A Sephardic Siddur with Ritual Instructions in Aragonese Romance Ms. Oxford, Bodleian Library 1133 (Opp. Add. 8" 18)

Aldina Quintana and 1:s. Révah (posthumous)

The text we are dealing with here1 consists of ritual instructions found in an all-year-round siddur in Aragonese Romance. The instructions, which are inserted in the ritual of the Passover holiday service are in accordance with tradition; they appear in the local language spoken by the Jews. There are many Passover Huggadoth originating in the , including some with ritual instructions in Castilian and Portuguese romailces hut none has been preserved in Leonese Romance; they are also less numerous in Catalan Romance. The same is true of the books containing only the daily and Sabbath rituals (siddurim) and the prayer services for the different holidays of the Jewish year (mahzorim). The instructions concerniug the Passover ritual in Judeo-Aragonese Romance 1am dealing with here are part of a siddur that contains the liturgy for the whole circle of the year, weekdays, Sabbaths and festivals. It is found in the Bodleiana Library in Oxf~rd.~

l. Description of the Ritual

The codex contains 258 parchment folios, numbered consecutively through page 251; folio 251 is followed by 6 folios containing pages 251 (i) through 251 (vi); the size of the text is 11,7 x 9 (8 x 6,5). It is witten in a beautifully elaborated square script, a characteristic of calligraphic reproductions of the Bible, the Talmud, the Passover Haggadah and prayer hooks. It contains flourishing signa-

1 A photographic copy of the pages containing the ritual iustructions of Pesah and Ha- nukknh, including the siddur analysed here, is found in the personal archives of the late 1. S Révah with some data refeming to the description of the mentioned ritual. 1 have the honow to complete and edit its publication. May it serve as a memorial and homage toa great scholar ou the thiaieth anniversary of his death. My gratitude tn Jean-Francois Révah for putting these materials at my disposal. This research was completed thanks to the financial suppoit of the Toni and Oded Eliachar Foundatiou. My most sincere gratitude to this iustitution. 2 For the completion of this work, 1 also consulted a microfilm copy of the original of the Bodleiana Lihrary of Oxford, which is located in the National and University Library of Jemsalem, classified with the number F 16594. A Sephardic Siddur

tures, some of them illuminated, without catchword, with 13 to 14 lines per page. The parchment bindig, with red fore-edge, is modern. The codex perhaps dates from the last years of the 14" century. The rite reflected in the siddur is that of the Jews of ~ragon.~Even though it is difficult to specfy its exact origin, it is undouhtedly a siddur of the northwest =ea hetween Tudela, and Ansó, where Aragonese Romance was spoken, most probably from the Tudela The part that contains the Pesa. Haggadah in Hehrew is found between the foiios 98v-115v. The ritual instructions introduced between the different parts of the Passover service are written in Aragonese in Hehrew cbaracters. Also in Aragonese are inshuctions concerning &nukkah in folio 95v. The majority of the inshuctions were introduced by the scribe of the text himself (in our transcription, they are preceded by the number 1; the following number that appears indicates the corresponding lime of the mentioned folio) and they present no formal difference with the Hebrew text of the siddur; they are vocalized. The instructions of foiios 95v, lOOv and lO1r must have been introduced after- wards by another person (in our transcription, they are preceded by the number 2) and they appear in smaller and less elaborate script.

2. The Ritual Iizstructions in Aragonese Romance Even if they have no canonic form, the ritual instructions of Pesah are traditional. This means that once formulated, the text tends not to display significant variations from one edition to another. Therefore, it is possihle that the language of the instructions dates from a period before this copy of the ritual. In the iranscription of the Aragonese words, we adopt the following equivalents according to the Aragonese spelling of the 14" century:

Sound Hehrew Grapheme Romance Grapheme [al <~>/<í)->/<í)~> [el <>>/<>N> iil <>>/<>N> <¡>/ [o1 <>>/<>ti>

