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The Genesis of the Engineer in the Romanian Culture. the Asachi Model
THE GENESIS OF THE ENGINEER IN THE ROMANIAN CULTURE. THE ASACHI MODEL MIHAI DORIN Abstract. The modern industrial revolution promoted a new intellectual profession: the engineer as a project creator. Thus industrialization which determined in its turn the modernization of our society institutionalized the engineer as well. At the beginning of the 19th century, an age in which the need for social economical need for engineers appeared the European world was changing and the Romanian society was launching its first projects, trying to synchronize with the Western World. Gheorghe Asachi, the most educated Romanian at the time had both the knowledge and the idealism to launch an important cultural challenge: the organization of engineering education in the Romanian language. The cultural project was therefore doubled by the national one, the latter one competing for the emancipation of the Romanian language from under the Greek influence. Guided by this symbol of national rebirth, the first modern project of university education was launched in Iasi, in 1813, being dedicated to teaching engineers. Thus the Romanian culture showed its ability to formulate projects and generate modernity. The modern Romanian culture defined its programme during the transition at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. In the Romanian society of the time we meet social spaces and ‘multilevelled’ personalities1, beings with two, three and even five strata, according to C. Noica2. The cultural effort focused on synchronizing with Europe, the result being the appearance of a heroic and messianic culture. M. Eliade stated that very few people “had to do everything very fast. -
Timeline / 1820 to 1840 / ROMANIA
Timeline / 1820 to 1840 / ROMANIA Date Country Theme 1821 - 1822 Romania Political Context January 1821–July 1822: revolution in Moldavia and Wallachia against the Phanariotes (Greek rulers imposed by the Ottoman Empire since the beginning of the 18th century) and for social and economic measures to improve the lives of the people. After the suppression of the revolution the Empire appoints Romanian rulers in Moldavia (Ioni## Sandu Sturdza) and Walachia (Grigore Dimitrie Ghica). 1824 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces During the reign of Prince Grigore IV Ghica, the major streets in Bucharest, which used to be covered with wooden planks, are covered with cobblestones. 1829 Romania Political Context The peace Treaty of Edirne institutes the Russian protectorate over Moldavia and Wallachia, which lasts until 1856. The Romanian countries remain under Russian occupation until 1834. Under the supervision of the Russian authorities in 1830– 31 the Organic Regulations, considered to be the first Romanian constitutions, are drawn up and adopted. 1829 Romania Economy And Trade 14 September: the Treaty of Edirne annuls the Ottoman monopoly on Wallachia and Moldavia’s commerce. 1830 Romania Migrations The beginning of Greek immigration into Br#ila. Many Greeks emigrate to Wallachia and settle in the Romanian ports on the Danube after the liberalisation of commerce on the Danube and Black Sea (1828). 1832 Romania Fine And Applied Arts Gheorghe Asachi founds in Ia#i a lithographic printing press called Institutul Albinei (The Bee Institute). 1833 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces Copou, one of the first public gardens in Romania, is laid out in Ia#i, Moldavia, at the initiative of Prince Mihail Sturdza. -
Remember Gheorghe Asachi.Pdf
Gh. Nistor Bicentenarul învăţământului superior tehnic-ingineresc în limba română 1813-2013 Remember: Gheorghe Asachi BICENTENARUL ÎNVĂȚĂMÂNTULUI SUPERIOR TEHNIC-INGINERESC ÎN LIMBA ROMÂNĂ 1813-2013 REMEMBER: GHEORGHE ASACHI Cinstirea strămoșilor este o datorie sacră și, în același timp, un autentic act de cultură. În istoria poporului nostru, sunt precursori a căror dăruire stă jertfă în zidirea trainică a învățământului și culturii. Fără munca lor neobosită, fără talentul și spiritul lor de inițiativă, edificiul spiritualității românești ar fi întârziat să se ridice. Acești făuritori de știință și cultură națională s-au străduit să sincronizeze spiritualitatea românească cu marile