A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

Why China Cannot Adopt Capitalism

Peace and Disarmament m Construction Site. Photo by Sun Chengyi Beijing HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

VOL. 30, NO. 13 MARCH 30, 1987

CONTENTS

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 Macao to Return to China

EVENT5AREN0S 5-9 'Sunday Engineers' Help Farmers p. 24 p. 20 Prosper Managers Receive In-Service Training Skvserapcrs Pose Problems lo Deng on the Recent Events Boning Self-Scrvice Stores: Can They • This article from the enlarged edition of Deng's Selected Survive? Works, deals with two major events — student unrest and the Energy Building in ihc Rural replacement of the Party General Secretary. In spite of these Areas events, there will be no change in the Party's line, principles and Weekly Chronicle (March 16-22) policies, says Deng (p. 33).

INTERNATIONAL 10-13 Macao's Return Is Finalized Debt Problem: Mutual Compro-, • After eight months of negotiations, China and Portugal mise: the Only Way Out finally reached an agreement on the question of Macao, (Moup of 77: r.con(>niic Strategy another step towards the reunification of China (p. 4). In ihc Making Albania: Focus on Fconomic Developtnent China Spells Out Its Stand on Disarmament The United States: Weinberger s lli-Fated Visit • At a Beijing World Disarmament Campaign meeting sponsored by the UN, Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister Qian Qichen expounded China's nuclear policy and expressed the Worlfl Peace and Disarmament 14 government's concern about the spread of the arms race into NPC: Its Position and Roie 17 outer space. He also pointed out the relationship between The Election Process In Ttanjin 22 nuclear and conventional disarmament and urged the Why Capttafism is Impractical in superpowers to take the lead in all types of disarmament (p. 14). China 24 Economic Progress In 14 China Must Not Adopt Capitalism Coastal Cities 31 POWs: Find Peace In Detention 33 • Within the context of the struggle against bourgeois Deng on Recent Events In China 34 liberalization, Hu Sheng, a noted Chinese historian, explains why the capitalist road is impractical for China by examining BUSINESS/TRADE 35-37 China's history over the past century (p. 24). FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 38-39 CULTURE/SCIENCE 40-41 NPC: Its Position and Role BOOKS 42 COVER: China's industry is like the rising sun—a poster. • This article describes in detail how the National People's From the People's Arts Congress system works, and its increasingly important role as Publishing House part of the development of China's democracy and legal system (p. 17).

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I'litiiT' I inmiiifi NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

compatriots in Macao. Macao to Return to China Stimulated by the prosperous Hong Kong economy and China's by Guest Commentator Jiang Yiping policy of opening to the outside world, Macao's economy has he government of the People's reached an understanding in made rapid progress since the TRepublic of China and the principle concerning the question 1970s. Its total exports amounted government of the Republic of of sovereignty over Macao. With to 8.63 billion patacas (about Portugal initialed a joint declar• the Hong Kong issue settled, USS1.1 billion) in 1986, more than ation on the question of Macao on conditions were ripe for opening 30 times those of 1970. Now March 26. The accord stales that talks to resolve the Macao Macao has trade relations with the People's Republic of China question. more than 100 countries and will resume exercising sovereignty regions and enjoys preferential Sino-Portuguese negotiations over Macao on December 20, treatment from 20 or more started in Beijing last June. Since 1999. The joint declaration will nations. there is no dispute on the question take effect after the two sides of sovereignty over Macao, the The peninsula of Macao has formally sign and ratify it. talks focused on the date for always maintained a very close tie with the interior areas of China, Twelve years from now, Macao, China to resume exercise of with the latter supplying it with a Chinese territory which came sovereignty and on making proper cereals, fresh water, non-staple under foreign rule, will return to arrangements to ensure social food, daily necessities and raw the motherland. The satisfactory stability and economic develop• materials at favourable prices. settlement of the Macao issue, ment in Macao during the This mainland support has following that of the Hong Kong transition period and afterwards. contributed much to Macao's question in 1984, represents After eight months of negotiations stability and development; it is another giant step towards the in the spirit of mutual accommod• indispensable to its prosperity. unification of China. ation and co-operation, the two governments finally reached an M acao, too, has contributed to the Lying on the southwestern bank agreement to the satisfaction of economic construction on the of the estuary of the Zhujiang both. mainland. Their economic co• River adjacent to the City of Taking into consideration the operation is becoiTiing more Zhuhai in Guangdong Province. historical and present-day circum• extensive than even before thanks Macao has. since ancient times, stances in Macao, the Chinese to the Chinese government's open been Chinese territory. It was not government has decided that, in policy. until the mid-16th century that the accordance with the principle of The settlement of the Macao Portuguese bribed local Chinese "one country, two systems," it will issue by the governments of China officials to get permission to land adopt a complete set of special and Portugal through friendly co• and reside there. After the Opium policies to keep the present social operation has not only created War. however, the Portuguese system, economic system and favourable conditions for the occupied nearby Taipa and the lifestyle in Macao unchanged for further development of their Coloane islands and placed the 50 years after China recovers it in relations, but also provided a entire Macao area under their 1999. A Macao Special Admini• useful example for the world in colonial rule. strative Region (SAR) directly resolving international disputes by After the founding of the under the Central People's peaceful means. People's Republic in 1949, the Government will be established, The satisfactory settlement of Chinese government has re• and it will be administered by the the Macao question represents peatedly stated that Macao is an local people of Macao. The new another successful effort to apply inalienable part of Chinese SAR will enjoy a high degree of in practice the scientific concept of territory. China does not recogn• autonomy. "one country, two systems," ize any unequal treaty imposed on This decision has protected advanced by Deng Xiaoping by the Chinese people by the China's sovereign rights, its pooling the collective wisdom of imperiahsts, and it has proposed territorial integrity and its na• the Party Central Committee. It that the Macao issue be resolved tional dignity. It will also shows that the concept conforms through, negotiations when con• guarantee a long-term, stable to objective reality and is full of ditions are ripe. Upon the es• development in Macao. So, the vitality. The settlement of the tablishment of diplomatic re• policy is in comformity with the Macao question will certainly lations between China and Por• fundamental interests of the entire accelerate the cause of China's tugal in 1979, the two sides Chinese people, including our reunification. •

4 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 • EVENTSARENDS Ml Ill iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii wmimmmmmmmmmmmmmmm 'Sunday Engineers' Help Farmers Prosper

very weekend groups of countryside. For example, more technological problems is beyond E scientists and technicians than 70 professors, senior resear• our capability since we (rural travel to suburban Shanghai from chers and engineers from Fudan enterprises) have a serious shor• downtown either by bus or by University, Tongji University and tage of technical personnel. We bicycle. They come not to seek a the Shanghai Jiaotong University hope more 'Sunday engineers' will break from busy city life, but to formed an economic development come to help us." A scientist use their spare time to help rural advisory committee for the conveyed the sentiments of his enterprises develop new products, Luodian Township in Baoshan colleagues when he said, "I think tackle technological problems and County, with noted biologist Tan 'Sunday engineer' activities give us train technical personnel. Such Jiazhen as the committee's an opportunity to make better use travellers are euphemistically honorary chairman. of our knowledge. Through them, called "Sunday engineers." These famous people have not we can publicize our research To rural enterprises these let the local people down. Their achievements. In addition, we can "Sunday engineers" are "gods of expertise has enabled the also widen our research horizon." wealth." For instance, when the township's industrial and agricul• China is a big country with a rolled steel processing plant of the tural output value to grow by a large rural population and the Tanzhi Township in Shanghai's wide margin for several years in a development of the rural economy suburban Nanhui County was row and made the township the plays an important role in the first built, it had only one first to prosper on the outskirts of national economy. To promote engineer. The factory invited more the metropolis. the development of the rural than 30 experts in civil engineer• Now, more and more scientists economy, the state has introduced ing, machinery installation and and technicians in Shanghai take a "sparking programme" to electric appliances to work for it part in "Sunday engineer" popularize scientific knowledge in during weekends and in their spare activities. Their footprints are not the countryside, and called on the time. Their help enabled the plant only seen in rural enterprises in sciendfic and technical personnel to save 2 million yuan (some suburban Shanghai, but also in in urban areas to go to the US$530,000) of investment. The neighbouring Jiangsu and countryside to render help to Pengpu Household Electric App• Zhejiang provinces. farmers. In response to the call, all liances Factory in Baoshan As one rural factory director provinces, especially big cities like County was on the brink of has pointed out, "Solving some Beijing, Shanghai and Xian, where bankruptcy because the electric fans it produced did not sell well Medicine produced by the Xinhuo Farm Pharmaceutical Factory on the outsi

MARCH 30, 1987 5 EVENTSARENDS scientific and technical personnel course on March 2, He described key state enterprises and govern• are concentrated, have adopted the training as the "key task in mental economic departments. measures to encourage scientists educating China's economic and A special guidance committee and technicians to leave their management leaders." He said the to oversee the training includes offices and laboratories and make move will promote the develop• officials from the State Education better use of their talent in the vast ment of Chinese enterprises and Commission, the CPC Central countryside. For instance, Beijing meet the needs of the economic Committee's Organization De• authorities have planned to reform and national economic partment and the State Economic mobilize more than 10,000 growth. Commission. Experts and univers• ity professors will compile text• scientists and technicians and put He added that the training, now books and guide the progress of them to work in the city's in full swing, is sponsored by his the training. suburban areas this year and next department and the State to aid rural commodity produc• Economic Commission. Senior The State Economic Com• tion. They can either take up full- leaders of large and medium-sized mission reported that 93 institutes time jobs or work as part-time enterprises, some 35,000 in all, will have been established across the advisors in the rural enterprises. In take turns being trained over the country to train officials from recent years, authorities in Xian next foyr years. local enterprises and economic also organized scientists and departments. The commission has Between 1983 and 1985, China technicians to give technical help set up 10 training centres in co• changed the leadership of the to more than 800 rural enterprises operation with local authorities. major enterprises as part of in eight counties bordering the government streamlining and These institutes and centres, city. So far, the scientists and economic reform. About 90 designed to train 100,000 technicians have signed 670 percent of the current enterprise economic officials a year, have a technical aid contracts and leaders are newly appointed or total teaching staff of more than imported 14.4 million yuan of elected to their posts. Their 7,000, according to the investment for these enterprises. average age is 45, much younger commission. • It is believed that with economic than before. reforms and the reform of the However, although most of scientific research management them are technicians or engineers, system going on, urban tech• they are unfamiliar with commod• Skyscrapers Pose nology and culture will play a ity economy, modern business and Problems to Beijing greater role in the countryside. management principles, or economic laws and regulations. he Beijing municipal govern• He Yong said the marks ment is taking steps to ensure managers receive during their T all urban residents adequate training will be essential in housing facilities and access to deciding future promotions and Managers Receive public utilities. demotions. After 1990, senior In the past few years, many new In-Service Training enterprise leaders will be appoin• high-rise apartment houses were ted only after undergoing training. built in Beijing in quick suc• "No one without a training course cession. Last year, 5 million ore than 35,000 senior certificate will be appointed or square metres of new living space M managers and executives in promoted to a new post," he were completed in the capital, China's 8,000 major enterprises stated. will receive training in the coming offering new housing for more In addition, some 3,500 promis• four years, according to a senior than 100,000 people. ing young professionals who have government official. But recently some of Beijing's been listed as potential managers residents living in the new high- The move, said He Yong, and directors will also receive rise apartment buildings have deputy head of the Organization training. Department of the Chinese been complaining the lack of basic Communist Party Central Com• The leaders will study basic utilities such as water, heating, mittee, is aimed at raising the Marxist theory, socialist commod• electricity and sewage disposal. political and professional level of ity economy, modern enterprise According to the city's admini• managers and directors, as well as operation, management expertise, strative engineering department, Communist Party secretaries, and economic laws and in 1985 more than 8 million square chief engineers, economists and regulations. metres of new housing were accountants of enterprises. The country will design courses completed, of which 500,000 Speaking at a ceremony mar• that will lead tQ.a,master's degree square metres.Gould not be put king the start of the first training for reserve leaders for large and into immediate .use' because of

6 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 imcomplete utility facilities. An to the inconvenience for Beijing general manager of the Jinghua additional 900,000 square metres residents. Self-Service Market in Beijing's of the 5 million square metres of They urge the Beijing municipal Xicheng District, says markets new living space built last year government to exercise stricter like his are a viable form of appear beautiful, but occupants control over the planning of urban retailing. The market opened in are frustrated over the lack of residential construction in order September 1984, and lost 4,700 public utilities. to make basic facilities more yuan in its first four months of relevant to the city's housing operation. In 1985, however, it The lack of basic living facilities needs. sold 8.1 million yuan of goods and poses a major problem for urban To readjust the investment made a profit of 229,000 yuan. In housing construction in Beijing. structure, this year the Beijing 1986, its turnover rose 11 percent According to basic calculations, if municipal government has cut to 9 million yuan. Profits rose 45 5 million square metres of new down the investment on housing percent to 322,000 yuan. In the buildings are built, there must be construction and has halted or first two months of 1987, the such basic facilities — a water• postponed a number of housing turnover reached 2.4 million yuan, works which can provide 200,000 construction projects undertaken 70 percent more than the same tons of water a day, a sewer system without secured financial re• period last year, and profits were which can drain away 180,000 sources for auxiliary facilities. It 108,000 yuan, also a 70 percent tons of sewage, a gas supply has sfipulated that the central increase. system with a daily capacity of government departments must Between 7,000 and 8,000 300,000 cubic metres, and a adhere to the city government's heating system which can provide customers visit the Jinghua daily. overall plan in housing "My market is noted for its large heating of 3.75 million kilocalorie construction. an hour. There should also be a variety of commodities," Huang The city has also ruled that from power plant with a capacity of said. "With a floor space of 900 now on any construcfion units 100,000 kilowatts. Moreover, the square metres, we sell 4,100 that lack the expertise to build transport, post and tele• commodities, including meat, basic public utilities will not be communications facilities should canned goods, fruit, vegetables permitted to build housing in the be expanded accordingly. and sundries. An ordinary shop of capital. • our size can stock 1,700 commod• ities at most." Despite efforts by the Beijing municipal government, the cons• Self-Service Stores: A survey conducted last year truction of the above-mentioned showed Jinghua customers agreed basic facilities still cannot keep Can They Survive? that such markets could offer pace with the construction of new more convenient shopping. How• ever, the costs of operating self- housing because of limited elf-service markets, in many service markets are about 3 financial resources and other ways similar to supermarkets S percent higher than for ordinary difficulties. An official in the city in the West, first appeared in stores because most of the markets administrative engineering de• Beijing in September 1982, as an have air conditioners to prevent partment thinks it is understand• offshoot of China's economic food spoilage and other necessary able that people expect more reforms. equipment. And these expenses housing to be built and the leaders There are now about 150 self- of many units hope to improve the service markets in China. housing conditions of their staff as Although some are earning soon as possible. "But they should profits, many are running losses. see to it that the construction of Five of Guangzhou's nine super• 'Beijing Review' Opens new housing goes step by step with markets have already closed, as Slianghai Office the construction of auxiliary have two of Tianjin's five. Zhao public utilities and confine their Jun, director of the first depart• zest for more housing within the ment of the Second Commercial he Shanghai office of Beijing limits of their financial capa• Bureau in Beijing, admits 13 of 34 TReview was established on bilities," the official said. markets under his bureau — 38 March 17. Our reporters there will provide greater and more timely According to urban construc- percent — are running at a loss. coverage of developments in don experts, some departments The recent closing of the Shanghai and the Shanghai and work units put up apartment Haidian Self-Service Market, economic zone, which includes housing without observing the Beijing's oldest, has raised ques- Shanghai and the provinces in city's overall construction plan tions;ibout whether such markets eastern China. and their financial ability to offer can survive and prosper. basic facilities, which contributes Huang Chengxian, 30-year-old

MARCH 30, 1987 7 EVENTSARENDS

Modern Library to Open Soon

The construction of the Beijing Library, in the west part of the capital, will soon be completed. With a total floor space of 140,000 square metres, in terms of space it will be the world's second largest library after the Library of Congress in the United States.