3 1 thank Professor Yom Tov Assis for his help in checking the rnanuscript to establish that we are deaiing with a siddur of Aragonese rite. 4 Coincidencebetween national frontiers and bouudaries which separate officiai languages is anyway rare; there is no purely linguistic rneans of delimiting one 'language' from another, since closely related 'languages' fom part of a continuurn and any dividing line which cuts through this continuum is not drawn for linguistic reasons but for political reasons. The term Aragonese Romance refers here exclusively to iinguistic niles. A Sephardic Siddur Aldina Quintana and 1:s. Révah (posthumous) Sound Hebrew Grapheme Romance Grapheme Sound Hebrew Grapheme Romance Grapheme [SI a> lul / a> lkl

a>

[SI [SI <'3> d> ltl 1<0-> 'Ihese equivalents are also vaiid for the transcription of the Judeo-Aragonese words of origin. <-u>1<-3-> <1> 2.1. The Original Instructions <-VI>/<*->/<-u-> /<-S>/<-SS-> <-*-> U>/<)-> 4> <7-> <-l> <'A> Fol lOOv <»> /

Aragonese has five vowels la, e, i, o, u/ and the scribe uses the Hebrew signs for long versus short vowels respectively to indicate the stressed versus the unstressed syiiables in tbe word. Throughont tbe transcription we have invariably used á for Fol lOlr qüméc, a for pathah, é for $ir8 and e for seghol. )i*i)vi>~ >>T liniv flwiinw> )wizt> )N iwzt iw iiimp 1iztzt L...] 2.8 In Aragonese words, 1 do not transiiterate the shwa quiescent; in the inserted lin1v +7~?7~í1'79 ~712n'nh l)'mlliv )N nonn >)>)N 2.9 Hebrew words in the Aragonese text, 1transcribe the shwa mobile as short S (sic, 'ivi'~N)1))35 ~i?,N w~n 113 nii~? )i>ui3 )N n»n w,iv 2.10 e in Sephardic Hebrew). For consonants with a different phonetic equivalent than 113 W~>VID Wl> )lW N'~V>DN>7))3 NlVIN> ?N 'WINW W17 W> 2.11 in the Aragonese text or for consonants that only appear in Hebrew words included L...] nnih 1177 ?N WlWl W15 )13>3i)N >N )%>1{7)9N 2.12 in the ritual instmctions in Aragonese, 1 adopt the following equivalents: Fol 1lOv Sound Hebrew Grapheme Romance Grapheme la1 <-b 1?2> 'N 1*2 iW iil11NTP )y")??O 279 L...] 1.5 ihlli0l VI ?Y 17t'l)'i >N wiin w> 1.6 [zl <1> 'N '~!7)n>iip ~NPnr?', llniv lf~?l> 1.7 [xl 4=- 7N2)31P 11) )N 'N!7>n $)f N'Yli> ?lN['31 1.8 lil <»>1<-)> Nl'? 'N npif nyn n>)f T>NV >piiu))~ 1.9 F1 <9> 3- 5p DJ,~/N~n~fix 1.10 1x1 0>1<7-> +9 >N 'N1?'A1)> -17 xxiv ~~wi7iu~N~T 1.11 Aldina Quintana and 1.-S. Révah (posthumous) A Sephardic Siddur

2.10 [...] baséhéheyanu, y en tal nueyti cum6 ésta ay atá be&r@nu 2.1 1 en oración en piéd dirán atá beb-nu haté a 2.12 vésim&á hagadol véhaqadof alenu qarala" [...]

Fol 11lr

2.8 [...] bebrán cáda únu so básu y labarseán las mános" tomarán del ápiu["] entinyirán 2.9 en el harosel y dirán" [bar& afá a'elohenu melek haolam] boré pén' haadamá' tomarán 2.10 tres masóf y partirán la úna por médias y dará la média éntre Fol 113v 2.11 las dos sánas, y la ótra média métala son los mantéles por7 2.12 afiqomen y enplirán los básos y dirán la hagadú [...]