culturi europene, transformând actul de cultură într-un mijloc de luptă pentru idealurile sfinte ale poporului român. Un astfel de precursor, a fost cărturarul și omul de școală Gheorghe Asachi, considerat pe bună dreptate părintele și întemeietorul învățământului superior tehnic-ingineresc în limba română, de la crearea căruia se împlinesc 200 de ani. Gheorghe Asachi s-a născut la 1 martie 1788 în târgușorul Herța, din părinți moldoveni de obârșie transilvăneană. Tatăl său Lazăr (Leon) Asachi, preot, a fost unul din spiritele cele mai cunoscute ale timpului, om de aleasă cultură, cunoscător a multor limbi străine, traducător iscusit, care în publicații își mărturisea cele mai curate sentimente patriotice, gândind și simțind ca și cronicarii moldoveni, ca și învățații ardeleni, susținători ai originii latine a poporului român. Ca preot a ocupat diferite funcții, ajungând în final prim- protopop al Moldovei. După moartea soției, se călugări sub numele de Leon, primind rangul de arhimandrit. Mama sa, Elena Asachi, fiica preotului Nicolai Ardeleanu, era o fire cultivată, un spirit generos, care și-a dedicat toate energiile pentru educarea celor patru copii ai săi, trei băieți și o fată, Gheorghe Asachi fiind primul dintre ei. -
5 the Supreme Control Organs in Romania* Richard
5 THE SUPREME CONTROL ORGANS IN ROMANIA* RICHARD SZAWLOWSKI Professor of International Law, The Polish University, London I. The Past United Romania was, to a great extent, a product of the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War. Previously two separate Duchies, Vallachia and Moldavia, both Russian protectorates (but still having to pay a tribute to the Ottoman Empire), existed on that territory. Russian troops were stationed there until 1851 (and occupied Romanian territory again in 1853/54), and quashed all na- tional and liberal movements. But the newly-emerged united Romanian Duchy (1862) was not fully sover- eign either; it was a collective protectorate of the five big powers and Sar- dinia.' Full sovereignty was achieved only in 1878, by the Treaty of Berlin, after the Russo-Turkish war, when Serbia and Montenegro were also given independence and Bulgaria was established as an autonomous Duchy. The Kingdom of Romania was proclaimed in 1881. 1. The first supreme control (audit) institution on Romanian soil existed in Vallachia already in the 1830s. The Regulamentul organic of that Duchy of 1831,2 Art.136, created, starting with 1 January 1832, an organ called Natio- nal Control, composed of a Chief of Control, two desk chiefs, and the needed secretaries. Its task was to help the ordinary National Assembly in its ex- amination of the management of all the revenues and expenditures of the country. This National Control, very frequently referred to simply as Con- trol, was later - in the fifties - transformed into a Department of Control, but still sometimes referred to as National Control. -
Ion Heliade Radulescu in the Romanian Revolution of 1848*
VASILE MACIU (Bucharest, Romania) Ion Heliade Radulescu in the Romanian Revolution of 1848* The revolution of 1848 was an outstanding moment in the life of the Ro- manian people: Never before had Romanians so decisively risen with a view to achieve national and social freedom. The revolution's aim was to overthrow the old disintegrating feudal social order and to establish a new bourgeois order like that in England and France. Moreover, Romanians wanted to be freed from foreign domination, to be united in a national independent state, and to see revolutionary ideas spread in Eastern Europe. In order to accom- plish this daring program, the revolution of 1848 marshaled all the national political forces-the masses and their leaders-who sacrificed themselves for the common cause. A One leader of the revolution in Wallachia was Ion Heliade Radulescu-com- monly known as Eliade. A member of the bourgeoisie, he embodied the inter- ests of his social class. But he also had significant views on the progress and possibilities of the Romanian nation. Bom in 1802, Eliade grew up in a period of political unrest and social contradictions throughout the Danubian princi- palities as well as in the Romanian regions of Habsburg Austria. He acquired a rich political experience and conducted significant cultural activities, and his reputation as a leading intellectual as well as his popularity served him well in the cause of the revolution. Eliade began his studies at the prince's academy in Bucharest. Here he encountered the ideas of the French encyclopaedists: -. He was also fascinated by the Daco-Roman thesis of the Transylvanian teacher Gheorghe Lazar. -
