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The Efforts of Talang Mamak Indigenous People to Maintain Their Existence in Customary Forest Resources Battle

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The Efforts of Talang Mamak Indigenous People to Maintain Their Existence in Customary Forest Resources Battle Society, 7 (1), 21-36, 2019 P-ISSN: 2338-6932 | E-ISSN: 2597-4874 https://society.fisip.ubb.ac.id The Efforts of Talang Mamak Indigenous People to Maintain Their Existence in Customary Forest Resources Battle Rizky Octa Putri Charin 1, Arief Hidayat 2* 1, 2 Department of Politics and Government, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia * Corresponding Author: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Publication Info: The resources of Customary Forest play an important role in Review Articles Talang Mamak Indigenous People to survive. The exploitation of the forest by private companies and investors has caused violent conflict. The situation of the indigenous people How to cite: becomes worsen since the local government does not fully Charin, R. O., & Hidayat, A. protect their rights of the forest. Even, the local government (2019). The Efforts of Talang tends to defend private company and investor in addressing Mamak Indigenous People to the conflict. Customary forest of Talang Mamak indigenous Maintain Their Existence in people is in the oligarchs grip and conflict of interest with Customary Forest Resources their elder. The Indigenous people are in crossroad; to preserve Battle. Society, 7(1), 21-36. or to release their heritage and right. This study aims to determine the efforts of Talang Mamak Indigenous People to maintain their existence in the customary forest resources DOI : 10.33019/society.v7i1.78 battle with private company and investor. This study used qualitative descriptive method. The data collection were documentation analysis and other relevant literature. This Copyright © 2019. Owned by study used Theory of Oligarchy (Winters 2011) as grounded Author(s), published by Society theory. The result found that the efforts of the indigenous people to fight for their rights getting weak. Some of them begin to accept compensation from the company and investor, in other word, some of them are willing to release their heritage and right on the forest. This is an open access article. License: Attribution- Keywords: Customary Forest; Oligarchy; Private NonCommercial-ShareAlike Company; Resources; Talang Mamak (CC BY-NC-SA) Indigenous People; The Efforts of Talang Mamak Indigenous People to Maintain Their Existence in Customary Forest Resources Battle Introduction viewed as empowered by wealth for Conflict on customary forest centuries. The common thread for oligarchs exploitation of Talang Mamak Indigenous across history is that wealth defines them, people is not only with private company but empowers them and inherently exposes also several new entities such as the local them to threats. The existential motive of all elite and the government. oligarchs is wealth defense. How they Local Elite, The indigenous chief and respond varies with the threats they the village head, acts as a broker trading the confront, including how directly involved customary land to private company for they are in supplying the coercion personal gain without permission of the underlying all property claims and whether community. This is a strategy of private they act separately or collectively. These company and capital owner to take over variations yield four types of oligarchy: indigenous forest resources. Not only land Warring, ruling, sultanistic and civil. grabbing for plantation area expansion, but Related to this study, the indigenous companies engaged in paper production chief of Talang Mamak plays a rule as also do illegal logging. warring category, if at first the power in the This study discusses about the conflicts form of coercion from the Indigenous Chief between Talang Mamak indigenous people or indigenous used for collective interests who live in Indragiri Hulu, Riau Province such as maintaining land claims or other and private companies engaged in palm oil resources shared with other dominant actors and paper production. Both the people and as common enemies, it can then be used to the companies have struggled for ulayat make wealthy enriching and strengthening land since the beginning of 2000 and ending individuals or groups as chief, who in 2017. maintain and control their own groups first Since the indigenous people have loss and then others around whom they succeed their customary land and forests, they are in defeating1. Although it will eventually be increasingly losing economic resources, concentrated only under individual control, traditional wealth and culture. material power is initially organized into By investigating the dynamics of the "collective social power" because it is based conflict occurred between private on resources in the form of village assets, companies, investor, and the indigenous small