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Home , Azulejo, Macchiaioli, Nikolaos Gyzis, Nikola Martinoski, Portuguese art

Timeline / 1860 to After 1930 / FINE AND APPLIED ARTS

Date Country Theme

1860 - 1910 Fine And Applied Arts

Realism (a backlash to both and ) is exemplified by French artist Gustave Courbet’s Die Steinklopfer (1849), although long before then Albrecht Dürer had painted his highly realistic Junger Feldhase (1502).

1860 Fine And Applied Arts

7 November: on the initiative of painter Gheorghe Panaitescu-Bardasare, a School of Fine Arts and an art gallery are founded in Ia#i.

1860 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

The icon “Seven Holy Teachers” (Sedmochislenitzi) is painted by the most significant representative of Christian in Macedonia, Dicho Krstevic Zograph, at the peak of his creativity. It represents the Slav missionaries Sts Cyril and Methodius and their disciples Clement, Nahum, Gorazd, Sabbas and Angelarij in a solo composition. His icons are distinguished by bright colour and features.

1860 Fine And Applied Arts

The begins to produce objects in .

1860 - 1918 Jordan Fine And Applied Arts

Newcomers to Transjordan, whether from neighbouring Arab countries such as Syria, Palestine and Hijaz or from further afield such as Caucasus, bring with them not only artefacts of their home culture, including personal ornaments, weapons, costumes and treasured items, but also the necessary skills and social habits that help them to adapt in their new homeland.

1860 - 1870 Fine And Applied Arts

In opposition to academic , the Macchiaioli movement (, and ) experiments with “spot painting”, based on the strong contrast between light and shadow.

1860 - 1865 Fine And Applied Arts

Both Nikolaos Gyzis and Nikiphoros Lytras win scholarships to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, .

Circa 1870 - Circa 1900 Fine And Applied Arts

Impressionist painters capture the effects of light in outdoor and everyday scenes.

1862 France Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

The Picnic on the Grass by Édouard Manet marks a transition from to

1863 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

The painters Mariano Fortuny y Marsal and Francisco Lameyer travel to North Africa. Fortuny buys different artworks and textiles for his collection.

1863 - 1885 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Opening of applied art schools, often attached to museums: Industrial Museum of Turin (1863), Artistic Industrial Museum of Rome (1873), Naples (1882) and Palermo (1885).

1864 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

14 November: a School of Fine Arts (which today is the National University of Art) is founded in by painters Gheorghe Tattarescu and Theodor Aman.

1864 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

Dimitrie Bolintineanu, the Minister of Religion and Public Instruction, organises in Bucharest an exhibition displaying works of contemporary Romanian artists, the most important of the time being painters Theodor Aman, Gheorghe Tattarescu and Carol Popp de Szathmari.

1865 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

The first showing of the “Living Artists Exhibition” (for painters and sculptors), organised by painter Theodor Aman, takes place in Ia#i. The annual organisation of such an exhibition is established by a decree issued in December 1864.

1865 Fine And Applied Arts

The stuccoes of the corridor of the Monserrate are inspired by those of Palace in . The profusion of columns is considered to recall those in the Hypostyle Hall of the Cordova Mosque.

1866 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

Nikiphoros Lytras takes up a professorship at the School of the Arts in .

1867 - 1885 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

King Ludwig II of Bavaria sets in motion the building of his second palace, Linderhof (1869–85), the smallest of the large he had built, and the only one he lived to see completed. The king’s penchant for the so called Moorish style can be seen in several elements, such as the Moorish Kiosk (1867) and the Moroccan House (1878). The King’s House on the Schachen (1869–72), built with a Turkish Hall by Georg von Dollmann, further attests to Ludwig’s admiration for the “Oriental” style.

1867 Austria Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

The Austrian Museum of Applied Arts purchases the from the Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo.

1872 France Fine And Applied Arts

Impression, Sunrise by the Impressionist painter .

1872 - 1874 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

O Desterrado (The Outcast), a by António Soares dos Reis (1847–89) is an idealised self-portrait. It conveys the collective feelings of his contemporary intellectuals and the feelings of loneliness and longing common to those who had left their homeland. The sculptor’s romantic sensibility enabled him to shape feelings and psychological tensions in the marble.

1873 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

First art exhibition in #stanbul, organised by #eker Ahmed Pa#a.

1874 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

Kasper von Zumbusch (1830–1915) begins work on a monument to Empress Maria Theresia, situated on Maria-Theresien-Platz at the Ringstrasse in Vienna.

1876 France Fine And Applied Arts

Dance at Le moulin de la Galette by the Impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

1876 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

19 February: birth of the great Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncu#i, author of such as Mademoiselle Pogany, The Kiss, Bird in Space, and The Endless Column. His works are today exhibited in museums in France, the USA and Romania.

1877 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

The Viennese Stock Market is completed to a design by Theophil Hansen.

1877 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

The Austrian glass manufacture Lobmayr produces glass cups in the Oriental Style.