ZILELE SEXTIL PUŞCARIU” Ediţia a III-A, Cluj-Napoca, 14–15 Septembrie 2017
CAIETELE SEXTIL PUŞCARIU III Actele Conferinţei Internaţionale „ZILELE SEXTIL PUŞCARIU” Ediţia a III-a, Cluj-Napoca, 14–15 septembrie 2017 CAIETELE SEXTIL PUȘCARIU CONSILIUL ȘTIINȚIFIC IOAN BOLOVAN (Cluj-Napoca), MIRCEA BORCILĂ (Cluj-Napoca), ALEXANDRINA CERNOV (Cernăuţi), GHEORGHE CHIVU (București), ION MĂRII (Cluj-Napoca), ROBERTO MERLO (Torino), MARIUS SALA (București), EUGEN SIMION (Bucureşti), ION SIMUŢ (Oradea), ION TALOŞ (Köln), DORIN URIŢESCU (Toronto), GISÈLE VANHESE (Cosenza) COMITETUL DE REDACŢIE EUGEN PAVEL – director NICOLAE MOCANU – redactor-şef DUMITRU LOȘONȚI, ADRIAN TUDURACHI – redactori-şef adjuncți COSMINA BERINDEI, COSMIN BORZA, ELENA FAUR, ANDREEA-NORA POP, VERONICA VLASIN, BOGDAN HARHĂTĂ (secretar ştiinţific de redacţie) © Institutul de Lingvistică şi Istorie Literară „Sextil Puşcariu” ISSN 2393 ‒ 526X ISSN‒L 2393 ‒ 526X COMITETUL DE REDACŢIE ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ 400165 Cluj-Napoca, Str. Emil Racoviţă, nr. 21 Filiala Cluj-Napoca Tel./ fax: +40 264 432440 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Str. Republicii, nr. 9 e-mail: [email protected] Tel./ fax: +40 264 592363 web: http://inst-puscariu.ro/CaieteleSPI.html e-mail: [email protected] ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ Filiala Cluj-Napoca INSTITUTUL DE LINGVISTICĂ ŞI ISTORIE LITERARĂ „SEXTIL PUŞCARIU” CAIETELE SEXTIL PUŞCARIU III Actele Conferinţei Internaţionale „ZILELE SEXTIL PUŞCARIU” Ediţia a III-a, Cluj-Napoca, 14–15 septembrie 2017 Cluj-Napoca SCRIPTOR • ARGONAUT 2017 Coperta: CĂLIN STEGEREAN Layout: Editura Scriptor Tiparul a fost finanţat de Societatea Română de Dialectologie Proiect realizat cu sprijinul Primăriei şi al Consiliului Local Cluj-Napoca Editura Argonaut este acreditată CNCSIS/CNC, pe domeniul Philologie, nivel B, din anul 2002. —————————————————————————————— Editura Scriptor Editura Argonaut 400457 Cluj-Napoca, str. Septimiu Albini, nr. 11 400545 Cluj-Napoca, str. Ciucaş, nr.5/15 Tel. -
Bicentennial of the Superior School of Land Surveying Engineering in the National Language from Wallachia
Journal of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre - ISSN: 1454-1408 Bicentennial of the Superior School of Land Surveying Engineering in the National Language from Wallachia. Remember: Gheorghe Lazăr Gheorghe Nistor, Cristian Onu, Gabriel Săndulache Received: September 2018 / Accepted: Octomber 2018 / Published: March 2019 © Revista de Geodezie, Cartografie și Cadastru/ UGR Abstract In the times of numbness of nations there appear The Superior School of Land Surveying Engineering, the moments that, like rays from heaven, illuminate the minds first superior education program in Wallachia, was of people in the waking of self-consciousness and lead inaugurated two hundred years ago (1818-2018). This them on the path of progress, in the development of the memorable event occurred owe to the arduous efforts of a national sense. An event of this nature, one of the most great patriot, Gheorghe Lazăr, who carved a path for memorable, appeared in the history of Wallachia: the Romanians to pursue science and engineering in their establishment of the school of the great mentor and the maternal language. enthusiastic patriot Gheorghe Lazăr, who opened to the country the book of science and the appreciation of their language and nationality. Keywords Gheorghe Lazăr was born on 5 June 1779 in Superior education, Wallachia, science. Transylvania, in the village of Avrig, at the foot of the Făgăraș Mountains, on the Olt Valley. His parents, Gheorghe and Maria, Romanian Orthodox, had the modest condition of the peasants, who had their little free property, as well as the saxons in the commune. Of the inhabitants it is said that a small part was made up of saxons, and a large part of the Wallachians, whose main occupation was carrying the goods of merchants from Hungary, Slovenia, Banat and Wallachia. -
Proquest Dissertations