cut into profits and even result in among markets. For example, should be set up in downtown losses, which meant that the Beijing's Xuanwu District used to districts where convenient trans• markets may not be able to have three small independent self- portation is available and there is survive, still less expand and service markets. One was suffering the greatest concentration of upgrade. operation losses. In 1985, the three population, or in more prosperous Zhao Jun suggested that the were merged as an integrated districts. Also, commodities government give the self-service business, and now all are making supplied by the markets should markets more preferential treat• profits. Zhao added that his suit the needs of customers in the ment, such as tax reductions or bureau plans to lease out some of immediate neighbourhood, he exemptions, while Huang said he the city's small markets. said. would like to see the markets given Huang Chengxian suggested more autonomy. "My feeling is Personnel costs are another forming self-service market chains that we are under too many major expense in these markets. so that they can profit from co• administrative departments," he Zhao said that in 1986 there was operative purchasing and market• said. "As a popular joke has it, we an average of 14 shop assistants ing. "This will make them more have too many 'mothers-in-law.' 1 for every 100 square metres of competitive, for they can provide think one is enough." Zhao Jun selling space in Beijing's self- better service to consumers by said self-service markets should service markets. In his opinion, offering high-quality goods at also be given more rights, work efficiency would improve if lower prices," said Huang. "I including the rights to set salaries the self-service markets redtice the agree that losing markets should and bonuses for their staff in line number of their staff He added be shut down. But closing does not with their profits and to fix price to that much is desired from market mean that self-service markets do improve competitiveness. managers who need more training. not suit Chinese couditions and He said his bureau would Location is also important, have no future in China." encourage and organize links Zhao stressed. Such markets by Wang Yanjuan

8 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 Energy Building Weekly Chronicle launched by China's eight major (March 16-22) governmental financial insti• in tiie Rural Areas tutions as of May 1, Xinhua reports. POLITICAL March 19 y using solar, wind and • Researchers at the Chinese B geothermal resources China's March 18 University of Science and Tech• rural areas saved the equivalent of nology has improved their newly • An enlarged edition of Deng 9 million tons of coal last year, the developed superconductor by Xiaoping's works entitled Build overseas edition of the Renmin raising the temperature from Socialism With Chinese Character• Ribao reported recently. linear 130K, obtained by them on istics has come off the press and Last year an additional 15 March 9, to 215K, a university distributed immediately nation• million families installed energy- official announces. wide, Xinhua reports. efficient stoves, and 400,000 households switched over to using SOCIAL March 19 biogas, according to statistics released by the Ministry of • Xinhua reports that during March 16 Agriculture, Animal Husbandry the fourth session of the Sixth • Xinhua reports that 47 and Fisheries. National People's Congress, held people died and 179 were injured in March 1986, deputies raised 265 China's rural energy replace• in an explosion which may have motions, all of which have been ments are beginning to be used in been caused by an accumulation handled by the special committees production sectors such as of flax dust at the Harbin Linen of the National Poeple's Congress farming, livestock production, Textile Mill. and the ministries and com• and rural factories. missions under the State Council. March 19 Rural areas are now using all m Renmin Rihao reports that available resources to develop ECONOMIC Beijing has enjoyed a 37.7 percent energy supplies. Residents of drop in crime in the past three Inner Mongolia use wind and March 18 years and half since a nationwide solar power to generate electricity, • The State Council will crackdown on crime began in pump water, and for cooking and establish a customs tariff com• August 1983. heating. The area now boasts over mission in charge of drafting and 30,000 wind generators and solar revising tariff regulations on FOREIGN RELATIONS units. imports and exports, Renmin March 19 Many provinces and cities have Rihao reports. • Chinese leader Deng Xiaop• installed energy-saving furnaces ing tells visiting Canadian for process tea, tobacco, and other March 19 Governor-General Jeanne Sauve agricultural and sideline products. • China has established tele• that the tentative plan for China's Enterprises involved in the communications links with more poUtical reform will be announced production of agricultural ma• than 200 countries and regions at the 13th National Congress of chines, aquatic products and around the world, according to the the Chinese Communist Party farming are also focusing on Ministry of Posts and scheduled for this autumn accord• saving coal and electricity. Telecommunications. ing to Xinhua. Energy-saving equipment pro• duction and service is a growing March 21 March 21 industry in the countryside. Last • The State Council has year, 1,500 such companies at the approved the construction of • Chinese Vice-Preiriier Wan county and village levels employed Shanghai's first subway, which Li holds talks with visiting New over 100,000 workers and techni• will rely heavily on foreign loans, Zealand Deputy Prime Minister cians, with a business turnover of according to a local government Geoffrey Palmer and says that 100 million yuan (US$27 million), official. China hopes the situation in the and profits of 10 million yuan South Pacific region remains (US$2.7 million). • CULTURAL ;stable and does not want the region to become a site of fierce March 18 rivalry among the superpowers. • A trial issue of China's first "China is willing to work together CORRECTION; The second table on page with the South Pacific countries to 28, issue No. 12 should go together with the national financial newspaper. The article "Britan Expands Trade With Financial Times, has come off the promote peace and stability in the China" on page 29. press, the paper will be officially region." he says.

MARCH .30, 1987 9 m INTERNATIONAL

DEBT PROBLEM repayment should prevail over the economic development of the debtor nations. Insistence on Mutual Compromise: the Only Way Out repayment regardless of the debtor's economic growth will A recent meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement has once result only in the bankruptcy of again called for dialogues between debtors and creditors to their nafional economies and solve the debt problem — a global disease afflicting developing social disorder and in the end, the loans of the creditors cannot be and developed countries alike. paid at all. If that were true, the creditors would also find them• ast month Brazil, the largest development, to pay debts, thus selves at the verge of bankruptcy, L debtor nation in the third creating a vicious circle. and the whole world would be in world with a foreign debt of In a world of co-existence and turmoil. USS109 billion, announced its mutual dependence, it is impo• Developing countries have decision to suspend interest ssible to impose sacrifice on one come to realize that measures like payments indefinitely. The action side without causing loss to the suspension or rescheduling of prompted other debtor nations in other. It has been said that in payments cannot solve the Latin America to consider similar today's world, all countries on the problem fundamentally and that measures, causing great concern in earth are in the same boat, whose the development of their international financial and mone• destiny is dependent on the joint economies is essential. Intern• tary circles. efforts of everyone on board. If all ational co-operation, in particular This example of the debt the nations of the world involved the inflow of capital and problem illuminates one of the in the debt problem, especially the technology from the developed most serious obstacles in world creditor nations, work in this countries, will also be essential. economy today. According to a spirit, a solution will not be Equally important, the debtor recent report by the World Bank, difficult to find. countries should make good use of their loans and direct their the total amount of foreign debt For the industrial nations, il is economies towards growth- ' owed by the third world amounted important to realize that they, to oriented projects. to US$1,035 billion at the end of some extent, depend on the third last year, 69.7 percent up from world. World economy has long Mutual understanding can lead USS610 billion at the end of 1980. since become a unified network to mutual compromise. A com• The high interest rates that and the development of one plete solution of the problem lies industrial nations charge for loans country's national economy is in the establishment of a healthy are an important factor that adds closely connected with intern• and peaceful environment in to the debt burden of the third ational trade. As for credit which North-South dialogues can world. Some economists estimate extended to developing countries, be conducted to create a mutually that nearly half of the third of course the lenders want to get beneficial and equal relationship world's foreign debt accumulated their money back. But this between them. Peace and develop• since 1980 is interest. depends on the debtor nations' ment are the two crucial issues of The drastic drop in prices of repayment capability, more spec• our time and they are closely primary products on international ifically, their economic growth. linked. Unfortunately, while de• veloping countries are groaning markets constitutes another factor At a special ministerial meeting under heavy pressures of debt, the for the worsening of the debt of the Co-ordinating Bureau of superpowers put huge sums of problem. Raw materials, especi• the Non-Aligned Movement, money on armaments. According ally oil, are the main source of which ended March 13 in to Western sources, the combined income for third world countries. Georgetown, capital of Guyana, military expenditures of the Plummeting prices have greatly many delegates pointed out that United States and the Soviet reduced the foreign exchange the expansion of production and Union amount to US$600 billion, r^ervcs of the debtor nations. In exports are the only way to enlarge over 60 percent of the world's addition, protectionist measures the capacity of third world nations total. of the industrial nations have to serve their debt. An appeal made it more difficult for third adopted at the meeting said that The gap between the rich and world countries to increase their the debt of Latin America "cannot the poor is widening. On the exports. Therefore, many debtor be paid under existing conditions threshold of the 21st century, it is nations (Brazil, for example) have and without sustained economic high time to realize that efforts to use most, or ail, of iheir foreign development." Indeed, it has been should be jointly made to create a currency earnings, which are the core of dialogues between peaceful and prosperous world badly needed for their economic debtors and creditors whether by She Duanzhi

10 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 13 GROUP OF 77 Asia, Africa and Latin America, a great number of colonial and semi-colonial countries gained Economic Strategy in the Making political independence. But as a result of little change in the old international economic order, these new developing countries are The Sixth Asian Ministerial Conference of the Group of 77 sfiU in the position of being ended on March 16 in Dhaka, Bangladesh after working out a exploited and plundered. During package of economic strategy. the recession of the world economy, the developed countries transfered their economic crises to these countries, which put their economies in dire straits. ore than 100 representatives But the declaration seems to Mfrom 32 of the Group's 43 have toned down the crisis Since the 1960s, the developing Asian members and over a dozen assessment made by Bangladeshi countries have been struggling to regional, international and world President Hussain Muhamad safeguard their national rights organizations focused the three- Ershad in his opening speech by and interests and gaining day session on four areas: cutting off many of his superlative economic independence. Group- commodities prices, trade climate, words. This is seen as reflecting a 77 was founded at that time and least developed countries and divergence of views among the had 77 member countries. Now it financial resources. delegations. has grown to embrace 127 member The Group's package strategy nations. Meanwhile different includes: formulating an effective Inaugurating the conference, organizations of raw material and credible development- Ershad said, "All possible so• producing and exporting coun• oriented debt strategy, revitalizing lutions tried out during the past tries and other international financial flows to developing decades are being swept away" economic organizations have been countries and promoting an and "a fundamental rethinking of set up for protecting the rights and international monetary system many interrelated issues of interests of the developing coun• reform. development, trade and finance is tries, which seek to change the old Among its immediate aims are: required." internadonal economic relations improving rescheduling exercises, Ershad said developing coun- and enter into dialogue between achieving as soon as possible the iries have been suffering from North and South so as to establish use of the internationally agreed falling exports, huge debt burdens, a new international economic 0.7'percent of developed coun• shrinking financial resources flow, order. But the dialogue has not tries' gross national product collapse of primary commodities been held. It will be a long time (GNP) for aiding developing prices and an ever-aggravating before the developing countries countries, and convening a world internatonal trade climate. can get rid of their economic conference on the monetary dependence on the developed system and finance. The latest United Nations countries. In this context, the However, the Dhaka Declar• statistics show that the economic developing countries should not ation, issued at the end of the growth in the least developed sit back waiting for the favours of meeting, seems to lay stress on countries (LDCS) has almost the developed countries but issues of trade climate and the disappeared during the 1980s and should make up their own collapse of primary commodities the number of LDCS has developing strategy — relying on prices which have plagued the increased from 31 in 1980 to 40 in their own efforts while making Group's Asian members more 1986, including 11 in Asia and four external assistance secondary and than their African and Latin in South Asia. Under such exploifing their own natural American counterparts. conditions, Ershad urged the resources, unite and support each It calls for overcoming the Asian members of Group-77 to other and promote the South- world economic crisis through rethink a package group strategy South co-operation on the prin• concrete and coherent policy to pull themselves out of the ciple of equality and mutual measures in the interrelated fields whirlpool which he termed an benefit. Only thus can the of commodities, trade, money and "unprecedented crisis." The pro• developing countries promote finance, including external debt, posal of Ershad is of importance their economies and put them• aimed at revitalizing growth and to all the developing countries. selves in a stronger position for international negotiation. development particularly of the In the postwar upsurge of the developing countries. national liberation movement in by Li Li >

MARCH 30, 1987 II •1 INTERNATIONAL

bandry. To exploit these charac• ALBANIA teristics, the Party will create a northern economic zone, includ• Focus on Economic Development ing six administrative districts. The state will increase invest• While strengthening relations with West European countries, ment there. Meanwhile, hundreds of workers, cadres and experts the Albanian Party of Labour has adopted measures to from all over the country have promote economic development in recent years. answered a government call to contribute to economic develop• ment by going to the mountainous areas to work for two or three lbania recently set up a production. It has called on years. A national committee to streng• production brigades to begin 4) Material rewards. Different• then state and the Party of Labour raising small husbandry herds and ial wage systems apply to different supervision over economic and planned to change the commune- types of work, working conditions production sectors. The commit• concentrated system of husbandry and labour intensity in factories tee, a ministerial-level arbit- into a two-level system. The task and mines, with those engaged in rational and executive body, will of the commune-level special difficult tasks earning higher oversee the issuing and carrying- husbandry teams will be to wages. Wages are also connected out of economic plans and provide guaranteed supplies of with the fulfilment of tasks at policies, monitor the distribution milk and meat to the national various levels, making for a policy and use of funds, and balance market. The products of the of more pay for more work. production and consumption. brigade-level small husbandry The Ninth Congress of the Ramiz Alia has paid much teams are distributed among Party of Labour ratified that the attention to the economy since he themselves. Besides providing oil and chromitc-exploiting became first secretary of the Party meat and milk to their own departments had established re• in April 1985. He calls economic members at favourable prices, the wards for over-production and work the foundation of all brigades can sell the excess to planned to extend it to other development, but points out that inhabitants of nearby cities and sectors. Rewards for inventions to grasp economy is not equal to towns. have also been set up. economism. He has asked leaders 2) Developing agriculture. The Furthermore, Alia said many at all levels to put the economy agriculture is one of Albania's questions must be studied regard• first. major economic sectors. Two- ing wages, prices and grassroots In the past year he has toured thirds of the country's population autonomy. He said these problems more than half the country's lives in rural areas. The eighth will be solved after experiment• administrative districts, visiting Five-Year Plan stresses compre• ation and test projects. factories and villages and having hensive development of agricul• 5) Developing foreign trade. extensive contacts with the masses ture at a faster rate than other Albania hopes to develop trade and cadres. This investigation of economic sectors. and economic co-operation with concrete conditions was the basis Therefore, the investment into other countries based on equality of practical economic measures agriculture will increase to about and mutual benefit. In recent years which have had some results. two-thirds of the total. The plan it has established and developed In November, the Ninth states that the transition from trade relations with Greece, Italy, Congress of the Party of Labour collective to national ownership France, Turkey, Austria, Swit• adopted the eighth economic Five- must develop naturally at an zerland, Sweden and Federal Year Plan (1986-1990). further appropriate rate. It encourages Germany, so exports have obvi• affirming the principle, policies peasants to grow vegetables and ously increased compared to and tasks of economic develop• raise livestock on private plots of earlier years. Trade with East ment and raising living standards. land and allows them to sell some European countries has also These measures include: of the agricultural and sideline grown and Albania has signed a 1) Developing animal hus• products. long-term trade agreement (1986- bandry. Albania is a mountainous 3) Exploiting the resources of 1990) with them. Albania's trade country; three-fourths of its area is the mountainous northern areas. with China has increased greatly mountainous and hilly. The This area is rich in chromite, in recent years and the two Central Committee of the Party of copper, hydroelectric power and countries signed a long-term trade Labour decided to develop animal timber. It is a natural setting for agreement in late 1985. husbandry and increase meat agriculture and animal hus• by Shu Ping

12 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 THE UNITED STATES that the US F-16 fighters make up the cornerstone of NATO's defence and the United States Weinberger's iii-Fated Visit To Spain would like to transfer them to other air bases in Spain. Judging from the progress of the talks, Weinberger failed to persuade us Defence Secretary Caspar Weinberger's visit to Madrid Spain on this issue. failed to break the deadlock on the issue of US troop reduction In May next year when the in Spain. treaty of military co-operation expires, the Spanish government says, it will fix November as the nited States Defence Secretary its stand, strengthened its ties with •final date for an extension of the UCaspar Weinberger visited NATO, but promised its voters to treaty. At that time there will be no Spain March 15-17, trying to negotiate with the United States to further compromises; the US revive stagnated negotiations on reduce the US military personnel. military personnel in Spain will the reduction of America's Failure to reach a settlement have to leave. military presence there. However, caused the party to lose many left- The United Slates attempted to his talks with Spanish Prime wing votes in the general election simultaneously hold talks on Minister Felipe Gonzalez and in June last year. After the reduction of troops and extention Defence Minister Narcis Serra i election, the second-term Socialist of the treaty, but Spain insists on Serra have reportedly stalled once Workers' Party government deci• first reaching an agreement on again with the two sides still far ded to negotiate with the US troops reduction and then to apart. government immediately in order continue negotiations on the Weinberger's visit came during to recoup its losses. extension of the treaty. a period of Spanish disorder. Both Prior to the present negoti• Although talks on the troops students and workers are on ations, the two sides have held reduction have come to a strike, and general dissatisfaction four rounds of talks beginning in standstill, both sides have left with the government is sharply on July last year. Because of some room for continuing the the rise. On the eve of his arrival at differences on how many US dialogue. Weinberger hoped that Madrid, thousands of Spaniards troops would be removed and how an agreement would be reached on staged a protest at a US air base at the removal would take place, the troop reduction. The chief Torrejon de Ardoz near Madrid. progress has been slow. It is spokesman of the Spanish foreign Negotiations continued despite reported that the Spaniards insist ministry also expressed hope for the tensions. that the United States withdraw an agreement on the reduction of The United States has had a 76 American F-16 fighters and troops, equipment and facilities. military presence in Spain for transfer all fueling airplanes away Considering Spain's geographi• more than 30 years. In 1953, from the eastern Saragossa base. cally important position, Washin• during Fransico Franco's dic• The US air base at Torrejon is 15 gton obviously wants to maintain tatorial rule, the two countries kilometres away from the Spanish its bases there. But Spain is neither signed a treaty of military co• capital of Madrid. Its existence is willing nor able to take on the operation establishing US right to considered by many Spaniards to whole task of NATO defence. The a military presence there. Curr• be an intolerable insult to Spanish Spanish foreign ministry has said ently, the United States has three national self-respect. Also, as the that his country was not interested air bases and a naval base with a site of numerous protest de• in the complete removal of US total of 12.000 military personnel monstrations, the Spanish govern• military presence. Analysts say stationed in Spain. ment is under heavy pressure to that in light of this, the two sides maintain security there. will probably reach an agreement After Franco was overthrown, in November. • Spain initiated negotiations for During the fourth round of the reduction of US military talks held last month the United by Yao Li personnel. The Socialist Workers' States put forward a counter• Party.which opposed the country's proposal, insisting that a substant• 1": entry, into North Atlantic Treaty ial number of US troops should Organization (NATO), demanded remain in Spain after the treaty the removal of the US military expires in May 1988. However, the 1 bases before it came to power. Spanish side considers this entirely After it took the office in 1982, the unsatisfactory. During his stay in Socialist Workers' Party changed Madrid, Weinberger told the press

