI 10. Lehmkuhl, D. M. 1979. How to know the aquatic insects. Dubuque, Iowa, W.C. Brown Co. 11. Dillard, G. E. (1999). Common freshwater algae of the United States. Berlin, Gebr. Borntraeger Lee, Robert Edeward, 2008, Phycology, Fourth edition, Cambridge University Press 12. Graham Robin South and Alan Whittick, 1998, Introduction to Phyclogy, Blackwell Scientific Publication 13. Bold, H.C. and Wynne, M.J., 1985, Introduction to the Algae, 2nd Edition, Prentice-Hall Inc. 14. Dixon, R. , Biology of Rhodophyta, Koelt Science Publisher, West Germany 15. Fritsch, F.E., Structure and Reproduction of Algae, Vol. I & II, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge BOT502: Mycology and Plant Pathology Credits: 3 Unit I Introduction to fungi and their significance to humans, general characteristics of fungi, Fungal Cell, fungal cell walls and fungal organelles, systematics, molecular methods of fungal taxonomy, reproduction and spores in fungi, heterothallism, parasexual cycle and sex hormones in fungi. Biology, general characteristics and importance of Plasmodiophora, dietyosteliomycota, acrasiomycota and myxomycota. Biology, general characteristics, classification and brief introduction of –Mastigomycotina-Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes and Oomycetes Zygomycotina - Mucorales, Endogonales, Glomales, Entomophthorales and Zoopagales with special reference to evolutionary tendencies in thallus, asexual and sexual reproduction Unit II Ascomycotina- General characteristics and brief introduction of Taphrinales, Schizosaccharomycetales, Saccharomycetales, Eurotiales, Hypocerales, Melanosporales, Phyllachorales, Ophiostomatales, Dioporthales, Xylariales, Page 4 of 21 Sordariales, Meliolales, Rhytismales, Helotiales, Pezizales, Dothidiales, Pleosporales and Erysiphales with special reference to evolutionary tendencies in asexual and sexual reproduction. Basidiomycotina- General characteristics of Agaricales, Lycoperdales, Sclerodermatales, Phallales, Nidulariales, Aphyllophorales, Uredinales, Ustilaginales, Auriculariales and Tremellales, Deuteromycotina- Hyphomycetes, Coelomycetes. Unit III Introduction to lichens, the symbiotic relationship and classification of lichens, methodology for lichens taxonomy, morphology and anatomy of thallus, reproduction, physiology, ecological aspects and chemistry , conservation, culture, bioprospection and economic importance of lichens. Unit IV General introduction to Plant Pathology, History of Plant Pathology, Classification of Plant Diseases, Kinds and amount of losses, chemical weapons of pathogens – Enzymes and toxins; Role of growth hormones in plant diseases, Preexisting structural and chemical defense, induced structural and chemical defense, hypersensitive reaction, role of phytoalexins and other phenolic compound., how the pathogen affects plant physiological functions. Parasitism and disease development, symptoms, effect of environmental factors on the plant disease development, plant disease epidemiology Unit V Some important diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and mycoplasma. Control of plant diseases, quarantines and inspection, physical, chemical, cultural and biological methods of disease control, integrated pest management. Suggested readings: 1. Webster, John, 1980, Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press 2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. 1996, Introductory
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  • An Overview of the Fossil Record of Climbers: Bejucos, Sogas, Trepadoras, Lianas, Cipós, and Vines

    An Overview of the Fossil Record of Climbers: Bejucos, Sogas, Trepadoras, Lianas, Cipós, and Vines

    Rev. bras. paleontol. 12(2):149-160, Maio/Agosto 2009 © 2009 by the Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia doi:10.4072/rbp.2009.2.05 AN OVERVIEW OF THE FOSSIL RECORD OF CLIMBERS: BEJUCOS, SOGAS, TREPADORAS, LIANAS, CIPÓS, AND VINES ROBYN J. BURNHAM Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079, USA. [email protected] ABSTRACT – One of the most obvious life forms in tropical forests today is the liana, which laces together tree canopies and climbs the dark interiors of forests with snake-like stems. Lianas are ecologically important in extant, forested ecosystems, both intact and disturbed. Their contribution to forest diversity, food resources, structural complexity, and plant-animal interactions are recognized, but rarely studied. Climbers (woody lianas and herbaceous vines) are viewed as everything from diversity contributors to forest growth inhibitors by modern ecologists and systematists. Climbers take advantage of the structural support of trees to invest proportionately more in vegetative and reproductive organs, resulting in proliferation at the individual and species level. Today the climbing habit is dominated by angiosperm species, with only a minor contribution from ferns plus a single non-angiosperm seed plant genus, Gnetum. This contribution reports the establishment of the newly established database, Fossil Record of Climbers (FRC) that documents more than 1100 records of climbing plants from the Paleozoic to the Quaternary using published literature on the fossil record. The diversity of climbers in the fossil record prior to the evolution of angiosperms is explored, posing the hypothesis that climbers of the past had a similarly important role in tropical forests, at least in the Paleozoic.
  • A Factor Analysis Approach to Modelling the Early Diversification of Terrestrial Vegetation E

    A Factor Analysis Approach to Modelling the Early Diversification of Terrestrial Vegetation E

    A factor analysis approach to modelling the early diversification of terrestrial vegetation E. Capel, C. J. Cleal, P. Gerrienne, T. Servais, B. Cascales-Miñana To cite this version: E. Capel, C. J. Cleal, P. Gerrienne, T. Servais, B. Cascales-Miñana. A factor analysis approach to modelling the early diversification of terrestrial vegetation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Elsevier, 2021, 566, pp.110170. 10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110170. hal-03331136 HAL Id: hal-03331136 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03331136 Submitted on 1 Sep 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. A factor analysis approach to modelling the early diversification of terrestrial vegetation E. Capel1, C.J. Cleal2, P. Gerrienne3†, T. Servais4, B. Cascales-Miñana4* 1 Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France (eliott.capel@univ- lille.fr) 2 Department of Natural Sciences, National Museum Wales, Cardiff CF10 3NP, UK ([email protected]) 3 EDDy lab/Palaeobotany and Palaeopalynology, Univ. Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium 4 CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France ([email protected], [email protected]) *Corresponding author †Deceased 1 Abstract Data from a new comprehensive macrofossil-based compilation of early plant genera are analyzed via a Q-mode factor analysis.