Fol 1 lOv [...] pérí hagefen" bebrán cáda únu so básu y labarán las mános y bendizrán al nétikg yadayim" tomarán la masá sána con la média' y [flarád hamosi de la média, y non comnád éntro que táyed de la masá sána y dirá [bar& aiá a' elohenu melek haolam] al akilaf mas$ comná y 2.2. Transcnption of the Ritual Instnictions dará a tódos, tomará de la lechúga' y entíngad enel harosef' y dirá [baruk a- a ' elohenu mel& haolam afer qideSanu bemisvofav vesivanu] al akilal maror" tomará de la masá 2.2.1 The mnukkah Ritual Inshuctions con lechúga y cómad y non dirá ningúna biraw [...]

Fol lllr

2.10 [...] la nueyti pnméra dirán séhéheyanu y non mas y farán gfilát 1.1 [...] y cenarán y désque abrán cenádu comnán 2.1 1 ami& haté a al kulam ' 1.2 el afiqomen y enplirán los básos y [ ] 1.3 dirán birm mazón" y bebrán cáda únu so básu 2.2.2 The Haggadah Ritual Lnshuctions 1.4 y dirán el hallel" [...]

Fol lOOv

1.1 [...] si caéssed pesah en nueyti de alhad5 dirán so 1.2 qiduS cúmo de súso y anyadrán y dirán" [...] 6 There is here an elision of the unstressed -o, dueto its contact with the following vowel. This reflects a frequent feature of medieval Aragonese speech. 7 Pora (sic,para) in medieval Aragonese texts (see those edited by J. R. Magdalena Nom de Déu & C. Lleal, Aljamías Hebraicoaragonesas (Siglos XIV-XV), Barcelona 1995. 5 The word a-ad is an Arabic form used to name 'the fnst day' of the week, that is, Para is also found in Castilian texts (Manuel Alvar & Bernard Pottier, Mo>fologia Sunday. The expression nuéyti de alwdenotes the 'mosé Sabbath'. histórica del espaiiol, Madrid 1983, p. 301). Aldina Quintana and I:S. Révah (posthumous) A Sephardic Siddur

Fol 113v -n, a phenomenon that is also charactenstic of Aragonese.I4 The use of the forms comnád (110v: 1.81, comná (110~:1.10) and comnán (lllr: 1.1) with -mn- instead 1.9 [...] [bar& atá al mele&haolam mehulal bétutbahoc bebrán of -mbr- seems to confirm this hypothesis. 1.10 cáda Únu so hásu" dirán ánti borépérí hagefen y 1.11 béban" [...] 3.1