MARCH 30. 1987 13 m ARTICLES

World Peace and Disarmament China's Vice-Foreign Minister Qian Qichen spoke on the position ofpeace and disarmament at the United Nations regional conference for the World Disarmament Campaign which opened in Beijing on March 23.

oday, I would like to share with prohibition and thorough destruc• T you some of my views on the tion of all nuclear, chemical, question of peace and disarma• biological and space weapons and ment and join you in the for a drastic reduction of discussion. conventional weapons. As early as Despite the absence of a new in 1964, China declared explicitly world war in the past 40 years or on the very first day when it came more since the end of the Second into possession of nuclear World War, the world is still in the weapons that at no time and under grip of turbulence and intranquil- no circumstances will it be the first ity, and mankind is yet to achieve to use nuclear weapons. China has genuine peace. Regional conflicts also undertaken not to use or and local wars occurred one after threaten to use nuclear weapons another, and the arms race has against non-nuclear states or kept escalating worldwide. The nuclear free zones. China has international situation has re• and an enduring and stable successively signed the relevant mained tense, and the danger of international environment of protocols to the Treaty for the war is still seriously threatening peace. Being aware of the heavy Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons world peace and security. It is task entrusted by history, China is in Latin America and the South precisely because of this that the determined to contribute its share Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty. people all over the world are to the maintenance of peace, China does not advocate or making unremitting efforts in security and stability of the world. encourage nuclear proliferation, various ways to safeguard peace. The Chinese government pur• nor does it help other countries The World Disarmament Cam• sues an independent foreign policy develop nuclear weapons. China paign initiated by the United of peace. The basic objective of supports whatever actions and Nations is part of this extensive China's foreign policy is to initiatives that are conducive to effort. We are convinced that as maintain world peace. We have the realization of disarmament long as the peace-loving peoples of always maintained that all coun• and elimination of the threat of the world are determined to take tries in the world are equal. We are nuclear war. their destiny in their own hands opposed to the big bullying the China has taken a number of and go into action, international small and the strong lording it steps to cut its military expendi• peace and security can be over the weak. We are ready to tures on its own initiative. The maintained, and a new world war develop friendly relations with all important decision made by the can be prevented. We are countries of the world on the basis Chinese government to reduce optimists. Although the road of the Five Principles of Peaceful China's armed forces by a million ahead is tortuous, the world has a Coexistence. Standing firmly by men is being implemented very promising future, and the the third world, we will never enter smoothly. China has not carried prospect for mankind is bright. into alliance with any superpower. out any nuclear test for years. We are opposed to the use or Having suffered untold tribul• Furthermore, it declared last year threat of force in international that it would conduct no more ations in wars of foreign relations and interference and aggression in the past, the Chinese atmospheric nuclear tests in aggression against other coun• future. people cherish peace and security tries. We are in favour of a all the more deeply. As a All this has fully demonstrated peaceful settlement of intern• China's sincerity for peace and developing socialist country, ational disputes. China is today whole-heartedly disarmament and its determin• engaged in a drive for socialist China has consistently opposed ation to take concrete steps in this modernization which requires arms race and will never take part regard. hard work of several generations in it. We stand for the complete To put an end to nuclear arms

14 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 race, bring about nuclear disarma• weapons and drastically reduce security of Europe is important, ment, remove the threat of nuclear and destroy all types of nuclear the security of Asia is equally war and avoid a nuclear holocaust weapons they have deployed important. We insist that in have become the strong desire of anywhere inside and outside their accordance with the same prin• the peoples of the world and their countries so as to create ciple, there should be a simul• most important task. conditions for other nuclear states taneous and balanced reduction of The ultimate goal of nuclear to take part in nuclear disarma• the intermediate-range missiles disarmament should be the com• ment. After that, a broadly deployed in both Europe and Asia plete prohibition and thorough representative international con• until their complete destruction. destruction of all types of nuclear ference on nuclear disamament We hold that in order to reduce weapons. Let us first of all take a with the participation of all the the risk of a nuclear war, all look at the reality of the nuclear nuclear states should be held to nuclear states should, at present, armaments in the world today. discuss further measures for the undertake not to be the first to use The most important fact is that the thorough destruction of nuclear nuclear weapons under any two superpowers possess the weapons. China as a nuclear state circumstances and not to use or largest and most sophisticated threaten to use nuclear weapons nuclear arsenals, amounting to against non-nuclear states or over 97 percent of the total nuclear nuclear-free zones. And then on weapons in the world. Their this basis they could move on to nuclear weapons have long There should be a conclude an international conven• reached the level of over- tion on the prohibition of the use saturation and overkill. With the simultaneous and balanced. of nuclear weapons with the piling up of nuclear weapons, reduction of the participation of all nuclear states. continued arms race is not only intermediate-range absurd but also a mockery of An increasing number of human wisdom. The extension of missiles deployed in countries are calling for the the arms race into the outer space both Europe and Asia until establishment of nuclear-free will trigger off its spiralhng their complete destruction. zones and zones of peace. This escalation. The grim realities are gives expression to their just that whatever their intentions, aspirations against nuclear war only these two have the strength and for the peace and security of and capability of launching a their own regions. We maintain nuclear war. The latent possibility will not shirk its responsibility and that nuclear states should respect that the world civilization will be will strive to make its due the propositions and demands of ruined by a nuclear war is like the contribution to this end. these countries and undertake sword of Damocles, posing a In recent years, the Soviet corresponding obligations. China constant threat to peace and Union and the United States, unequivocally supports the pro• security of mankind. As a Chinese while stating that nuclear war posals for the establishment of saying goes: "It takes the one who cannot be won and should never nuclear-free zones in Latin tied the knot to untie it." be fought, have both put forth a America, the South Pacific, Naturally, they must assume the number of proposals and plans, Africa, the Middle East, South primary responsibility and oblig• one of which is a 50 percent Asia and the Korean Peninsula. ation for nuclear disarmament. reduction of strategic nuclear Like many other countries, The UN General Assembly weapons as the first step. China is for the principle of non- unanimously adopted at its 41st However, the two sides have so far proliferation of nuclear weapons. session a resolution which clearly reached no substantive agreement, China's nuclear co-operation with set forth the special responsibility and their basic differences remain other countries is confined only to of the superpowers and urged as serious as ever. Of late, the the peaceful use of nuclear energy. them to take the lead in negotiations between the Soviet At the same time, we also hold that substantially reducing their nu• Union and the United States on the legitimate rights of numerous clear armaments. This has fully intermediate-range missiles and developing countries of using reflected the strong desire of the their related proposals have nuclear energy for peaceful world people and the common will attracted much attention. It purposes should not be impaired. of the international community. should be pointed out that the As for the Treaty on the Non- Therefore, we are of the view question of the intermediate-range Proliferation of Nuclear that the two superpowers should missiles has a direct bearing on the Weapons, it has been justly take the lead in halting immedi• security of countries in Europe as pointed out that the obligations ately the test, production and well as in Asia. International nuclear states and non-nuclear deployment of all types of nuclear security is indivisible. While the states should assume under it

MARCH 30, 1987 15 ARTICLES

respectively are imbalanced and with nuclear disarmament. Con• outer space weapons can be unfair. The treaty only limits ventional armaments of any concluded at an early date. horizontal proliferation and country should be used only for It is a complicated and arduous places no limits at all on the self-defence. It goes without task to check arms race and continuous expansion and impro• saying that the superpowers and promote disarmament. Having a vement of the nuclear arsenals of military blocs which possess the direct bearing on peace and the superpowers. That is why largest and most sophisticated and security for all peoples, it calls for China has reservations on and is conventional should take the lead concerted and unremitting efforts critical of this treaty. in drastically reducing their on the part of the people of the conventional armaments. This is world. All countries, big or small, While emphasizing nuclear of crucial importance to the strong or weak militarily, should disarmament, one should not maintenance of world peace. have the equal right of participat• overlook the importance and While mankind is faced with the ing in the discussion and urgency of conventional disarma• threat of a nuclear war, the outer settlement of the disarmament ment. There is in fact an organic space is haunted by a spectre. question which should not be link between nuclear and conven• monopolized by a few big powers. tional disarmament. No disarmament agreement First, both conventional and should be reached at the expense nuclear armaments are basic of other countries' interests. elements in the military might which prop up the two major Finally, I wish to further point confronting military blocs. out that while disarmament D isarmament alone is contributes to peace and security, Second, with the development not enough to safeguard disarmament alone is not enough of science and technology, con• to preserve peace and security. ventional weapons have become peace. It is essential to oppose World peace and national security increasingly more lethal and all forms of interference in are closely inter-related. En• destructive. the internal affairs and croaching upon a nation's inde• violation of sovereignty of pendence and sovereignty will Third, there is no insur• undoubtedly jeopardize world mountable barrier between con• other countries. peace. Therefore, to safeguard ventional and nuclear wars. peace and security, it is essential to Should a conventional war break oppose any form of interference out in certain highly developed by one country in the internal regions, it will probably escalate affairs of others and any form of into a nuclear war. violation of the sovereignty and namely, the imminent or on-going Fourth, conventional arma• territorial integrity of others, and arms race. This is an extension and ments are also frequently used as a to oppose in particular any development of nuclear arms race means to interfere in, subvert, country's using its military means which will lead to a more complex invade or occupy a sovereign state. to subject others to war of situation characterized by a In the post-war years, the use of aggression. progressive escalation of the arms conventional weapons in regional race involving offensive nuclear The World Disarmament Cam• wars and conflicts has taken a toll weapons and defensive weapon paign is developing in breadth. To of tens of millions of human lives. systems. This race will further maintain world peace and oppose war has been taken by billions of Fifth, military expenditures in destabilize the world and increase people as their objective and the world every year now total danger of war. To check this race sacred duty. The people all over nearly USS 1,000 billion, most of has become a most urgent task for the world must take their destiny which are spent on conventional mankind. in their own hands so that armaments. An enormous amount civilization will triumph over of human wealth is thus wasted. The outer space is the common brutality, co-operation will prevail One cannot but regret that heritage of mankind, and its over confrontation, and peace will enormous wealth should be development and utilization replace war. The Chinese people devoted to arms race when there should bring benefits to mankind. are determined to work with the are still starvation and poverty on It is against the will of mankind if peoples of all countries and strive earth. any country should develop, test, produce or deploy outer space to build a world that has lasting Obviously, it is absolutely weapons in any way. It is hoped peace, co-operation on the basis of necessary that conventional arma• that an international convention equality, prosperity and ments be reduced drastically along on the complete prohibition of development. •

16 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 13 NPC may hold any post in any of the administrative, judicial or procuratorial organs of the state. However, 78 of the members of the current NPC Standing Commit• NPC: Its Position and Role tee, have previously held posts as vice-ministers or higher. During their discussions, the NPC Standing Committee meets in by Our Correspondent Yang Xiaobing session once every two months, discusses and approves laws, major state issues, discusses law he development of China's budget and final accounts; drafts, appoints and removes Tdemocratic and legal systems 3) to supervise the work of the senior officials of state organs, finds expression in the gradual government, the Supreme and, when the NPC is not in improvement and increasingly People's Court and the Supreme session, examines and approves important role of the People's People's Procuratorate; national economic and social Congress system. 4) to elect, decide on the choice, development plans and adjusts the and remove from office leading state budget. Functions and Powers

The National People's Congress Su Buqing (left), honorary president of Shanghai's Fudan University, makes a proposal is the highest organ of state power. with other deputies for "Strengthening Safety IVIeasures Against Fire for Cultural It is composed of deputies elected Relics and Ancient Buildings" at the Fourth Session of the Sixth NPC, which has by the provinces, autonomous Interested the government. i^^Nc ZUIN regions and municipalities directly under the central government, and by the armed forces for a term of five years, and meets in session once a year. According to an official of the liaison department of the General Office of the NPC Standing Committee, the composition of the current Sixth NPC has nearly 3,000 deputies, including 403 minority nationality deputies. 13.5 percent of the total number of deputies (population of national minorities makes up 6.7 percent of China's total population). 632 women deputies (21.2 percent of the total) and 1,117 non- Communist Party personages (37.5 percent). The Constitution of the People's Republic of China requires the National People's Congress to exercise 15 powers, which can be divided into: members of the state. There are six special committees 1) to amend the Constitution; The Standing Committee of the working under the NPC. They supervise its enforcement; enact National People's Congress is a include the Nationalities Commit• and amend basic statutes; alter or permanent body elected by the tee, the Law Committee, the annul inappropriate decisions of NPC, and is composed of a Financial and Economic Commit• the Standing Committee of the chairman, 20 vice-chairmen, a tee, the Education, Science, National People's Congress; secretary-general and 133 mem• Culture and Public Health 2) to examine and approve the bers who are elected for the same Committee, the Foreign Affairs plan for national economic and term as the NPC deputies. No one Committee, and the Overseas social development, the state on the Standing Committee of the Chinese Committee. Made up of

MARCH 30, 1987 17 •i ARTICLES

128 members, they examine, discuss and draw up relevant bills and draft resolutions. The Standing Committee of the NPC has established a Genera! Office and the Legislative Work Committee which handle day-to• day work and prepare legislative documents. The relationships between the National People's Congress and the provincial people's congresses and between the provincial and the county people's congresses are those of legal supervision and work ties, and not of leader and led. As a general practice, the NPC Standing Committee invites lead• ing members of the standing committees of the people's congresses of all provinces, autonomous regions and municip• alities to attend its bimonthly meetings. Except that they have no voting rights, these representatives may fully express their views on the motions under discussions to help the NPC Standing Commit• tee make objective decisions. The NPC Standing Committee has the power to annul local people's congress standing committees' regulations or decisions that contravene the Constitution, the statutes and administrative rules and regulations. Sometimes, the NPC Standing Committee offers AN KEREN its opinions to the provincial Wei Zhiwang (left), a deputy to the Sixth NPC and vice-chairman of the China people's congress standing com• Democratic League, Xian Branch, and other deputies made 30 suggestions on the mittees according to law. Not long development of the mountain areas which were well-recereed by the departments concerned. ago the standing committee of a provincial people's congress re• called the governor. According to township, (or five levels including the grass-root township people's law, however, recalling a governor autonomous prefecture in some congresses were elected directly by should be approved by the whole places). According to the figures their constituents. Since 1979, people's congress. The NPC of the General Office of the NPC direct election has been expanded Standing Committee reminded the Standing Committee, people's to the county level, which marks local people's congress standing congresses at all levels have more progress in China's democratic committee of this and urged it to than 6 million deputies. system. The amendment to the have the decision approved by the These deputies are elected Election Law, adopted by the 18th full provincial people's congress. through democratic election. Session of the Sixth NPC Standing Deputies to the county- and Committee in December 1986, has township-level people's con• meant great changes in the Progress in Election gresses are elected directly by their methods for the election this year constituents, while deputies to the of deputies to the county- and China's people's congress sy• people's congresses above that township-level people's con• stem has four levels — national, level are elected by the lower level gresses. It specifies that no rigid provincial (autonomous regional people's congresses. In the past, ratio should be set for deputies and municipal), county and said the official, only deputies to representing different kinds of

18 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 people. It stresses the quality of and, the presidium will put the discussed at the Standing Com• deputies, and requires the deputies draft laws to the vote at the mittee session last year. It was to have certain social and political congress. As for the draft laws sent adopted at a session after abilities in order to improve the to the NPC Standing Committee, investigations and repeated revi• skills and age structure among the explanations of the draft laws will sions. Many people thought this deputies. Arrangements will no first be heard at the Standing was new in China's democratic longer be made for people's Committee sessions, and after the process. In fact each law was deputies out of consideration just initial examination by the Stand• adopted through democratic and as an honorary title. Elections ing Committee, will be submitted serious discussions. People did not where the number of candidates is to the Law Committee for know this only because the equal to the number of seats are no examination. The Law Committee newspapers give little coverage longer allowed, and no leader is will forward an examination to them. In recent years, allowed to nominate candidates report which returns to the almost every NPC Standing and compel the constituents to Standing Committee for further Committee session has been vote. If the majority of constitu• examination and decis.ion. During concerned with legislation and ents do not agree with a candidate this period, other special commit• there were laws or regulations for (proposed jointly or separately by tees may make their propositions approval at each session. any political party and organiz• on relevant draft laws to the Law Given China's vast territory, ations), that candidate cannot be Committee. If there are major large population and variety, the included in the list of candidates. controversies at the Standing standing committee of the Committee meeting, no vote will people's congress of each pro• The 1987 elections of people's be hasiely taken and the draft law deputies to the county- and vince, autonomous region, will be put lo vote at the next municipality directly under the township-level people's con• meeting only after thorough gresses are proceeding according central government and larger city investigation and serious may formulate local laws and to the revised Election Law. The discussions. Election Law has been followed statutes in line with its local strictly in all parts of China. For The official said there was a conditions, on condition they do instance, during the election, not heated debate over the Bankrupt• not contradict the Constitution or only the wills of ordinary cy Law for State-Owned Enterpr• the laws and administrative rules constituents are respected, priso• ises when the draft was first of the state. The local laws and ners with political rights are also permitted to perform their rights to vote according to the law.

