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Sediment Transport Modeling for Kulim River E a Case Study

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Sediment Transport Modeling for Kulim River E a Case Study Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of Hydro-environment Research 2 (2008) 47e59 www.elsevier.com/locate/jher Sediment transport modeling for Kulim River e A case study Chang Chun Kiat*, Aminuddin Ab Ghani, Rozi Abdullah, Nor Azazi Zakaria River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia Received 10 August 2007; revised 12 March 2008; accepted 9 April 2008 Abstract Rapid urbanization has accelerated impact on the catchment hydrology and geomorphology. This rapid development which takes place in river catchment will result in higher sediment yield and affect river morphology and river channel stability; it also becomes the main cause for serious flooding in urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to predict and evaluate the river channel stability due to the existing and future developments. This study proceeds at Kulim River in Kedah state, a natural stream in Kedah, Malaysia. The FLUVIAL-12 model, an erod- ible-boundary model which simulates inter-related changes in channel-bed profile, width variation and changes in bed topography was selected for this study. Engelund-Hansen formula and roughness coefficient n ¼ 0.030 were found to be the best combination to represent the sediment transport activity in the study reach, where good agreements were obtained for both water level and bed profiles between the measured data and predicted results by FLUVIAL-12 model. The model simulation results for existing conditions, future conditions and long-term modeling show that the sediment size and channel geometry in Kulim River changed significantly. However, modeled results show that future changes in cross sectional geometry will be limited and erosion along the reach will slow down from 2006 to 2016, thus Kulim River was predicted to be stable at most locations. Ó 2008 International Association for Hydraulic Engineering and Research, Asia Pacific Division. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Alluvial river; Sediment transport; FLUVIAL-12 model; River channel stability; Long-term simulation 1. Introduction will not only affect river morphology but also cause instability in the river channel and hence serious damage to hydraulic River is a dynamic system governed by hydraulic and sed- structures along the river and reducing channel capacity to iment transport process. Over time, the river responses by convey the flood water to downstream. changing in channel cross section, increased or decreased sed- Kulim River (Fig. 1) today is also changing, but mostly in iment carrying capacity, erosion and deposition along the response to human activity. These activities include the channel, which affect bank stability and even morphology development to the year 2010 of the Kulim district based on changes. Rapid urbanization has accelerated impact on the the Kulim Structure Plan, 1990e2010 (MDK, 1993), rapid catchment hydrology and geomorphology. This development urbanization at Kulim River catchment especially construction which takes place in river catchment areas will cause dramatic for housing estate, the on-going 145 km2 Kulim Hi-Tech In- increase in the surface runoff and resulting in higher sediment dustrial Park and sand mining activities. Frequently floods delivery. Sediment delivery is defined as the cumulative that occur in Kulim River Catchment for the past 20 years amount of sediment that has been delivered passing each cross has caused extensive damage and inconvenience to the com- section for a specified period of time. When this happens, it munity especially October 2003 flood which was close to the 100-year average recurrence interval (ARI). Finally, these changes to the river hydrology and sedimentation will in turn * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ604 594 1035; fax: þ604 594 1036; alter the channel morphology, which can include changes to E-mail address: [email protected] (C.K. Chang). channel cross section, stability and capacity (Chang et al., 1570-6443/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 International Association for Hydraulic Engineering and Research, Asia Pacific Division. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jher.2008.04.002 48 C.K. Chang et al. / Journal of Hydro-environment Research 2 (2008) 47e59 Fig. 1. Delineated Kulim River Catchment and Study Reach for FLUVIAL-12 Modeling. 