Timeline / Before 1800 to 1890 / FINE AND APPLIED ARTS

Date Country Theme

1700 - 1750s Fine And Applied Arts

"Palace Schwetzingen" is bulit and flourised under the Palatine Prince Elector Carl Theodor. The baroque castle complex includes more than 100 sculptures and a "Türkischer Garten" ("Turkish Garden") with a mosque, biult from 1779 to 1791, that makes it the earliest mosque- style in Germany and the largest structure of its kind in a german garden. It was designed by Nicolas de Pigage. However the oriental details are not for religious but for decorative purposes.

1770 - 1830 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

The painting by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, Goethe in der Campagna (1786/87), exemplifies in art at this time.

1777 - 1810 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

Under Queen Maria I (1734–1816) and King João VI (1767–1826) a new neoclassical decorative grammar replaces the dominant rococo style. Besides French and English influences, the main features of the furniture are the carving of classical inspiration and the inlay work using various woods, creating both geometrical and floral compositions.

About 1790 - About 1850 Fine And Applied Arts

As in literature, painting sees a similar confrontation between Neoclassicism (e.g. the work of Ingres) and , the latter also influencing sculpture. Academicism endured throughout the 19th century (i.e. Bouguereau, Gérôme and Cabanel).

1790 - 1840 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

The painting by Caspar David Friedrich, Der Wanderer über dem Nebelmeer (1818), exemplifies Romanticism in art at this time.

1810 - 1880 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts

Buildings present innovation in their , decoration and positioning. Palaces, patrician houses and mosques incorporate elements of Baroque style; new European techniques and decorative touches that recall Italian arts are evident at the same time as the increased use of foreign labour.

1810 - 1880 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts

A new lifestyle develops in the luxurious mansions inside the medina and also in the large properties of the surrounding area. Mirrors and consoles, chandeliers from etc., are set alongside Spanish-North African furniture. All manner of interior items, as well as women’s clothing and jewellery, experience the same mutations.

1810 - 1830 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM) Date Country Theme

A masterpiece of Byzantine sculpture, the iconostasis in the Monastery of St John at Bigor near Debar is created in this period by Petre Filipovski Garkata (d. 1854) and his group of craftsmen. Carved in walnut, the iconostasis depicts scenes from the Old and New Testaments and varied floral motifs. This Macedonian master of woodcarving and his associates also executed the iconostases in Lesnovo Monastery.

1813 Fine And Applied Arts

Gheorghe Asachi teaches a class of drawing and history of art at the School for Surveying Engineers ().

1815 - 1848 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

The painting by Carl Spitzweg, Der Sonntagsspaziergang (The Sunday Walk, 1841), exemplifies the Biedermeier era (an expression of the popular present reality) in art at this time. Incidentally, Spitzweg’s painting Der arme Poet (The Poor Poet) was the most popular painting in Germany in the 19th century.

1816 - 1830 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

Architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel engraved a certain style on Berlin, starting with the Neue Wache (New Guardhouse, 1816–18) and followed by the Konzerthaus at Berlin’s Gandarmenmarkt (1818–21). Opposite the Lustgarten (Pleasure gardens) on what is now known as Museum Island in Berlin, Schinkel built the first royal museum, the Altes Museum (opened 1830), marking the beginning of the Island’s history.

1819 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Founding of the Museo Nacional del Prado with the Royal collection of paintings as one the first museums in Spain.

1819 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Raft of the Medusa, by the Romantic painter Théodore Géricault.

1821 - 1822 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Francesco Hayez paints I Vespri Siciliani, a historical painting expressing the new revolutionary and independence ideas that are taking root in Italy.

1824 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

Petre Filipovski Garkata and fellow artisans, including the master carver Makarie Frchkovski, create the iconostasis in the Church of Holy Salvation, Skopje. Petre Filipovski developed his own recognisable style of wood carving depicting scenes from the Old and New Testaments in which biblical figures were rendered wearing traditional costumes of Macedonia. The iconostasis also depicts the artists who created it as their “signature”.

1824 France Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

The Massacre at Chios by the Romantic painter Eugène Delacroix.

1824 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Pardon of Bonchamps by David d'Angers.

Circa 1825 France Fine And Applied Arts

The inventor Nicéphore Niépce is credited with the creation of the first “photograph”.

1829 France Fine And Applied Arts

École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, Paris.

1830 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

From the 1830s onwards the Moorish or Alhambresque style is popular in Europe, especially in Spain, but also in England, Austria, Russia, Germany and the USA. This style is found not only in applied arts but also in architecture and interior decoration including the well-known “Moorish” smoking or retiring rooms.