Legislation Since 1979. the NPC Standing Committee has enacted the ConslilLition. 57 laws and 52 decisions on legal questions and the supplements and amendments to the laws. All this has laid a solid foundation for the construction of China's legal system. So far, all the laws have been enacted in a serious and prudent manner. Generally, it is the Special Committees of the NPC that send the draft laws to the National People's Congress. The presidium of the NPC will decide whether the draft laws passed onto the NPC should be submitted lo the deputies or whether they should be handed over si• multaneously to relevant special committees for examin• ation. Reports will then be made by relevant special committees

MARCH .W. 1987 19 H ARTICLES

Statutes should be reported to the NPC Standing Committee for the record. From 1979 to 1986, provincial-level people's con• gresses and their standing commit• tees formulated more than 800 local laws and statutes. According to Outlook weekly, in recent years the Beijing Municipality has promulgated more than 260 local laws and statutes which have provided concrete and effective legal guarantee for the capital's construction and management. In the year after the Provisional Measures for the Management of Urban Construction Planning of the Beijing Municipality were promulgated, the city dismantled CHEN SIYU 85,000 square metres of illegal Yan Jitong (second, riglit), a deputy to the Sixth NF>C and deputy director of the structures. In 1985 after the Law NIngxIa Hul Autonomous Regional Farm Reclamation Department, is canvassing of the Beijing Municipality on opinions on agricultural investment, education and scientific research. Relics Protection was pro• mulgated, the city handled 47 inspected the officials in the The bureau transmitted the letters cases involving the damage of county and dismissed two un• to the departments and regions important historical relics. qualified bureau directors accord• concerned. For the important ing to law. The Chongqing city ones it issued special notices of people's congress standing com• urgency. During the last two years Supervision mittee sternly criticized the city it issued 2,149 such notices and government for appointing the received 1,941 responses by the Deputies to the people's head of the city science com• end of February 1987. Of them congresses are supervising the mission without going through 1,316 reflected existing problems work done by the governments, any legal procedure and urged the and were dealt with satisfactorily, courts and procuratorates. Over city government to correct this. 50 percent concerned the mishan• the last few years they have had Zhu Keqing, head of the dling of cases by local govern• heated discussions on the govern- legislation office under the ments, local courts and nieni work reports, draft plans standing committee of the Benxi procuratorates. and budgets. At the Fourth city people's congress in Liaoning According to the liaison bureau Session of the Sixth National Province, said that the standing official, the NPC Standing People's Congress held in 1986 the committee was always receiving Committee improved the inspec• deputies had full discussions and petitioners from the localities tion method early last year in expressed their views on the questioning the decisions made by order to enhance the NPC's government work report made by the courts and procuratorates. supervisory role. In the past there Premier Zhao Ziyang. On the The standing committee urged the was only collective inspection, basis of the deputies' suggestions, two units to re-examine the cases. now the deputies, each with a the State Council made nine major If necessary the standing commit• special card to be issued by the revisions on the report. tee will send people to look into NPC Standing Committee, will be The standing committees of the the cases and offered its able to visit any place at any time local people's congresses have also propositions. on their own. They have 15 days brought their supervising role to According to an official of the off a year each for their inspection play. The standing committees of bureau which deals with letters trips. Of the 130 deputies to the all the people's congresses in and visitors from the provinces, National People's Congress who Chongqing, Sichuan Province, under the General Office of NPC inspected various units in Beijing looked into all government Stainding Committee, the NPC in March last year, 60 went officials appointed by the people's Standing Committee has done individually or collectively, 70 in congresses and inspected their excellent work in this respect. In groups and the other 24 both work. The standing committee of 1985 and 1986 it received and ways. Their suggestions and the people's congress of Yong- handled 180,000 letters, most of criticisms were conveyed to the chuan County in Chongqing them involving the legal system. departments concerned through

20 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 the standing committees of local Gyaincain visited Australia. attended the opening ceremony of people's congresses or to the Seeing that the delegation in• the 15th meeting of the 'World central government departments cluded all leading members of the Fellowship of Buddhists as a through the General Office of the democratic parties, the Australian leader of Chinese Buddhism. The NPC Standing Committee. The parliament leaders said that visits to Pakistan and Iran by the departments concerned are ob• although they had heard some• NPC Delesiation headed by Geng ligated to react to these messages. thing about democratic parties in Biao. Vice-chairman of the NPC China, they did not know these Standing Committee helped pro• parties occupied such important mote understanding and friend• Foreign Contacts positions in Chinese political life. ship between parliaments and Vice-Chairman of the NPC peoples of China and these two Contact with foreign countries Standing Committee Rong Yiren countires. Invited by the parlia• is an important component of the led an NPC delegafion to ments of Uruguay and Panama, NPC Standing Committee's work. Denmark and Norway. Because an NPC delegation led by NPC Since China introduced the open Rong is concurrently chairman of Standing Committee member policy such exchanges have the board of directors of the China Zeng Tao was sent as the first such become more frequent. In 1986 the International Trust and Invest• delegafion to these countries, with NPC Standing Committee con• ment Corporation, the delegation whom China does not have tacted the parliaments of 39 focused their activities on bilateral diplomatic relations. The visit countries, received 3Q delegations economic co-operation and met helped promote understanding, and sent out 14 visiting groups. with many famous industrial and exchange experiences and make Between 1983 and 1985, the NPC commercial figures. Their visit acquaintances and was significant Standing Committee received 70 helped strengthen both parties' for economic co-operation and parliamentary delegations from 43 confidence in furthering economic state relations. countries. All these promote co-operation between China and The Legislative Work Commit• mutual understanding and the these two countries. A visit to tee under the NPC Standing political, economic, scientific and Bulgaria, Hungary and Czecho• Committee and other special cultural relations between China slovakia by an NPC delegation committees under the NPC have and other countries. headed by Vice-Chairman Liao learnt much from foreign parlia• A leading member of the Hansheng of the NPC Standing Committee restored and devel• ments through their contacts with Bureau in Charge of Foreign them. The NPC Standing Com• Affairs under the NPC Standing oped the relations between the Chinese National People's Con• mittee has so far established 16 Committee, said lh;il in 1986 five bilateral goodwill groups such as vice-chairmen of the NPC Stand• gress and the parliaments of these countries. Another NPC deleg• the China-Europe parliamentary ing Committee led delegations to goodwill group. visit other countries: An NPC ation led by Vice-Chairman of the Last year the National People's delegation led by NPC Standing NPC Standing Committee Bain• Congress sent delegations to the Committee Vice-Chairmen Peng qen Erdini Qfigyi Gyaincain Inter-Parliamentary Union's con• Chongand Bainqen Erdini Qoigyi visited Nepal, and Bainqen also ferences and explained China's stand on some important intern• ational issues. Lu Zengyu (front left), a deputy to the Sixth NPC and an Instructor at Beijing's Chaoyang Police Station, has made 16 propositions reflecting residents' wishes. At present the people's con• Some have been implemented. ZHENG SHUFU gresses and their standing commit• tees are playing ever more important roles in state political life and have increased their prestige among the masses. The authorities concerned said that the work of the NPC Standing Committee left much to be desired. The legislative work, for instance, cannot keep up with the reforms and opening up. Its supervisory capacities are limited. The NPC Standing Committee is working for improvements in these respects. m ARTICLES

The Election Process in Tianjin

by Our Correspondents Li Ning and Wu Naitao

ith a population of 8.11 who work vote in their work units, first round as many as 63,916 W million, Tianjin is the third others do so in their residential people were nominated or re• largest city in China, after Beijing areas. commended as candidates by and Shanghai. It is made up of 18 Each electoral district has party groups, organizations, and districts and counties, including approximately 2,000 voters. Hep- groups of over ten people. This 221 towns and townships. The ing District, for example, has was 15.5 times the number of city's district-county level elec• 340,000 voters, and is therefore seats. tions took place between Septem• divided into 148 electoral districts. Discussion and consultation. An ber 1986 and January 1987. Some Nomination of candidates. The important means to guarantee a 5.5 million voters out of a total 5.8 newly revised Election Law puts democratic atmosphere in elec• million voted, and elected 4,407 special emphasis on respecting tions is allowing the voters to deputies to the district or county voters" wills and states that there become acquainted with the people's congresses and 10,544 should be no arbitrary stipulations nominees through background deputies to the township people's with regard to candidates. material and group meetings. On congresses. The Standing Committee of the the basis of many discussions and Municipal People's Congress of consultations, candidates are Tianjin asked the voters to vote chosen by the election committee. Election Procedures people they trust the most into the Meanwhile, the voters can also people's congresses. This is meant meet the nominees to get to know Constituency. Each electoral to encourage the voters to choose them better. district has 1 to 3 seats. People their favourite candidates. For the Shao Delong was a member of the Hangu District People's Congress. He failed to be re• elected this time because the voters Vote whoever you trust into the people's congress. thought his health was too poor to bv SHI CHENYAN deal with the job. Instead 51-year- old Liu Kuizhong was elected. He is fit and politically competent. It is specified in the revised Election Law that those who are nominated by political parties or mass organizations cannot be listed as final candidates until they have received nomination by a majority of the electorate. IVIore choice. In the past standard practice was that the number of candidates was equal to the number of seats, leaving no choice at all.

The revised Election Law requires there to be one third to twice as many candidates as seats at the district-county and town• ship levels, while for seats above

BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 22 this level, there should be one fifth time, or whoever was responsible much higher proportion than last to one half as many candidates. was replaced. time. In the previous elections quite a Voting. Election committees made In Hangu Cotton Mill in Hangu few model workers were elected, great efforts to see a high turnout. District, the head of the election but some of them are poor in There are 358 registered voters committee wanted the Party participation in government and under the No. 1 neighbourhood secretary of the mill to be elected. pohtical affairs. This has been a committee in Beijiao District. He summoned a nomination major consideration for the However, for reasons of illness or meeting open only to workshop voters. Of 281 deputies to the absence, only 214 of them were heads rather than to all the voters. Heping District People's Con• able to come out and vote. So the They produced three candidates gress, only five are model workers. election committee made a from this meeting and distributed Like their fellow-deputies, they movable ballot box and carried it leaflets urging the voters to vote dare to speak for the voters. from door to door in order to give for the Party secretary. Some Wei Shuzhang, chief of Qing- every one a chance to vote. Zhang voters complained of the election hejie Street PoHce Substation, is Ruifeng had been bed-ridden for committee to the district election seen as someone who really cares. years. The committee took the box committee, which found the mill's In the neighbourhood under his to her bed, and explained to her election committee in violation of supervision, there were two old the procedures, to make it possible the Election Law. As a result, the and dangerous houses. Wei for her to vote. Due to the efforts mill's election committee head was exerted great efforts to get of the committee, the voting rate replaced, and under the supervi• approval and help, and finally had for that electoral district was 100 sion of the district, the mill had to them demolished. At the election percent. restart the whole election proce• he nearly won a unanimous vote: dure using open discussion. 1,690 votes out of a total 1,765. Being elected. It is specified in In Ninghe County the average the revised Election Law that only In another place, a research age of the deputies fell from 49 last elections attended by a majority of institute, leaflets were distributed term to 40 at the county level, and the constituency are valid, and to set out extra qualifications of a down to 41 from 47 at the only candidates who get over half nominee: the nominee must be a township level. Gao Dianchun of the vote are legitimate. male, he must be a Communist and Yu Hongqi are newly elected Party member, and must have a deputies to the county's people's university degree. Finding this congress. Ten days after they were unacceptable, one of the voters in office, they proposed two lodged a complaint with the motions for "enriching people's Violations General Office of the NPC cultural life" and "setting up Standing Committee. As a result, training schools." Both motions As a result of the increasing the management of the institute have been accepted. awareness of the law, many voters was reprimanded, and had to take are less willing to accept blatant back all the leaflets and apologize before all the voters. fraud during the elections. Problems

The people's congresses at the The revised Election Law Problems surfaced during the district-county and township stresses the importance of the elections. Some voters showed no levels in Tianjin received 114 quality of deputies. According to interest in the election. Although letters of complaint during the the new law, deputies should be they cast their votes, they could elections. Most of them com• socially active and pohtically able. not say why they voted for a plained about election manoeuv• Consideration should be given to candidate or who was eventually res which were contrary to the the background, education and elected. The 100 percent voting Election Law or to the voters' will. age of deputies. These require• rate in some electoral districts was They included arbitrary cancell• ments are meant to stop deputy- in fact the result of the election ation of candidatures, absence of status being given to people as an committees' begging for votes democratic discussions, author• honorary title. from door to door. ities trying unfairly to influence All this reveals that there is the election, sneaking candida• The quality of deputies this time much to be done to improve the tures in without the approval of a is much better. Many very old election system. The voters, on the majority of the voters, and peeple were not re-elected. Out of other hand, should learn the insufficient choice of candidates. 4,407 deputies to people's con• significance of the elections, so as When such a practice was gresses at the district-county level, to understand and use their status discovered, it was corrected in one third are new members, a in national political life more fully.