2004, 2005). Therefore, river channel behavior often needs to modeling, or mathematical modeling, or both. Physical model- be studied for its natural state and response to human regula- ing has been relied upon traditionally for river projects, but tion. However, studies of river hydraulics, sediment transport, mathematical modeling is becoming more popular as its capa- and river channel changes may be carried out through physical bilities expand rapidly (Chang, 2006b). In Malaysia, mathe- matical modeling has been widely applied for study related with sediment transport such as Sinnakaudan et al. (2003), Da- Table 1 rus et al. (2004) and Ariffin (2004). Similar attempts were also Range of Field Data for Kulim River Catchment (Chang, 2006a; Ab. Ghani made from previous studies at Kulim River (DID, 1996; Ya- et al., 2007) haya, 1999; Lee, 2001; Ibrahim, 2002; Koay, 2004) which Study Site CH 14390 CH 3014 were conducted to determine the river behaviors and the effec- No. of Sample 10 12 tiveness of the flood mitigation projects due to rapid urbaniza- 3 e e Discharge, Q (m /s) 0.73 3.14 3.73 9.98 tion. However, data available from previous studies, including Water surface width, B (m) 9.0e13.0 13.0e19.0 river survey geometry data, sediment data and hydrology data Flow depth, yo (m) 0.20e0.54 0.36e0.58 Hydraulic radius, R (m) 0.23e0.57 0.40e0.63 were limited and up to year 1999. Besides that, the study also Water surface slope, So 0.001 0.001 was limited to a single storm event and river stability could not e e Mean sediment size, d50 (mm) 1.00 2.40 1.10 2.00 be predicted. Hence, the objectives of this study are to exam- e e Manning n 0.029 0.072 0.024 0.037 ine river stability for a long period due to changes made by na- B/y 23.4e44.8 26.0e52.5 o ture or human activities by evaluating Kulim River sediment yo/d50 126.9e369.01 240.0e550.9 R/d50 141.4e406.6 266.5e570.9 transporting capability (Table 1) and determining effect of Bed load, Tb (kg/s) 0.06e0.33 0.11e0.36 flooding due to rapid urbanization at the study area. It is nec- e e Suspended load, Ts (kg/s) 0.02 0.27 0.03 1.21 essary to evaluate and predict the river channel stability for the e e Total load, Tj (kg/s) 0.09 0.56 0.27 1.35 purpose of river rehabilitation due to the existing and future C.K. Chang et al. / Journal of Hydro-environment Research 2 (2008) 47e59 49 50 45 3 June 1991, 4am (Q = 43.74 m3/s) 40 35 /s) 3 30 25 20 Discharge, Q (m 15 10 5 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Time (Hour) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Fig. 2. Input Hydrograph for Year 1991. developments in the river catchment. The historical data from headwaters, the Kulim River catchment is hilly and densely 1991 (Fig. 2), up to 2006 (Fig. 3) will be evaluated and used to forested and Kulim River arises on the western slopes of predict river stability for future development and this will al- Gunung Bongsu Range and flowing in a north-westerly direc- low evaluation of river stability over a 16-year period by con- tion. The river slopes are steep and the channel elevation drops sidering the effect of changes in cross section and sediment from 500 m to 20 m average mean sea level over a distance of load. This paper attempts to give an overview of the channel 9 km. The central area of the catchment is undulating with changes and sediment transport phenomena which cause prob- elevations ranging from 100 m down to 18 m average mean lems with river bank and bed stability in Kulim River. sea level. Currently, the catchment area is undergoing rapid urban development with oil palm and rubber plantations being 2. Study area replaced by rapid urbanization. This is likely to increase the magnitude of flood and will also result in discharge and bed Kulim River catchment is located in the southern part of the erosion increment or scouring and deposition. state of Kedah in the northwestern corner of Peninsular Malay- Frequently floods occur in Kulim River catchment and sia with the total catchment area of 130 km2 (Fig. 1). At the cause extensive damage and inconvenience to the community. 100 90 80 70 /s) 3 60 50 40 30 Discharge, Q (m 20 10 0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 Time (Hour) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Fig. 3. Input Hydrograph for Year 1991 to June 1993, 1997 to June 2006. 50 C.K. Chang et al. / Journal of Hydro-environment Research 2 (2008) 47e59 15.00 1990/1991 1992 14.00 1993/1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 13.00 3 2001 2002 Q = 0.7 x (yo-5.0) Flood Rating 12.00 11.00 10.00 Stage (m) 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Discharge (m3/s) Fig. 4. Flood Rating Curve at Ara Kuda (CH 0). The effects of flooding are felt most in built-up areas such as flood discharges, high channel roughness, siltation and block- residential and commercial areas within the urban confine ages by debris and refuse.
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