Fol 114r The spelling used in the instructions is charactenstic of the Judeo-Romance texts of the 13" and 14" centuries in which the affricatives [S] and [Z] are still reflected 1.3 [...] [baruk agá alal hagefen ve-al piri hafegen" dáqui énta &ough the graphemes and ,and also the [S] and [z] through 1.4 adelán nin cóman nin béban sinón água solá men without distinguishing their sonority. It is analogous to the Mozarabic 1.5 éntrn a ótre día que dígad qidu?' [...] spelling, very strongly influenced by the Arabic aljamía.15 The use of the graph- eme by the author of the later instructions to represent tbe unvoiced affricate 3. Study of the Language of the Ritual Instructions [S] in oración (100v: 2.11) is characteristic of Jewish scribes from a The language in which the ritual instructions are written is, withont any doubt, non-Arabic-speaking area. The scnbe of the siddur employed in cenarán and Aragonese Romance. The forms entíngad (110v: 1.12) 'will wet', nuéytis (95v: cenádu (lllr: 1.1) to represent the same phoneme. It was also characteristic of 2.10; 100v: 1.1 and 2.10) 'night', enplirán9 (101r: 2.12; lllr: 1.2) 'will fi!13," Jewish scnbes from the Arabic-speaking area. táyed (110v: 1.9) 'cut', adelán (114r: 1.4) 'forward, from now on', solá men (114r: The ng o>>representing the palatal nasal [g] in entíngad (1 10v: 1.12) 1.4) 'only', énta (114r: 1.3) 'toward' y éntro (a)" (110v: 1.9; 114r: 1.5) 'until, is extremely relevant. We have here a charactenstic graph of the Navarrese- up to' are particularly indicative of this pnint. They te11 us that we are not dealing Aragonese16 norm very rarely found in the Castilian and in the Leonese norms. with an Aragonese Romance of the Catalonian-Aragonese zone or the zone, but with the Romance spoken in a region almost bordering the zone where 3.2 Phonetics and Phonology Castilian was spoken since the influence of this last language can be appreciated The presewation of the final -u denoted by a>,deserves to be pointed out: in the use of the word lechúga (110v: 1.11; 110v: 1.14) 'lettuce' iustead of the medieval Aragonese form leytuga.lZThe change of -it to -ch [E] took place in the ápiu (1011: 2.8) 15th'~century. The form of the possessive so (101r: 2.8; 110v: 1.5) and the únu (101r: 2.8; 110v: 1.5; lllr: 1.3; 113v: 1.10) adverbs adelán (114r: 1.4) and solá men (114r: 1.4) seem to answer to lexical básu (101r: 2.8; 110v: 1.5; lllr: 1.3; 113v: 1.10) Castilian interference. The two last words lost the -e wben they were integrated cenádu (Illr: 1.1) in the Aragonese language. Afterwards there was a reduction of the cluster -nt to There are no exceptions. In the plural forms the -o masculine gender morpheme, 8 Nuqt and nueytes, are found in a translation into Aragonese Romance of a Passover is kept in al1 the cases: básos (101r: 2.12; Illr: 1.2), tódos (110v: 1.11) and in Haggadah from the 14Ih century published by Francisco Cantera Burgos, 'Textos de al1 the forms where the -o is analogical: mános (101r: 2.8). polémica antijudaica y judeo-catalano-aragoneses enun manuscrito deBurgos de Osma', In unstressed final position we find -i in nuéyti (95: 2.10; 100v: 1.1 & 2.10) Revista de Filologia Española 48 (1965), p. 139. and anti (1 13v: 1.10), perhaps determined by the t. The relaxation of the unstressed 9 Inpleit, in F. Cantera Burgos, 'Textos de polémica antijudaica', p. 139. -e nccurred in Aragonese Latin and generaíly was lost afterwards. It was conserved 10 Entindrad, noche and inchan are found into the ritual instnictions in Castilian of the Haggadah, edited by Laura Minervini, 'Rituales de Pascua en castellano en un m+wr after the -t,17 just as these forms show. del ha1del siglo Xm', Eufemio Lorenzo Sanz, coord., Proyección histórica de España en sus tres culturas: Castilla y León, América y el Mediterráneo, vol. 11, Valladolid 1993, pp. 129-133. 14 Manuel Alvar, El dialecto aragonés, Madrid 1953, p. 198. 11 Entro a, in F. Cantera Burgos, 'Textos de polémica antijudaica', p. 139. 15 Laura Minervini, Testi giudeospagnoli medievali Castiglia e , vol. 1, Naples 12 This form is found in F. Cantera Burgos, 'Textos de polémica antijudaica', p. 141. 1992, pp. 32-33. 13 Bemard Pottier, 'L'évolution de la langue aragonaise a la fin du Mogen Age', Bulletin 16 Alvar, El dialecto aragonés, p. 29. Hispanique 45 (1952), p. 197. 17 ióid., pp. 59 and 154.