MARCH 30, 1987 23 m ARTICLES Why Capitalism Is Impractical in China

In countering the advocacy of "complete Westernization" and taking the capitalist road, a struggle against bourgeois liberalization has been initiated. This article by Hu Sheng, a noted Chinese historian, and president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, examines the best way forward by reviewing the history of China's society over the last century. by Hu Sheng

hina's embarkation on the China in the 1860s. It is C socialist road is an objective noteworthy that between the fact. However, some people 1860s and 1870s private capitalist maintain that the socialist system enterprises began to emerge. This is undesirable in China and that shows that an embryonic potential China should have adopted the for the capitalist mode of capitalist system. A serious production existed in the feudal discussion should be conducted on society. But it was not to grow. this view. In the vast rural areas, feudal When capitalism first emerged land-based relationship occupied in Western Europe, some advan• a dominant position. All the ced thinkers opposed it, thinking previous regimes, without excep• that only the socialist and Hu Sheng. XL t CHAO tion, look the feudal landlord class communist systems conform to as a major power base and tried reason. Their good intentions did hard to preserve the feudal land- not determine the course of the feudalism. Between 1840 and based relationship. Although dexelopmcnt of society because 1850, Western countries launched capitalism existed in Chinese the capitalist system continued to two Opium Wars. The invasion of society, it was feudalism that develop in West European China which followed the wars dominated, hence the term "semi- countries. prompted the Taiping Heavenly feudal society." The Marxist theory of scientific Kingdom peasant revolution of The reason nascent capitalism socialism proves that capitalism is 1851 to 1864. That is when China did not prevail over feudalism in bound to fail because of its began its modern history. China is rooted in the semi- inherent contradictions, and soci• Many patriots tried to practise colonial status China suffered alism will inevitably rise in its capitalism in order to expedite under imperialist invasion. stead. In developing social China's progress and to eliminate The imperialist powers forced production, bringing benefits to its poverty and vulnerability to the Chinese rulers to yield to their humanity, and creating conditions attack. Although capitalism ex• gunboat diplomacy, and their for the free development of all ploits the working people, its political and economic forces people, the socialist system can replacement of feudalism is penetrated the country. They demonstrate its incomparable progress and can lead to forcibly occupied a number of superiority over the capitalist. prosperity. However, capitalism is China's coastal ports, established However, in answering the impractical under modern "concessions" in many Chinese question why China must take the Chinese conditions. cities and looked forward to socialist road, one cannot make an Modern machine industry and carving China up. abstract and general comparison steam ships first appeared in They could not reduce China to between socialism and capitalism. China in the 1850s. However, they One must look at the history of a complete colony. This was were operated with foreign capital Chinese society. because in the Chinese people and limited in number, until the there was great potential for Imperialist Oppression end of the 19th century when their resistance to foreign aggression. numbers increased. Military in• Although this potential erupted in Historically. China went dustries under the control of an infantile and spontaneous form through a prolonged period of feudal bureaucrats appeared ia early on, it put the aggressors in a

24 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 fix in the face of the hundreds of •The imperialist powers created ced a complete revolutionary miUions of Chinese people. a comprador class in their service programme with a bourgeois Implementing the aggressors' in China, they tried their utmost to democratic republic as its end. Sun own ambitions of "carving up" maintain the feudal land-based had noticed the shortcomings of China would inevitably lead to relationship and corresponding capitalism and was influenced by intense conflicts between the social relations in China. War• the socialist movement which was powers. To avoid this, the lords, bureaucrats and political growing in the West. His imperialists maintained China's parties all with comprador forces programme had some socialist status quo, meanwhile they carved and the feudal landlord class as traits, but in essence Sun and his out spheres of influence according their power bases were the chosen comrades were seeking to develop to their own strength, shared the agents of the imperialists in capitalism in China. benefits and jointly decided dominating China. The Chinese Revolutionary China's destiny. The imperialists supported their League led the 1911 Revolution China remained an independent agents militarily and financially which overthrew the Qing Dy• country in form, but in essence it while the latter bled the Chinese nasty (1644-1911). This feudal lost its integrity and independent people white. When any of these monarchy which was already a sovereignty. China became a semi- agents collapsed, the imperialists tool of imperialism was replaced colony plundered by almost all the would replace them with others. by the Republic of China. But this imperialist countries, big and Although the feudal forces were did not weaken the hold of small. corrupt and backward, supported imperialist forces in China. The During the 1930s, the Japanese by imperialists and colluding with fruits of revolution were wrested imperialists tried to swallow the comprador forces, they away by the imperialist follower China whole, but ended with became powerful bastions. At the Yuan Shikai (1859-1916) and complete defeat. This was the first root o/ modern China's poverty other warlords. China was still a such defeat in the history of and backwardness is imperialist semi-colonial and semi-feudal imperialist invasion of China. aggression and oppression. country and remained poor and When foreign imperialists mono• backward. The 1911 Revolution polized China's foreign trade, did not achieve its premeditated opened factories, mines, shipping aim. Bourgeois Incompetence After this revolution, however, companies and banks in China, numerous political groups they did not want China to be a To eliminate poverty and emerged. Many of them were capitalist country. On the con• backwardness, China would need composed of politicians and trary, they excluded and oppres• to be free of imperialist oppression bureaucrats and faded as fast as sed the Chinese. This was the main and become an independent they appeared. Some petty cause for the underdevelopment of country. Abolishing feudaUsm bourgeois political groupings national capitalism. presupposed throwing off the which declared themselves anarc• During World War I (1914-18), imperialists. And both together hist or socialist were short lived all the imperialist countries, except formed the basic tasks of China's because they were divorced from Japan, were busy with the democratic revolution. If there reality and the masses. However European war and had no time to had been a bourgeois force able to the Kuomintang, which grew out attend to the East. During that carry it through, China would of the Chinese Revolutionary time and one or two years have developed capitaUsm League and the Progressive Party thereafter, China's national indus• independently. with Liang Qichao (1873-1929) as try and commerce flourished, and The reformist group, headed by its spiritual leader did exert some the period was called the "golden Kang Youwei (1858-1927), was political influence in the early time." But the imperialist coun• the earliest bourgeois political years of the republic. Liang and tries reasserted themselves after grouping in modern China. The his fellow progressives supported the war and the "golden time" reformists suffered under imperia• the idea of capitalism in China, ended quickly. list aggression and oppression and but did not oppose imperialism or This proves that without were strongly patriotic. They feudalism. On the contrary, they national independence, China's proposed a capitalist programme relied on the feudalist warlords, so capitalism could not develop in political and economic fields eventually they only became a freely. When China lost its directed from above, but they small grouping in the official independence and sovereignly, the soon failed. circle, capricious in their views development of foreign trade and The Zhongguo Tong Meng Hui and pursuing fame and gain. the utiHzation of foreign capital in (Chinese Revolutionary League), accordance with China's interests established in 1905 and headed by The Kuomintang in the early and'needs was out of the question. Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925), advan• years of the republic absorbed

MARCH 30. 1987 25 ARTICLES many bureaucrats and opportu• would have happened? The 2.75 million, a 31 percent increase, nists and lost the revolutionary programmes as declared at the and the proportion decreased nature of the Chinese Revolution• Kuomintang First National Con• from 57.1 percent to 53.8 percent. ary League. Under pressure from gress were to abolish imperialist The number of weaving looms Yuan Shikai, the Kuomintang privileges in China, overthrow the went up from 29,788 in 1927 to split, Sun Yat-sen and a few fellow warlords, and have a land reform. 58,439 in 1936. Foreign-ov/ned Kuomintang members founded To realize these programmes is not ones increased from lff,329 to the Zhonghua (Chinese) Revo• to build China into a socialist 32,936 (100 percent increase), lutionary Party which was mostly country but to create favourable accounting for 54.8 percent in impotent against Yuan Shikai conditions for the development of 1927 and 58.1 percent in 1936.. since it was so small. national capitalism, even though Chinese ownership increased by After the death of Yuan. Sun the programmes included the 90 percent, from 13,459 to 25,503, Yat-sen dissolved the Chinese control of capital in order to avoid and its proportion of the nation's Revolutionary Party and re• the national economy being total dropped from 45.2 percent to established the Kuomintang in monopolized by a few capitalists. 41.9 percent. (Bank Weekly, -.e October 1919. Although it claimed The national revolution, 30th Anniversary Issue, 1948, p. a large membership, its members centred around the Kuomintang- 335-336.) came from diverse backgrounds Communist co-operation, The same source asserts: "In and discipline was lax. The party stopped halfway after a betrayal 1932 China's cotton textile was paralysed before 1924 and by the right-wing of the Kuomin- industry was on the brink of could offer no political proposal Lang. In 1927 the Kuomintang bankruptcy as taxes and levies which could mobilize the people. came to power on the strength of were exorbitant, the unspun Based on its success in the 1911 the achievements made by the cotton was expensive and the yarn Revolution and Sun Yat-sen's national revolution under the cheap. In the second half of 1935, nucleus of people who persisted in Kuomintang-Communist co• of the 59 cotton mills run by working for progress, the operation, and the massacre of Chinese, 24 were closed and 14 Kuomintang, after suffering re• Communists and other revo• had to dismiss workers. It is wrong peated setbacks, formed a political lutionaries. Rather than a dis• to take the number of spindles and power in Guangdong Province to cussion of the 22-year Kuomin• looms as a criterion forjudging the oppose the Northern warlord tang rule here, a single question state of the cotton industry" (p. government. This kept the needs to be addressed: Did the 255). What this means is that Kuomintang as the main progress• Kuomintang develop China's under the Kuomintang, the textile ive party in Chinese political life. national industry, commerce and industry and the national capital In 1923 Sun Yat-sen decided to capitalism? The answer is nega• were declining while the imperia• accept Russian aid and co• tive. A good example is the cotton list interests in China were operated with the newly founded textile industry in the first 10 years nourishing. Communist Party of China. He (1927-36) under the rule of The Kuomintang could not help reorganized the Kuomintang and Kuomintang, the period just rid China of imperialist rule, on revitalized it. In January 1924 the before the outbreak of the War of the contrary it lived on imperiaUst Kuomintang held its First Na• Resistance Against Japan (1937- aid. It was also impossible for the tional Congress with the particip• 45). This is because the textile Kuomintang to unify China ation of Communist Party mem• industry was the most developed because many groups within the bers. The co-operation between in China, while heavy industry at regime struggled for power and the Kuomintang and the Commu• that time was undeveloped (steel brought about large-scale civil nist Party did not stop when Sun output in 1933 was only" 35,000 wars. The Kuomintang could Yat-sen died in March 1925 and in tons). neither carry out Sun Yat-sen's fact it achieved the unification of proposal for land to the tiller nor the revolutionary base areas in In 1927 China had 3.7 million its own plan for a 25 percent Guangdong and Guangxi, the spindles and in 1936 the figure was reduction in the land rent which establishment of the Kuomintang up to 5.1 million. Those owned by stood at 50 percent of the harvest. Revolutionary Army, the surge of foreign concerns increased by So the feudal land relations workers and peasants movements, nearly 50 percent from 1.58 remained unchanged. The the launch of the Northern million to 2.36 million during this Kuomintang could not change the Expedition (1926-spring 1927) period, most' owned by the semi-colonial and semi-feudal and the establishment of nation• Japanese and a few by the British. position of China and certainly wide prestige for the Kuomintang. The proportion of foreign-owned could not build China into a If the revolution had continued spindles went up from 42.9 percent capitalist country. The Kuomin• under the Kuomintang- to 46.2 percent. Chinese owner• tang betrayed not only the Communist co-operation, what ship increased from 2.1 million to purpose of the First National

26 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 Congress at which the Kuomin- to say nothing of the further phase government aflcr the end of the tang co-operated with the of socialism. anti-Japanese war again lost Communist Party, but also the A fundamental task of China's China that opportunity. Chinese Revolutionary League's democratic revolution was to Mao Zedong said in On heritage. oppose imperialism. When the Coalition Government: "Some When the Kuomintang came to Japanese made resistance to their people fail to understand why, far power, the bourgeoisie hoped it invasion China's primary concern, from fearing capitalism. Commu• would develop China's capitalist the Chinese Communist Party nists should advocate its develop• economy, but it was disappointed proposed an end to the civil war ment in certain given conditions. and further lost its confidence in and unity to resist Japanese Our answer is simple. The the Kuomintang direction in the aggression. It also changed the substitution of a certain degree of years after the War of Resistance policy of confiscating land in capitalist development for the Against Japan. favour of reductions in rent and oppression of foreign imperialism interest. This prompted the and domestic feudalism is not only formation of the anti-Japanese an advance but an unavoidable national united front which also process. It benefits the proletariat CPC and KMT included the Kuomintang rulers as well as the bourgeoisie, and the who agreed to resist Japanese former perhaps more. It is not When the Chinese Communist aggression. Although it experien• domestic capitalism but foreign Party was founded in 1921 it was ced numerous twists and turns, the imperialism and domestic feudal• morely a small group of several anti-Japanese war, waged on a ism which are superfluous in dozen people. At the time they saw second round of co-operation China today; indeed, we have too socialist revolution as their between the Communist Party and little of capitalism." This was the immediate task, but soon after• Kuomintang, eventually ended in basis on which the Communist wards they realized that for victory. Since the Communist Party at the time was willing to China's progress, the revolution Party persisted in fighting behind continue to co-operate with the would have to start with struggle the enemy lines, and because it Kuomintang in building the against imperialism and feudal• upheld the united front pohcy country after the War of ism. The Communist Party's which rallied around it the Resistance Against Japan. active participation in the national majority of the Chinese people, it revolution of 1925 to 1927, grew into a big party of more than What the Communists said expanded its ranks to nearly 1.2 million members by the end of about a "certain degree of 60,000. The Kuomintang's mas• the war. The Kuomintang and the capitalist development" did not sacre in 1927 reduced its forces Communist Party then became the imply turning China into a again. So the Chinese Commu• two major political parties in capitalist country. In the 1930s the nists shifted their focus, and China. Communists put forward the mobilized the masses in the rural notion of a non-capitalist develop• areas where they introduced land After the War of Resistance ment. They argued that since the reform, founded the Red Army Against Japan, the Kuomintang bourgeoisie could not lead the and established revolutionary and the Communist Party (as well democratic revolution to com• base areas. as other democratic parties) began pletion and the proletariat was The difference between the a series of negotiations. To achieve playing the leading role in this Communists and the Kuomintang peace, democracy and progress, revolution, it would be impossible was not about whether China the Communist Party suggested for China to establish a state under should practise socialism. establishing a democratic coa• bourgeois dictatorship after the Although the ultimate objective of lition government. Although the revolution. Nevertheless, "non- the Communist Party was to Kuomintang agreed with the capitalism" was an ambiguous realize socialism and communism, proposal at first, it went back on concept. its immediate programme at the its word later and, backed by US In the 1940s, Mao Zedong time was to eliminate the feudal imperialists, launched an all-out advanced the idea of the new- agrarian relations. The KMT was civil war. democratic revolution and new- not supportive. Mao Zedong It was the Kuomintang's anti- democratic republic, a definite commented: "Taken in its social Communist volte-face in 1927 answer to this question given in setting, the dispute between the which led to the failure of the the light of China's specific two parties is essentially over this national revolution and deprived conditions. Mao Zedong ex• issue of agrarian relations" {On China of a chance to create the plained that the new-democratic Coalition Government, 1945). conditions for the development of repubUc was "a joint dictatorship Without such land reform, it is capitalism. The Kuomintang's of all the revolutionary classes." impossible for capitalism to grow. rejection of a democratic coalition The economy was to be one where

MARCH 30, 1987 27 m ARTICLES

UK" Stale "will own the big banks (Chen Lifu and Chen Guofu) China's problems: independence and the big industrial and totalled somewhere between (freedom from the rule and commercial enterprises." But the US$10 billion to USS20 billion, oppression of imperialism), land republic will neither confiscate and that they held 80 percent of reform (emancipating the pea• capitalist private properly in the country's property and wealth. sants from the feudal land-based general nor forbid the develop• Impciiaiism and feudalism in relationship), and democracy and ment of such capitalist production China »vere by no means harmful unification. This last problem was as does not 'dominate the to these people. In order to directly related to the first two; livelihood of the people," for safeguard its vested interests, the without solving them there could China's economy is still very Kuomintang leading clique re• be neither democratization of the backward" (On New Democracy, jected democratic coalition in state nor real unification of the 1940s). Meanwhile a new- favour of a civil war. At the country. democratic republic takes the beginning of the war, it beHeved All the political forces in old accomplishment of anti- that it could win by relying on its China, except the Communist imperialisl and anti-feudalisl tasks superiority in manpower, equip• Party, suppressed the worker and as its prerequisites. ment and strategic superionty, as peasant masses, were afraid of The Kuomintang leaders did - well as the support of the United fully mobilizing the masses or not think that foreign imperialism States. If it had won, China would were unable to mobilize them. So was superfluous in China. Instead, have remained a semi-colonial and these political forces either they welcomed US imperialists semi-feudal county. attached themselves to imperial• replacing the .Japanese imperia• The reason the Kuomintang ism or feared imperialist forces. lists in the hope of receiving their met with disastrous failure in the Without mobilizing the broad support, which they certainly did. civil war (1946-49) which it masses of the workers, peasants Neither did ihe Kuomintang launched itself is that it went and petty bourgeoisie and without leaders consider feudalism super- against the will of the people. Not uniting all forces that could be Huous in China. They refused to only the workers, peasants and united, it would have been replace feudalism w ith democratic students were against it, in• impossible to overcome the land reform and democratic tellectuals and a majority of the powerful imperialists and domes• polities. Instead of creating country's industrialists and busi• tic reactionary forces which they favourable conditions for the ness people also opposed it. Many backed. The Chinese Communist development of national capital• people who expected China to Party achieved this through such ism, the Kuomintang leading take the capitalist road abandoned mobilization. clique built an enormous the Kuominlang for they had bureaucratic capital class around perceived that such a bureaucrat- Peasants, the overwhelming itself. These people, China's capitalist force in league with the majority of China's population, nominal rulers, availed themselves landlord class and the foreign constituted the largest force in fully of the wealth to which they imperialists could not lead China desperate need of revolution. At had access. Begun prior to the War on to the road of independent, free the same time they were backward of Resistance Against Japan that capitalism. The utter isolation of in certain respects because of their wealth—the "bureaucratic the Kuomintang among the economic and cultural back• capital" —proliferated during the Chinese people rendered its failure grounds. How to mobilize this war. The bureaucrats look the inevitable. A historical pattern force along the right path was the opportunity to monopolize fin• was thus determined: In China it key question for the victory of ance, annex private capital, and was impossible for any force China's democratic revolution. embe/zle the financial aid pro• representing the interests of the Only the Communist Party was vided by the US government. bourgeoisie to complete a democ• ready to answer it. After the war, bureaucratic capital ratic revolution. The fact that China's democra• swelled to bursting as the property tic revolution was achieved under of enemy and puppet personnel in the leadership of the Communist .Japanese occupied areas was Party with workers, peasants and taken over and unscrupulous Socialism via Democracy petty bourgeoisie as its main pillaging of the people's wealth forces, ruled out the possibility of was rampant. establishing a bourgeois domi• China did not embark on the nated state after the revolution, It has been estimated that by capitalist road, because in semi- and therefore ruled out capitalism. 1947 the fortunes amassed by the colonial and semi-feudal China, Let us suppose at the point of big bureaucratic families of except for the Communist Party, victory in 1949 the Communist Chiang Kai-shek, T.V.Soong, there was no other political party Party had handed the leadership H.H.Kung and the Chen brothers or political force that could solve to the capitalist forces, where then