1877 - 1882 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

Ion Georgescu, considered to be the first Romanian modern sculptor, studies in , where he exhibits his first works.

1879 Austria Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

Hans Makart (1840–84) designs the “Makart Parade” to celebrate the Silver wedding anniversary of the Imperial couple, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and Empress Elisabeth (“Sisi”).

1880 - 1900 France Fine And Applied Arts

Trends in painting in this period include: "Post-Impressionism" (i.e. Cézanne, Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec, van Gogh); (i.e. Seurat, Signac); (i.e. Moreau, Puvis de Chavannes, Redon); (i.e. Bonnard, Denis, Sérusier, Vuillard) and (i.e. Matisse, Rousseau).

Late 19th century - Early 20th France Fine And Applied Arts century

Art Nouveau, a movement of the so-called Belle Époque, favours curves and decoration inspired by plant forms, and media such as . , which followed in the so called Golden Twenties, affected architecture and the arts and crafts in particular on account of its preponderance for symmetry.

1880 - 1890 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts

It was the era of eclecticism. The French Protectorate builds the regency’s infrastructure in the European classical tradition, constructing monuments in the impressive Greco-Roman style.

1880 - 1900 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

The painting by Franz von Stuck, Die Sünde (1893), exemplifies the period in art known as Post-Imperialism and Symbolism.

1881 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Birth of Pablo Picasso in Málaga. In Spain Picasso’s birth date would be established as the boundary between works of art in the Academic style and the avant-garde style.

1882 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

White Houses of Capri by naturalist painter António Carvalho da Silva (1850– 93) represents the new interest in travelling and other cultures.

1882 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Brera Picture Gallery, originally created by Maria Teresa of Austria in 1776, becomes an independent museum.

1882 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Thinker by the sculptor Auguste Rodin.

1882 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

Birth of #brahim Çall# (d. 1960). He was a prominent painter who was sent to Paris between 1910 and 1914 where he studied in the workshop of Fernand Cormon.

1883 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Inauguration of the National Gallery of in Rome, in the Exhibition Palace by Pio Piacentini. It is intended to focus on “national” art.

1883 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

Opening of the School of Fine Arts (Sanâyi-i Nefise Mektebi) by Osman Hamdi Bey. It consists of sections for painting, sculpture and architecture.

1885 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

The earliest portrait in Macedonian art that is not part of religious depiction, a portrait of a child is painted by Dimitar Andonov of Papradishte (1859–1954). Dimitar Andonov was one of the last Macedonian “zographs” (icon painters) and the founder of Macedonian profane art.

1885 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

O Grupo Do Leão painted by Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro is a landmark in 19th- century painting both for its quality and for its subject matter. The depicted group of artists in the Leão beer house were linked to the Portuguese Naturalist and Realist painting movement. This work became famous and marked the beginning of a period of great artistic activity.

1886 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

Nikolaos Gyzis, one of Greece’s most important 19th-century painters, becomes professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich.

1886 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

26 February: Mihri Mü#fik Han#m, one of the first female painters of renown, is born.

1889 France Fine And Applied Arts

The inauguration of the Eiffel Tower and the use of iron in architectural structures.

1890 - 1900 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts

Construction of public and private buildings in the arabisance style, which proposes a synthesis of European architectural styles with Arab and Spanish-North African architecture.

1890 - 1910 Germany Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

The by Heinrich Vogeler, Das Konzert (Sommerabend) (1893), and Gustav Klimt, Der Kuss (1908), exemplify the period in art known as Jugendstil or .

1890 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

Müfide Kadri is born (d. 1912). One of the early female painters, she took private classes from Osman Hamdi Bey.

1891 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

The Museum of Applied Arts in Vienna purchases the Karabakh carpet in Istanbul.

1891 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

Fausto Zonaro (1854–1929) arrives in #stanbul as an independent artist. He receives the title of court painter in 1896.

1894 - 1900 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Salon des Cent (Salon of the One Hundred) neither focused on any one school of art nor paid attention to any of the official bodies.

1895 France Fine And Applied Arts

Castel Béranger by Hector Guimard is in the Art Nouveau style.

1895 France Fine And Applied Arts

The Maison de l'Art nouveau by Samuel Bing.

1897 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

The National School of Architecture is founded as a section of the School of Fine Arts in Bucharest. It becomes an independent institution in 1904, under the name the Superior School of Architecture.

1897 - 1904 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

Formation of the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum (now the Bode Museum), proposed by Wilhelm von Bode, and built by Ernst von Ihne and Max Hasak.

1897 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

Gustav Klimt (1867–1918) founds, along with other Viennese artists, the Viennese , a society of Austrian Art Nouveaux artists.

1900 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

Foundation of the National Gallery in Athens. Its chief curator is the acclaimed painter Georgios Iakovidis. Date Country Theme

1900 - 1920 Tunisia Fine And Applied Arts

Art Nouveau marks the city’s landscape.

1901 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo paints The Fourth Estate, showing workers on strike. The painting will become an icon of the workers’ movement.

