Timeline / 1810 to 1910 / FINE AND APPLIED ARTS
Date Country Theme
1810 - 1880 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts
Buildings present innovation in their architecture, decoration and positioning. Palaces, patrician houses and mosques incorporate elements of Baroque style; new European techniques and decorative touches that recall Italian arts are evident at the same time as the increased use of foreign labour.
1810 - 1880 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts
A new lifestyle develops in the luxurious mansions inside the medina and also in the large properties of the surrounding area. Mirrors and consoles, chandeliers from Venice etc., are set alongside Spanish-North African furniture. All manner of interior items, as well as women’s clothing and jewellery, experience the same mutations.
1810 - 1830 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)
A masterpiece of Byzantine sculpture, the iconostasis in the Monastery of St John at Bigor near Debar is created in this period by Petre Filipovski Garkata (d. 1854) and his group of craftsmen. Carved in walnut, the iconostasis depicts scenes from the Old and New Testaments and varied floral motifs. This Macedonian master of woodcarving and his associates also executed the iconostases in Lesnovo Monastery.
1813 Romania Fine And Applied Arts
Gheorghe Asachi teaches a class of drawing and history of art at the School for Surveying Engineers (Moldavia).
1815 - 1848 Germany Fine And Applied Arts
The painting by Carl Spitzweg, Der Sonntagsspaziergang (The Sunday Walk, 1841), exemplifies the Biedermeier era (an expression of the popular present reality) in art at this time. Incidentally, Spitzweg’s painting Der arme Poet (The Poor Poet) was the most popular painting in Germany in the 19th century.
1816 - 1830 Germany Fine And Applied Arts
Architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel engraved a certain style on Berlin, starting with the Neue Wache (New Guardhouse, 1816–18) and followed by the Konzerthaus at Berlin’s Gandarmenmarkt (1818–21). Opposite the Lustgarten (Pleasure gardens) on what is now known as Museum Island in Berlin, Schinkel built the first royal museum, the Altes Museum (opened 1830), marking the beginning of the Island’s history.
1819 Spain Fine And Applied Arts
Founding of the Museo Nacional del Prado with the Royal collection of paintings as one the first museums in Spain. Date Country Theme
1819 France Fine And Applied Arts
The Raft of the Medusa, by the Romantic painter Théodore Géricault.
1821 - 1822 Italy Fine And Applied Arts
Francesco Hayez paints I Vespri Siciliani, a historical painting expressing the new revolutionary and independence ideas that are taking root in Italy.
1824 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)
Petre Filipovski Garkata and fellow artisans, including the master carver Makarie Frchkovski, create the iconostasis in the Church of Holy Salvation, Skopje. Petre Filipovski developed his own recognisable style of wood carving depicting scenes from the Old and New Testaments in which biblical figures were rendered wearing traditional costumes of Macedonia. The iconostasis also depicts the artists who created it as their “signature”.
1824 France Fine And Applied Arts
The Pardon of Bonchamps by David d'Angers.
1824 France Fine And Applied Arts
The Massacre at Chios by the Romantic painter Eugène Delacroix.
Circa 1825 France Fine And Applied Arts
The inventor Nicéphore Niépce is credited with the creation of the first “photograph”.
1829 France Fine And Applied Arts
École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, Paris.
1830 Spain Fine And Applied Arts
From the 1830s onwards the Moorish or Alhambresque style is popular in Europe, especially in Spain, but also in England, Austria, Russia, Germany and the USA. This style is found not only in applied arts but also in architecture and interior decoration including the well-known “Moorish” smoking or retiring rooms.
1832 Romania Fine And Applied Arts
Gheorghe Asachi founds in Ia#i a lithographic printing press called Institutul Albinei (The Bee Institute).
1834 Spain Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme
During his Grand Tour, after visiting Italy, Greece and Egypt, Owen Jones visits Granada and the Alhambra. His six month stay in the Alhambra is very important in the development of his ideas about polychromy and design.