1832 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

Gheorghe Asachi founds in Ia#i a lithographic called Institutul Albinei (The Bee Institute).

1834 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

During his Grand Tour, after visiting Italy, and Egypt, Owen Jones visits Granada and the Alhambra. His six month stay in the Alhambra is very important in the development of his ideas about polychromy and design.

1835 France Fine And Applied Arts

The daguerreotype process.

1836 - 1845 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Publication of Owen Jones's Plan, Elevations, Sections and Details of the Alhambra (with an essay by Pascual de Gayangos on the history of the Nasrid Dynasty) in 12 volumes, using the new technique of chromolithography.

1837 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

Athens School of the Fine Arts is established with three departments: the School of Crafts, School of Industrial Crafts and the School of Fine Arts.

1842 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

The portrait of Gjurchin Kokale, founder of the Church of St George in Lazaropole, is painted inside the church by Dicho Krstevic Zograph. It is one of the earliest Date Country Theme known portraits in Macedonia. In 1854 this prolific artist painted the icon of Archpriest Samoil from the Treskavec Monastery near Prilep.

1843 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

The School of the Fine Arts becomes a five-year institution under its director, the architect Lissandros Kautantzoglou.

1843 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

Carol Popp de Szathmari, the most important Romanian photographer of the 19th century (born in Cluj, ), moves to , where he opens a photo studio.

1843 - 1876 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

Formation of the Neues Museum (1843–55), built by Friedrich August Stüler, a follower of K. F. Schinkel. Stüler and Carl Busse then design the Alte Nationalgalerie (1867–76).

1848 France Fine And Applied Arts

The "special national school for design, , architecture and ornamental sculpture applied to the industrial arts", which succeeds the Royal school of design founded in the 18th century, becomes the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs in 1877.

1850 - 1855 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

The painters of the School of Posillipo () develop a new style of more natural observation of landscapes and everyday life.

1850 France Fine And Applied Arts

A Burial At Ornans by the Realist painter Gustave Courbet.

1850 - 1860s Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Rafael Contreras begins to make models from the Alhambra that are shown in international exhibitions and acquired by many museums and schools of design. The models are used as examples of wall decoration in the Alhambresque style.

1850 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

First photography of Arab monuments such as the Alhambra and the Great Mosque of Córdoba. The development of photography sheds new light on these monuments and these first photographs are important documents on Arab remains in Spain.

1854 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Leopoldo Alinari, with his brothers Romualdo and Giuseppe, opens in one of the first photography workshope – Fratelli Alinari. Date Country Theme

1855 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

The Caffé Michelangelo in Florence becomes a meeting place for artists and republican close to Giuseppe Mazzini, in opposition to academic and official environments.

1857 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Angelus, by the Realist painter Jean-François Millet.

1860 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

The Manises pottery begins to produce objects in lustreware.

1860 - 1870 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

In opposition to academic painting, the Macchiaioli movement (Telemaco Signorini, Vincenzo Cabianca and Silvestro Lega) experiments with “spot painting”, based on the strong contrast between light and shadow.

1860 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

The icon “Seven Holy Teachers” (Sedmochislenitzi) is painted by the most significant representative of Christian religious art in Macedonia, Dicho Krstevic Zograph, at the peak of his creativity. It represents the Slav missionaries Sts Cyril and Methodius and their disciples Clement, Nahum, Gorazd, Sabbas and Angelarij in a solo composition. His icons are distinguished by bright colour and baroque features.

1860 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

7 November: on the initiative of painter Gheorghe Panaitescu-Bardasare, a School of Fine Arts and an art gallery are founded in Ia#i.

1860 - 1865 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

Both Nikolaos Gyzis and Nikiphoros Lytras win scholarships to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, .

1862 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Picnic on the Grass by Édouard Manet marks a transition from Realism to Impressionism

1863 - 1885 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Opening of applied art schools, often attached to museums: Industrial Museum of Turin (1863), Artistic Industrial Museum of (1873), Naples (1882) and Palermo (1885).

1863 Spain Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

The painters Mariano Fortuny y Marsal and Francisco Lameyer travel to North Africa. Fortuny buys different artworks and textiles for his collection.

1864 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

14 November: a School of Fine Arts (which today is the National University of Art) is founded in Bucharest by painters Gheorghe Tattarescu and Theodor Aman.

1864 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

Dimitrie Bolintineanu, the Minister of Religion and Public Instruction, organises in Bucharest an exhibition displaying works of contemporary Romanian artists, the most important of the time being painters Theodor Aman, Gheorghe Tattarescu and Carol Popp de Szathmari.

1865 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

The stuccoes of the corridor of the Monserrate Palace are inspired by those of Alhambra Palace in Granada. The profusion of columns is considered to recall those in the Hypostyle Hall of the Cordova Mosque.