28 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 would China have gone? The sector will still be an indispensable independent of people's will. It democratic revolutionary tasks part of the whole national testifies to the truth that Party and which were only half completed at economiy" (The Present Situation state policies conformed with the time could not have been and Our Tasks, 1947). objective needs. fulfilled, this would have aroused With the elimination of the But what about the capitalist the resentment of the masses and imperialists' privileges in China, stage? It is true that China did created the sort of disruption in the overthrow of bureaucratic not go through an independent which capitalism could not capitalism, and the completion of stage of capitalism. China's develop peacefully. If the land reform throughout China, history would not allow it to go Kuomintang had staged a national capital was in a better through that. But China did go comeback, the imperialists would position to develop than ever in through capitalism in a special have seized the opportunity to old China. Of course, it could not way. Though we cannot equate a intrude and China would have grow as it would in capitalist .semi-colonial and semi-feudal returned to its semi-colonial, semi- countries. The Common Pro• China with a capitalist society, it is feudal position. gramme of the People's Political also a fact that capitalist elements Consultative Conference enacted did exist in China at the time However, it was also impossible after the founding of the People's (capital of foreign imperialism, for China lo start off as a socialist Republic of China noted: "The bureaucratic capital and national country with circumstances as People's government shall en• capital). This made for the they stood. The Communist Party courage the active operation of all working class, the bourgeoisie and understood that to reach socialism private economic enterprises petty bourgeoisie, all of which via a new-democratic revolution beneficial to the national welfare existed in China. Without them was the only practical way and to the people's livelihood and there could not have been the forward. shall assist in their proletariat-led new democratic re• On the eve of nationwide development When necessary volution nor the social transition victory in 1949, the Communist and possible, private capital shall from new democracy lo socialism. Party declared its three major be encouraged to develop in the Capitalism was never developed. economic intentions: 1) confiscate direction of state capitalism." This Soon after China embarked onto the land of the feudal class and makes it clear that the growth of the sociahst road, it met with turn it over to the peasants; 2) private capital would be judged difficulties and made mistakes, all confiscate monopoly and within a context of society's of which were due to China's bureaucratic capital and turn it overall benefit and that its economic and cultural backward• over to the new-democratic slate; direction would be guided away ness called "poverty and blank- and 3) protect the industry and from the norm in capitalist ness" by Mao. That backwardness commerce of the national countries. was due to China never having bourgeoisie. gone through the developed The state-owned sector of the Could one simply practise new capitalist stage. If this is a "loss" new state was the first of the democracy without going on to we have suffered, we can but socialist sector, and took the lead socialism? No! In the "new endure it. Since history did not in the national economy. Mao democratic society" following the allow us a developed capitalist Zedong said: Bureaucrat-capital revolution there was already a stage, we must skip it and set to "has prepared ample material socialist sector — the state building a socialist society on the conditions for the new-democrafic economy. (There were very few given "poverty and blankness." revolution.'" and added. "In view socialist co-operatives at the time.) of China's economic backward• The private capitalist economy Did China have other choices ness, even after the country-wide could not survive without the beyond semi-subjugated feudal• victory of the revolution, it will support of the state and without ism, or socialism? Could China still be necessary to permit the maintaining ties with the state become an independent capitalist existence for a long time of a economy. It would then evolve country. No! China could only be capitalist sector of the economy naturally into state capitalism. In a very underdeveloped capitalist represented by the extensive upper 1956, with the basic completion of country, even if it were allowed by petty bourgeoisie and middle socialist transformation {of international circumstances to bourgeoisie. In accordance with agriculture, handicrafts, and launch itself onto the path of the division of labour in the capitalist industry and com• independent capitalist develop• national economy, a certain merce), China made the transition ment. One can imagine how many development of all parts of this from new democracy to socialism. social contradictions and class capitalist sector which are The inevitability of this smooth confiicts there would be, how beneficial to the national economy transformation is rooted in the many hardship the Chinese people will still be needed. This capitalist situation at the time, and would have to suffer and how

MARCH .^0, 1987 29 ARTICLES much blood they would have to capitalism and using it to develop learn what we do not know. We shed. If China, huge and socialism, socialism and capital• must learn to do economic work backward as it is, trudged the ism are linked by a hereditary from all who know how, no matter capitalist road, one could see a relafionship. who they are. We must esteem repeat of the situation in old China Under the socialist system, them as teachers, learning from where hundreds of millions of public ownership is able to them respectfully and conscien• people went homeless, millions of organize and expand producfion tiously. We must not pretend to poor people starved to death and in the interest of the people in a know when we do not know. We millions of women becarfie way unthinkable in a capitalist must not put on bureaucratic prostitutes. society. Here lies the superiority of airs." Undoutedly, what Mao said Therefore, it was not "loss" for the socialist - system. However, here is correct. China to overcome its semi- reahzing that possibility entails a In a country with a poor colonial and semi-feudal status long time and much work. economic foundation, but with and move on from new democracy The richer the heritage, the historical conditions which enable to socialism. For China the better for socialist construction. It the proletariat to lead the people capitalist road would be a very should be easier for a socialist in socialist revolution and socialist long and hopeless one, beset with country which evolved from a construction, the proletariat hardships and setbacks, and developed capitalist society to should not move back. The probably filled with bloodshed succeed in socialist construction. Communist Party of China has and revolutions. However, once capitalism had not flinched from any difficulty. We have been on the socialist dominated the world, what However, the proletariat must be road for 30 years and have met determined which capitalist coun• realistic about the difficulties with many difficulties and made try would bethe first to break the engendered by the poor capitalist many mistakes. But we have made chain was not the productive level "legacy," and must adopt various much headway in building China's of that country. Other factors such kinds of transitional economic economy and culture, which as international conditions, the forms on its way. It must study would not have happened if we reladve strengths of the domestic what capitalism has to teach about had taken the capitalist road. classes, and the development of organizing large-scale producton, People have a dynamic role tc the class struggle became more including science, technology and play in promoting the develop• relevent. The fact was that in 1917, managerial expertise. Unfortu• ment of history. But they are a country without a developed nately, in China's socialist cons• absolutely not in a position to capitalist system had entered the truction, this was neglected for a choose arbitrarily the road their socialist stage. long time, and learning from country takes. All they can do is to capitalist experience was wrongly Lenin stressed that once choose from whatever history considered a violation of socialist socialist revolution had been makes available to them. The road principles. achieved, it was imperative to the Chinese people chose is the learn from organizers of trust and In the last 30 years, China has best they had. from entrepreneurs and business• become economically stronger. But we admit that we are still in the Socialism Has Taken Root men experienced in a large-scale production. In his Session of the initial stage of socialism. After the Some people say because China All-Russia CEC, Lenin said, "If Third Plenary Session of the 11th has not undergone the developed we do not learn this from them, we Party Central Committee in 1978, capitalist stage, China should shall not get socialism, the we broke the yoke of the earlier abandon socialism and make up revolution will remain at the stage rigid concept of socialist patterns, the missed stage. The fallacy of it has now reached." and carried out economic struc• this argument has already been tural reform geared to enliven the demonstrated. But we must learn When the Chinese revolution economy both in the urban and from the useful experiences of was crowned with victory, Mao rural areas. For example, in the other peoples who do have Zedong made a similar point. In countryside, we instituted the capitalism. his On the People's Democratic contract responsibility system Dictatorship in 1949, Mao Zedong with remuneration dependent on Only by wiping out capitalist said, "The serious task of production. ownership (which rules a capitalist economic construction lies before society) can we have socialism us. We shall soon put aside some In combining the planned (public ownership) and therefore of the things we know well and be economy and the commodity socialism and capitalism are compelled to do things we don't economy, we strive for the full opposed. But because socialism know well. This means dif• development of the commodity looks to taking over the large-scale ficulties." He added, "We must socialized production shaped by evercome difficulties, we must (Continued on P. 33)

30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 FACTS AND FIGURES:

Economic Progress in 14 Coastal Cities by the State Statistical Bureau

he 14 coastal cities, which were water berths, the Dalian Port, highways, both well made, is Tdesignated open cities in 1984, which is capable of handling over about to be completed. The produced an industrial output 42 million tons a year, has begun installation of the small coaxial value of 199.2 billion yuan in 1986 working on two 10,000-ton coal telephone cable linking Yantai (not including enterprises run berths, and a 20,000-ton and a with Jinan and the construction of below the village level), or 7.4 30,000-ton hazardous goods berth the main telecommunications percent more than in 1985; 350 at Heshang Island. In the building have been completed and million tons of goods were meantime, it has started its first- the 10,000-channel programme handled by ports, an 11.3 percent phase oil tank harbour expansion cotrolled exchange will go into increase; retail sales value of social project which is designed to boost operation soon. commodities reached 63.6 billion its crude oil handling capacity to 3 Qingdao has also made much yuan, a 14.3 percent increase; and headway in improving its com• financial revenue reached 33.9 munications, post and tele• bilhon yuan, a 1.5 percent communications. The city has increase. completed building the Liufing Airport, big enough to receive The growth rate of industrial he 14 open cities have production in Zhanjiang and large aircraft, and the bulk of the Lianyungang cities reached 23 made much headway in Qingdao-Jinan Railway has been percent and 20.7 percent respec• industrial production, double-tracked and is now open to tively, and their financial revenue export and absorption traffic. Since last July, Qingdao has been using a computerized by 20.6 percent and 8 percent of foreign funds. respectively. Yantai, Qingdao, cable exchange for direct contact Ningbo, Wenzhou and Fuzhou However, many problems with foreign countries. Install- each saw a 10 percent or so still haunt them. afion of a large-scale integrated increase in their industrial produc• circuit programme controlled tion, with their financial revenue exchange, which is considered also growing at varying degrees. very advanced at home, has been miUion tons a year. The city of In 1986, the 14 cities spent the accomplished, DaHan has also improved its foreign capital they attracted on telecommunicafions and power improving the investment envir• Investment Structure supply. It has imported from onment, readjusting investment Sweden a 40,000-Channel pro• structure and developing their gramme controlled telephone In 1986 the 14cities signed 2,741 export-oriented economy. exchange, with 20,000 channels agreements (contracts) worth already in service. Construction of US$1.26 billion in foreign invest• Investment Environment a power station with an installed ment. Foreign capital actually capacity of 700,000 kw is in full used amounted to US$320 In 1986 investment by their swing and a number of new hotels million, or 13.3 percent more than state-owned enterprises in fixed will open soon. in 1985. In the past, foreign assets totalled 31.1 billion yuan, Yantai has rebuilt its Laishan investment was used mainly for 19.6 percent more than in 1985. Airport, which has flights to the construction of service pro• This includes 18.12 billion yuan in Beijing, Shanghai, Jinan and jects such as hotels and recre• capital construction, an 11 percent Dalian. Construction of three ational facilities. But 1986 saw increase. The improvement in 25,000-ton berths and three foreign investment flow into their public facilities has created 16,000-ton berths at the Yantai industrial projects which are better conditions in which foreign Port is going forward, as is the technology-intensive and export- investors can live and work. renovation of the Lancun-Yantai oriented. Following the completion in Railway. Work on the Yantai- In Shanghai, there were 63 October 1985 of the four deep- Fushan and Yantai-Qingdao projects involving US$300 miUion

MARCH 30, 1987 31 •1 ARTICLES

in foreign investment. Most of Dalian, 27 balanced their foreign doubled production of its brand- them were industrial and techn• e.Kchange. name products. In 1986, ological, making things such as Shanghai's foreign trade com• laser products, electronics, chem• New channels for more export. panies purchased 11.44 billion icals and new materials. Implementing the open foreign yuan worth of products for Yantai secured 35 foreign policy Nantong has been able to export, 12.4 percent more than in contracts last year. Fifteen of them maintain a basic balance in import 1985. were for direct foreign investment and export. First of all, it set up Qingdao stressed intensive pro• in 10-odd trades including intens• and perfected an export produc• cessing and upgrading of its ive food processing, light industry, tion system for cotton, silkworm export products. machinery, textiles, garment cocoon, cotton yarn, cotton cloth, The Qingdao Towel Plant now making, building materials, elec• other cloths and citric acid. In exports over 60 percent of its tronics and service facilities. bringing in foreign capital and products. The Qingdao Re• advanced technology, the city put frigerator Factory used to make Of the 200. project contracts emphasis on export-driven pro• small hardware. In 1985 it Tianjin signed with foreign jects involving less investment but succeeded in assembling a four- businesses last year, 62 percent producing more profit. The 90 star refrigerator named Qindao- were industrial. These joint- imported projects and foreign Liebherr, the first of its kind in venture projects cover 20-odd funded projects, now in operation, China. It is selling out in big cities fields including industry, animal yield a foreign exchange income of like Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. breeding, international sea trans• US$39 million a year. The "Gold Anchor" watches port and technological Nantong also increased export made by the Qingdao Watch consultancy. of manufactured goods. At Factory are good and offer a present, light industrial products choice of styles. They have made and textiles account for 60 percent their way onto the international Export-Oriented Economy of the city's export value. market. In 1986, the factory Nantong, which has so far simply exported 314,000 watches and exported products, begins export• major parts for 15,000 watches. The bulk of the Sino-foreign ing complete sets of equipment joint ventures, co-operatively and offering technical and labour The 14 cities have also managed projects and solely services to other countries. In redoubled their effort to expand foreign owned enterprises now 1986, the city's foreign exchange their foreign trade. In 1986 they commissioned in these cities are reserves reached over US$50 purchased 25.33 billion yuan performing well, with some million, or US$37 million more (calculated according to the actual foreign exchange surplus being than 1985. prices) worth of products for earned. Of the 60-odd joint- In readjusting its industrial export, 26 percent more than in ventures in operation in Tianjin, product mix, Shanghai put 1985. some 50, or about 82 percent, had emphasis on the development of a favourable foreign exchange export products. In the meantime, Many problems still haunt the balance. A quarter of these it worked hard to update its 14 cities, however. Some cities, too enterprises are industrial. Their production technology to increase eager for success, took on too average profit rate was 20.5 production and export. The much construction. The result is percent and that for industrial Shanghai Jiafeng Cotton Textile very serious: both capital and raw enterprises 25.5 percent. Mill completed 178 technological materials are in serious shortage; There are 40 industrial enterpr• transformation projects in five and cadres are less professional to ises with foreign investment in years. As a result, some of its the task, lacking an understanding Shanghai. Last year, 22 of them products are of a higher quality of the complexity and risks produced an output value of over than their Japanese counterparts. involved in use of foreign capital. 500 million yuan, each 61 percent All its cotton cloth has been sold Some imported projects still use more than in 1985. Their profit abroad. In 1986, the factory foreign raw materials and parts, totalled some 75 million yuan, and earned USS20 million from with the result that they run short their export value reached 27 export. of foreign exchange. In some cities, the investment environment million yuan. Of these larger The Shanghai No. 2 Shirt is not good enough for foreign enterprises, 15 balanced their Factory is known for its "Hailu" businessmen, and leaves much to foreign exchange income and shirts. Through import and be desired. There are also cases of expenditure, and 14 had some renovation, its outmoded 1950s overlapped importation and blind foreign exchange surplus. and 1960s equipment has now construction. Some even were Of the 43 foreign funded been replaced with up-to-date fooled in trading with others. • enterprises now commissioned in machines, which has more than

