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Sediment Transport in Kulim River, Kedah, Malaysia

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Sediment Transport in Kulim River, Kedah, Malaysia 9 Sediment Transport in Kulim River, Kedah, Malaysia Chun Kiat, Chang and Aminuddin, Ab. Ghani Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia 1. Introduction Rivers are dynamic by nature; they adjust their characteristics in response to any change in the environment. These environmental changes may occur naturally, as in the case of climatic variation or changes in vegetative cover, or may be a result of human activities. Human factors influence channel changes, both directly by engineering projects including channelization, dredging, snag removals, dam construction and bridge construction, and indirectly through altering floodplain landuse such that erosion is more likely to occur during flood events more likely to occur during flood events (Ab. Ghani et al., 2010). These changes to river hydrology and sedimentation will in turn modify the channel morphology, which include changes to channel cross section, stability and capacity. Otherwise, hazard flood increases with the sedimentation and damages exceeded with muddy water. Consequently, it is necessary to study river channel behaviour and evaluate the river channel stability for its natural state and response to human modification due to the existing and future developments. 2. Study site Kulim River catchment (Figure 1) is located in the southern part of the state of Kedah and in the northwestern corner of Peninsular Malaysia. Kulim River is a natural stream in Kedah state, Malaysia. Kulim River drains 130 km2 of the surface area of southern part of the state of Kedah, is in the northwestern corner of Peninsular Malaysia. Kulim River emanates from the western slopes on Gunung Bangsu Range and flows in a north-westerly direction. The river slopes are steep and channel elevations drop from 500 meter to 20 meter above mean sea level (AMSL) over a distance of 9 kilometer. The central area of the catchment is undulating with elevation ranging from 100 meter down to 18 meter above mean sea level. The study area has a tropical climate influenced by the movement of Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone. Its passage over the area results in two wet periods during the year which occur from April to May and from September to November. There is a transitional period of moderate rainfall during June to August and dry during December to March. Rainfall is generally convective and increase from around 2000 mm a year at the downstream to over 3200 mm a year on the mountainous area. The Kulim River has experienced severe environmental damages, mostly related to significant erosion and sedimentation. Anthropogenic activities and natural events cause www.intechopen.com 176 Sediment Transport changes in river morphology and stability of Kulim River. The human activity include the development to the year 2010 of Kulim district based on the Kulim Structure Plan, 1990-2010 (MDK, 1993), rapid urbanization at Kulim River catchment especially construction for housing state, the on-going 145 km2 Malaysia's first and fully integrated Kulim Hi-Tech Industrial Park and river sand mining activities which may maximize the disturbance to river equilibrium and environment. Frequent flood occurrences in Kulim River catchment have significantly affected the community because of extensive damage in built up and agriculture areas especially the flood event in October 2003, which is an event slightly lower than the 100- year ARI based on the frequency analysis. Finally, these changes to the river hydrology and sedimentation will in turn alter the channel morphology, which can include changes to channel cross section, stability and capacity (Chang et al., 2005). The study reach covers about 14.4 km of Kulim River, from the upstream (CH 14390) to the state boundary between Kedah and Penang (CH 1900) and further downstream at the Ara Kuda gauging station (CH 0). Pennisular Malaysia Fig. 1. Delineated Kulim River Catchment and Study Reach 3. Flood frequency analysis The Kulim River benefited from 46-year period (1960–2005) of daily discharge measurements at Ara Kuda streamflow station, which include two major floods have occurred in 2001 and 2003 within the period. The annual peak discharges ranked in Table 1 indicate that the ten largest floods have been measured since 1961. This can be considered that the discharge of 92.90 m3/ s measured in 5 October 2003 is the highest during that period of record. www.intechopen.com Sediment Transport in Kulim River, Kedah, Malaysia 177 Rank Discharge, Q (m3/s) Year Date 1 92.90 2003 