1835 France Fine And Applied Arts
The daguerreotype process.
1836 - 1845 Spain Fine And Applied Arts
Publication of Owen Jones's Plan, Elevations, Sections and Details of the Alhambra (with an essay by Pascual de Gayangos on the history of the Nasrid Dynasty) in 12 volumes, using the new technique of chromolithography.
1837 Greece Fine And Applied Arts
Athens School of the Fine Arts is established with three departments: the School of Crafts, School of Industrial Crafts and the School of Fine Arts.
1842 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)
The portrait of Gjurchin Kokale, founder of the Church of St George in Lazaropole, is painted inside the church by Dicho Krstevic Zograph. It is one of the earliest known portraits in Macedonia. In 1854 this prolific artist painted the icon of Archpriest Samoil from the Treskavec Monastery near Prilep.
1843 Romania Fine And Applied Arts
Carol Popp de Szathmari, the most important Romanian photographer of the 19th century (born in Cluj, Transylvania), moves to Bucharest, where he opens a photo studio.
1843 Greece Fine And Applied Arts
The School of the Fine Arts becomes a five-year higher education institution under its director, the architect Lissandros Kautantzoglou.
1843 - 1876 Germany Fine And Applied Arts
Formation of the Neues Museum (1843–55), built by Friedrich August Stüler, a follower of K. F. Schinkel. Stüler and Carl Busse then design the Alte Nationalgalerie (1867–76).
1848 France Fine And Applied Arts
The "special national school for design, mathematics, architecture and ornamental sculpture applied to the industrial arts", which succeeds the Royal school of design founded in the 18th century, becomes the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs in 1877.
Circa 1850 - Circa 1900 France Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme
The Realist movement, which emerges as a reaction to Classicism, focuses on the faithful reproduction of the “reality” of daily life in both town and country. This movement, which affected literature and painting in particular, shocked some people. Orientalism (i.e. the painters Fromentin, Ingres and Gérôme) favoured subjects inspired by travel to the Near East.
1850 - 1860s Spain Fine And Applied Arts
Rafael Contreras begins to make models from the Alhambra that are shown in international exhibitions and acquired by many museums and schools of design. The models are used as examples of wall decoration in the Alhambresque style.
1850 Spain Fine And Applied Arts
First photography of Arab monuments such as the Alhambra and the Great Mosque of Córdoba. The development of photography sheds new light on these monuments and these first photographs are important documents on Arab remains in Spain.
1850 - 1855 Italy Fine And Applied Arts
The painters of the School of Posillipo (Naples) develop a new style of more natural observation of landscapes and everyday life.
1850 France Fine And Applied Arts
A Burial At Ornans by the Realist painter Gustave Courbet.
1850 - 1900 Germany Fine And Applied Arts
The painting by Max Liebermann, Die Gänserupferinnen (1872), exemplifies Impressionism in art at this time.
1854 Italy Fine And Applied Arts
Leopoldo Alinari, with his brothers Romualdo and Giuseppe, opens in Florence one of the first photography workshope – Fratelli Alinari.
1855 Italy Fine And Applied Arts
The Caffé Michelangelo in Florence becomes a meeting place for artists and republican intellectuals close to Giuseppe Mazzini, in opposition to academic and official environments.
1857 France Fine And Applied Arts
The Angelus, by the Realist painter Jean-François Millet.
1860 - 1865 Greece Fine And Applied Arts
Both Nikolaos Gyzis and Nikiphoros Lytras win scholarships to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. Date Country Theme
Circa 1870 - Circa 1900 France Fine And Applied Arts
Impressionist painters capture the effects of light in outdoor and everyday scenes.
1860 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)
The icon “Seven Holy Teachers” (Sedmochislenitzi) is painted by the most significant representative of Christian religious art in Macedonia, Dicho Krstevic Zograph, at the peak of his creativity. It represents the Slav missionaries Sts Cyril and Methodius and their disciples Clement, Nahum, Gorazd, Sabbas and Angelarij in a solo composition. His icons are distinguished by bright colour and baroque features.