clans, and families, which are people in early 2000 to 2008, and comparing prepared and maintained as "together". The it with the development of conflicts in the legitimacy of the Indigenous Chief or village end of 2010 until 2015, this study aims to head is exploited arbitrarily, the claim of discover the efforts of Talang Mamak these resources will implicate for the Indigenous people to maintain their material resources united over individual existence in customary forest resources ownership rather than the collective. In battle. other words, the expression "ours" becomes "mine". Theoretical Framework 1. Theory of Oligarchy: Customary forest tenure Local Elite shifting Jeffrey A. Winters, in his book entitled Oligarchy, states that oligarchs were 1 Jeffrey A. Winters. 2011. Oligarchy. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. p. 64 Copyright © 2019. Owned by Author(s), published by Society. This is an open-access article under CC-BY-NC-SA license. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v7i1.78 22 The Efforts of Talang Mamak Indigenous People to Maintain Their Existence in Customary Forest Resources Battle 2. Theory of Conflict Approach people is an Indragiri Indigenous Conflict means perceived divergence of community and often calls themselves as interest, a belief that the parties current Tuha people, means the first men live in aspirations are incompatible (Pruit and Indragiri Hulu. Their distribution Riau is Rubin, 2009). the power of oligarchs will spread in four sub-districts, they are in immerse conflicts among the indigenous Batang Cenaku Sub-district, Kelayang Sub- people with private companies have been district, Seberida Sub-district, and Batang related each other. Gasal Sub-district. Two sub-districts, Kelayang and Batang Cenaku Sub-districts, covered 17 villages specifically in Talang Research Methodology Mamak has two Communities: Firstly, This study used qualitative method Talang Mamak Tiga Balai Community Area with descriptive. Sugiono (2008: 15) states in Kelayang District, Secondly, Malay that it is in constructive paradigm research Community Area in Batang Cenaku in design and the researcher is a key Batang Cenaku District3. instrument when the study conducted in Their livelihood is farming and planting natural objective. The data sources were especially rubber plantation. Rubber is main media, related research articles, and commodity of the community. Before that, legislation. Data collection were analyzed as since the beginning of the 19th century the it reflected on the title. Data Validation test forest products are varies, like dragon's and information of this study based on blood palm dragon (Daemonorops specific criteria; data validation and level of didymophylla Becc), jelutung (Dyera costulata), trust in describing finding and discussion, red / white balam (Shorea balangeran) and conclusion, and explanation. This study aloes tree (Aloidendron barberae) and rattan used data as comparison for various (Calameae). The people income increases information by organizing, compiling into with demand for forest products. Rubber pattern and category, and interpret them planting certainly makes them more settled using some schema. and at the same time as a tool to maintain their land and forests. Forests are the main source of livelihood for the Talang Mamak Discussion and Result indigenous people as their main livelihood, 1. A brief history of Talang Mamak forests is a great cultural value for them. Indigenous People in Riau Land and forest as living areas are an The indigenous entity live along the inseparable part. Since hundreds of years Indragiri River, Indragiri Hulu district, Riau Province. This tribal community belongs to the Old Malay race (Proto Malay). The Republic of Indonesia. The Constitutional Court of customary forest area reaches around the Republic of Indonesia. P. 102 400,000 hectares and it has been approved 3 Gilung. Talang Mamak: Hidup Terjepit Di Atas Tanah by the Dutch colony through the Resident of dan Hutannya Sendiri-Potret Konflik Kehutanan Antara Indragiri in 19252. The Talang Mamak Masyarakat Adat Talang Mamak Di Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu, Provinsi Riau Dengan Industri Kehutanan. Presented as additional material witnesses on Constitutional Court Review No.41 year 1999 about 2 Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012 about forestry in The 1945 State Constitution of the Constitutional Review Number 41 Year 1999 about Republic of Indonesia at Constitutional Court of the Forestry in The 1945 State Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, June 14, 2012, p. 2 Copyright © 2019. Owned by Author(s), published by Society. This is an open-access article under CC-BY-NC-SA license. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v7i1.78 23 The Efforts of Talang Mamak Indigenous People to Maintain Their Existence in Customary Forest Resources Battle ago, the community has become unity with 3. Dynamics
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