U441 Aldina Quintana and 1.4. Révah (posthumus) A Sephardic Siddur

We find a relaxation of the -o as -e in ótre (114r: 1.5) entirely conditioned by We can point out the preservation of the initialf- in farán (95: 2.10) and farúd -tr, which corresponds with the phonetic evolution of the Aragonese lang~age.'~ (1IOv: 1.8). Note worthy of is the sononzation of the -t in the fonns caéssed (100v: 1.1), Finally, to note the probable pronunciation with voiced affricate [Y] in túyed mara, comnúd (110v: 1.8), túyed (110v: 1.9). cómad (110v: 1.14), entíngad (110v: 1.9) instead of talle.% This word is pronounced with the lateral [h] in (110v: 1.12), dígad (114r: 1.5), altemating however with forms where the -d Aragon and until this very day. reflecting Latin -t disappears altogether: darú (101r: 2.10; 110v: l.ll), dirú (110v: 1.9; 110v: 1.12; 110v: 1.14). comná (110v: 1.10) and tomará (110~:1.11; 11Ov: 1.13) The occlusive pronunciation of the consonants [d., b-] in initial position is The future indicative presents a loss in the pretonic vowel between a consonant indicated through a daghesh: bendizrán (110v: 1.6), de (110v: 1.8, 1.9 & 1.13), and r, a phenomenon that also occurs in the Castilian HaggadahZ5and in Castilian désque (lllr: 1.1). dirán (1111: 1.4; 113v: 1.10), bebrún (113v: 1.9), día, dígad medieval literature of the zone adjacent to the Navarrese-Aragonese areas. It is (114r: 1.5). The occlusive pronunciation of [g] between vowels is also denoted by also found, of course, in literary works written in the : a daghesh in dígad (114r: 1.5). anyadrún (100v: 1.2) The b- <-2> in básu (101r: 2.8; 110v; lllr: 1.3; 113v: 1.10) and basos (101r: bebrán (101r: 2.8; lllr: 1.3; 113v: 1.9) 2.12; lllr: 1.2) is also to be pointed out. It seems to reflect the loss of the bendizrún (110v: 1.6) opposition between the voiced bilabial occlusive consonant and the voiced labio- dental fncative consonant b: v. It occurs similarly in another Jewish Aragonese Forms with the verbal endimg -t of the third person singular in the present a future text of the same period.'9 In other cases, the confusion between the two sounds is tenses, weakened into -d, altemate with forms in which it is lost: caéssed (100v: also denoted in the ~pelling.~~ 1.1), comnúd (110v: 1.8), táyed (110v: 1.9), entíngad (110v: 1.12), cómad (110v: Other charactenstics of Aragonese Romance that appear in the inshuctions ase 1.14), dígad(114r: 1.5) versus darú (101: 2.10; 11Ov: 1.11), dirú (11Ov: 1.9; 11Ov: the maintenance of the Latin consonant cluster PL- in enplirún (101r: 2.12; lllr: 1.12; 110v: 1.14), comná (110v: 1.10) and tomará (110v: 1.11; 110v: 1.13). 1.2),~'from Latin IMPLERE, and the maintenance of -d en piéd (100v: 2.11); According to Alvar & Pottier this -d '...aún duraba en aragonés por el año also the evolution of the Latin cluster -CT- into -it-, as in nuéyti (9%': 2.10; 100v: 1139...'26 and in the Judeo-Aragonese corpus analysed by Magdalena & Lleal it 1.1 & 2.10) with a diphthongization of the unstressed Latin [O] so frequent in appears only in a text from Hue~ca.~'On the other hand, it occurs frequently in Aragonese;" but the Castilian word lechúga instead of leytuga is employed (1 10v: Jndeo-Navarrese Romance." Lleal points out that the use of these verbal forms 1.11 & 1.14). seems to be outstanding archaic characteristics in the 14thcentury texts of the Jews Especially interesting in the instmctions are camnúd (110v: 1.8), comná (110v: from Navarre in comparison with the texts of non-Je~s.'~This hypothesis seems 1.10) and comnún (1111: 1.1), deriving of combrú(d) (sg.) and combrún (pl.), as also hue for the language of the instructions 1 am dealing with here. in omne set against ombre. The replacement of the consonant group -mb- by -mn- Of significance in the instructions is also the presence of Romance forms of the is probably the consequence of contact between the pronunciation norms of the future tense: commíd (110~:1.8) versus comná (110v: 1.10), and conmán (1111: Aragonese Romance and of the Castilian and Riojan romance^.'^

