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Loss of Infinitival Complementation in Romanian Diachronic Syntax

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Loss of Infinitival Complementation in Romanian Diachronic Syntax LOSS OF INFINITIVAL COMPLEMENTATION IN ROMANIAN DIACHRONIC SYNTAX By MARIA JORDAN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Maria Jordan 2 To my beloved sons Florin and Răzvan 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee members, Gary Miller, Eric Potsdam, Ann Wehmeyer and Robert Wagman for their constant support and encouragement. I am especially indebted to my supervisor and committee chair, Gary Miller, for inspiring and encouraging me to take the challenge of historical linguist and guided me in my journey down to history of discovering faded fragments of language. I also thank him for his invaluable comments and suggestions, for his patience when reading my numerous and voluminous drafts and for always finding the time to discuss them with me, including his prompt answers via e-mail, often during weekend time. I thank Eric Potsdam who turned every stone, making me realize that without his questions, comments and suggestions, many of my analyses included in my dissertation would have been stipulative. I thank him especially for taking the time during his sabbatical and helping me with the organization and the content of Chapter 5. In general, his guidance led to more clarity and better organization of my dissertation. I am grateful to Ann Wehmeyer who always supported me and for her course on Writing Systems, which, besides the excellence of all her courses I took, created the opportunity for me to gather some of the oldest Romanian books and documents, very useful for my dissertation. I very much appreciate Robert Wagman’s effort for taking the time to join my Committee in spite of his busy schedule and his frequent travels abroad. I am indebted to Idan Landau who answered with promptitude and grace my questions regarding various aspects of control and about his Agreement Model of Obligatory Control. I am grateful to the numerous native speakers of Romanian, my fellow Romanians, who contributed to my dissertation with their expertise, whether by providing invaluable data or by backing my judgment about some of the sentences of my Romanian data. I thank them all: The seniors whose Romanian still includes infinitival complement clauses, my old and new friends, 4 those I met serendipitously, those I never met in person but answered my questions via e-mail. I mention just a few here: Nick Jordan, Carmen Pavel, the General, the Iowan team, the Transylvanians and the “Regat” group. I am also indebted to Bogdana Velterean, who found the respondents for my empirical study on obviation, distributed the tests and gathered the answers for me. I thank Adriana Ion for the old Romanian books she provided for me and I am also grateful to the people from the Romanian Academy Library (Bucharest) who guided me through the treasures they guard and preserve, while I was reading Romanian language samples from forgotten times. I thank Gary Miller, Ann Wehmeyer, and Ratree Wayland for their letters of recommendation written on my behalf, which helped me win a good number of awards. The financial support from these awards, among other things, allowed me to travel to Romania and buy old Romanian books, invaluable sources for my documented data. I also thank Caroline Wiltshire who made possible a Teaching Assistant position for me when I needed it the most, and for her help in getting the McLaughlin Dissertation Fellowship. For the other rewards, I thank the Center for European Studies of University of Florida and especially the Office of Graduate Minority Programs, Graduate School, University of Florida. Ultimately, I thank God for seeing me through it all in spite of all the misfortunes, which troubled my life while I was working on this dissertation. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................11 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................14 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................14 1.2 Control ..........................................................................................................................16 1.3 Goals and Organization of the Study ............................................................................20 2 FROM INFINITIVE TO SUBJUNCTIVE .............................................................................23 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................23 2.2 Infinitive vs. Subjunctive ..............................................................................................25 2.2.1 Infinitive/Subjunctive Mood Components ........................................................25 2.2.2 Structures with Infinitive and Subjunctive ........................................................27 2.2.2.1 Complex tenses ...................................................................................27 2.2.2.2 Imperative ...........................................................................................28 2.2.2.3 Subject ................................................................................................28 2.2.2.4 Raising ................................................................................................28 2.2.2.5 Adjuncts ..............................................................................................29 2.2.2.6 Complements to nouns .......................................................................30 2.2.2.7 Complements to adjectives .................................................................31 2.2.2.8 Impersonal expressions .......................................................................31 2.2.2.9 Complements to verbs ........................................................................31 2.3 History of Infinitive ......................................................................................................35 2.3.1 First Reinforcement: The Addition of the Proclisis a .......................................36 2.3.2 Second Reinforcement: The Emergence of de ..................................................42 2.3.2.1 When was de added to the a-infinitive? .............................................42 2.3.2.2 Why was the addition of de necessary? ..............................................43 2.3.2.3 Why de? ..............................................................................................46 2.3.3 Addition of Other Prepositional Complementizers ...........................................49 2.3.4 The Romanian Infinitive vs. Infinitives of Other Languages ...........................52 2.4 Distribution of the Particle a .........................................................................................53 2.4.1 The Verb a Vrea ‘to Want’ ...............................................................................55 2.4.2 The Verb a Putea ‘Can’ ....................................................................................58 2.4.3 The Verb a Şti ‘to Know’ ..................................................................................61 2.4.4 The Verb a Avea ‘to Have’ ..............................................................................64 6 2.5 Causes of Infinitive Loss ...............................................................................................67 2.5.1 Loss of Infinitive in Greek ................................................................................68 2.5.2 Infinitive-Subjunctive Alternation ....................................................................72 2.5.3 Internal Factors..................................................................................................75 2.5.4 Greek Influence .................................................................................................78 2.5.5 On the Spread of Loss of Infinitive Complementation .....................................82 2.6 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................84 3 SUBJUNCTIVE COMPLEMENT CLAUSES ......................................................................86 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................86 3.2 Distribution of the Subjunctive Complementizer ca .....................................................91 3.2.1 Distribution of ca in OSR .................................................................................91 3.2.1.1 Ca in OC-subjunctive structures .........................................................92 3.2.1.2 Ca in F-subjunctive structures ............................................................94 3.2.1.3 Ca and obviation .................................................................................96 3.2.1.4 Purpose clauses .................................................................................100
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