1901 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

One of the founders of Macedonian modern art, Lazar Lichenoski (d. 1964) is born in Galichnik. After graduating from Art School he attended prestigeous art schools in Paris. He is best known for his landscapes, which reveal the harmonious beauty of nature through endless views from the peak of Bistra Mountain. Lichenoski introduced in Macedonian art.

1901 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

The Sociedade Promotora de Belas Artes (1861) and the Grémio Artístico (1890) created by the Grupo do Leão (1880) merge into the National Society of Fine Arts (SNBA) headed by Malhoa Columbano and António Ramalho. In Porto, the Centro Artístico Portuense (CAP) (founded in 1870) did not survive the death of the painter Silva Porto in 1903.

1903 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

A founder of contemporary Macedonian art, Nikola Martinoski is born in Krushevo (d. 1973). He learned painting in the workshop of the icon painter Dimitar Andonov, and in Bucharest and Paris. His distinctive expressionist style depicts social themes and portraits, influenced by Macedonian frescos and the modern Parisian school. His outstanding work is the painting "Mother and Child".

1903 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

The Wiener Werkstätte, an association of designers such as Joseph Hofmann and Koloman Moser is founded, covering all aspects of design from fashion to furniture.

1907 Republic of Macedonia Fine And Applied Arts (FYROM)

Gjorgji Zografski paints what is considered to be the earliest depiction of an actual historic event. It shows the plundering raid on the village of Papradishte near Veles that occurred in 1884.

1908 Greece Fine And Applied Arts

An exhibition by members of the Omada Technis (Art Group), which includes Nikolaos Lytras, Konstantinos Parthenis, Konstantinos Malea and others, reacts to the conservative academicism of the . Date Country Theme

1909 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Filippo Marinetti publishes the Futurist Manifesto in Le Figaro.

1909 Turkey Fine And Applied Arts

A Turkish group of painters, Association of Ottoman Painters, is founded by students from the Fine Arts Academy in #stanbul.

1910 - 1930 Germany Fine And Applied Arts

Foundation of the Pergamon Museum (including the Museum of ), conceptualised by Wilhelm von Bode, and built by Alfred Messel and Ludwig Hoffmann.

1911 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

The painters Dórdio Gomes (1890–1976) and Guilherme de Santa Rita (1889– 1918) introduce in Portugal. Largely unaccepted by the critics, as was happening in other European countries, the main focus of the modernists was to fight against the conservatism of techniques and themes still cherished by consumers.

1912 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

A reaction to academic teaching of the National Society of Fine Arts (SNBA) emerges in 1911 with the first free exhibition of young modernist painters. This is highlighted in the first Exhibition of the Humoristas of 1912, which includes painters Cristiano Cruz, Almada Negreiros, Eduardo Viana, Stuart de Carvalhais, José Pacheko and Emmerico Nunes and sculptor Diogo de Macedo.

1912 - 1920 Italy Fine And Applied Arts

Giorgio de Chirico’s first metaphysical paintings (L’enigma dell’ora, 1912; Le muse inquietanti, 1916; Ettore e Andromaca, 1917; Il Grande Metafisico, 1917).

1912 Spain Fine And Applied Arts

Foundation of the Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas, an important step in the progress of applied arts and design, especially because its main objective is the education of workers, students and the public in the styles, decoration and other aspects of the applied arts.

1913 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

February–March: Amadeo Sousa Cardoso, at the invitation of Walter Pach (1883– 1958), exhibits eight works at the Armory Show (1st Show of European Art, USA) in New York, Chicago and Boston. The Chicago art collector Arthur J. Eddy acquires three paintings by Cardoso and promotes his work in his book Cubists and Post-Impressionism book, emphasising his colour techniques.

1913 Italy Fine And Applied Arts Date Country Theme

Umberto Boccioni made the sculpture Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, considered a masterpiece of Italian .

1913 Austria Fine And Applied Arts

Egon Schiele (1890–1918) becomes a member of the Bund Österreichischer Künstler (Society of Austrian Artists).

1914 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

With the outbreak of World War I, the modernist movement thrives in Portugal with the return from France of a group of avant-garde artists including the painters Manuel Bentes (1885–1961), Eduardo Viana (1881–1967), José Pacheko (1885– 1934) and Amadeo de Souza Cardoso, and the sculptors Diogo de Macedo (1889– 1959), and Francisco Franco (1885–1955).

1915 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

In the 1910s several modernist painters such as Eduardo Viana rejected the current teaching of academic naturalism, still deeply rooted in the national taste. Their focus was the , futurism and movements in Paris, but also the of French painters Sonia and Robert Delaunay, living in Portugal in 1915– 16.

1920 Portugal Fine And Applied Arts

Although it reproduces a traditional technique, the use of (ceramic tilework) meets the need for modernisation of shops and public buildings in main cities throughout Portugal at the beginning of the 20th century.

1925 France Fine And Applied Arts

Promotion of Art Deco at the International Exhibition of Modern Industrial and , Paris.