1860 Spain Fine And Applied Arts
The Manises pottery begins to produce objects in lustreware.
1860 Romania Fine And Applied Arts
7 November: on the initiative of painter Gheorghe Panaitescu-Bardasare, a School of Fine Arts and an art gallery are founded in Ia#i.
1860 - 1870 Italy Fine And Applied Arts
In opposition to academic painting, the Macchiaioli movement (Telemaco Signorini, Vincenzo Cabianca and Silvestro Lega) experiments with “spot painting”, based on the strong contrast between light and shadow.
1860 - 1910 Germany Fine And Applied Arts
Realism (a backlash to both Classicism and Romanticism) is exemplified by French artist Gustave Courbet’s Die Steinklopfer (1849), although long before then Albrecht Dürer had painted his highly realistic Junger Feldhase (1502).
1862 France Fine And Applied Arts
The Picnic on the Grass by Édouard Manet marks a transition from Realism to Impressionism
1863 - 1885 Italy Fine And Applied Arts
Opening of applied art schools, often attached to museums: Industrial Museum of Turin (1863), Artistic Industrial Museum of Rome (1873), Naples (1882) and Palermo (1885).
1863 Spain Fine And Applied Arts
The painters Mariano Fortuny y Marsal and Francisco Lameyer travel to North Africa. Fortuny buys different artworks and textiles for his collection.
1864 Romania Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme
Dimitrie Bolintineanu, the Minister of Religion and Public Instruction, organises in Bucharest an exhibition displaying works of contemporary Romanian artists, the most important of the time being painters Theodor Aman, Gheorghe Tattarescu and Carol Popp de Szathmari.
1864 Romania Fine And Applied Arts
14 November: a School of Fine Arts (which today is the National University of Art) is founded in Bucharest by painters Gheorghe Tattarescu and Theodor Aman.
1865 Romania Fine And Applied Arts
The first showing of the “Living Artists Exhibition” (for painters and sculptors), organised by painter Theodor Aman, takes place in Ia#i. The annual organisation of such an exhibition is established by a decree issued in December 1864.
1865 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts
The stuccoes of the corridor of the Monserrate Palace are inspired by those of Alhambra Palace in Granada. The profusion of columns is considered to recall those in the Hypostyle Hall of the Cordova Mosque.
1866 Greece Fine And Applied Arts
Nikiphoros Lytras takes up a professorship at the School of the Arts in Athens.
1867 Austria Fine And Applied Arts
The Austrian Museum of Applied Arts purchases the minbar from the Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo.
1867 - 1885 Germany Fine And Applied Arts
King Ludwig II of Bavaria sets in motion the building of his second palace, Linderhof (1869–85), the smallest of the large palaces he had built, and the only one he lived to see completed. The king’s penchant for the so called Moorish style can be seen in several elements, such as the Moorish Kiosk (1867) and the Moroccan House (1878). The King’s House on the Schachen (1869–72), built with a Turkish Hall by Georg von Dollmann, further attests to Ludwig’s admiration for the “Oriental” style.
1872 - 1874 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts
O Desterrado (The Outcast), a sculpture by António Soares dos Reis (1847–89) is an idealised self-portrait. It conveys the collective feelings of his contemporary intellectuals and the feelings of loneliness and longing common to those who had left their homeland. The sculptor’s romantic sensibility enabled him to shape feelings and psychological tensions in the marble.
1872 France Fine And Applied Arts
Impression, Sunrise by the Impressionist painter Claude Monet. Date Country Theme
1873 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts
First art exhibition in #stanbul, organised by #eker Ahmed Pa#a.
1874 Austria Fine And Applied Arts
Kasper von Zumbusch (1830–1915) begins work on a monument to Empress Maria Theresia, situated on Maria-Theresien-Platz at the Ringstrasse in Vienna.