1865 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

The first showing of the “Living Artists Exhibition” (for painters and sculptors), organised by painter Theodor Aman, takes place in Ia#i. The annual organisation of such an exhibition is established by a decree issued in December 1864.

1866 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

Nikiphoros Lytras takes up a professorship at the School of the Arts in .

1867 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

The Austrian Museum of Applied Arts purchases the minbar from the Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo.

1867 - 1885 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

King Ludwig II of Bavaria sets in motion the building of his second palace, Linderhof (1869–85), the smallest of the large palaces he had built, and the only one he lived to see completed. The king’s penchant for the so called Moorish style can be seen in several elements, such as the Moorish Kiosk (1867) and the Moroccan House (1878). The King’s House on the Schachen (1869–72), built with a Turkish Hall by Georg von Dollmann, further attests to Ludwig’s admiration for the “Oriental” style.

1872 - 1874 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

O Desterrado (The Outcast), a sculpture by António Soares dos Reis (1847–89) is an idealised self-portrait. It conveys the collective feelings of his contemporary intellectuals and the feelings of loneliness and longing common to those who had left their homeland. The sculptor’s romantic sensibility enabled him to shape feelings and psychological tensions in the marble. Date Country Theme

1872 France Fine And Applied Arts

Impression, Sunrise by the Impressionist painter Claude Monet.

1873 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

First art exhibition in #stanbul, organised by #eker Ahmed Pa#a.

1874 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

Kasper von Zumbusch (1830–1915) begins work on a monument to Empress Maria Theresia, situated on Maria-Theresien-Platz at the Ringstrasse in .

1876 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

19 February: birth of the great Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncu#i, author of sculptures such as Mademoiselle Pogany, The Kiss, Bird in Space, and The Endless Column. His works are today exhibited in museums in France, the USA and Romania.

1876 France Fine And Applied Arts

Dance at Le moulin de la Galette by the Impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

1877 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

The Austrian glass manufacture Lobmayr produces glass cups in the Oriental Style.

1877 - 1882 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

Ion Georgescu, considered to be the first Romanian modern sculptor, studies in Paris, where he exhibits his first works.

1877 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

The Viennese Stock Market is completed to a design by Theophil Hansen.

1879 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

Hans Makart (1840–84) designs the “Makart Parade” to celebrate the Silver wedding anniversary of the Imperial couple, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and Empress Elisabeth (“Sisi”).

1880 - 1890 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts

It was the era of eclecticism. The French Protectorate builds the regency’s infrastructure in the European classical tradition, constructing monuments in the impressive Greco-Roman style.

1881 Spain Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

Birth of Pablo Picasso in Málaga. In Spain Picasso’s birth date would be established as the boundary between works of art in the Academic style and the avant-garde style.

1882 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

White Houses of Capri by naturalist painter António Carvalho da Silva Porto (1850– 93) represents the new interest in travelling and other cultures.

1882 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Brera Picture Gallery, originally created by Maria Teresa of Austria in 1776, becomes an independent museum.

1882 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Thinker by the sculptor Auguste Rodin.

1882 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

Birth of #brahim Çall# (d. 1960). He was a prominent painter who was sent to Paris between 1910 and 1914 where he studied in the workshop of Fernand Cormon.

1883 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Inauguration of the National Gallery of Modern Art in Rome, in the Exhibition Palace by Pio Piacentini. It is intended to focus on “national” art.

1883 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

Opening of the School of Fine Arts (Sanâyi-i Nefise Mektebi) by Osman Hamdi Bey. It consists of sections for painting, sculpture and architecture.

1885 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

The earliest portrait in Macedonian art that is not part of religious depiction, a portrait of a child is painted by Dimitar Andonov of Papradishte (1859–1954). Dimitar Andonov was one of the last Macedonian “zographs” (icon painters) and the founder of Macedonian profane art.

1885 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

O Grupo Do Leão painted by Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro is a landmark in 19th- century painting both for its quality and for its subject matter. The depicted group of artists in the Leão beer house were linked to the Portuguese Naturalist and Realist painting movement. This work became famous and marked the beginning of a period of great artistic activity.

1886 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

Nikolaos Gyzis, one of Greece’s most important 19th-century painters, becomes professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. Date Country Theme

1886 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

26 February: Mihri Mü#fik Han#m, one of the first female painters of renown, is born.

1889 France Fine And Applied Arts

The inauguration of the Eiffel Tower and the use of iron in architectural structures.

1890 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

Müfide Kadri is born (d. 1912). One of the early female painters, she took private classes from Osman Hamdi Bey.