BEIJING REVIEW, NO. li POWs: Find Peace in Detention

xpectations of barbed wire abandoned after he was injured recreation room there's a televi• E fences, high walls and heavily and when he was captured by the sion, an electric organ, table- guarded sentries at the POW Chinese, was put in hospital. He tennis and billiard tables, and also detention centre in Guangxi had been told that the Chinese Vietnamese language reading Zhuang Autonomous Region would give him a poisonous matter. would be unfulfilled; the centre is injection if they captured him, or an undistinguished looking cour• maybe just gouge out his eyes. So Lao Li confirmed that the food tyard on the outskirts of Nanning, he spent his first few days in and living conditons of these capital of the region. hospital terrified, crying and never POWs' are better than the average The games of volleyball, doing as the doctors instructed. Chinese soldiers'. Pocket money badminton and chess going on When after a few days he found at 10 yuan a month for every man. inside vindicate a French he was still alive and unpoisoned, and 15 for every officer is given journalist's report that the centre he stopped crying long enough to out. They are free to pursue their is more like a holiday camp than a eat the birthday cake the doctors own interests within the courtyard prisoners' camp. were offering him. He was and are taken out on trips. delighted to go to a football match The prisoners here are Viet• When T.De Cawcue and other and sit and watch with Chinese namese captured over the last two representatives from the spectators some time later. When couple of years when they International Red Cross came to he was released, and the doctors infiltrated Chinese territory. inspect the centre recently and sent him a gift of a couple of Prisoners captured during the looked at the rooms and the food, bottles of medicine he declared: Sino-Vietnamese war of 1979 were they praised the centre as a mode! "The Chinese have given me a returned shortly afterwards. for observing the Geneva conven• second life." "Physically we are well taken tion on the treatment of POWs. care of," said one of the According to Lao Li, who runs Vietnamese at the centre. "But the centre, all the POWs who come Another task for the prisoners is more importantly we are treated here put on a little weight. They to feed the chickens. The farm, set like human beings." This is not live in single rooms, each with a up for the prisoners' own what all the Vietnamese were led bed, a cane chair, a desk, an consumpfion, is meant to help the to believe: one sergeant radio electric fan. and no bars on the POWs learn chicken farming operator, he said, had been windows. In the communal techniques. •

adopted in 1984 states, "We must important precisely because there Hu on Capitalism draw on the world's advanced is so much we need to learn in the methods of management, includ• process of building socialism. In (Contiitiwd from p.JOj ing those of developed capitalist this we cannot, nor do not need to countries, that conform to the take the capitalist road. Wc can economy and of taking various laws of modern, socialized pro• learn faster and better under a kinds of private enterprises as duction." The Resolution cf the socialist system—this is the first supplements to the state sector. CPC Central Committee on the conclusion I come to in this article. These measures are proof that we Guidin}^ Principles for Buildinf^ a We need to learn what is useful. do not refuse to learn from Socialist Society With An Advan• We will resolutely reject the economic experience of past class ced Culture and Ideology adopted capitalist ideological and social societies and, especially of capita• in 1986 also states, "We should do systems that defend exploitation list countries the world over. our utmost to learn from all and oppression, as well as ail dark However, this does not mean we countries (including the developed and decadent aspects of capital• are making up the missed stage of capitalist countries), to acquire ism. This is my second conclusion. capitalism. On the contrary, what advanced science and technology, The socialist system has struck we are doing is attempting to meet universally applicable expertise in deep root in the land of China. China's needs, developing in its economic management and ad• Although it is still young, il has early socialist stage. ministrative work and other useful displayed exuberant vitality. Soci• In this early stage, opening to knowledge and to verify and alism will not grow spontaneous• the outside world is of special develop in practice what we have ly. If we are good at cultivating it, significance. The Decision of the learnt." it will certainly grow into a CPC Central Committee on Aside from other reasons, towering tree. This is m_\d Reform of the Economic Structure opening to the outside world is conclusion. •

MARCH 30. 1987 33 • DOCUMENTS

Deng on Recent Events in China

The People's Publishing House recently published Deng Xiaoping's ''Build Socialism With Chinese Characteristics" (Enlarged Edition). The book contains Deng's expositions on a series of major issues, expositions he made during the periodfrom September 1982 to January this year. Starting from this issue, we are carrying translations of some of Deng's articles from the new book. Following are excerpts of his January 20,1987 talk with Robert Mugabe, prime minister of Zimbabwe.

vo major events took place nor the reform of our economic China's reality, and on our own T recently in our country: The structure, nor the reform of our effort. Our goals are realistic, but first was the student unrest, and political structure. It will however improving people's living stan• the second the replacement of the have sobered up our Party and dard involves long-term efforts. Party general secretary. Why were people and strengthened their The mistakes we made after the the students creating distur• confidence in the correctness of founding of the People's Republic bances? Fundamentally, it re• the road we are taking. In spite of were all due to overeagerness: vealed the weakness of our these two events, everything will setting excessively high targets; leadership. By upholding the four go as usual and there will be no this was divorced from China's cardinal principles, we mean changes at all. This is what I want reality and in the end slowed upholding the socialist road, the to tell you comrades. progress. Practising socialism is people's democratic dictatorship, not an easy thing. the Communist Party's leader• In the last eight years, the line, To achieve genuine political ship, and Marxism-Leninism and principles and policies our Party independence, a country must first Mao Zedong Thought. We need formulated at the Third Plenary get rid of poverty. To this end, it constantly to educate our people Session of the 11th Party Central must base its economic and in the four cardinal principles. A Committee have been carried out foreign policies on its own trend towards bourgeois liberaliz• smoothly, our country has made condidons. It should not place ation has appeared for the last few remarkable progress and the obstacles in its own way, nor years, but no effective struggle has people's well-being has improved should it cut itself off from the been waged against it. Although I notably. This reality cannot be world. The Chinese experience have warned against this trend on removed by student disturbances. itself has taught that isolating many occassions, our Party's However, our strength is still oneself from the outside world is leadership was ineffective in limited. Even by the end of the to its own disadvantage. century, we will still be working to checking in its practical work. In order to develop itself China eliminate poverty. In 1980 our per- This was a major mistake on the must coptinue opening to the capita GNP was only about part of Comrade Hu Yaobang. So outside world and reforming at US$250 and today, it is just a httle the Party Central Committee home. The reform includes over US$400, which puts us accepted his request for resign• revamping the political structure behind 100 countries in the world. ation as the Party General in the realm of the superstructure. By the end of the century when we Secretary, and elected Comrade The policy of opening to the have become well-off, the per- Zhao Ziyang as Acting Party outside world is a correct one and capita GNP will only have reached Genral Secretary. The two events China has benefited much from its US$800-1,000. By then, we will are interrelated and by no means implementation. If there were any have merely laid a fairly good minor matters. But our Party is shortcomings, that would because foundation for the realization of fully capable of handling these our door has not been opened our goal. After another 30-50 matters. Comrade Hu Yaobang's wide enough. We will continue years of effort, our people will be case was handled reasonably and, opening up, and become more able to lead a medium-level life. it may be said, very mildly, and in open at that. Because of our great Judging by the present situation, it the end was resolved very capacity and correct policies, is possible to achieve our first and smoothly. The handling of the two opening up will not affect the second goals. events will neither affect our fundamental of our socialist Party's line, principles and We have achieved some suc• system. Educating the people to policies, nor our policies of cesses over the last eight years. adhere to the four cardinal opening to the outside world and This is due primarily to the fact principles will provide a foolproof enlivening the domestic economy. that our policies are based on guarantee. •

34 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 BUSINESSARAPE

Week, the Brazilian Economic operation projects and feasibility Exports and Imports and Trade Exhibition, the Hun• studies for six projects. By now 13 garian Industry Exhibition, the construction projects, seven tech• Drop in January Argentine Industry and Com• nical co-operation projects and merce Exhibition, and the Spanish feasibility studies for four projects Industrial and Agricultural Tech• have been completed. he Customs House estimates nology Exhibition. The projects completed include the 138-km Alyini-Mahfidh High• Tthat in January this year On display will be things such as way, the 325-km Mahfidh- China's import and export value electronics, telecommunications, Mukalla Highway, two wells out was USS3.81 bilhon, a 7.5 percent electric power, machinery, ship• of a projected package of 90, a drop over the same period last building, synthetic fibre, textiles, 14,688-spindle textile mill, a year. The exports were valued at pharmaceutics, motor vehicles saltworks, a fishing company with US$1.75 billion, a 4.6 percent and railways. Some of them are six cold storage fishing boats, an drop and the import value reached advanced, such as the laser ice-making and cold storage USS2.06 billion, a 9.6 percent technology, computers, optical workshop, a fishing boat servicing decrease. fibre and flaw detection workshop, a net-weaving room The export of grain, crude oil, technology. and a warehouse. The completion silk and coal dropped by 20 The nuclear technology exhi• of these projects has promoted the percent over the corresponding bition to be held in May in Beijing economic development of Demo• period last year, while that of will display the safety equipment, cratic Yemen. aquicultural products and sea radioactive waste treatment foods, medical herbs, cotton yarn, equipment and other facilities for by Li Wanming manual- and machine-powered nuclear power stations from the tools, and carpets increased by 23 United States, Canada, the Soviet percent. Union and Japan. The aviation Foreign Technology, The imports of grain, rolled exhibition to be held in October steel, synthetic fibre, timber and will display advanced military and Funds Use Show motor vehicles dropped by 24 civil planes, airport facilities, safety equipment, electronic avi• percent and that of computers, ie Guangdong foreign capital ation systems, and first-aid machine tools, wool and fertilizers and technology uUlization equipment from Britain, France, T rose by 66 percent. exhibition will be held in Beijing the United States, the Federal The value of the trade with on April 5-19. The exhibition will Republic of Germany and Japan. Hong Kong, Macao, .Fapan, the display 20,000 products made by EEC, the United States, ASEAN Less major cities will also host 1,000 of the 4,500 enterprises member states, the Soviet Union, some international exhibitions, involving foreign investment in Canada, Australia, Poland, and for example. Hangzhou, Fuzhou, Guangdong Province. Switzerland totalled US$3,143 Shenzhen. Nanchang, Harbin, Guangdong was one of the first billion and accounts for 82.4 Wuhan and Xian. • provinces in China to open to the percent of the total. • outside world and one of the areas New Assistance to with the most foreign investment. In the seven years from 1979 to Democratic Yemen 1986 the province signed 75,000 China Hosts 135 economic and trade contracts and Foreign Exiiibitions hina will help Democratic absorbed US$4.2 billion of foreign CYemen construct a 2,800- investment (one-third of the n 1987 the China Council for the square-metre gymnasium. It will nation's total). The province also I Promotion of International also send experts to study the imported 3.5 million pieces of Trade will organize 135 inter• feasibility of a 44-km highway advanced equipment, 700 produc• national economic trade and and, if circumstances permit, tion lines and built 400 centres for technical exhibitions in China, in contract for its construction, producing export goods. which 100 countries or so will take according to the economic and Production setup developed. part. technical co-operation protocals Since 1979 the province has imported 3,496 advanced pieces of Starting in May Beijing and signed on March 15 in Beijing. technology and machines with Shanghai will host some of these China began offering economic US$3.5 billion of foreign ex• exhibitions such as the Yugoslav and technical assistance to change. USSl .7 billion of that was Economic Exhibition, the Turkish Democratic Yemen in 1968 and foreign investment. AH these Industry and Commerce Exhi• has since assisted on 16 construc• technologies and machines have bition, the Denmark Technology tion projects, eight technical co•

MARCH 30, 1987 35 BUSINESSARADE

promoted the development of the voltage transmission line from of Germany in the form of letters electronics, clothes, textiles, Jiangmen to Macao via Zhuhai, and personal visits. foodstuffs, plastics, building built four highway bridges for the The field effect treatment materials and pharmaceutical Guangzhou-Zhuhai Highway, instrument was invented by Shen industries. The electronic in• and installed a 2,700-channel Cunzheng of Gansu Province, dustrial output value in 1986 came microwave telecommunications produced by the Dongfang third in the country, textiles rose system from Guangzhou to Hong Instrument and Equipment Com• to ninth place and household Kong. At the same time, the pany of Scientific Instrument electric products came first. Some province is constructing a nuclear Factory under the Chinese products are up to international power station and 500.000-voltage Academy of Sciences, and given a standards of the 1970s and 1980s. and 220,000-voltage transmission patent by the state. It uses modern In agriculture the province has lines for the Shajiao A and B electrobiology and combines the also imported superior breeds of factories. The investment environ• traditional Chinese theory of a domestic animal and tropical cash ment in the province has greatly network of passages through crops, changed the production improved.'" which vital energy circulates in the setup in rural areas, and developed by Wang Guofu body and along which the the farm goods production for acupuncture points are distributed export. with a secret preparation kept Commodity composition Household Therapy within one family for generations. changed. Since production has In addition to some magnetic- improved, the province now Tool in Big Demand conducting materials, the exports finely processed products instrument's core also contains instead of raw materials and semi• kind of household physi• multiple trace elements much finished goods. The proportion of A otherapeutic instrument — a needed by the body. While the textiles and light industrial field effect treatment instrument, instrument is working, it produces products increased from 40 which is as magical as Qigong, (a an electromagnetic field, a remote percent of the province's exports system of deep breathing infrared radiation field, a field of in 1980 to 60 percent in 1986. The exercises) — attracted foreign mutual inductance of coil, and an number of goods whose export businesses' attention immediately eddy current field, all of which brought in US$10 million or more upon going on sale. The United function at the same time helping increased from 36 in 1980 to 50 in State, through Hong Kong, has the medicine and trace elements 1986. signed an agreement with China permeate the diseased area, thus Infrastructure boosted. The pro• on importing 10,000 pieces, and a producing a comprehensive but vince constructed a number of trading contract between China effective treatment. energy, communications, tele• and^ Hong Kong has also been The instrument has had a 90 communications and harbour signed. Meanwhile, inquiries percent success rate in clinical projects with foreign investment. about importing the instrument treatment. It cures 50 diseases It expanded the Shaoguan Power have come in from Thailand, including arthritis, disease of the Plant by installing a 200,000-kw Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, In• windpipe, spraining bruising, generating set, laid a 220,000- donesia, and the Federal Republic back and leg ache, sciatica, nervous headache, haemorrhoids The cassette recorder workshop of the Shahe Guangming Overseas Chinese Electronics Factory in Shenzhen, a Joint venture with Hong Kong investment. and also help relieve insufficient XUE CHAO supply of blood to the brain, abnormal functioning of the intestine and stomach, abnormal menstruation and some skin diseases. The instrument has three sizes: 01 and 02 are suitable for household use, reliable and easy to operate. Size 01 is hand powered, 02 has automatic timing and an automatic measure and control programme, and is designed for export. Size 03 is suitable for hospitals, completely automized and can cater to 4 people simultaneously. ,

36 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 began in 1983 and has been an Shanghai's long tradition of Road Construction annual event ever since. At this textile and garment manuf'aciur- Uses Foreign Funds year's fair, 64 delegations from ing made those items stand local foreign trade organizations, out. More than USSR) o realize the target of doubling industrial enterprises, Sino- million worth of silk, brocade, and Tthe 1980 industrial and foreign joint ventures, and knitting fabrics were sold. The agricultural output value by the Shanghai branches of national most popular items were dresses, end of the century, China plans to import and export corporations shirts, p\jamas, sweaters, skirts emphasize the construction of filled 6,500 square metres of and other seasonal clothing, better communications and spend exhibition space with their mostly made of cotton. One more domestic and foreign displays. delegate commented that Shang• investment on it. hai must begin to provide well- Since China confronts a short• Shanghai's solid, long- designed, top-quality luxury age of railway engines and established industrial base has fashions if it is to take its place in transport facilities, it plans to given it a headstart in economic the world market. He said one attract foreign investment to development. The city's efforts to main stumbling block, insufficient transform existing railway lines, promote local manufacture of supplies, might be solved by build high-speed railways from products have meant that it can improving domestic supply net• Beijing respectively to Tianjin, now export items it had to import work and by obtaining material Shanghai and Guangzhou, and before. At the Shanghai Fair '87, and designs from overseas from Guangzhou to Shenzhen, this shift was especially evident at partners. and construct lines to ports and booths featuring ships, automo• biles, elevators, electronics pro• mining areas. "Invisible commodities"' - - the ducts, machines, and computer panoply of potential investments For highway construction, hardware and software. China plans to spend foreign ranging from underground rail• investment on building ex• The Shanghai-made way construction, water treatment pressways from Shenzhen to Volkswagen's Santana, which is to ocean transport — also drew Zhuhai via Guangzhou, from being seen more often on the attention. Beijing to Tianjin, and from streets of China's cities, aroused And among the fair's innov• Luoyang in Henan Province to some interest among Western ations this year were a ""tech• Lianyungang in Jiangsu Province. traders, but they were put off by its nology corner" and a "culture China also plans to update its comparatively high price tag. But corner." transport vehicles and facilities, the Shanghai Automobile Import The technology corner dis• including container traffic, and and Export Corp. representatives played more than 300 items that develop automobile and container were not depressed because in have been developed by the city's factories, instead of importing addition to a sizable order of institutions of higher learning and such products from abroad, Santana by Hong Kong, their research institutes. Overseas com• though foreign investment in these tractors, scooters and automobile panies asked for details and prices fields is welcome. • parts sold well. of about one-third of the items, The delegation from the and tentative sales agreements Shanghai Aero-Technology Im• were reached for more than 10. Siiangliai Fair '87 port and Export Corp. was one Shanghai delegate said. The Bigger Tiian Ever pleased to clinch almost fact that most purchases were USS800,000 in sales. Some of their from the developed nations rather he booming economy of consumer products, such as non• than developing ones is evidence TChina's largest city was re- stick frying pans and collapsible of Shanghai's advanced scientific fiected at Shanghai Fair '87 held camping tents, which alone made and technical development. from February 27 to March 8 US$250,000 for the corporation, The "culture corner" displayed at the Shanghai Exhibition were fair favourites. The Shanghai many export-oriented public• Centre. branch of the China National ations in foreign languages, More than 2,500 business Electronics Import and Export samples of traditional Chinese people and company representa• Corp. contracted to export 60.000 paintings and calligraphy, and tives from Hong Kong and 47 colour TV sets to Britain. The sets' cassettes of traditional Chinese countries came to see and buy an high quality and competitive price music played on original instru• array of thousands of Shanghai- also attracted attention from ments. "We are here not for made export commodities. American dealers who want to money, but to introduce our Shanghai Fair, sponsored by explore the US market as soon as 5,000-year-old civilization,"" said the city's Commission of Foreign the sets are certified as meeting US one delegate. Economic Relations and Trade, safety standards. by Dai Gang