05-Oct 2 89.90 2001 22-Jan 3 67.90 1998 16-Nov 4 65.00 2000 22-Sep 5 62.30 1963 13-Nov 6 61.20 1999 05-Sep 7 58.50 2004 23-Sep 8 57.90 1962 21-Oct 9 56.90 1964 26-Sep 10 55.10 1987 09-Nov Table 1. Flood Ranking for Kulim River at Ara Kuda A flood frequency analysis was carried out for the 42-year period of streamflow data using Gumbel Extremal Type I. It was found that the result shows the better agreement to the measured streamflow data (Figure 2). The flood frequency analysis provided by the present study is also given in Table 2. It is therefore concluded that the 2003 flood discharge of 92.90 m3/ s is slightly lower than the 100-year peak discharge. Fig. 2. Flood Frequency Analyses Using Gumbel Extremal Type I Distribution Return Period Discharge (m3/ s) 200 102.27 100 94.08 50 85.86 25 77.58 10 66.42 5 57.59 3 50.58 2 44.25 Table 2. Summary of Flood Frequency Analyses using Gumbel Extremal Type I www.intechopen.com 178 Sediment Transport 4. Sediment data collection and analysis 4.1 Field measurement River surveys, flow measurement and field data collection provide the basic physical information such as sediment characteristics, discharge, water surface slope; which is needed for the planning and design of river engineering. In addition to the data needed for sediment transport studies, use of a sediment transport model also requires field data such as channel configuration before and after the changes, a flow record and sediment characteristics, which are generally used for test and calibration of a model. Field measurements were obtained at the selected cross sections (CH 14390 and CH 3014) from October 2004 to November 2006 along Kulim River by using Hydrological Procedure (DID, 1976; DID, 1977) and recent manuals (Yuqian, 1989; USACE, 1995; Edwards & Glysson, 1999; Lagasse et al., 2001; Richardson et al., 2001). The data collection includes flow discharge (Q), suspended load (Ts), bed load (Tb) and water surface slope (So). The water-surface slopes of the study reaches were determined by taking measurements of water levels over a distance of 200 m where the cross section was located (FISRWG, 2001). Besides that, bed elevation, water surface and thalweg (the minimum bed elevation for a cross section) measurement were also carried out at the selected cross sections. Details and examples of the measurement methodology for rivers in Malaysia can be found in Ab. Ghani et al. (2003) and DID (2009). In this study, the water-surface slopes were found to be mild, where the average slope, So for CH 14390 and CH 3014 is 0.001 m/ m. Bed material samples were also collected at the selected cross sections including bank samples. This data were analyzed to determine the distributions of the mean sediment size or d50 and used to characterize the physical characteristics of the sediment responsible for sediment transport, which determines the river response in terms of erosion and deposition. Low sediment transport rate for Kulim River occurred during the field measurements. The mean sediment sizes show that Kulim River is sand-bed streams where d50 ranges from 1.00 to 2.40 mm. A summary with ranges for hydraulics and sediment data collection is shown in Table 3 (Chang et al., 2008). The surveyed cross sections for the Kulim River show that it is a single Study Site CH 14390 CH 3014 No. of Sample 10 12 Discharge, Q (m3/ s) 0.73 – 3.14 3.73 - 9.98 Bankfull width, TW (m) 25.0 50.0 Water surface width, B (m) 9.0 - 13.0 13.0 - 19.0 Flow depth, yo (m) 0.20 - 0.54 0.36 - 0.58 Hydraulic radius, R (m) 0.23 - 0.57 0.40 - 0.63 Water surface slope, So 0.001 0.001 Mean sediment size, d50 (mm) 1.00 – 2.40 1.10 - 2.00 Manning n 0.029 - 0.072 0.024 - 0.037 B/ yo 23.4 - 44.8 26.0 - 52.5 yo/d50 126.9 - 369.01 240.0 - 550.9 R/ d50 141.4 - 406.6 266.5 - 570.9 Bed load, Tb (kg/ s) 0.06 - 0.33 0.11 - 0.36 Suspended load, Ts (kg/ s) 0.02 - 0.27 0.03 - 1.21 Total load, Tj (kg/ s) 0.09 - 0.56 0.27 - 1.35 Table 3. Range of Field Data for Kulim River Catchment (Chang et al., 2008) www.intechopen.com Sediment Transport in Kulim River, Kedah, Malaysia 179 10 CH 14390 (Kg/s) CH 3014 j 1 0.82 Tj = 0.171Q R2 = 0.87 0.1 Total Bed Material Load, T Total 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 3 Discharge, Q (m /s) Fig. 3. Sediment Rating Curve along Kulim River thread channel with the bankfull width ranging between 25 and 50 m, and aspect ratio (B/ yo) was between 23 and 53 indicating that it is a moderate-size channel. The total bed material load (Tj) is composed of the suspended load and bed load, representing the ability of the river to replenish the sediment and it must be specified for sediment transport, scour and deposition analysis.
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