LITERATURE, MODERNITY, NATION THE CASE OF ROMANIA, 1829-1890 Alexander Drace-Francis School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD June, 2001 ProQuest Number: U642911 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642911 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The subject of this thesis is the development of a literary culture among the Romanians in the period 1829-1890; the effect of this development on the Romanians’ drive towards social modernization and political independence; and the way in which the idea of literature (as both concept and concrete manifestation) and the idea of the Romanian nation shaped each other. I concentrate on developments in the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (which united in 1859, later to form the old Kingdom of Romania). I begin with an outline of general social and political change in the Principalities in the period to 1829, followed by an analysis of the image of the Romanians in European public opinion, with particular reference to the state of cultural institutions (literacy, literary activity, education, publishing, individual groups) and their evaluation for political purposes. -
A Short Historiography on the Concept and the Importance of the Separation of Powers in the Modern Period
Annalsăofătheă„ConstantinăBrâncu i”ăUniversityăofăTârguăJiu,ăLetterăand Social Science Series, Supplement 1/2017 ș A short historiography on the concept and the importance of the separation of powers in the Modern Period Roxana DOBRITOIU Faculty of Education Sciences and Public Management Universityă“ConstantinăBrancusi”ăTg-Jiu ABSTRACT BOTH HISTORIANS AND LAWYERS-HISTORIANS HAVE SPOTLIGHTED THE MAGNITUDE OF CHANGES IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, ALWAYS MEASURED BETWEEN REFORM AND REVOLUTION, MODERNIZATION, PEACEFUL AND VIOLENT. MODERNăNATIONALISMăFROMăNICOLAEăBLCESCUăANDăMIHAILăKOGLNICEANUăANDă TO THIS DAY, DOES NOT INCLUDE SPECIAL PAPERS ON THE SUBJECT OF SEPARATION OF POWERS IN THE STATE. INSTEAD, MANY ARE TANGENTIAL REFERENCES OF HISTORIANS WHO HAD IN MIND THE MODERN ERA. KEY-WORDS: A SHORT HISTORIOGRAPHY, SEPARATION OF POWERS, MODERN PERIOD. Istoriografiaăromâneascămodern,ădeălaăNicolaeăBlcescuăşiăMihailăKoglniceanuăşiăpânăînăzileleă noastre,ă nuă cuprindeă lucrriă specialeă peă temaă separaieiă puterilor înă stat.ă Înă schimb,ă numeroaseă suntă referineleătangenialeăaleăistoricilorăcareăauăavutăînăvedereăepocaămodernăînăgenere,ăevenimenteleădeseădină secolul al XIX-leaăcareăauădesctuşatăorânduielileămedievaleăşiăauăpropulsatăsocietateaăromâneascăpeăoă ascendenărectilinieăpânălaădesvârşireaăunitiiănaionaleăstataleădină1918,ăsauătematicaăorganizriiădeăstat.ă Multămaiăconsistentăeste,ăîns,ăbibliografiaăjuridicăprivindăistoriaăactelorăconstituionale,ăproiectelorădeă constituiiăşiăconstituiilorăanterioareăanuluiă1866,ăundeăunălocăaparte,ădarăcontextual,ăaparineăconceptuluiă -
Considerazioni Di Tipo Metodologico E Deontologico, Di Utilità Nello Studio Della Storia Della Traduzione
Translationes, Volume 7, 2015 DOI: 10.1515/tran-2016-0005 Una rassegna bibliografica sui traduttori romeni dell’Inferno (1883-2015): considerazioni di tipo metodologico e deontologico Iulia COSMA Università dell’Ovest di Timisoara Romania Riassunto: il presente contributo si iscrive in una ricerca più ampia, finalizzata alla realizzazione di una monografia traduttiva delle versioni romene dell’Inferno dantesco, dall’Ottocento fino al Duemila. Si tratta di un’impresa di carattere storico e critico- interpretativo, collocabile all’incrocio di varie discipline: storia della traduzione, critica della traduzione, teoria della ricezione, storia della letteratura, storia della lingua letteraria, storia culturale. Per quanto riguarda la raccolta bibliografica, intendiamo fornire non soltanto i dati, ma anche alcune considerazioni di tipo metodologico e deontologico, di utilità nello studio della storia della traduzione. Parole chiave: storia della traduzione, traduttori dell’Inferno in romeno, metodologia della storia della traduzione, deontologia della storia della traduzione, monografia traduttiva. Abstract: This paper is intended as part of a larger research that aims to the realization of a monographic study dedicated to the Romanian translations of Dante's Inferno, from 19th to 21th century. It is a historical and critical approach, intended as an interdisciplinary study, to be placed at the crossing of disciplines like translation history, translation criticism, reception theory, history of literature, history of literary language, cultural history. The bibliographical selection we propose is complete with some methodological and deontological considerations of utility in the study of the history of translation. Kywords: translation history, Romanian translators of Dante's Inferno, methodology in translation history, deontology in translation history, translational monography. -