18 itid., p. 154. 24 Talle appears in a text of the year 1488 edited by Magdalena & Lleal, Aljamías, pp. 76 19 Magdalena & Lleai, Aljamías, p. 3, they indicate similar foms in a text from Huesca: & 78 and MineMni, Tesri giudeospagnoli medievali, vol. 1, p. 327. binya, bender. 25 1. S. Révah, 'Un mahzor espagnol du Xme siecle avec des prescriptions rituelles en 20 Ibidem, p. 79, it is denoted by baca and vaca in a text from . castillan', Revue des Études Juives 120 (1961), p. 358. 21 Emplir is docurnented by Alvar in Hecho and empler in Ansó. See El dialecfoaragonés, 26 Morj%logía,p. 195. pp. 168 and 188. 27 Magdalena & Lleai, Aljamías, p. 3, porad. 22 Alvar, El dialecfoaragonés, pp. 55-56. 28 Y. T. Assís, J. R. Magdalena & C. Lleal, Aljamía romance en los documentos 23 R. Lapesa, Historia de la lengua española, Madrid, 1984, p. 188, indicates the presence hebraicomvarros (Siglo XZV), Barcelona 1992. of the consonant group -mn-, as characteristic of the Castilian and the Riojan romances. 29 Bid., p. 25. Aldina Quintana and 1:s. Révah (posthumous) A Sephardic Siddui

1.1) deriving from Ancient Aragonese forms with the thematic v~wel-b-,~~that - '...y cenarán y désque abrán cenádu comnán el afiqonien' (lllr: 1.1 & 1.2) is combrá(d) (sg.) and combrán instead of aygan ~enadu... and cóina~z... respectively.

In this text there appear some Aragonese prepositions charactenstic of medieval The future indicative tense also occurs in sentences with a forbiddin,0 sense: texts: ént~~~(1141: 1.3) 'towards' and én~ro~~(110v: 1.9; 1141: 1.5) 'until', very - '...y non comnád éntro que táyed de la iiiasá sána ...' (110v: 1.8 & 1.9) instead frequent in Aragonese R~rnance.~~The latter appears in the insttuctions with the of norz cómad... same value of haté (95: 2.11; 100v: 2.11), a word denved from the Andalusian - '...y non dirá ningúna biraká' (110v: 1.14) instead of non díga(d)... Arahic hattá. Entro and haté appear here foiiowed by the preposition of Latin The subjunctive present appears only in temporal sentences: ongin a, as in other Aragonese text~.~~It is the .hst time we found the form haté ' - '...y non comnád éntro que táyed de la masá sána ...' (110v: 1.8 & 1.9) in a Jewish te~t,~~but it seems not to he a characteristic feature of the - '...tomará de la masá con lechúga y [entonces] cómad ...' (110v: 1.13 & 1.14) Aragonese-speaking Jews. The form. até, after the loss of initial [x-1, is preserved - '...dirán ánti borépiríhagefe~ii [entoncesl béban ...' (113v: 1.10 & i.11) jn Portuguese and like this seems to appear in a Haggadah from Lisbon of - '...dáqni énta adelán nin córnan nin béban sinón água solá men éntro a ótre circa 14~5.~~ día que dígad qiduS' (1141: 1.3 & 1.5). The adverbs de súso (100v: 1.2) 'above' and son (1011: 2.11) 'below', are also found in Castilian texts. The latter appears in a Passover Haggadah from Ca~tile.~' 3.5 Lexicon