1876 Romania Fine And Applied Arts
19 February: birth of the great Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncu#i, author of sculptures such as Mademoiselle Pogany, The Kiss, Bird in Space, and The Endless Column. His works are today exhibited in museums in France, the USA and Romania.
1876 France Fine And Applied Arts
Dance at Le moulin de la Galette by the Impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
1877 - 1882 Romania Fine And Applied Arts
Ion Georgescu, considered to be the first Romanian modern sculptor, studies in Paris, where he exhibits his first works.
1877 Austria Fine And Applied Arts
The Viennese Stock Market is completed to a design by Theophil Hansen.
1877 Austria Fine And Applied Arts
The Austrian glass manufacture Lobmayr produces glass cups in the Oriental Style.
1879 Austria Fine And Applied Arts
Hans Makart (1840–84) designs the “Makart Parade” to celebrate the Silver wedding anniversary of the Imperial couple, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and Empress Elisabeth (“Sisi”).
1880 - 1890 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts
It was the era of eclecticism. The French Protectorate builds the regency’s infrastructure in the European classical tradition, constructing monuments in the impressive Greco-Roman style.
1880 - 1900 Germany Fine And Applied Arts
The painting by Franz von Stuck, Die Sünde (1893), exemplifies the period in art known as Post-Imperialism and Symbolism. Date Country Theme
1880 - 1900 France Fine And Applied Arts
Trends in painting in this period include: "Post-Impressionism" (i.e. Cézanne, Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec, van Gogh); Pointillism (i.e. Seurat, Signac); Symbolism (i.e. Moreau, Puvis de Chavannes, Redon); Les Nabis (i.e. Bonnard, Denis, Sérusier, Vuillard) and Primitivism (i.e. Matisse, Rousseau).
1881 Spain Fine And Applied Arts
Birth of Pablo Picasso in Málaga. In Spain Picasso’s birth date would be established as the boundary between works of art in the Academic style and the avant-garde style.
1882 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts
Birth of #brahim Çall# (d. 1960). He was a prominent painter who was sent to Paris between 1910 and 1914 where he studied in the workshop of Fernand Cormon.
1882 Italy Fine And Applied Arts
Brera Picture Gallery, originally created by Maria Teresa of Austria in 1776, becomes an independent museum.
1882 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts
White Houses of Capri by naturalist painter António Carvalho da Silva Porto (1850– 93) represents the new interest in travelling and other cultures.
1882 France Fine And Applied Arts
The Thinker by the sculptor Auguste Rodin.
1883 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts
Opening of the School of Fine Arts (Sanâyi-i Nefise Mektebi) by Osman Hamdi Bey. It consists of sections for painting, sculpture and architecture.
1883 Italy Fine And Applied Arts
Inauguration of the National Gallery of Modern Art in Rome, in the Exhibition Palace by Pio Piacentini. It is intended to focus on “national” art.
1885 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts
O Grupo Do Leão painted by Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro is a landmark in 19th- century painting both for its quality and for its subject matter. The depicted group of artists in the Leão beer house were linked to the Portuguese Naturalist and Realist painting movement. This work became famous and marked the beginning of a period of great artistic activity.
1885 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM) Date Country Theme
The earliest portrait in Macedonian art that is not part of religious depiction, a portrait of a child is painted by Dimitar Andonov of Papradishte (1859–1954). Dimitar Andonov was one of the last Macedonian “zographs” (icon painters) and the founder of Macedonian profane art.
1886 Greece Fine And Applied Arts
Nikolaos Gyzis, one of Greece’s most important 19th-century painters, becomes professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich.
1886 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts
26 February: Mihri Mü#fik Han#m, one of the first female painters of renown, is born.
1889 France Fine And Applied Arts
The inauguration of the Eiffel Tower and the use of iron in architectural structures.