Dismantling the Ottoman Heritage? the Evolution of Bucharest in the Nineteenth Century
Dismantling the Ottoman Heritage? The Evolution of Bucharest in the Nineteenth Century Emanuela Costantini Wallachia was part of the Ottoman Empire for nearly four centuries. Together with Moldova, the other Danubian principality, it maintained strong autonomy, as well as its own institutions, such as the position of voivoda (prince). The particular position of Wallachia in the Ottoman Empire is reflected by the peculiar aspect of Bucharest in the early nineteenth century. The Romanian scholars who studied the history of Bucharest, Ionescu-Gion and Pippidi, did not call it an Ottoman town. Maurice Cerasi, author of a very important study of Ottoman towns,1 has another viewpoint, and actually locates Bucharest at the boundaries of the Ottoman area. This means that Bucharest is not frequently taken as an example of typical Ottoman towns, but is sometimes mentioned as sharing some features with them. The evolution of Bucharest is one of the best instances of the ambiguous relationship existing between the Romanian lands and the Ottoman Empire. Moldova and Wallachia lacked the most evident expressions of Ottoman rule: there were no mosques, no Muslims, no timar system was implemented in these areas. But, on a less evident but deeper level, local culture and local society were rooted in the Ottoman way of life and displayed some of its main features: the absence of a centralized bureaucracy, the strong influence of the Greek commercial and bureaucratic elite of the Ottoman Empire, the phanariotes2 and a productive system based on agriculture and linked to the Ottoman state through a monopoly on trade. Bucharest was an example of this complex relationship: although it was not an Ottoman town, it shared many aspects with towns in the Ottoman area of influence. -
Some Thoughts on the Historical Writing in the Former Half of the Nineteenth Century Romania
HISTORIOGRAPHIE ROUMAINE AUX XIX ET XX SIÈCLES SOME THOUGHTS ON THE HISTORICAL WRITING IN THE FORMER HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ROMANIA ALEXANDRU ISTRATE The beginning of the 19th century Romania witnessed the first rather timid increasingly frequent expressions of assumed positions regarding the manner in which the writers of the age understood to make their opinions clear on two points: firstly, the drafting of texts and secondly, and most importantly for the next stage, the way those texts could have the most visible and strong effect on the readers. This was a new practice meant to increase the responsibility of the creative act and invest it with a new valence, somewhat dependant on the commissoners’ tastes and culture. The writing of books out of books, a perfectly normal reality in the old culture', no longer found its use in its relationship with the possible readers, increasingly prepared to cover numberless pages of a subject more than familiar, result of a sterile repetition of events of no fundamental representative significance to them, which did not meet the dilemmas of their past. Two major problems were taking shape at the horizon and required an immediate solution: firstly, the type of editorial policy to be adopted, with all its implications and, secondly, the validation of another type of writing, periodically enriched in topics, which was conditioned among other things by the readers’ requests, the latter increasingly taken into more serious consideration after 1800. Beside its purely formal side, the dialogue with the readers aimed at detecting the preferences of the regular subscribers, whose minimal expectations needed to be met in order to ensure the distribution of the subsequent issues.