The form táyed (IlOv: 1.9), the third person present subjunctive of the verb tayar 3.4 Syntax 'to cut', belongs to the lexical system of the Aragonese Romance. One may point out the use of the present or future indicative tenses instead of the fume subjunctive in conditional sentences as a characteristic phenomenon in 3.6 Hebrew and Aramaic Words medieval Arag~nese~~: With reference to Hebrew and Aramaic words it should be noted that in ~fi~omeil~~ - '...si caéssed pesah en nuéyti de 01-d dirán so qiduS cúmo de súso...' (100v: (1011: 2.12; lllr: 1.2), a word evidently forming part of ihe Jewish Aragonese 1.1 8~1.2)instead of si caessiered... lexicon and thus left untranslated, the etymological q2mEc & appears as seghol e; The text displays an excessive use of the future indicative tense instead of the this is characteristic of another text of the Passover Hag~adc.lifrom .4ragon4' and subjunctive future. This is due to the influence of the Hebrew language and is a the same form occurs in the Haggodotl~of the Spanish-spedking Sephardim in common feature in texts of prescnptive character: North frica;" it is also found in the Hebrew Hannadoth-- of the Judeo-Arabic speaking Jews in North AfricaJ3 and even in Iraq." The same fom is found in

30 Aivar & Pottier, Morfología, p. 252. 31 Aivar, El dialecto aragonés, p. 233. 32 ibidem, p. 250, used nowadays in Ansó, Embún, and Campos. 33 ibidem, p. 251, entro and entroa. 34 Aivar & Pottier, Morfología;~.291. 40 Afiqoi,zeii is a word of Greek origin, which was integrated, in the Aramaic lexical system. 35 Magdalena & Lleal, Aljamías, p. 9, fasta a guey 'up until today'. See Amos Dodi, 'The Vocalization of the BarcelonaHaggadah',Jo~rrnal of.1ewish Sid. 36 In a textof the Jews from Navme it appears as nvn (sic, hata). See Assís, Magdalena -ies UI, 2 (2002), p. 350. 1 take this oppomnity to thank Dr Amos Dodi for his help in &Leal, Aljamía romance en. los documenros hebraiconavarros, p. 17. providing me with information about Jewish prayer books írom . 37 According to the edition by H. P. Salomon, 'A Fifteenth Cenhzry Haggada with Ritual 41 Cantera Burgos, 'Textos de poiemica antijudaica', p. 143. Prescriptions in Portuguese ', Archivos do Centro Cultural Portugues 15, 42 Alegra Bendayan de Bendalac, Diccionario del judeoespañol de los sefnrdíes del norte Paris 1980, p. 231. de Marruecos, Caracas 1995, y. 12. 38 Révah, 'Un mahzor espagnol', p. 357. 43 1 consuited the first Haggadah printed in Tunis in 1890, tliat of Jerba of 1962 and the 39 Magdalena & Lleal, Aljamías, p. 102, also Minervini, Testi gi~ufeospagnolimedievali, Haggadah included in the Ma!zzor Fez, Kfar Maimon 1998. In al1 of them, the form vol. 1, p. 79 and Aldina Quintana, 'Concomitancias lingüísticas entre el aragonés y el afikoineii appears in the Hebrew text. 1thank Dr Ofra Timsh-Becker for providing me ladino (judeoespañol)', Alchivo de Filología Aragonesa, LW-LVIII (Zaragoza), 2001, with this information. pp. 181-182, they indicate similar verbal uses in other Judeo-Aragonese texts. 44 Seder Haggadah :el Pesah im tirguriz arabi benzinhag q"q Bagdad. Livomo 1865. Aldzna Qumtana and T.-S. Révah (posrhumo~s) A Sephardic Siddur medieval Portuguese" and Catalan6 Haggaduth. In mahzorinl or siddurim in the We can also consider the feature of the birk& ma~ón~~(lllr: 1.3) as charac- Castilian rite, the word is vocalized afiqomin or ~fi~urnin,~'and this is the form, teristic, even if not exclusive, of the Judw-Aragonese Romance. This form which survived mainly in the Passover Haggadoth in Hebrew and Ladino of the continued to be used in some Sephardic texts following the expulsion of 1492. Sephardii in the Ottoman Empire.48 It is also found in those printed in the Algerian co~nmunities.