MARCH 30, mi 37 •i FROIVI THE CHINESE PRESS

Responsibilities of China's Lawyers ing results have been registered: Large increases in productivity "ZHONGGUO FAZHI BAO" According to the regulations, and earnings. The Shenyang (China Legal News) lawyers collect fees from clients, Motor Petrol Pump Plant and the not directly but through their Shenyang Axial Pin Plant turned offices, which are non-profit losses into gains after only six n socialist China, the system of organizations. Fees charged must months of leased management. I public employment of lawyers be in keeping with state standards. Their output value increased by 59 has two major characteristics: Since China is a sociahst and 67 percent respectively; the First, the responsibility of country based on people's democ• former's profits quadrupled and China's lawyers is socialist public ratic dictatorship and since the latter's" grew 14-fold; and welfare. The provisional regul• lawyers' work is by nature highly workers bonuses increased by 50 ations that govern their work say political, lawyers must have lofty percent. that a lawyer's duty is to give ideals and emphasize the social legal help to government organiz• good rather than profit. In addition, some badly run ations, enterprises and other Second, lawyers may not work commerce and service trades have undertakings, social bodies, town• privately, but must work in offices also begun to flourish under leased ships, and ordinary citizens in led and supervised by state. The management. order to ensure the just imple• collective working system under Improved management and mentation of the law and to defend the leadership of principal lawyers administration. In the past, the the interests of the state and the is instituted within the legal 248 enterprises mentioned above collective as well as the legitimate advisory offices. This collective all suffered from low productivity rights and interests of citizens. system is another feature of the and lax labour discipline. Both the This means China's lawyers have system of public employment of problems have vanished under the mission of upholding legal lawyers. Unlike private law offices leased management. According to honour, strengthening socialist in capitalist countries, which are a recent survey of 32 leased democracy and the legal system, profit-making companies estab• industrial units, labour productiv• ensuring economic development lished by individuals, China's law ity increased by an average of and safeguarding the interests of offices are established by the state more than 47 percent. In addition, the state and the collective as well and they must accept the lessees usually pay great attention as the rights and interests of leadership of state judicial organs. to making technological innov• citizens. ations and to maintaining, replacing and converting equip• ment and machinery. This not Leasing Thrives in Shenyang only improves economic efficiency at present but also lays a good risen from 100 in 1985 to 248 now. "RENMIN RIBAO" foundation for the long-term Of them, 95 are industrial factories development of production. (People's Dally, Overseas Edition) and 153 are commercial S China's socialist commodity businesses. Benefits to the state, enter• A economy develops, some On the premise that ownership prises, workers and lessees. The enterprises are thriving on compe• of the means of production is not 32 industrial businesses surveyed tition while others are going from to be changed, leasing out showed that the factories turned bad to worse. To deal with this enterprises to individuals or over 17 million yuan in profits and reality, Shenyang, the biggest city groups of individuals is an taxes to the state the same year in northeastern China, has experiment based on the principle leasing went into effect, double the adopted measures to help badly of separating management from previous year. Moreover, both run enterprises extricate them• ownership. Lessees must have two workers and lessees benefited guarantors and must mortgage selves from financial difficulties from the new management system. and to improve their economic their individual property and enter performance. Leased manage• into a stated notarized contract. These facts prove that leased ment is one such measure. Practice in the last two years management is a good way to save . Leasing was applied to some shows that lessees are generally mismanaged small enterprises. small commercial and service competent and courageous. They But it is unclear whether it will businesses in the first half of 1984. can make good use of their labour work as well in medium-sized and Later that year, it was adopted on force and enjoy high prestige big enterprises or in well-run an experimental basis in two among the masses. As a result, factories. These questions are selected factories. The number of many badly managed enterprises under discussion in Shenyang enterprises managed by lessees has have turned around. The follow• City. •

38 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 Rural Research Associations Tianjin Scientific and Technolog• ical Publishing House. Xie Kaimin, director of the Longhua "NONGMIN RIBAO rabbit research association which Sugarcane Research Association (Farmers' Daily) focused on breeding better stock in Fujian is now teaching a course and eradicating rabbit diseases. on sugarcane in the province's Within a short time, production agricultural institute. ecent national statistics, improved greatly and the Moreover, China's rural techn• R though incomplete, show that township's per-capita income ical associations have offered more than 60,000 scientific and increased by 120 yuan in nine technical training to about 1 technical research associations months. milHon farmers. have been established by spec• Many of these research associ• ialized households, skilled crafts• These associations give rural ations have themselves become men and school graduates in technicians good opportunities to productive economic entities. For China's rural areas since 1982. teach and learn from each other. instance, Jiangsu Province's Some of these have developed into As a result, skills have improved. Haian Chicken Research Associ• quasi-enterprises which have Some association members have ation, established by 1,200 farmers played a great role in introducing written books. For instance, the specialized in chicken raising in and disseminating new tech• book entitled Cultivation Techni• 1983, has achieved such good nologies and training personnel, in ques for Red-Skinned Garlic, by economic results by co-ordinating promoting the development of the Yuanluo Village Chinese research with production that commodity production in the Green Onion & Garhc Research each member's annual income rural areas. Association of Baodi County, now averages more than 1,000 These associations all devote Tianjin, has been published by the yuan. • their primary attention to the development of new technology for the expansion of rural commodity economy. They have done their best to tailor tech• nology to the specific needs of the various regions in order to raise production and shorten the amount of time needed to transform new scientific and technological achievements into productive forces. The Longhua Sugarcane Research Association in Fujian Province's Xianyou County is one example. In 1983, the association succeeded in interplanting mushroom with sugarcane under guidance from experts. As a result, the per- hectare output value went from 6,000 yuan to 88,500 yuan. In 1985, following more steps to develop comprehensive utiliz• ation, the output value per hectare of sugarcane exceeded 150,000 yuan. Another example is Yujia Township in Sichuan Province, where farmers' attempts to raise long-hair rabbits were bringing in little money because of diseases and deteriorating breed stock. With the help of the county scientific and technological in• stitute, the township; established a

MARCH 30, 1987 39 • CULTURE/SCIENCE K^dBSam 'Tangka'—A Tibetan Art of Painting

bet is one of China's ethnic fact a concise history of Tibet. principles, drugs and medical T regions with a long history. Other historical tangkas describe apparatus. Since the seventh century, when the history of particular periods. Religion has a prominent place lodal government was first es• Biographical tangkas describe in local people's lives, so about 80 tablished, the culture of Tibet has the lives of famous historical and percent of tangkas are on religious been an important part of the religious figures. themes, stories and legends, culture of China. At two tangka Tangkas also deal with scientific Buddhist figures, monasteries, etc. exhibitions in Beijing not long matters such as a chart showing The style of tangka painting is ago, more than 100 paintings the motion of the moon and stars unique: Buddhist figures are dating from 960 to 1911 were on around the sun, another depicting strikingly lively. Great attention is show, some rarely seen. the "12 animals of the palace in paid to the use of colour in Tangka is a kind of religious art heaven." These tangkas are portraying animals, flowers and work tinged with unique local important for the study of the birds; mountains are grandiose, flavour. It is done on paper or Tibetan calendar. palaces and pavilions graceful. cotton cloth. First a piece of white Tangkas on Tibetan medicine Distant and near views are cloth is mounted tightly on a portray the structure of the human harmoniously blended by using wooden frame, then a layer of lime body, its channels and points, and the panoramic and perspective glue is spread over it. After being give informafion on medical methods. polished with talc, the painter creates his picture with a sharpened pen. A "tangka" painting mounted on scroll. There are also woven tangkas, including embroidery, brocade and patch work. Tangka embroid• ery is made with coloured silk threads. Its patterns include landscapes, pavilions, figures and flowers. Brocade tangka is made with silk thread embroidered on satin. Patch work consists of coloured satin cut into figures and patterns and then pasted onto fabrics. These tangkas are somet• imes decorated with pearls, jade pieces, precious stones or gold thread, to make them look more gorgeous. After a tangka is completed, it is mounted on a satin-hemmed brocade scroll, with two har• dwood rollers on both ends. It is then covered with a thin sheet of spun silk and two ribbons. A lama is invited to chant scriptures, and fix his seal on the back of the tangka. Tangka themes are taken from Tibetan history, customs and habits, the calendar and local medicine. There are two kinds of historical. tangka: general history, where the painter covers every important event in Tibetan history, with capfions. Each such tangka is in

40 the first solar cell in 1954, more than 100 different varieties of solar cell have been developed in the world, including monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon cells, noncrystalline silicon cells and chemical solar cells with a yearly power generating capacity of 25 megawatts. "China began silicon solar cell research, and development in 1958," said Wei Yanzhang of China's Solar Energy Society. "But now we are making efforts to catch up." Tibetan painter Yixu Xirao (left) creating a new "tangka" on a 7th-century story: "China started space appli• Tibetan King Songtsan Gambo sends liis envoys to tlie capitai Changan to welcome cations in 1971. The solar cells his Tang Dynasty bride Princess Wencheng. worked successfully in scientific The origin of tangka is still Tangkas are to be found experiments and communications unknown. But so far as the art of everywhere in Tibet. Dignitaries satellites. The China-made 20 x 40 painting is concerned, we know it often keep valuable tangkas at mm^ monocrystalline silicon solar began to flourish in the 7th home. Ordinary people, usually cells used in space vehicles were century when Prince Songtsan religious believers, invite artists to tested by a US shuttle in space, Gambo unified Tibet. He married paint for them on memorial which proved that their quality is a Nepalese princess, and later occasions. Tangkas, as a cultural up to world standards," Wei said, Princess Wen Cheng of the Tang legacy, are essential material for Dynasty. He built several palaces, the study of Tibetan history, "In the 1970s, their application all of which were elaboratedly religion, sciences and art. • moved from space to terrestrial painted and decorated. This uses. China has employed solar encouraged the growth of mural cells in navigation lights, railway painting. With the introduction of signals, electric fences and micro• Buddhism, Buddhist art also Solar Cell industry wave relay stations. Now there are developed. On the Upswing more than 40 scientific and From the 10th to the 14th research institutes, universities centuries, tangka made little and factories throughout the progress, due to a general decline ome people may not have country engaged in solar cell of Tibetan economy and culture at S noticed that a new energy research and development. source — the solar cell — has en• that time, and only a very small "At present, China's efficiency tered their daily lives. It is being number have survived. However of conversion at ground level of used in household electrical between the 15th and 20th 030-0100 mm monocrystalline appliances, farm machinery, radio centuries, tangka painting was silicon solar cells is 10-12 percent, equipment and space vehicles. revived along with the growth of the efficiency of 030 mm light- the economy. Not only were a The solar cell can convert solar gathering cells is 18.8 percent great number of tangkas pro• energy directly into electrical (AM 1) under 30 solar constants, duced, but different schools of energy. The solar cell is recognized and that of polycrystalline silicon painting arose. During the 17th worldwide as a practical energy solar cells is 10.9 percent." century, famous artists often source with the advantages that it Wei pointed out that China has worked together on a painting. As is highly sensitive, non-polluting, a vast territory and abundant a result, painters' organizations noiseless and long-lasting. sources of solar energy. Solar cells came into being. The study of the theory and are mainly applied in the remote In the big monasteries, some technology of power generation or isolated regions of China, tangkas were donated by Buddhist from solar energy — known as including the northwestern and believers, some by highly respec• photovoltaics — has become a northern part of the country, ted lamas, who were often subject of such vital importance where population density is low outstanding painters themselves. that conferences are constantly and power grids far away from Many monasteries are treasure being held around the world for each other. Conventional power houses of Tibetan culture, for experts to exchange views. construction is difficult and tangkas are used to decorate halls Since the American Bell Tele• expensive, while solar cells are and lamas' dormitbries. phone Laboratoryonanufactured cheap and convenient. •

MARCH 30, 1987 41 •i BOOKS

Available in English Deluxe edition, 1986 or brushes, only an ordinary pair 110 pages, in English-Chinese of scissors or a knife, and a single 12 X 11.5 cm. sheet of white or coloured paper. Beijing—The Treasures of Unique among Chinese folk arts, An Ancient Capital Wu Zuoren, a famous Chinese papercutting's influence on other painter and educator, studied fields and its number and variety Western painting in France and of products reveal the depth of its Published by: Morning Glory Belgium in his youth. Later he roots in popular culture as a Press dedicated himself to creating means of beautifying the every• Distributed by: China Interna• traditional Chinese paintings. His day environment. tional Book Trading Corpora• paintings are refreshing in subject tion (Guoji Shudian) P.O. This book is intended to provide matter, concise in technique and Box 399, Beijing, China an introduction to the origins and elegant and unrestrained in style. First edition: 1986 history, the style, the themes, and • 286 pages Published to mark Professor the techniques involved in paper- Paper: 36.5 n. 26 cm. Wu's sixty years in the fine arts, cutting. It is illustrated with 240 the book contains a hundred reproductions, half of which are in works created by the artist colour. In addition to enjoying the This is a large-format, richly between 1931 and 1985, including country charm of the papercuts, illustrated book on Beijing traditional Chinese paintings, oil readers may try their own hand at (Peking) with a mine of infor• paintings, watercolours, sketches papercutting by following the mation. It traces the city's history and calligraphy. instructions given in the last from ancient times up to the end of Articles written especially for section of the book. the Qing (1644-1911), the last the book by the famous poet Ai feudal Dynasty in China. On the Qing and art historian and critic basis of historical records and Ai Zhongxin are also included. Folk Customs at archaeological finds, it tells how They comment on Professor Wu's Traditional Chinese Beijing developed through the mode of creation and artistic dynasties, both as a major city in characteristics of his works, Festivities north China and as the national revealing the painter's warm love Compiled by: Qi Xing capital during the Yuan, Ming and for his country and people and his Published by: Foreign Languages Qing dynasties. While providing persistent endeavours in the fine Press the political, economic and arts for decades. A chronology religious background, the book reviews Professor Wu's principal Distributed by: China Interna• devotes most of its space to art and activities in the fine arts during the tional Book Trading Corpora• culture, particularly architecture past six decades. tion (Guoji Shudian), P.O. Box and garden designing, as well as 399, Beijing. China court life and folk custom. Many First edition, 1986 of the photographs are of The Art of Chinese About 200 pages historical relics and paintings of a Papercuts high artistic value, making the Paper, 11.9 x 18.5 cm. book at once informative and enjoyable. China is a country of many Beijing— The Treasures of an Written by: Zhang Daoyi nationalities and each nationality Ancient Capital is the first in a Published by: Foreign Languages has its own traditional festivities. series of books on China's six Press Studying these traditional festiv• best known historical capitals — Distributed by: China Interna• ities is like opening a historical the other five being Xian, tional Book Trading Corpora• window to a glimpse of the long• Nanjing, Luoyang, Kaifeng and tion (Guoji Shudian), P.O. Box standing culture, values and Hangzhou. 399, Beijing, China customs of the Chinese nation. First edition, 1986 The book traces in a systematic About 200 pages way the origins of the more The Art of Wu Zuoren Paper, 18.7 x 25.8 cm. important traditional fesfivities of the Han people and of the national Published by: Foreign Languages minorities in China. It gives an Press account of the evolution of these Distributed by: China Interna• The attraction of the traditional festivities and describes the tional Book Tradihg Corpora• Chinese folk art of papercutting interesting customs observed on tion (Guoji Shudian), P.O. Box lies in its apparent simplicity: a these occasions. 399, Beijing, China typical papercflAt requires no paints Well fRustTated.

42 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 13 Woodcuts by Wang Lan

Wang Lan, born in Beijing in 1953, teaches at the Lu Xun Academy of Fine Arts in Liaoning Province. In her works she makes her point with charming simplicity.

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