1890 - 1910 Germany Fine And Applied Arts
The paintings by Heinrich Vogeler, Das Konzert (Sommerabend) (1893), and Gustav Klimt, Der Kuss (1908), exemplify the period in art known as Jugendstil or Art Nouveau.
1890 - 1900 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts
Construction of public and private buildings in the arabisance style, which proposes a synthesis of European architectural styles with Arab and Spanish-North African architecture.
1890 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts
Müfide Kadri is born (d. 1912). One of the early female painters, she took private classes from Osman Hamdi Bey.
1891 Austria Fine And Applied Arts
The Museum of Applied Arts in Vienna purchases the Karabakh carpet in Istanbul.
1891 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts
Fausto Zonaro (1854–1929) arrives in #stanbul as an independent artist. He receives the title of court painter in 1896.
1894 - 1900 France Fine And Applied Arts
The Salon des Cent (Salon of the One Hundred) neither focused on any one school of art nor paid attention to any of the official bodies.
1895 France Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme
The Maison de l'Art nouveau by Samuel Bing.
1895 France Fine And Applied Arts
Castel Béranger by Hector Guimard is in the Art Nouveau style.
1897 Austria Fine And Applied Arts
Gustav Klimt (1867–1918) founds, along with other Viennese artists, the Viennese Secession, a society of Austrian Art Nouveaux artists.
1897 Romania Fine And Applied Arts
The National School of Architecture is founded as a section of the School of Fine Arts in Bucharest. It becomes an independent institution in 1904, under the name the Superior School of Architecture.
1897 - 1904 Germany Fine And Applied Arts
Formation of the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum (now the Bode Museum), proposed by Wilhelm von Bode, and built by Ernst von Ihne and Max Hasak.
1900 Greece Fine And Applied Arts
Foundation of the National Gallery in Athens. Its chief curator is the acclaimed painter Georgios Iakovidis.
1901 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)
One of the founders of Macedonian modern art, Lazar Lichenoski (d. 1964) is born in Galichnik. After graduating from Belgrade Art School he attended prestigeous art schools in Paris. He is best known for his landscapes, which reveal the harmonious beauty of nature through endless views from the peak of Bistra Mountain. Lichenoski introduced expressionism in Macedonian art.
1901 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts
The Sociedade Promotora de Belas Artes (1861) and the Grémio Artístico (1890) created by the Grupo do Leão (1880) merge into the National Society of Fine Arts (SNBA) headed by Malhoa Columbano and António Ramalho. In Porto, the Centro Artístico Portuense (CAP) (founded in 1870) did not survive the death of the painter Silva Porto in 1903.
1901 Italy Fine And Applied Arts
Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo paints The Fourth Estate, showing workers on strike. The painting will become an icon of the workers’ movement.
1903 Austria Fine And Applied Arts
The Wiener Werkstätte, an association of designers such as Joseph Hofmann and Koloman Moser is founded, covering all aspects of design from fashion to furniture. Date Country Theme
1903 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)
A founder of contemporary Macedonian art, Nikola Martinoski is born in Krushevo (d. 1973). He learned painting in the Skopje workshop of the icon painter Dimitar Andonov, and in Bucharest and Paris. His distinctive expressionist style depicts social themes and portraits, influenced by Macedonian frescos and the modern Parisian school. His outstanding work is the painting "Mother and Child".
1907 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)
Gjorgji Zografski paints what is considered to be the earliest depiction of an actual historic event. It shows the plundering raid on the village of Papradishte near Veles that occurred in 1884.
1908 Greece Fine And Applied Arts
An exhibition by members of the Omada Technis (Art Group), which includes Nikolaos Lytras, Konstantinos Parthenis, Konstantinos Malea and others, reacts to the conservative academicism of the Munich school.
1909 Italy Fine And Applied Arts
Filippo Marinetti publishes the Futurist Manifesto in Le Figaro.
1909 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts
A Turkish group of painters, Association of Ottoman Painters, is founded by students from the Fine Arts Academy in #stanbul.