~~'Iñe use of these two forms, afiqomin (in Passover Haggadoth from Castile) and afiqomen (in those from Catalonia, Aragon and Judging by the linguistic characteristics of the Passover instructions, we are Portugal) seems lo be related to the particular phonetic evolution, which took place dealing here with a text in Judeo-Aragonese Romance with light Riojan and in Hebrew and Aramaic among the Jews of the Iberian Peninsula or to their Navarrese influences, the latter probably due to its provenance from a zone near inherited nusah. The Judeo-Castilian form with méq in afiqumin or afiqomin can the area where Riojan and Navarrese romances were spoken. The presence of be considered a characteristic of the Hebrew textual tradition of the Castilian Jews Castilian and Riojan linguistic features like -mn- instead of -mbr- in comnád that spread itself towards the south and the centre of the Peninsula as Castilian (110~:l.@, comná (110~:1.10) and conrnáiz (lllr: 1.1) just as Navarrese Romance itself spread. The latter had an innovative cbaracter if compared with linguistic features like the preservation of the verbal ending -d of the thiid person the Catalan, Aragonese, Leonese and Galician-Portuguese romances preserved in singular in the present a future tenses in caéssed (100v: 1.1). comrtád (110v: 1.8), the geographical extremes of the iberian ~eninsula.The form with a segh6l should táyed (110v: 1.9). entíngad (110v: 1.12), cómd (110~:1.14) and dígad (1141: be considered as more archaic, this fact being corroborated by its presence iu texts 1.5) allow us determine that this siddur was written by a scribe from the north-west of the Passover Haggadah printed by North African communitie~.~~ of the Aragonese speaking area, approximately in the area between the cities Worthy of note is the Aramaic form b~ru~baho~~'in the concluding blessing Tudela, Huesca and Ansó, but most probably from the Tudela area. Another person following Hallel (1 13v: 1.9). One can also find this fom in the Sarajevo Hagga- from a northern area introduced more inshuctions in the siddur aftenvards. dah (, 14" century). Especially the preservation of -d in the third person singular of present and future tenses seems to be an outstanding archaic characteristic iu 14" century texts 45 See the Siddur for all-year-round, 15¢., Ms. Oxford, Bodleian Library 1134 (Laud of Aragonese-speaking Jews from this area. The same occurs in texts written by 27); see also H. P. Salomon, 'A Fifteentb Century Haggada', pp. 231-231 who edited Navarrese Jews. heretbe Siddur, year 1484 or 1485, MS. Oxford, Bodleian Library 1132 (Can. Or. 108) On the other hand, it is not easy to determine exactly when the instrnctions were 46 SeetheSiddurfor aU-year-round, ea. 14"or 15" cent.,Ms. VaticanBibliotecaApostolica, formulated, even if it is certain that it was not done later than the 14& century. Rossiana 362. Both the language and the codex characteristics point to the possibility that the 47 See the Siddur for all-year-round, 15" cent., Ms. Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze, Gaddi fist inshuctions of the Passover Haggadah were written at the same time that the 111 for the form ajikumin, and the Siddur, 13" cent., Ms. Paris, Bihliotheque Nationale héb. 591 for the form ajikomin which H. P. Saiomon, 'A Fifteenth Century Haggada', copy of the siddur we have just analysed was composed. Even if there were a p. 227, erroneously transliterates ajiqomen instead of ajiqomin. The latter was pnblished previous text employed in the oral tradition, most likely the Romance of the by Révah, 'Un mahzor espagnol', p. 357; see also Minervini, 'Rituales de Pascua en instructions was updated since there does not seem to be a chronological discrep- castellano', p. 132 and idem, Testi giudeospagnoli medievali. Castiglia e Aragon, vol. ancy between the state of the language they were written in and that of the codex 11, Naples 1992, p. 19. where they are included. The spelling of the instructions is also characteristic of 48 David M. Bunis, A LExicon of the Hebrew and Aramaic Elements in Modem Judemo, the 14" century. Jemsaiem 1993, p. 104. 49 Moshe Bar-Asher, La composante hebraique du judéo-arabe algérien, Jemsalem 1992, p. 96; the same author in Traditiom linguisfiques des juifs ZAjiique du Nord, Jemsalem 'IL)~)'J.p. 294. nicnitons Ihc itiriiic

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